Chapter 72 Chapter 71 Facing the Waters of the Ocean

According to the astronauts, the earth is blue when viewed from the distant interstellar space; according to the analysis of scientists, the sky is blue because of the reflection of the ocean.In other words, most of the earth's surface is a blue ocean.Blue is the color of water and the color of life, so we can say romantically and confidently that blue is the color of human beings. The vast water of rivers, lakes and oceans nourishes human beings, provides delicious fish and shrimps and rich nutrition for human beings, transports human beings, generates electricity for human beings, and regulates temperature for human beings...Because of water, human beings can survive healthily and have happiness Only a long and far-reaching culture can only be achieved through a long and profound life.People often say that fish cannot live without water, but in fact, human beings cannot live without water.A person can go without food for several days but not for several days without water. According to a Russian newspaper report, a Russian driver did an experiment in the desert. A person can go without food for more than 20 days and still be alive, but without drinking water for three days will die. die.The problem is that many people have no sense of crisis about the existence of water: they feel that water resources are inexhaustible.In fact, all resources are limited. If you go to some countries in the Middle East, you will find that water is more precious than oil; moreover, water resources are easily polluted and destroyed, especially groundwater, which has been extracted too much in coastal cities. This often leads to seawater intrusion and ground subsidence.This is also one of the important issues involved in this article. Since our comprehensive national strength is increasing day by day, under the guidance of scientific water control policies and on the basis of respecting the laws of nature, water conservancy workers have begun fruitful exploration and practice of water control ideas, so Many coastal cities have successfully controlled and prevented seawater intrusion.

It can be asserted that water conservancy and water damage determine the rise and fall of a country.This book has written about Liu Bei of Shu and Cao Cao, King of Wei. Almost all the most exciting drama scenes are occupied by the elites of Shu and Wei. What is puzzling is that, from the perspective of historical truth, they persisted until the end. It was Soochow that destroyed the country.The author believes that this is the result of Dongwu people's ability to turn water damage into water conservancy.Sun Quan of Soochow vigorously built water conservancy projects, dredged and expanded the Qinhuai River waterway, and "opened the Gangdu, Yundu, Dongqu, and Chaogou".He dug the East Canal in Jianye, which was five feet wide and eight feet deep, and led the water from the huge Xuanwu Lake into the Qinhuai River.He also dug the Pogangdu Canal in Jurong, leading to Yunyang [now Dantu, Jiangsu].From today's point of view, this is almost a bonsai-style "South-to-North Water Diversion" project.It is these water conservancy projects that not only facilitate inland navigation, but also can be used to irrigate farmland.As a result, agriculture developed rapidly, which promoted the prosperity of Jianye City at that time. Thousands of skilled handicraft workers were engaged in silk weaving and smelting and casting.Sun Quan also developed the sailing industry. In order to meet the needs of the Yangtze River Water War and river-sea transportation, Sun Quan also vigorously developed the shipbuilding industry.He set up officials and supervised craftsmen and criminals to build ships.Its shipbuilding technology has reached a high level, and the scale of the ship is also considerable.With the ideal means of transportation between the river and the sea, the scope of Soochow's external relations has also expanded.He sent general Wei Wenwen and Zhugezhi to lead ten thousand troops to Yizhou [now Taiwan Province], and sent envoys to the Liaodong Peninsula and other countries in Hainan. Some envoys went to Goguryeo, Funan [now Cambodia], Linyi [now Central Vietnam] ] and the Nanyang Islands and other places.It was the construction of water conservancy projects that enabled the rapid development of Soochow's industry, agriculture and transportation at that time, and improved Soochow's overall national strength, so Soochow was able to persist until the end of the "Three Kingdoms".Today, the strength of our country is closely related to our success in water conservancy construction.Moreover, we keep pace with the water conservancy construction of advanced countries in terms of technology and scale.However, in recent years, China's Three Gorges Dam project and the "South-to-North Water Diversion" water conservancy project to be completed within 15 years have raised the level of water conservancy construction in our country to the forefront of the world.An important issue to be covered in this article is to pay attention to this unprecedented large water conservancy project from the perspective of a scientific view, and conduct scientific demonstration and discussion, so that people can have a deeper understanding and reflection on water conservancy projects.

