Chapter 29 Chapter 26: The Unsuccessful Restoration of the Southern Song Dynasty

There is a saying: "The spirit of a defeated army will never return for many lifetimes." This is not entirely true. "The trapped beast will still fight", there is no such thing as turning defeat into victory, it just depends on the spirit of struggle.When the Song Dynasty went south, there was no complete army, and there were thieves like hair, the law and order in the territory was precarious, and it seemed that there would be no way to restore it for a while.However, given the vastness of China, how much troops can the Jin Dynasty people have to occupy it?For the sake of the Song Dynasty, it is time to retreat to a defensible stronghold, train troops to raise salaries, and provide comfort to the people.In the areas ravaged by enemy soldiers, reward and guide the people so that they can unite and defend themselves, and support them with a considerable number of formal troops.If this stalemate lasts for a while, the arrogance of the Jin people will gradually lose, and the strategy of recovery can be launched from then on.Suffering from such far-sighted strategists at the time.Moreover, in this situation, the leader must be a talented person with both civil and military skills. He has both combat strategies and the ability to control the generals so that they do not dare to be arrogant, do not dare to retreat when encountering the enemy, and do not dare to intervene internally. Be able to do your best to the outside world.But at this time, there is no such a person who is good at commanding.After the Jin soldiers retreated, Zongze recruited a group of bandits to guard Bianjing.Gaozong could neither listen to his words nor hesitate, nor could he station in Guanzhong or Nanyang, but went south to Yangzhou.In 1129 A.D., Jin Zonghan and Zongwang joined forces in Puzhou (in today's Pu County, Shandong Province) and dispatched Lou Shi to Shaanxi.Its main troops went south, and the striker went straight to Yangzhou.Gaozong went to Hangzhou (now Hangzhou County, Zhejiang).Next year, Jin Zongbi crossed the river, entered Dusongguan (in the east of today's Guangde County, Anhui), and Gaozong went to Mingzhou (now Yinxian County, Zhejiang).The Jin soldiers advanced again, and Gaozong fled into the sea.The Jin soldiers also went into the sea to chase them, and if they were not enough, they returned.Since then, the Jin people have also said that "the soldiers and horses are exhausted, and the grain reserves are not abundant" (Zong Bi's words), and they can no longer make progress.On the northwest road, Zhang Jun was appointed as the Xuanfu envoy in the Song Dynasty to reject Lou's house, and Zong Bi returned from Jiangnan to help Lou's house.Jun was defeated in Fuping (now Xingping County, Shaanxi), and Shaanxi fell.But Jun can let Zhao Kai manage money, and use Liu Ziyu, Wu Jie, Wu Lin, etc. as generals, so that he can protect the whole Shu.

Using puppets to buffer oneself so that they have less rest, this kind of hope has not changed at this time.At that time, Zongze was dead and Bianjing fell, and the Jin people were established in Bian by Liu Yu, a surrendered minister of the Song Dynasty, and gave them the land of Henan and Shaanxi.However, Liu Yu wanted to rely on the strength of the foreign race to fight back. He sent troops to invade the bandits several times, but they were all defeated.Among the Jin people, Zong Bi was loyal to the country, lazy but arrogant and corrupt. They are all the sons of Taizu, Zong Han is the son of Taizu, and Talan is the younger brother of Taizu. Zonghan has the heart of disobedience. Talan is the oldest, and he is a respected subordinate during Xizong, so he covets him even more. Xi Zong, Hailing common people, and Sejong are all great-grandfathers and grandchildren).Qin Hui was captured by the Jin people after he led the court officials to strive to establish the Zhao family when the Jin people established Zhang Bangchang.Later, I was lazy with the gift of tart.Qin Hui fled back by sea.What Qin Hui meant was more internal.Because at that time, the generals of the Song Dynasty were quite arrogant. "The granny is only what he bestows, and the