Chapter 22 Chapter 19 The Situation Outside the Great Wall During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties

The east of Congling, the south of Siberia, and the northeast of the post-Indian peninsula constitute a region of its own in history.In this region, China's industry and culture are the most developed, and it naturally becomes the focus of historical events.From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, we can regard it as a paragraph, but after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it is a new paragraph.In this new paragraph, the initial situation was gradually brewed after the Wuhu invaded the Central Plains. Before the rise of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was necessary to review it.

The north and south of the desert are the biggest threat to China.Xianbei lived there after the Xiongnu.Since the five chaos in China, Xianbei have invaded China one after another.There is only one Tuoba family that remains intact, but it is only near Pingcheng.From then on to the east, there are Xi and Khitan, the remnants of the Yuwen family. At this time, the tribe is still small.The rest of the place was empty, and Tiele took the opportunity to occupy it.Tie Le, different translation is also called Chi Le, that is, Ding Ling in Han Dynasty.Its base area starts from Lake Baikal in the east, extends to the north of the Western Regions in the west, and reaches the Caspian Sea in the west.After Xianbei invaded the Central Plains, Tie Le followed him into Mobei.In the rise of Emperor Daowu of the Later Wei Dynasty, the scattered tribes in Monan, west of Yinshan Mountain, were almost completely annexed.Only one Rouran refused to accept, was broken by Emperor Taiwu of Wei, fled to Mobei, surrendered to Tie Le, and used his people to resist Wei.Emperor Taiwu of Wei sent troops to break it again.Move the subdued Tie Le to Monan.This branch is called Gaoche in history, while the rest are still called Tiele.In the last years of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Rouran became stronger again.Eastern and Western Wei and Zhou and Qi all tried their best to deal with it.Later, the Turks near the Altai Mountains became powerful.In 552 A.D., Rouran was destroyed by him.The Turks then conquered Monanbei and inherited Rouran's status, but were still perfunctory by Zhou and Qi.

The Western Regions have no political relationship with China, because it cannot invade China, and when China is in chaos, it has no time to operate outside the territory.During the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, only Fu Jian sent Lu Guang to conquer the Western Regions once, and the rest were in a peaceful state.But the fellowship with each other is still unbroken.Commerce is also flourishing in the Hexi area, which can be seen from the fact that gold and silver coins from the Western Regions are also used in this area.During this period, the Western Regions were freed from the interference of China and the Huns, so the so-called Thirty-Six Kingdoms were able to annex each other.By the time of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were only a few big countries left, such as Gaochang, Yanqi, Kucha, and Khotan.

The civilization of the Northeast is roughly bounded by Liaodong, West, and the four prefectures established after Hanping Korea.From then on to the south, there are the raccoon family who have suffered from Chinese civilization.From then on to the north, there are uncivilized Manchus. It was called Yilou in the Han Dynasty, and Wuji in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it was also called Mohe.In the former Han Dynasty, the power of the raccoon family developed to the vicinity of Changchun in today's Jilin Province, and established a Fuyu country.In the later Han Dynasty, tribute was paid repeatedly.In the early Jin Dynasty, it was broken by the Murong family of Xianbei.Since then, it has gradually disappeared, and Liaodong, the west and the north have all fallen into the hands of Xianbei and Mohe.The raccoon tribe developed exclusively on the Korean peninsula. One of the tribes, called Goguryeo, became an independent country after China's power in the Northeast gradually declined.After the Murong family invaded the Central Plains, Koguryo completely annexed the land of Liaodong, and invaded as far as the west of Liaodong.Its branch also established a Baekje state in the south.In Sanhan in the south of the peninsula, there have been Han people living together since the Qin Dynasty, which is called Qinhan.Later, it also established itself as a country, which is called Silla.Goguryeo is the most powerful. At the beginning, Silla and Baekje tried to unite to defend them. Later, Baekje was transferred to Goguryeo. Silla was lonely, but it had to beg for help from China. a reason.

The traffic on the Nanfang Sea Road is getting better and better.Before and after India and the Nanyang Islands, many paid tribute to China.It was time in China, when Fang was enthusiastic about Buddhism, eminent monks went to India to seek the Dharma, and many eminent monks from that land came to China.Goguryeo and Baekje also lead to the Southern Dynasties from the sea.When Japan was in the late Han Dynasty, its great chieftains began to communicate with China.After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it also paid tribute to the Southern Dynasty from time to time, and passed on many civilizations.After Hou Jing's rebellion, Baekje's tribute envoys came to Jiankang and saw the ruins of the city. As for crying, it can be seen that the Northeast countries have deep feelings for me.According to the ancient travel notes written by the Arabs, it is said that in the second half of the 1st century AD, the seagoing ships from West Asia did not reach the crossing site.The second half of the 1st century AD was the period from Emperor Guangwu to Emperor He of the Later Han Dynasty.After that, in the ninth year of Yanxi Emperor Huan, in 166 A.D., Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the king of Qin (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, born in 121 A.D., the sixth year of Emperor Jianguang of the Later Han Dynasty, died in 180, the third year of Emperor Linghe of the Later Han Dynasty) , sent envoys from Nichinan to China, which shows that this record is not false.He also said: In the middle of the 3rd century AD, Chinese merchant ships began to head west, from Penang Island in Guangzhou, to Ceylon in the 4th century, to Aden in the 5th century, and finally monopolized commercial rights in Persia and Mesopotamia.By the end of the 7th century, the Arabs took their place. In the middle of the 3rd century, it was the end of the Three Kingdoms, and at the end of the 7th century, it was the time of Empress Wu of the Tang Dynasty.During the four hundred and fifty years, it can be said that the Chinese have the right to sail east and west.As for the occasional traffic, it's more than that.According to "Liang Shu Biography of Zhu Yi", there is the country of tattoos more than 7,000 miles northeast of the Japanese, the country of Dahan is more than 5,000 miles east of the country of tattoos, and the country of Fusang is more than 20,000 miles east of the country of Han.This Fusang country can be said to be the current Sakhalin Island, or it can be said to be Mexico in the Americas. It seems that the latter is the closest.According to the "Book of Liang": In 499 AD, Huishen, a state-owned monk, came to Jingzhou, and the Faxian in the Jin Dynasty wrote "Buddha Kingdom Records", which records that after he went to India to seek the Dharma, he returned from Ceylon to the east and met in three days. Strong wind, arrived at an island on thirteenth day, and arrived at Yevati in more than ninety days, traveled northeast from Yevati for more than one month, encountered a black storm and rain, turned northwestward for more than seventy days, and arrived at Yevati on twelve days. Arrived in Changguang County (now Jimo County, Shandong).Zhang Binglin wrote "The Theory of Fa Xian's Discovery of the Western Hemisphere", saying that he actually fell into the Pacific Ocean after traveling eastward for more than 90 days.Yavati should be in South America.From then on, it headed east, and was blown into the Atlantic Ocean by the black wind, surpassed the coast of China, turned northwest, and returned.In terms of mileage and time, it is also credible.Faxian’s return to the east was in 416 AD, 1077 years earlier than Columbus’s discovery of America.Such occasional wanderings have little to do with historical events, unless it is discovered in the future that Chinese culture does play an important role in the civilization of America.The relationship in this era: In terms of spirituality, Buddhism in India is the largest; in terms of material, there are also a lot of fragrant medicines, treasures and cotton cloth imported into China from the Southwest Ocean area.