Chapter 28 Chapter 25 The Weakness of the Northern Song Dynasty

At the end of the Five Dynasties, folk prescriptions separated the countries, and they were weak.Khitan is a rising country, it is very powerful and not easy to deal with, so Song Taizu must concentrate all his strength to deal with it.The founding of Khitan was made up of three parts: tribes, prefectures and counties, and vassal states.The vassal state can only borrow troops and food when necessary, and the prefectures and counties are only beneficial to wealth (the Han soldiers in the Liao Dynasty, named Wujing Township Ding, only guarded the place, not out of the garrison). Only then can they be truly regarded as citizens of Khitan.They are all in designated places and are engaged in animal husbandry.The whole family is all soldiers, and as soon as they hear the order, they gather immediately, and all the war equipment is prepared by themselves.There are many horses, but they march without food and pay, and they plunder their own funds everywhere (this is the so-called "grass hunting"), so they have many soldiers and move extremely fast.During Zhou Shizong's time, it was the meeting of Khitan's decline, but at this time it was prosperous again (Mu Zong was the most confused in Liao Wei. In 969, he was murdered, and Jing Zongli was restored. In 983, Jing Zong died, and Sheng Zongli was young. , Empress Dowager Xiao was in charge of the government. Shengzong died in 1030, Zi Xingzongli, and died in 1054. Shengzong was in the heyday of the Liao Dynasty. Xingzong can be at peace with his career, Xingzong died, and Zi Daozong was established , is decline).If the Song Dynasty wanted to subdue the Khitan with its strength, it had to have hundreds of thousands of soldiers who could march year after year, capture the city and defend it, and destroy and disturb the Khitan region.This is not an easy task, so Song Taizu refused to do it lightly.However, Emperor Taizong underestimated the enemy, and after destroying the Northern Han Dynasty, he immediately attacked regardless of the exhaustion of his troops.Hence the defeat of the Gaoliang River (in the west of Beiping).In 985 A.D., Emperor Taizong ordered the generals to divide their paths and make the Northern Expedition, which was also unfavorable.But the Khitan counterattacked and invaded south frequently.After the abandonment of Yan and Yun, there was still Yanmen Pass in Shanxi, and in Hebei, Tangluo was used to limit troops and horses.Khitan's large-scale penetration can directly reach the famous names on the other side of Bianliang, and the Song Dynasty is particularly threatened. In 1004, Emperor Shengzong of Liao brought his mother into the army and went to Chanzhou (now Puyang County, Hebei).Zhenzong listened to the words of the prime minister Kou Zhun, and he drove himself to conquer, which was considered to scare the Khitan back.However, after all, peace was made with old coins (one hundred thousand taels of silver and two hundred thousand pieces of silk).Not long after the founding of the Song Dynasty, the country's situation has already sunk.

If after peace, the Song Dynasty was able to mobilize its horses and force its troops to wait for the gap, Khitan is a shallow country, and its prosperity will not last long, and it may not be without gaps.However, the Song Dynasty was afraid of Khitan's provocation and forged the heavenly scriptures to fool the enemy.The enemy may not be fooled, but the bureaucrats who work in flattery, robbery, and intrusion are active because of this.As a result, Zhaijiao and temples flourished, but the finances fell into exhaustion.And the Xixia Rebellion broke out again.Although the policy of the Tang Dynasty was different from that of the Han Dynasty, it was unwilling to invite foreigners to settle in Serbia. However, there were many peoples who were conquered, and it was always inevitable to take the opportunity to invade.Especially in the northwest area, since it was once occupied by the enemy, it has been beyond the reach of control.The Tuoba clan, the chief of Dangxiang (Tuoba is a Xianbei ethnic group, but Dangxiang belongs to the Qiang nationality, probably the Xianbei people entered the Qiang tribe and became their chief), naturalized during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.His descendant, Tuoba Sijing, was given the surname Li for his meritorious service in Ping Huangchao.As a Dingnan Jiedushi, there are Xia, Yin, Sui, You, and Jing five prefectures (Xiazhou, present-day Huaiyuan County, Shaanxi; Yinzhou, present-day Mizhi County, Shaanxi; Suizhou, present-day Suide County, Shaanxi; Youzhou , today's Ordos Right Wing Rear Banner. Jingzhou, west of Mizhi County), the eighth generation passed down to Jipeng, who came to surrender during the time of Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty, while his younger brother Jiqian rebelled.After attacking Yinzhou and Lingzhou, they surrendered to Liao, and the Song Dynasty failed to settle down.Deming, the successor's successor, hadn't looked around for thirty years, but he conquered Hexi and expanded