Chapter 21 Chapter Eighteen: The Beginning and End of the Southern and Northern Dynasties

The confrontation between the Northern and Southern Dynasties began in AD 420 when Song replaced Jin and ended in AD 589 when Sui destroyed Chen, a total of 170 years.During the period, the strength of the north and the south was determined by the failure of Emperor Song Wen's Northern Expedition and Hou Jing's disordered beams as two important keys.The governance of the Southern Dynasties lasted a long time only when Emperor Wen of Song and Emperor Wu of Liang were in power.Wen Ye in the north was bounded by Xiaowen's southward migration, and the key to its governance was the invasion of the Erzhu clan.After Erzhu clan, Yuwen clan and others failed one after another, the five Hu clans were all exhausted, and China saw prosperity again.

After Song Wendi came to the throne, he killed Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang, Xie Hui and others who participated in the plot to abolish the establishment.Tan Daoji, who conspired with him at the beginning but turned against him later, was also killed later.As a result, the brave generals in the hands of Emperor Wu are almost exhausted.The founding lords of the past dynasties who were able to overcome chaos and resist foreign aggression generally had outstanding talents in politics and military affairs. This is the so-called combination of civil and military talents.And the times it is worth are different in difficulty and difficulty.If the catastrophe can be resolved in time, the successor will be the master of success, and he will be able to enjoy his career and be at peace.If it is not the case, there must be more people with both civil and military resources.Such people are not easy to come by, but their talents are not far from each other, and it cannot be said that there will be no such people at the same time; especially those who do a great job must have people who can complement them.If there is a habit of being homeless in politics, the founder of the country can just choose the virtuous and teach it. This is the ideal of Confucian abdication, and the country will benefit from it.It's not like in politics, the righteousness of serving the country and the people has not been fully understood, and the selfishness of his descendants inherited from the feudal era, and the concept of being loyal to the master who feeds him has not been broken, and the so-called inheritance in the monarchy era The law was established because of it.But power and morale are things that no one can live without, especially heroes.People who work together in the same cause cannot help each other, but will kill each other. The successful person will pass it on to his descendants, and they will all grow in wealth and wealth. It is not unavoidable to be licentious and violent, or cowardly and useless.The achievements of the predecessors were put to waste, and the country and the people also suffered from it.This cannot but be said to be a cultural morbidity.Although it was lost in the early Song Dynasty, Henan and Shandong are still part of China.After the death of Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty, the people of Wei took advantage of the mourning expedition to the south and took Qing, Yan, Si, and Yuzhou (at that time, Qingzhou was governed by Guanggu, Yanzhou was governed by Huatai, Sizhou was governed by Hulao, and Yuzhou was governed by Suiyang. Huatai, now Huatai, Henan Province County. Hulao, now Sishui County, Henan. Suiyang, now Shangqiu County, Henan).The Wei people at this time were still nomadic in nature, and their culture was not impressive. However, their emerging aggressiveness should not be underestimated, and Emperor Wen lost his way to underestimating the enemy. In 430, the generals were sent to the Northern Expedition, and the Wei people gathered troops in Hebei to avoid them. The Song Dynasty got the Hulao and the slippery platform, but could not continue to advance, and the troops were not enough to hold on.In the winter, the people of Wei went south in a large scale, and the land they gained was lost.Emperor Wen operated for many years, and in 450, he launched a large-scale Northern Expedition.However, the soldiers are all white men, and the generals are not talented and brave, and they will retreat as soon as they advance.Emperor Taiwu of Wei took the opportunity to attack the south. As for Guabu (the name of the town, today's Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province), there was no red land left. After this battle, the vitality was greatly injured, and the trend of the north being strong and the south being weak was formed.