meritorious service is only what he plays." "The imperial court uses transshipment to envoy the master to pay, and punishes him at will, without any pity." It is easy to decide." (Ye Shi's "On the Four Great Troops", see "General Examination of Documents · Military Examination" for details) Therefore, in order to make peace with the outside world, we must have an opportunity to organize the interior.When it was returned from the south, it was said that "people from the south should return to the south, and those from the north should return to the north".Gaozong had no aggressive talents, so he naturally agreed with him, so he was appointed prime minister. In 1137, Liu Yu was deposed by Zong Bi.Qin Hui took the opportunity to make people ask Talan to return the land of Henan and Shaanxi to the Song Dynasty.Tart lazy allowed it.Next year, he will return with his land.The Jin Dynasty suddenly staged a coup. In 1139, Zong Bi returned to Shangjing (now Acheng County, Jilin).Tart lazy south.When he arrived in Yanjing, he was chased by the Jin people and killed.The peace agreement was abolished.Zong Bi went to Henan, and Lou Shi went to Shaanxi.At this time in the Song Dynasty, the military strength was slightly stronger than that at the beginning of the Nandu.Zong Bi's vanguard went to Shunchang (now Fuyang County, Anhui), where he was defeated by Liu Qi.Yue Fei marched from Hubei, and also won the victory in Yancheng (now Yancheng County, Henan).Wu Lin also sent troops to recover several states and counties in Shaanxi.If there is no internal conflict, you can fight with Jin Bing.But Gaozong and Qin Hui insisted on making peace, called back the generals, and established a peace treaty with the Jin people: Huai River in the east and Dasan Pass in the west (in the south of Baoji County, Shaanxi); Ten thousand taels and horses; Song Gaozong's surrender to Jin was extremely humiliating.So the Sanxuan Fusi was dismissed, and its soldiers were changed to a certain state stationed in the front of the imperial army, and a general was set up to manage its wealth, see Chapter 45.

After Jin Taizong's death, Taizu's grandson Xizong Li was murdered by his younger brother Hailing common people because of his drunkenness and confusion. This happened in 1149.Hailing was even more arrogant, and moved his capital to Yan, and then moved his capital to Bian. In 1160, he aggressively invaded the south.Because of its tyranny, as soon as the soldiers moved, some people went to Liaoyang to support Shizong.When Hailing heard about it, he wanted to drive all of them across the river and return to the north.As far as Caishiji, it was defeated by Yu Yunwen of Song Dynasty.Changed to Yangzhou, killed by his subordinates, and the Jin soldiers returned to the north. In 1162, Gaozong Chuan was located in Xiaozong.Xiaozong was quite interested in recovery, and Ren Zhang Jun tried to make progress.Jun sent Li Xianzhong into the army, and was defeated in Fuli (collection name, in today's Su County, Anhui).Enterprising then becomes a cake. In 1165, the old coins were reduced by 50,000 each, and the Song Lord called the gold master his uncle.Jin Shizong can be regarded as the lord of the Jin Dynasty.His national prejudice is the deepest.He once repeatedly praised the beauty of Beijing customs to his kind, and taught them to preserve the old customs and not to Sinicize them.Some of the ministers said that the Jurchen and the Han people were already a family, so he said with a straight face: "The Jurchen and the Han people are actually two." , and what it keeps in the heart is not as great as Shizong's.However, despite Sejong's opinion, since he could not give up the land of China, he had to establish Yanjing as his capital.And because of the swarms of traitors at that time, Meng'an and Mouke households had to be moved to the Central Plains to suppress them.Seizing the people's land and giving it to them left a deep hatred between the Han people and the Jurchen.As for Zhu Meng'an Mou Ke's people, wine is the only thing they do. There is a family of one hundred, and there is no seedling. The temperament of the conqueror has been completely lost.It has only been sixty years since the rise of Taizu.