Water conservancy and water damage, things have two aspects, to use today's fashionable words, it is a double-edged sword.Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it.Water is a huge resource for human beings to survive, but it can also bring huge disasters to human beings.As the saying goes, fire and water have no mercy.Throughout the history of disasters in countries around the world, water is almost the "culprit".Torrential rains caused disasters, mountain torrents broke out, and rivers swelled; especially terrible storms, generated from rivers, lakes and seas, called wind and rain, and made waves. Tens of millions, devouring millions of lives.However, because of this, in the long course of history, with great courage and wisdom, human beings have turned water damage into water conservancy, making the world we live in colorful and wonderful.This article describes the scene of fighting against storm surge disasters. It is the author's personal experience, and it is also a topic to be expressed in this article. The Chinese people have the ability, courage and wisdom to overcome natural disasters.

When Pangu opened the sky, human life merged with water, with gurgling water, surging river water, dingdong spring water, vast ocean water, rainwater falling from the sky, and roaring flood... Water has the praise and adoration of worship, and at the same time, the fear and sorrow of horror.Since there are written records, we Chinese have a romantic and serious imagination about water. There are legends and stories about dragons in any water area that is slightly larger. If the mountain is not high, there will be immortals;The dragon is the incarnation of water, the symbol of water, the power of water, and the elf of water.We often sing that we are the descendants of the dragon, which is actually the reverence for the water of life.The inheritance of human life from generation to generation and the long-standing culture from generation to generation are to thrive and flourish in the nourishment of rivers, lakes and seas.In the hearts of Chinese people, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are no longer the names of water systems, but transcend the natural form and ascend to a godly and sacred height.During the Anti-Japanese War, under the artillery fire of the invaders, our country was at a critical moment of life and death. The poet Zhang Guangnian sang, "The Yellow River is roaring", which means the roar of the Chinese nation in the face of the invaders; , to defend our great Chinese nation.

Because water can bring vitality to human existence, people praise water as auspicious dragon; because water can also bring disaster to human life, human beings curse water as evil dragon.There are countless stories about dragons, ranging from the hilarious to the grim and terrifying.This is also an important issue involved in this article. From ancient times to the present, in the struggle between human beings and water, the "mythical psychology" produced by continuous victory and defeat, what kind of impact will this kind of psychology have on people today? Water can nourish people's hearts and fertile fields, can carry thousands of sails and boats forward, and can show beautiful scenery. They are the auspicious dragons and good dragons that people love; Hateful dragons and evil dragons.Therefore, from these beautiful and peculiar folk stories, we can see that the joys, sorrows, sorrows and joys that water brings to people have risen to mythical culture.In fact, this is the folk story that our ancestors have struggled with natural disasters for generations. In the joy of victory and the grief of failure, folk stories gradually formed. People hate the evil and love the beautiful. People use fairy tales to express their ambition to overcome disasters and pursue happiness. eager.

From Dayu's flood control to all the water conservancy projects up to now, people have fought against storms and mountain torrents, opened canals, built dams, diverted water sources, and intercepted torrents.Use strength, wisdom, and will to lock up these vicious dragons, and make them obediently obey the command of humans and serve humans honestly.That is to say, the connotation of the myth tells us that the auspicious dragon who can ride the clouds and make wind and rain is actually human beings themselves. Human beings are always seeking for a better life without stopping, maintaining harmony with water, and insisting on fighting against water will be an eternal and magnificent cause.For this reason, we must firmly believe in the wisdom and power of human beings to fight and manage natural disasters, but we must also face up to the disasters caused by water to human beings.The world is old, the years are turbulent, and the psychological fear caused by natural disasters must not be underestimated. Before the old China, rivers were overflowing and floods were everywhere. Under the influence of this fear, people often had the pessimism of relying on the sky for food and God for help. negative thoughts.In the middle of the last century, the founding of New China, popularization of science and education, and water conservancy construction were greatly promoted, and feudal superstitions were swept away. People were inspired and realized that the fate of human beings was in their own hands.Today, in the civilization of the 21st century, we can proudly say that China, especially China since the reform and opening up, has created thousands of myths about Dayu's water control in the construction of water conservancy projects, and what is even more super-mythical is , we are not only facing the water of inland rivers and lakes, but also facing the largest water system on the earth - the water of the ocean, gradually showing our more intelligent and brave feats, and our grander and more magnificent ideals.