In 453 AD, Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty was murdered by his son Shao.Shao's younger brother, Emperor Wu, was filial and self-reliant.After his death, Ziqian abolished Emperor Wudao, and was abolished by Xiaowu's younger brother Mingdi.Both Emperor Xiaowu and Emperor Ming were suspicious, and they only wanted to kill the clan.After the death of Emperor Ming, the power was stolen by Xiao Daocheng.Shen Youzhi of Jingzhou and Yuan Can, the prime minister, tried to kill him one after another, but they failed.Emperor Ming's descendants abolished Emperor Shun and Emperor Shun, both of whom were abolished. In 479, Dao Cheng usurped Song Zili and became Qi Gaodi.Reigned for four years.Emperor Ziwu reigned for eleven years.Emperor Gao and Emperor Wu were very frugal, and their politics were more called Qingming.The crown prince of Emperor Wudi died early, and his grandson King Yulin was established, who was deposed by Emperor Wudi's brother Mingdi.Emperor Ming killed the descendants of Emperor Gao and Emperor Wu.After the death of Emperor Ming, Zidong fainted Houli.At that time, Emperor Wu of Liang Xiao Yan stabbed Yongzhou, and his brother Xiao Yi stabbed Yuzhou.The brother of Emperor Wu of Liang was originally in the same party as Emperor Qi Ming.At that time, Chen Xianda, the history of Jiang Shaozhou, rebelled, and Cui Huijing, a veteran of Donghunhou, begged for peace.Huijing returned troops to attack the emperor, and the situation was very critical. Xiao Yi sent troops to help and beat him.Donghunhou killed Xiao Yi instead, and wanted to cut Xiao Yan off.Donghunhou's younger brother, Bao Rong, was in Jingzhou at that time, and the Donghunhou envoy made a picture of his long history Xiao Yingzhou.Yingzhou Feng Baorong raised his troops, with Emperor Wu of Liang as the vanguard.When the soldiers arrived in the capital, Donghunhou was killed by his subordinates.Baorong was established for Emperor He.Xuanchuan is located in Liang, the matter in 502.

Emperor Wu of Liang reigned for forty-eight years, and his politics were quite clear in his early years.Since Emperor Ming of the Song Dynasty, he fought with the Northern Wei Dynasty and lost all the land of Huaibei.Qi Mingdi lost Mianbei again.In the time of Donghunhou, Pei Shuye, the governor of Yuzhou, surrendered to Wei and lost Huainan (when Yuzhou governed Shouyang, now Shouxian, Anhui).During the time of Emperor Wu of Liang, he defeated the Wei soldiers in Zhongli (in today's Fengyang County, Anhui), and restored the land of Yuzhou.The external situation is finally stable.However, Liang Wu was good at Buddhism, and in his later years, the punishment and administration were very lax.And because the prince Tong died early, he did not establish his grandson and made his second son Emperor Jianwen the prince. He felt uneasy, so he sent all the princes out of the big counties, and sent his own son out of the counties to join him.Deviation from each other, has been brewing an uneasy situation.And the chaos in Houjing in the north is suitable for breaking out at this time.