In 1194 AD, Emperor Xiaozong was located in Guangzong.At this time, Jin Shizong also died, and his son Zhangzong was established. There were rebellions in the north, and there were also deserts in Henan and Shandong. The power of the Jin Dynasty gradually declined.Song Guangzong was sick, and Empress Li was at odds with the Supreme Emperor. In 1194, Emperor Xiaozong collapsed, Guangzong was unable to go out and held the funeral, and people were quite confused.Prime Minister Zhao Ruyu, because of the sect envoy Han Yuzhou, invited the Wu family after Emperor Gaozong to help King Jia expand inner Zen, which was Ningzong.Han Yuzhou sent Zhao Ruyu away and took the place of prime minister. He was quite attacked by scholars and wanted to make a contribution to recovery, so as to hold everyone's mouth. In 1206, he rushed to the north.Who would have thought that although Jin Bing was weak, Song Bing was not strong either.After the military exchange, Xiangyang and Huaidongxizhou counties fell successively.Han Yuzhou wanted to make peace again, but the Jinren wrote back and wanted to cut off the head of Han Tuozhou, and the peace agreement was rejected.Empress Yang, who originally had a rift with Han Tuozhou, sent her brother Cishan to collude with Shi Miyuan, the servant, to kill Han Tuozhou, and sent a letter to give money. In 1208, a peace was reached on the condition that the year-old coins be increased to 300,000 taels and horses.Although Han Tuozhou is a deceitful person, what the Song Dynasty did was too outrageous.Two years after the peace agreement was concluded, Jin Zhangzong died, and Shizong's son Wei Shao Wangli.Next year, when Mongolia invaded Jin, the Jin people would be defeated.It can be seen that the time for the Jin Dynasty is already at the end of the crossbow, and there is no need for the Song Dynasty to rush to make peace.

The Mongolian Shiwei tribe, but later mixed with the Tatars, so the Mongols also called themselves Tatars.His residence was at the Wangjian River at the beginning, which is the south of the upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River, and then he moved to Buerhan Mountain, which is the Burhanhal Nadu Ridge on the border between Chechnya and Tuxietu in Outer Mongolia.Since the demise of Huihe, there has been no strong tribe in Mobei for a long time. It has been more than 360 years since Genghis Khan became the chief of Mongolia in 1167. After elimination and brewing, naturally there should be a strong tribe.When Genghis Khan was young, the southern and northern tribes were staggered, and Mongolia was not necessarily very powerful.And its internal divisions, Genghis Khan was hated by the same clan.However, he had a great talent and strategy, and he collected the tribes and joined forces with the tribes. By 1206, all the tribes in the south and north of the desert had been conquered.This year, all the ministries held a meeting at the source of Onan River (now translated as Enuo, also known as Aonen), and he was given the honorary title of Genghis Khan.At this time, Genghis Khan was no longer the Khan of Mongolia, but the Khan of many tribes. In 1210, Genghis Khan conquered Xia, and the Xia people descended.Next year, he will cut gold.The Jin people adopted a defensive policy towards the north.From Hetao to the northeast, directly to the former land of Jurchen, there is a Great Wall built.The Wanggu tribe lives in the north of today's Guisui County, guarding its key points.At this time, Wang Gutong was in Mongolia, so Mongolia was able to enter the Great Wall safely.In the first battle of Huihe Fort (Huihe Fort, in the west of Wanquan County, Chahar), the Jin soldiers were defeated, and Mongolia entered Juyongguan.The soldiers left to surround Yanjing, divided their troops to ravage Shandong, Shanxi, and as far as western Liaoning in the east.The Jin people killed King Wei Shao, established Xuanzong, made peace with Mongolia, and moved the capital to Bian.Mongolia thought it was an excuse and sent troops to capture Yanjing.At this time, the Jin people moved to Meng'an in Hebei, and Mouke's households in Henan, and took the land of the Han people to give it to them.Its people can neither farm nor fight.The situation is waiting to die.Fortunately, in 1218, Genghis Khan used troops in the Western Regions, and the Jin people were less lenient.At this time, the Song Dynasty also gave up Jinsui coins.Avoiding the strong and bullying the weak is always unavoidable