Dare to face up to the beautiful and complex world we live in, first of all, we must not forget the tragic history of human beings suffering from natural disasters.The natural disasters we are talking about here refer to floods, and floods can basically be divided into two forms. One is the flooding of rivers and lakes on land, floods, submerging cities and fertile land, and devouring human life; the other is land bordering the ocean. In the coastal areas of China, the storm surges caused by typhoons and tsunamis caused by earthquakes caused huge waves to surge up in the ocean, destroying towns and endangering the survival of human beings.The more insidious disaster is the intrusion of sea water, which makes the land desertification and salinization.This hidden disaster has a life-and-death relationship with the hydraulic projects on land and the large ocean water conservancy projects. That is to say, if we make mistakes in the management of rivers, it will cause seawater backflow; Major cause of seawater intrusion.The disasters that have occurred in the long history of human existence may have been beyond calculation.Only those earth-shattering disasters and tragedies in recent years have shocked us——

In the early 1990s, tropical storms hit Bangladesh, causing floods that inundated cities and villages and killed nearly 140,000 people. In November 1991, a tropical storm hit the Philippines, killing more than 6,000 people. From October to November 1998, Hurricane Mitch made landfall in Central America, killing more than 9,000 people, with Honduras and Nicaragua hit hardest. After entering the 21st century, it seems that human beings are faced with more serious disaster attacks. Due to the advanced means of scientific communication, the perspective of the news media is broader, and our sense and vision of disasters are more frequent and clear. Billions of people are watching Time and time again we have witnessed natural disasters wreaking havoc in every part of the globe.

Following the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, in August 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the southern coast of the United States, killing more than 1,300 people, displacing more than 1 million people and causing huge material property losses.Just two years ago, in November, Tropical Storm "Sidr" made landfall in the southern and southwestern regions of Bangladesh, causing more than 8 million people to be affected, more than 4,000 people dead or missing, and economic losses of more than 2.3 billion US dollars. On May 6, 2008, the tropical storm "Nargis" raged violently in the Ayeyarwady River Delta region in southern Myanmar, killing more than 20,000 people, leaving more than 40,000 missing and hundreds of thousands homeless.Of course, the concentrated population in the disaster-stricken areas, the widespread water network, and inconvenient transportation make disaster assessment and disaster relief difficult. In fact, these dire numbers are still rising.

If you recall the past of old China, it is even more horrible.Take Tianjin, a city close to the Haihe River, as an example. Historical floods have occurred frequently in the past 400 years. More than 10 floods in 1801 and 1939 flooded the urban area of ​​Tianjin, causing great losses. In 1801 [the sixth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty] heavy rain fell in the Haihe River Basin, supported by the sea tide, the flood discharge was not smooth, and the 26th level of Tianjin City Brick [nearly 4 meters high] was flooded, and the water accumulated until April of the following year. The disaster was severe , the largest flood ever recorded. In July 1939, there were three consecutive torrential rains, and the Yongding River, Chaobai River, Beiyun River and Jiyun River flooded heavily in the eastern part of Hebei Province. From August 19th to 20th, the flood flooded into the urban area of ​​Tianjin. On the 24th, the water surface elevation in the city was 4.4 [Yellow Sea base surface, the same below], 70% to 80% of the streets in the city are 1 to 2 meters deep, and the deepest is 2.4 meters. People have been sailing on the city streets for more than a month, and more than 700,000 people have been affected. .After the flood, people inlaid white and blue tiles on the main street to mark the traces of the flood, which are still partially preserved.In fact, in the backward era of old China, not only the Tianjin floods, but also the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and other major rivers flooded frequently, forcing thousands of people to leave their homes and flee everywhere...