his territory. In 1022, Zhenzong collapsed and Renzong established. In 1034, Deming's son Yuan Hao rebelled, and his troops were sharp.The Song Dynasty stationed hundreds of thousands of soldiers in Shaanxi, but they could not stop their invaders.It was not until 1044 that the peace was granted at the age of one year (silver, silk, tea, and color, a total of 255,000).At this time, Shengzong of Liao was dead, and Xingzong was in power, young and vigorous. Two years ago, he sent envoys to ask for the land of Guannan (Waqiaoguan, in Xiongxian County. Zhou Shizong returned to Ying and Empress Mo, and Liao used this As the boundary), the Song Dynasty also increased the old coins (100,000 taels of silver and 100,000 pieces of silk), and then the peace agreement was maintained.In the name of paying the old coin, "Song History" said it was the word Na, but "Liao History" said it was the word Gong. It is unknown who is true and who is false.However, even using the character "Na" is not very honorable.Renzong reigned for a long time, and his government was quite lenient, but he was also extremely corrupt.There are too many soldiers to fight, and the wealth is exhausted and it is difficult to support them. It has become a situation that cannot be recovered. In 1063, Renchong collapsed and Yingzong was established, who only reigned for four years.Shenzong succeeded him because of Wang Anshi's reform.

Wang Anshi's reform has been slandered by old historians, and recent historians have tried to defend it. In fact, they are all biased.Wang Anshi's political affairs are all good.However, there is an essential point in administration, that is, what is done must achieve the purpose, so the disadvantages caused must be minimized.If the disadvantages are unavoidable, but the purpose is still not achieved, it will inevitably cause chaos.It cannot be said that Anshi's political affairs are ineffective, but the disadvantages caused by this are extremely great, and it cannot be taboo.Among the political affairs he does, exempting from service is the most beneficial than harmful, and young crops may not be able to do so.The equal taxation of Fangtian has been implemented to a limited extent in his hands, and the subsequent implementation is all in vain.Schools and tribute examinations have not achieved the effect of cultivating talents.See chapters forty-one, forty-three, and forty-four for self-explanation.In the Song Dynasty, the most urgent need was to make the country rich and the army strong.The scale of Wang Anshi's reforms was quite large, and the old historians said that he focused on prosperity (especially that Wang Anshi was partial to financial management. This is because the administration of reforming society was not understood by previous politicians).The scale of his reforms is not limited to this, and considerable attention has indeed been paid to this.The result: the elimination of redundant soldiers has indeed achieved great results, but the generals placed may not necessarily be strong, Baojia is especially in name only, and it has caused great disturbance, see Chapter 45 for self-examination.Anshi has been prime minister for only seven years, but at the end of Shenzong's life, his law has not changed. In 1085, Shenzong collapsed and Zizhezong was established.Gao Shi, the mother of Shenzong, came to the court, appointed old ministers and abolished new laws.After his death, Zhezong took charge of the government and revived the new law, which was called "Shao Shu". In 1100, Zhe Zong collapsed, Hui Zong was established, and the Empress Dowager Xiang Shi Quantong listened to the government. In order to reconcile the views of the old and the new, she specially changed the Yuan Dynasty to Jianzhong Yasukuni.After Huizong came to power, he still preferred the new law.And the Cai Jing used by him is a clever eunuch repeated between the old and new parties.Huizong was extremely extravagant, while Cai Jing collected all kinds of money to provide him with waste, and the political situation plummeted.It can be said that Shenzong and Wang Anshi had a great ambition to restore Yan, Yun and Northwest, but because the situation did not allow it, they had to do it first.When Wang Anshi was prime minister, he used Wang Shao to conquer the Fan tribes who lived in Gansu and Qinghai since the middle of Tang Dynasty, and opened the land as Xihe Road.This can be said to be a preparation for advancing Xixia.However, it was not good for Shenzong to use troops in Xixia.During Zhezong's time, he continued to build strongholds and occupy their land.Xia's manpower could not be supported, so he asked the people of Liao to make peace.Song had scruples about Liao, so he had to agree.During Huizong's time, the eunuch Tong Guan continued to use troops in the northwest, but it was only a waste of labor.In short: the situation of the Song Dynasty at this time is already in dire straits. Fortunately, the Liao and Xia have also declined, and there is nothing wrong with it for the time being. However, a new nation rises outside the Great Wall, and catastrophe is imminent.