in the world; at this time, the Jin people are in financial difficulties, and they are unwilling to give up the old coins, or they hope that they can win more from the Song people, so the two countries opened There was a war.And because of the details of the battlefield, they lost peace with the Xia people, and their troops became weaker and weaker. In 1224, Emperor Xuanzong died and Emperor Aizong was established, and Cai and the Xia people made peace as a country of brothers (the Xia people were proclaimed ministers before this), but the death of the Song Dynasty did not allow it.At that time, Genghis Khan had also returned to the east, and the front of the Mongols turned to the Central Plains again. In 1227, Genghis Khan died without conquering Xia.The funeral will be kept secret, and the Xia people will be wiped out. In 1229, Taizong was established.Next year, gold will be revived.At that time, the Jin people had abandoned Hebei, and guarded the front line from Pi County to Tongguan with 300,000 elite soldiers.Taizong asked his younger brother Tuo Lei to falsely teach in Song Dynasty, but the people of Song Dynasty did not allow it.Tuo Lei forced his way through, from Hanzhong, Xiang, and Yun to the north, and defeated the Jin people at Sanfeng Mountain (in Yuxian County, Henan).Taizong also crossed the river from Baipo (in Mengjin County, Henan Province) to make Subutai encircle Bian.After sixteen days and nights, they could not overcome it, so they withdrew their troops and negotiated a peace.Xuanjin soldiers killed the Mongolian envoys, and the peace agreement was rejected.Jin Aizong fled to Caizhou.Song and Yuan combined to attack gold.The Song envoys Meng Gong and Jiang Hai sent Mongolian soldiers to surround Cai. In 1234, Jin died.

It was a mistake of the Northern Song Dynasty that the Jin attacked the Liao Dynasty, but it was also destroyed by the Jin Dynasty. At this time, the people of the Song Dynasty seemed to have learned from it.Therefore, people who study history mostly regard Song Yueyuan's attack on gold as a mistake, which may not always be the case.The Song and Jin dynasties had an unshakable hatred and had to avenge it.If it is said that the preservation of the Jin Dynasty is regarded as an obstacle, how can the Jin people finally control the Mongolia at this time?Wouldn't it be worse not to rush to unite with Mongolia, restore some lost land, and sit back and watch the Jin people be destroyed by Mongolia?You must know that Yuejin's attack on Liao was not a mistake. His mistake was that after the Liao was destroyed, he could not be angry and self-improving, but provoked rashly.After Yueyuan destroyed gold, the disadvantages are still here.Ten years before Jin's death, Song Ningzong collapsed and had no son.Shi Miyuan helped Lizong to establish Lizong, but he was still in dictatorship.One year before Jin's death, Shi Miyuan died, and Jia Sidao succeeded him.Jia Sidao is a person who seems to be talented on the surface but can't do things practically. How can he cope with this difficult situation?After the death of the Jin Dynasty, the people of the Song Dynasty proposed to recover the three capitals (Dongdong in Song Dynasty is Daliang, Nanjing is Songzhou, Xijing is Luoyang, and Beijing is a famous name), entering Bian and Luo and not being able to defend.The Mongols invaded south because of this, and the lands of the rivers and Huaihe Rivers were often submerged. In 1241, Emperor Taizong of Mongolia died. In 1246, Dingzong was established.died in three years. In 1251, Emperor Xianzong was established.At this time, Mongolia was still focusing on the Western Regions, and there was a dispute over the Khan succession in the country, so it could not concentrate on attacking the Song Dynasty.By 1258, all parties had roughly decided that Emperor Xianzong entered Shu on a large scale.Kublai Khan had pacified Tubo and Dali, and went northeast to Ezhou (now Wuchang County, Hubei).General Wang of the Song Dynasty stood firm in Hezhou (now Hechuan County, Sichuan), Xianzong was injured and died under the city.Jia Sidao supervised the army to aid Hubei, but he did not dare to fight, so he asked people to ask for peace, promised to be a minister, and drew the river as the boundary.Kublai Khan was also eager to stand on his own, so he promised to return to the north.Jia Sidao covered up his affairs and heard about his great victory in the court.Since then, the Mongolian envoys have all detained