Facing the whole world, the contest between human beings and water disasters has always been going on. Today, when the earth starts to warm up, things seem to be more serious.While I was writing this article, floods caused by violent storms were submerging many cities in India. The TV images of victims struggling in the flood, and the panicked expressions of women and children shocked us. Of course, we cannot simply measure the severity of the disaster based on the number of deaths, but the numbers themselves present a thought-provoking phenomenon.Some experts commented: If we only look at the number of casualties and losses caused by it, it is not difficult to find that developing countries are still facing huge difficulties in disaster prevention and mitigation.The plight of developing countries in disaster prevention and mitigation is first reflected in the level of social development.Since many developing countries have just solved the problem of food and clothing, they cannot form a large-scale disaster prevention and mitigation network in a short period of time, and there is no perfect weather early warning system. As a result, the public cannot be informed when natural disasters occur, and they can only rely on their own strength to save themselves .In the Myanmar storm disaster, the people in the disaster area did not know enough about the tropical storm, and the transfer was not timely.In the event of a disaster, some developing countries even lack essential medicines, water and food.Housing and other hardware do not have strong disaster prevention conditions, which also leads to low disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities. Some experts concluded after statistics on disasters that developing countries are still in an international weak position in disaster prevention and mitigation.In the international disaster prevention and reduction cooperation among countries, most developed countries first attach importance to building their own disaster prevention and reduction network, and pay attention to the sky, ocean and abnormal weather in their own area, and the degree of attention to international cooperation is still insufficient.It has been four years since the Indian Ocean tsunami, but the recurrence of the same type of disaster has made people worry about the effect of international cooperation on disaster prevention and mitigation.That is to say, in the prevention and control of natural disasters, there should be no mentality of relying on others or other countries, but self-improvement. But some experts began to call out loudly that after the storm comes floods, and after floods there is the threat of large-scale infectious diseases.No natural disaster poses a deadly threat in isolation.Therefore, relying on the power of a single developing country to resolve the problem of disaster prevention and mitigation is still difficult at present.Because this kind of problem is caused by unbalanced development, it is also difficult to break through the power of individual countries in the short term.At the same time, this kind of difficulty often occurs for one or several countries.Yet such calls for help are often met with only a drop in the bucket.For example, the disaster in Myanmar, even after the shocking images of the disaster were widely reported internationally, Myanmar appealed to the international community and foreigners for personal donations through various channels, but it was difficult to make up for the sky-high losses caused by this disaster.For this, we have to emphasize again the old adage of "self-reliance". To sum up, we can see that many experts are worried about the ability of developing countries to fight against natural disasters. In the face of several disasters that have occurred, this worry has quite sufficient theoretical basis, and even this pessimism also makes us agree.The reason why I have described the disasters around the world and the conclusions of relevant experts in a little detail is actually a comparative assessment of China's fight against natural disasters.But I believe that people will be pleasantly surprised to see in this comparative assessment that our Chinese people's record of fighting disasters has amazing wisdom and strength.For example, the Sichuan Earthquake has already made the world "surprised by China".The author once had an unforgettable experience in his life, witnessing the ferocity and violence of the ocean water in front of a huge storm, but this unforgettable disaster moved me the most, and I wrote this article with passion . Our Chinese mainland has a long and winding coastline, which is more than 18,000 kilometers long from the mouth of the Yalu River to the mouth of the Beilun River.In addition, the coastline of the island is more than 14,000 kilometers long.Theoretically speaking, mainland China has a coastline of more than 30,000 kilometers. In the face of regular and irregular attacks from Pacific storms, this coastline of more than 30,000 kilometers can be said to be the frontier of the position. The above mentioned is the first problem, the natural disaster caused by the storm surge. Next, I would like to talk about the second problem, seawater intrusion.Seawater intrusion has brought great challenges to today's hydraulic engineering.