The ancestors of the Jin Dynasty were the so-called Sushen in ancient times, and Mohe in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui, and Tang dynasties.After the Song Dynasty, it was called Jurchen (the word Jurchen, which seems to be a different translation of Sushen. The Qing people called themselves Manchuria. According to the books of the Ming Dynasty, they were actually full of people. It was the name of the great chieftain, not the name of the tribe. According to Mohe The chief was called Da Mofu Mandu, and Mandu seems to be full of people, and the word Mohe seems to be still a different translation of Mandu. In the Han Dynasty, it was also called Yilou. According to the old saying: it belongs to the second Yelu The word “Sauron” is a transliteration of the word. The current word “Sauron” is also a different translation of Jurchen. If this conjecture is correct, the name of the Jurchen nation has not changed since ancient times.)Its main tribes are in the present Songhua River Basin.Those who belong to the Liao nationality in the south of the Yangtze River are called mature Jurchen, while those in the north of the Yangtze River who are not from the Liao nationality are called the birth Jurchen.The level of civilization of the Jurchen is very low, and it was only once civilized in the Bohai era.The ancestor of the Jin Dynasty, named Hanpu, came from the old land of Goguryeo to live in the Wanyan tribe of Shengjurchen and became the chief.The people were taught by him and gradually became enlightened.His descendants gradually conquered the tribes, and their power gradually became stronger.However, after Liao Xingzong, Zidaozong was established, and politics gradually became chaotic.After the death of Daozong, Emperor Zi Tianzuo was established, and he was in the wilderness, completely ignoring state affairs.The Jurchen hated the yoke of the Liao people, so Emperor Tianzuo sent envoys to the Jurchen tribe to seek fame as an eagle, especially harassing the Jurchen tribe, which aroused the Jurchen rebellion.In 1114, Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda raised troops to fight against Liao.Khitan controlled Jurchen's important places, Huanglong Mansion, Xianzhou, and Ningjiang Prefecture (Huanglong Mansion, now Nong'an County, Jilin Province. Xianzhou, Lingling County, Liaoning. Ningjiang Prefecture, in the north of Jilin Province), fell successively.Emperor Tianzuo himself sent his soldiers to the east, but returned to the west due to internal turmoil.Xuan made peace with the Jin people, but it was still uncertain.Tokyo fell first, followed by Shangjing, Central and Western Beijing (Shangjing Linhuang Mansion, located in the south of today’s Rehe Kailu County. Zhongjing’s Dading Mansion, located in today’s Rehe Jianchang County. Tokyo’s Liaoyang Mansion, today’s Liaoning Liaoyang County. Nanjing Xijin Mansion, that is, Youzhou. Xijing Datong Mansion, that is, Yunzhou).Nanjing did not set up a king, intending to protect itself, but the Song people asked Jin to attack Liao again.First, Tong Guan was in power, and the Wenjin people had won many victories in attacking the Liao Dynasty, intending to get lucky.Send an envoy to Jin, begging him to return the land cut by Shi Jin to China after breaking the Liao Dynasty.The Jin people made an appointment to attack each other, and they got it.But Tong Guanjin was defeated repeatedly, so he turned to Jin for help.Jin Taizu entered from the Yongguan Pass and captured Nanjing.Taizu Xuan died, and his younger brother Taizong stood up.Emperor Tianzuo moved to Monan, and in 1125 it was acquired by the Jin people, and the Liao Dynasty perished.