Although Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty was lucky enough to occupy the north due to the sluggishness of the separatist states and the inability to recover from the Southern Dynasty, his fundamental land was Pingcheng, and he regarded China as nothing more than a place where he could extract profits.He still can't regard himself as one with China, so he doesn't want to invade south.Because of all of it, it is already difficult to digest.On the contrary, the vicinity of Pingcheng, which is the foundation of the country, must be strictly maintained.Therefore, Emperor Taiwu of the Wei Dynasty wanted to send troops to conquer Rouran and Gaoche, and set up six towns in the north (Wuchuan, now Wuchuan County, Suiyuan; Fuming, in the east of Wuchuan; Huaishuo, in Wuyuan County, Suiyuan; Huaihuang, in In the territory of Chahar in the northeast of today’s Datong. Rouxuan is in Xinghe County in today’s Chahar. Yuyi is in Guyuan County in today’s Chahar).Emperor Xiaowen was an outstanding figure in the Later Wei Dynasty.He admired Chinese culture and wanted to reform the old customs.But in Pingcheng, I finally felt that the environment was not very suitable.In 493 AD, the capital was moved to Luoyang.The northern language was broken, surnames were changed, Hu clothing was banned, and Xianbei people were rewarded for intermarriage with Han people. Since then, Xianbei people have gradually assimilated with Han people.However, its fundamental problem is that it regards itself as a conquering nation, and takes it for granted to extract the conquered nation for enjoyment, so it is becoming more and more luxurious and lustful. This cannot be changed with the improvement of civilization, and because of the different environments It is easier to indulge in extravagance and lust.The commentators see that after assimilating to the Han nationality, the nomads in the past will indulge in luxury and lust, so that they will lose their fighting power. .In fact, the material conditions for their extravagance and lust are provided by the Chinese, and their will to be extravagant and lustful is their own; and this will coexists with their aggression, because their aggression is their production .In this way, it is simply impossible for Jin Shizong and others to prohibit the Chineseization of his own people.Because not to modernize means to keep all life as usual, which means only producing but not consuming. What is the ultimate goal of economics?Therefore, it is almost the inevitable fate of a barbaric aggressive nation to perish with arrogance and lust.This was the case in the day of the Later Wei Dynasty.Emperor Xiaowen passed on his son Xuanwu to Emperor Xiaoming.When she was young, the Empress Dowager Hu was in court.Licentious and unrestrained, the sickness of the barbarian nation is fully revealed.The people of the Central Plains, suffering from excessive expropriation and expropriation, rebelled.As for the soldiers of the six towns, after moving south, their treatment was not as good as before, and the Wei Dynasty was afraid of the decline of its troops, so they were forbidden to float outside, which also changed drastically.A tribal chief named Er Zhurong stood up and calmed down.The Erzhu clan is a tribe that has never invaded the Central Plains, and still maintains a brutal style.Empress Dowager Hu was first imprisoned by her confidant Yuan Yi and others, and later conspired with Emperor Ming to kill them.He also disagreed with Emperor Ming.Emperor Ming summoned Er Zhurong to join the emperor of Qing Dynasty, but he stopped.Empress Dowager Hu was afraid and killed Emperor Ming.Er Zhurong marched into Luo, killed Empress Dowager Hu and established Emperor Xiaozhuang.His troops are both strong and healthy, and his military skills are quite talented.The rebellion in the Central Plains calmed him down.However, he started from outside the Great Wall and lacked political skills. He thought that he could subdue people by massacring them with troops.When he entered Luo, he wanted to be the emperor, so he sent soldiers to besiege and kill more than 2,000 court officials.The residents were terrified and fled into the mountains, leaving only an empty city in Luoyang.Er Zhurong had no choice but to retreat to Jinyang and take the imperial power from afar.However, its usurpation continues.Emperor Xiaozhuang had no fists or courage, so he used propaganda as a defensive tool.When Er Zhurong usurped him in an emergency, Emperor Xiaozhuang spread the news that he was going to Beijing, and the people all fled, Er Zhurong had no choice but to stop himself.In the end, it will be helpful to see that such means are not enough. In 530, Nai simply called him into the court.Emperor Xiaozhuang hid his weapon in his clothes and stabbed him to death.His nephew, Erzhu