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the country vigorously promoted the construction of water conservancy, and some floods on land were gradually contained.But we are not easy, new construction and new development make us see new hidden dangers.In particular, the construction of coastal cities is advancing by leaps and bounds, which requires a lot of fresh water.According to the report of the World Bank, my country and the United States are the countries with the highest amount of fresh water extraction, especially in the north of my country, the water resources development utilization rate of the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River Basin has exceeded 50%, and the Haihe River Basin has reached nearly 90%, exceeding the internationally recognized With a reasonable limit of 40%, there is little potential for scaling up water resources development.According to the current normal needs and groundwater not being over-exploited, the total annual water shortage in the country will reach 30 billion to 40 billion cubic meters. The year 2003 was the peak of water consumption in my country. With full consideration of water conservation, the total water consumption was 700 billion to 800 billion cubic meters, and the required water supply capacity has increased by 130 billion to 230 billion cubic meters.After deducting the necessary water requirements for the ecological environment, the actual amount of water resources that may be used in the country is about 800 billion to 900 billion cubic meters. The estimated water consumption is close to the upper limit of reasonable water use, and the further development of water resources is extremely difficult.With the extensive use of groundwater, a new problem arises, that is, the "vacuum" under the land. In this way, the seawater close to the edge of the city can take advantage of the void, which is the "seawater backflow" that people have talked about in recent years. The lack of groundwater is not the only reason for seawater intrusion.In the past, we often said that "all rivers lead to the sea". Nowadays, due to various reasons such as global warming, rivers sometimes rise sharply and sometimes stop flowing. That is to say, there are problems in the veins leading to the sea. When the water level drops, the seawater is higher than the river water, and seawater intrusion will also occur.Quite frankly, we've had some pretty serious saltwater ingress.In our northern region around the Bohai Sea, seawater intrusion is very worrying. For example, Xingcheng, a city off the coast of Liaoning, has had low rainfall in recent years. Coupled with the lack of surface water resources, the city's per capita water resources are only 710 cubic meters, which is lower than that of the whole city. The provincial average level, some township farmers are short of water for drinking and livestock.Due to coastal waters and industrial production, seawater intrusion in some areas and water shortages in some areas have made it difficult for some people to use water for normal living.In Shishulin Village, Lijin Village, Haibin Township, due to serious seawater intrusion, the water in the iron tube wells of the villagers in this village is brownish red, with suspended solids, and tastes bitter.The degree of seawater intrusion in Dalian, where the author is located, shows that seawater intrusion has brought serious harm to the survival of the city. At the beginning of the 21st century, Dalian's four major seawater intrusion areas [Yingchengzi, Quanshuihe, Zhoushuizi River and Xiajiahe] have endangered the city's underground water storage of hundreds of millions of cubic meters, and it is imminent to control seawater influx.The backflow area of ​​Yingchengzi is 41 square kilometers; the backflow area of ​​Xiajia River is 4 square kilometers; the backflow area of ​​Quanshui River Basin is 25 square kilometers; the backflow area of ​​Zhoushuizi River Basin is 8 square kilometers.Experts warned that the backflow of seawater from the Zhoushuizi River Basin has invaded the government of Xinzhaizi Town and Qiange Village.Once the brackish seawater passes through the underground reservoir, it will pollute hundreds of millions of cubic meters of stored water, "catastrophically reversing the ecological balance of water resources and accelerating the expansion of the affected area."The saline-alkali land turned the fertile land into red land, the roots of the crops were withered and the leaves were yellow, and the grain grains were not harvested.In some places, people can no longer drink the water drawn from wells directly, but must make tea or sweetened additives to reduce the bitter taste. Perhaps our ancestors never imagined that the Yellow River would stop flowing frequently in the past 20 years.The most serious situation was at the end of the last century in 1997. The year-round cut-off time was as high as 7 months. The cut-off river stretched back from the coastal estuary to Kaifeng, Henan, and the entire Yellow River in Shandong dried up.The great river known as the "cradle of the Chinese nation", which has been unruly for 5,000 years, curled up into the inland with a sigh.The common people even planted mung beans in the river, and the situation of "the wind blows and the sand blows up, and ten kinds of nine don't harvest" is staged again in the Yellow River!However, the greater problem of the cut-off of the Yellow