them, and they have used peace talks to try to strengthen themselves, and the opportunity to treat the enemy's disadvantages has been eliminated.After Kublai Khan returned to the north, he stood on his own and became the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty.When Shizu was in Xianzong, he originally divided and ruled Monan, and he had many people from the Western Regions and Chinese under him, so he established his capital in Yanjing in 1264.The Mongolian base was moved to China.Next year, Li Zong collapsed and Zi Du Zong was established.Song general Liu Zheng rebelled and surrendered to Yuan, and persuaded Yuan people to attack Xiangyang.From 1268 to 1273, it was besieged for five years, and the Song people could not save it, so Xiangyang fell.Next year, Duzong collapsed and Emperor Zigong was established.Boyan drove south from the two lakes. In 1276, Lin'an was not guarded, and Empress Dowager Xie and Emperor Gong both hunted in the north.Therefore, Chen Yizhong, the prime minister, established his younger brother Yiwang in Fuzhou (now Minhou County, Fujian Province), and later moved to Fuzhou (now in the sea of ​​Wuchuan County, Guangdong Province).His younger brother Wei Wang Bingli moved to Yashan (in the middle of the sea in Xinhui County, Guangdong today). In 1279, the traitor Zhang Hongfan came to attack, and the prime minister Lu Xiufu went to sea to die for his country.Zhang Shijie made another plan to withdraw his troops. When he arrived at Hailing Mountain (in the sea in Haiyang County, Guangdong Province today), his boat capsized and died.Song died.The whole of China was conquered by the northern people.

The demise of the Song Dynasty can be said to be the reason why the culture of our nation failed to change drastically for a while to adapt to competition.It turns out that nomadic peoples rely on plunder for production, and their lives are extremely suitable for fighting, so they are very powerful. Civilized peoples often take advantage of them. The Romans were yoked to the barbarians, and the Chinese were yoked to the Wuhu and Liao. , Jin, Yuan, and Qing are exactly the same reason.The strength of the national power of two countries is determined not by the amount of human and material resources they have, but by how much they can use for competition.The old political organization is not suitable for mobilizing the whole people.A part of its resistance to alien races may be a group of corrupt elements.Just look at the corruption of the military and government after the Southern Crossing of the Song Dynasty, the hardships of the people, and some literati and bureaucrats rebelliously addicted to Yan'an's poison, singing and dancing.Although the corruption of some of its elements led to the oppression of foreign races, the oppression of foreign races aroused the awakening of the whole nation and established a deep foundation for nationalism.The Northern Song Dynasty can be said to be the budding period of Chinese nationalism.The Southern Song Dynasty was a period of gradual growth.Try to read the arguments of the main combat faction at that time, such as Hu Quan and others, and you can still feel that they are serious and lively (see "Song History" Volume 374).Of course, it doesn't help to talk about right and wrong, regardless of interests.However, things have temporary success and future success.Arguments advocating justice, although seemingly pedantic at the moment, often achieve great results after a few years.The formation of nationalism is one example.Discussing right and wrong is the purpose, discussing benefits and harms are the means.The means must be chosen, but the purpose should not be sacrificed.Historically, when foreign enemies oppressed, there was always a group of people who sang high-profile voices. Their comments seemed to be upright, and their intentions were unquestionable.Therefore, from the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, a group of scholar-bureaucrats who were prone to discussing things also had to look at them separately.It should not be followed blindly, nor should it be wiped out.The most important thing is to be able to distinguish between authenticity and falsehood, to see who is sincere and who is high-profile. This is what most citizens should see clearly when they are in crisis.Nationalism has not only planted its roots in the upper class, but also established an organization in the lower class, as we will see later.