Zhao, raised his troops to kill the emperor, so that he could not establish a king.At this time, the clan of the Erzhu family lived separately in important towns, and their power was at its peak.However, Zhu Zhao is a reckless husband, and the members of his clan are not in harmony with him. In 532, his general Gao Huan raised troops to fight against the Erzhu clan.The two armies met at Han Ling (the name of the mountain, in present-day Anyang County, Henan Province). In terms of military strength, the Erzhu clan was far superior to Gao Huan. Qi, then to a big defeat.Jinyang fell, and Er Zhuzhao fled to Xiurongchuan (in today's Shuo County, Shanxi Province), where he was killed by Gao Huan.The rest of the Erzhu family were also wiped out.Gao Huan entered Luo, abolished Er Zhu's establishment, and set up Emperor Xiaowu separately.Gao Huan lived in Jinyang and inherited Er Zhurong's position.Emperor Xiaowu used He Bayue as the Daxing platform in Guanzhong to fight against Gao Huan.Gao Huan ordered his party Qinzhou governor Hou Mochenyue to kill Yue (Qinzhou, now Tianshui County, Gansu).Yu Wentai, the governor of Xiazhou, attacked and killed Yue (Xiazhou, today's Hengshan County, Shaanxi), and Emperor Xiaowu took Tai as the successor to Yue. In 534, Emperor Xiaowu raised his troops to fight for joy, and Gao Huan also went south from Jinyang, and joined the army across the river.So Gao Huan and Yu Wentai each established a monarch, and Wei was divided into East and West.By 550, the Eastern Wei Dynasty was usurped by Gao Huanziyang, who was Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty. In 557, the Western Wei Dynasty was usurped by Yu Wentai's son Jue, who was Emperor Xiaomin of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

When the Eastern and Western Weis split, Gao Huan and Zi Wentai had fought fiercely for more than ten years, but they could not achieve their ambitions, and their troubles were in Liang.At this time, after the battle of Chengju in the north, the military strength was quite strong, while the military equipment in the south had been slack for a long time, and it was not the right time to restore it.Gao Huan died in 547.His general, Hou Jing, was in charge of Henan. Although he was brutal and rude, he was already considered cunning among the northern generals at that time.After Gao Huan's death, his son Gao Cheng became Wei Xiang.Hou Jing refused to accept it, so he took the land under his control to surrender.Emperor Wu of Liang sent his son Yuanming to help, but was defeated by Wei and Yuanming was captured.Hou Jing fled into Liang territory and took possession of Shouyang, so the Liang Dynasty could not be ruled.Xuan also fell into the countermeasures of the Wei people and wanted to sacrifice Hou Jing and make peace with Wei Yan.Hou Jing then rebelled and fell into Taicheng (the palace city of the Southern Dynasty), and Emperor Wu of Liang collapsed in grief and anger in 549.Zijian Wendi Li, 551, was killed by Hou Jing.Emperor Wu's son Xiangdong Wang Yi was located in Jiangling and was Emperor Yuan.At that time, Emperor Wu of Chen, Chen Baxian, started his army from south of the Five Ridges to serve as king.Emperor Yuan made him separate from Wang Seng and went eastward, and killed Hou Jing.First, Emperor Yuan and the kings attacked each other.Wang Lun of Shaoling in Yingzhou (Yingzhou, now Wuchang County, Hubei Province. Lun, son of Emperor Wu), and Wang Yu of Hedong in Xiangzhou (both Yu and Xie are the sons of the Zhaoming Prince Tong), were all merged.The king of Yueyang in Xiangyang was spared because he asked for help from the Western Wei Dynasty.After Emperor Yuan came to the throne, Ji, the king of Wuling, also proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu (Ji, son of Emperor Wu), and sent troops to the east.Emperor Yuan also asked for help from the Western Wei Dynasty, which captured Chengdu.King Wuling was defeated and died.And Emperor Yuan lost peace with the Western Wei Dynasty. In 554, the Western Wei Dynasty fell into Jiangling, and Emperor Yuan was murdered.The people of Wei migrated to Jiangling, the king of Yueyang, and proclaimed him emperor, and he became a minister to Wei, who was called Xiliang.Wang Sengbian and Chen Ba first established Fang Zhi, the son of Emperor Yuan, in Jiankang, in order to respect the emperor.And the Northern Qi sent Yuanming back to the country, Wang Sengbian was defeated, so he welcomed him.Chen Ba first killed the monk and debated, and then returned to Emperor Jing. In 557, Sui Chan was located in Chen.At this time, the Liang Dynasty was fratricide, and each recruited foreigners for help, and the Southern Dynasty almost broke the country.Fortunately, Emperor Wu of Chen was wise and brave enough to preserve the land of Jiangnan for the Han people.