River is that it leads to the backflow of seawater, and the salty seawater takes advantage of the gap, making all the fresh groundwater melt into the salt and become bitter.In some villages along the river, only one of the dozens of wells produces fresh water.After the estuary was cut off, the Yellow River saury disappeared.There are also many migratory fish and plankton that disappeared together.Not only that, but the cut-off also caused rapid salinization of the land on both sides of the river, and the output of high-quality "Yellow River rice" dropped sharply.Some reporters even panicked during the interview, because many farmers sighed and said: "The Yellow River is gone, how can we survive!" A report wrote: Farmers in Nanshijijing Village, Kenli Township said that after the Yellow River stopped flowing, the whole country would die. There is only one place in the village where sweet water can be dug out, and only more than 10 tans of water are produced every day.Hu Mingxiu, a villager, sighed: "Not having access to drinking water is worse than living a difficult life." Many plants in the Yellow River Delta are resistant to salt and alkali. However, in the 1990s, tens of thousands of mu of saline-resistant Tamarix forests in the Yellow River Delta died due to cut-off of fresh water and flooding of seawater. dead. The Yellow River Delta is the youngest land in the Republic, where the Yellow River sediment is "reclaimed to make land".Before the 1980s, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were full of rapid water and sand, sending more than 1 billion tons of sediment into the river mouth every year, and the area of ​​the delta continued to expand.However, in the past 20 years, the inflow of the Yellow River has dropped sharply, and the seawater has eroded the land. The Yellow River Delta has not only stopped expanding but also shrunk. In 1997, the year when the flow was most severe, the Delta shrank by seven to eight thousand acres! In fact, storm surges can also cause seawater intrusion. In 1997, typhoon No. 11 swept across Longkou City, Shandong Province accompanied by a once-in-a-century astronomical tide, causing more than 20,000 mu of farmland and orchards to be submerged by seawater, and more than 8,000 mu of late rice crops failed. Seawater intrusion is called salt tide.In layman's terms, a salt tide is the upward movement of seawater with high chlorine content.The existence and activity of salt tides are presented: dry seasons are more active than flood seasons, drought years are more active than wet years, and astronomical spring tides are more active than usual.However, due to the continuous drought and the decrease of precipitation, a large amount of seawater flows into the sea.This shows that land water conservancy projects ensure the flow of rivers and abundant water sources, which is the most powerful guarantee to prevent seawater intrusion.In addition, once the salt tide comes, there will be no fresh water available in many places in the city, which will make the water disaster worse.In our country, salty tides mostly occur in the Pearl River Delta and coastal areas. There are countless seawater intrusion phenomena in foreign countries, and disasters can be seen everywhere. According to foreign reports, the phenomenon of desertification in Italy is approaching the Mediterranean coast.According to the report, due to seawater intrusion, land salinization and desertification, the Sahara Desert is expanding in size and passing through the Mediterranean coast.Legambiente, an Italian environmental group, warned that the livelihoods of the 6.5 million people living along the Mediterranean coast are likely to be threatened. "Desertification is no longer unique to Africa," said Legambiente vice-president Sabastiano Veneri: "Without serious economic and environmental policy changes, the threat will likely be realized and irreversible. According to a new report by Legambiente, 7.4 million acres of fertile land along the Mediterranean Sea are deserting due to land overexploitation and water misuse. Legambiente said southern Italy had been severely damaged, while about 11 percent of arable land in Sicily and Sardinia showed signs of drying out. "Like the semi-arid coastal areas in southern Italy, the main impact of desertification comes from agricultural water use. The water harvesting method does not rely on precipitation, but on groundwater. In this way, the water in the aquifer is exhausted, and the desertification of the land The process is accelerated," Legambiente spokesman Giorgio Zambetti said.According to Izanbeti, too much fresh water has been drawn, and its consumption has greatly exceeded the regeneration capacity of the groundwater layer. There will inevitably be loopholes that will lead to backflow of seawater and poison the groundwater layer. For a long-term example, Legambiente cites Egypt, where groundwater smells so salty that it threatens half of the country's agricultural land. "Southern Italy is not the only place in the country that is at risk. The Po delta in northern Italy has also shown signs of saltwater pollution." , is the most obvious example of climate change in desertification in Italy.In Europe, Italy is not alone in the loss of fertile soil. Legambiente estimates that desertification has affected more than a fifth of the Iberian peninsula, with