The original contract of the Song Dynasty was attacked by gold. At this time, under Nanjing, the power of the Jin people is still borrowed. The cut land comes back.Jurchen is originally a small tribe. At this time, they have annexed the whole Liao Dynasty, and they feel that they can't digest it. How can they spare time to manage China's land?This is the reason why he was willing to return the land cut off by Shi Jin to China.But at this time, Jurchen, although not worried about the narrowness of the land, could not help worrying about the fullness of the land.Civilized citizens with high production capacity are naturally especially welcome.So wherever the army went, it was quite a task to plunder the population.And the traitors have also proposed to flatter foreigners and enter the inseparable land.Therefore, the return of Yanjing is only an empty city, and all its people are taken captive.The three prefectures of Ying, Ping, and Luan (Pingzhou, now Lulong County, Hebei; Luanzhou, now Luan County, Hebei) were not originally ceded by Shi Jin. , and built Pingzhou as Nanjing, and ordered Zhang Jue, the descendant of the Liao Dynasty, to guard it.The captive people in Yanjing, wandering on the road, suffered unbearably. When they crossed Pingzhou, they asked Zhang Jue to make the decision.Zhang Jue came to the ground.This is a very important negotiation.At that time, the Song Dynasty should comfort its people, but for the Jin Dynasty, it put forward certain conditions to satisfy its desire and calm its anger.At this time in the Jin Dynasty, although there were traitors to assist them, they still had the habit of barbarism, and it was at the time of initial establishment, so it was not very difficult to negotiate.If it is handled properly, not only will there be no worries of provocation, but the three prefectures of Ying, Ping, and Luan may also take the opportunity to recover.However, the Song Dynasty accepted it rashly and had nothing to do with it.When the Jin people came to question him, they were in a hurry, killed Zhang Jue, and sent him a letter.It is not beneficial to the Jin Dynasty's censure, but instead makes the surrender general disintegrate. The method is really clumsy.

In the year of the fall of the Liao Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty sent troops to the south.Zonghan's journey from Yunzhou to Taiyuan was blocked by Zhang Xiaochun, while Zongwang went straight from Pingzhou to Bianjing.At that time, Huizong was said to be located in Qinzong.Li Gang was appointed as the guard for the first time, but even the rescuers couldn't break the siege.As a last resort, Xu cut the three towns of Taiyuan, Zhongshan, and Hejian (Zhongshan, now Dingxian County, Hebei; Hejian, now Hejian County, Hebei); the Song Lord called the Gold Lord Uncle; and gave away five million taels of gold and fifty million silver Two, tens of thousands of cows and horses, and millions of horses to make peace.Zongwang's soldiers retreated.At this time, the Jin Dynasty did not know any international etiquette. When Zong Han heard that Zong Wang had won a bribe, he also sent people to ask for a bribe.People in Song Dynasty don't allow it.Zong Han was angry and broke through the Weisheng Army and Longde Mansion (Weisheng Army, now Qin County, Shanxi. Longde Mansion, now Changzhi County, Shanxi).People in the Song Dynasty believed that they had betrayed the alliance, and ordered the three towns to stick to it.Xiao Zhonggong, a survivor of the Khitan, came to envoy and gave him a wax book to see Yeluyu, the general who surrendered the Khitan.So Zonghan and Zongwang went south again, and both routes arrived in Bianjing.The Hui and Qin sects went north in 1127.At this time, the Jin Dynasty absolutely did not have the power to occupy China's land again. All they wanted was a puppet to be driven by.Zhang Bangchang, a minister of the Song Dynasty, was established as the Emperor of Chu, and he withdrew his troops.Zhang Bangchang naturally needs to rely on the protection of the troops of the Jin Dynasty, and then he can secure his position.After Jin Bing left, he had to abdicate by himself.But in the Song Dynasty, most of the princes, concubines, and clan had been taken into captivity, so they had to ask Zhezong's deposed empress Meng to come out and hang the curtain. "Although the family has the quarrels of the North and the North, but the heart of the heaven and the left" (Meng Hou Li Gaozong's imperial edict), the nationalism at this time is naturally connected with the idea of ​​​​loyalty to the emperor, so Meng Hou issued an edict ordering Emperor Gaozong took the throne in Guide (now Shangqiu County, Henan).