Emperor Chen Wu died three years after he ascended the throne.No son, passed on to his brother, Emperor Wen.After the death of Emperor Wen, his younger brother Xuandi abolished his son and replaced him.The two emperors Wen and Xuan could also be called the middle masters, but in addition to the chaos in the south, there were many internal contradictions, so they could not vibrate spontaneously.In the north, the two emperors Wenxuan and Wucheng of the Northern Qi Dynasty were extremely licentious.Wei, the son of Emperor Wu Cheng, was particularly extravagant.And Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty was quite able to make great efforts to govern.In 577, Qi Sui was destroyed by Zhou.Next year, Emperor Wu died, and his son Emperor Xuan was established, and he was licentious again.It was said that it was located in Emperor Zijing, and the power fell into the hands of his stepfather Yang Jian. In 581, Jian abolished Emperor Jing and became Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty.Although Gao Qi claimed to be of Han nationality, his nature was really Huhua.Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was diligent in governing and caring for the people, and he was thrifty and self-serving, which indeed represented the culture of the Han nationality.Since the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, the north has only regained the unified regime of the Han people.At this time, Empress Chen in the south was also extremely licentious. In 589, it was destroyed by the Sui Dynasty.Xiliang was destroyed two years ago.The world is united again.

The Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties have always been regarded as dark ages, but it is not always the case.In this era, the political situation is slightly darker, but the social culture remains the same.And because of the turmoil of the current situation, culture has to develop even more.Among them, the most relevant ones are the ethnic groups in the most civilized places in the Yellow River Basin, and they migrated in various directions. "Hanshu Geography" describes the living conditions in Chu, and also talks about the customs in the south of the Yangtze River, the fire plowing and water scorpion, the fruit and clams, and the food is not enough, so the scorpion grows without accumulation, and "Song Shu Kong Jigong "Biography" describes the richness of Jing and Yang prefectures, but it is "the richness of the land, the amount of gold per mu, and there is no comparison between Hu and Du" (Hu, now Hu County, Shaanxi; Du, in the south of Chang'an County, Shaanxi, Han Dynasty It is also said that "the benefits of fish, salt, wolfberry, and catalpa are all over the world, and the riches of silk, cotton, and cloth cover the world", and it has become the center of the country's wealth and power.In the era of the Three Kingdoms, the atmosphere in the south was still very fierce, as you can see from the description in Chapter Fourteen.Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, this kind of atmosphere has also subtly changed.Talking about metaphysics and Buddhism has become the center of national culture, which is the most obvious.From the northeast to Liaodong, and the southwest to Jiaozhi, there are no traces of the Central Plains people. It is helpful to enhance the local culture, and it is by no means uncommon, but it is not as obvious as the one in the Yangtze River Basin.There is another level, Tao Qian's "Peach Blossom Spring Poetry", everyone thinks he is a prophecy, but in fact this may be true.From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was the so-called Shanhu in the north, and the so-called Shanyue in the south.Hearing the names of Hu and Yue, it seems that they are aliens living in seclusion in the mountains, but they are not.Try to see that once they come out of the mountain, they can live together with the people of Qi, serve in the military, pay taxes, and there is no barrier. You can know that they are not aliens, but the Han people who came to the mountain to escape the chaos.These alien races who escaped chaos into the mountains were numerous in number and lasted for a long time. The mountains were opened up and the alien races were assimilated.In terms of five nonsense: Although there are licentious and tyrannical people, such as Shi Hu, Qi Wenxuan, Wu Cheng and others, in fact, most of them can obey the Han culture.When Shi Le was fighting, he was quite able to use scholars to improve politics.Not to mention Fu Jian.The Murong family flourished in Bianke, and they can also imitate Chinese civilization.By the time of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, he had taken his family and self-transformed into the Han nationality.The Northern Zhou Dynasty used Lu Bian and Su Chuo to create a legal system, and some of them were followed by the Sui and Tang.At this time, the alien race, apart from their blood, could hardly tell the difference from the Han race.As soon as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the so-called Wuhu disappeared without a trace, which is not accidental.