some early indications that the French Riviera is also being affected. According to Legambiente, 1,000 square kilometers of fertile soil are deserted every year around the Mediterranean coast, including Libya, Tunisia and Morocco. Experts at Legambiente predict that desertification will dislodge more than 60 million people living in sub-Saharan Africa from their homes between 1997 and 2020, many of them dying.The Commission of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome, Italy, identified desertification as the main cause of famine worldwide. The whole world is sounding the alarm for seawater intrusion, and we can't take it lightly.Because the vast majority of cities near the sea in our country have more or less seawater backflow, and some areas have been quite serious.For example, an important city like Beijing has already experienced a decrease in self-produced water caused by serious overexploitation of groundwater.According to statistics, the accumulative excess of groundwater in Beijing has exceeded 4 billion cubic meters, of which the planned urban area exceeds 1.8 billion cubic meters, forming a downward funnel with an area of ​​2,000 square kilometers.The drop in groundwater level leads to a sharp decrease in various vertical recharges, forming a vicious circle in which the amount of groundwater resources decreases as the groundwater is exploited more and more, and it is easy to cause various geological disasters.Fortunately, Beijing is still some distance away from the seashore, and Tianjin City is in front of it to resist, otherwise, the degree of seawater intrusion would be unimaginable.Our other important big city, Shanghai, issued an alarm of "urban sinking" during the "Cultural Revolution". Of course, the main reason was the excessive pumping of groundwater.The degree of danger Shanghai faces from seawater intrusion must not be underestimated.It can be considered that the excessive extraction of groundwater in all cities is a challenge to hydraulic engineering.The waters of rivers and rivers on land and the waters of oceans in the sea are engaged in desperate duels and contests.That is to say, our land water conservancy projects are inseparable from the marine projects that govern the water in the ocean, and they blend in harmony.Because without the construction of reservoirs, there will be no guarantee of fresh water reserves, and without the management of rivers, there will be no smooth flow of rivers.A larger water conservancy system project also includes the protection of forests, in order to ensure abundant rainwater, to reduce land drought, and to pump less groundwater.In this way, the land where groundwater normally exists maintains normal pressure, so as to resist the invasion of seawater intrusion. In short, seawater intrusion has forced water conservancy projects in coastal areas to run out constantly, and the alarm of water conservancy projects has to be sounded time and time again. According to the original geographical structure of nature, and human beings endowed with scientific and intelligent design, there are nearly a hundred large-scale ports and thousands of small ports on the coastline of more than 30,000 kilometers. Every night, thousands of cargo ships, fishing boats and passenger ships enter and leave the port, busy for our modernization and economic development.From the historical records of old China or more distant ones, we often see sadly that those old and backward ports are often vulnerable to the continuous generation of Pacific storms, causing many tragic incidents of shipwreck and death.After the founding of New China, due to the country's industrial construction, the ability to fight against natural disasters has been rapidly improved, which can be said to have changed drastically.But we have to be soberly aware that in recent years, due to global warming and other factors, the frequency of large-scale natural disasters has increased.And we have a country with a long coastline, which is in the developing stage of scientific and technological strength and comprehensive national strength, so the pressure it bears is far greater than that of other countries in the world. Because of this, looking back on the 60-year history of the Republic, our fighting spirit and fighting strength in fighting against natural disasters, especially those caused by the ocean, are unprecedented.Although experts discuss that developing countries are still in an international weak position in disaster prevention and mitigation.But as a person of the same age as me in the Republic, especially when I experienced and witnessed a natural disaster, I have a sense of pride.That day that I can't forget was in the 1970s, when our country was really a "poor and white" developing country. It was indeed weak in the face of natural disasters, but it showed outstanding courage to fight.And this kind of courage eventually turned into a huge material force. With scientific wisdom and sweat, he built a steel-framed dam dragon, subdued the raging dragon, and turned the place where disasters frequently occurred in the past into an incomparably wonderful paradise on earth. On the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, there is a beautiful city Dalian surrounded by the sea on three sides.From the map, Dalian City cuts into the middle of the blue plate in a conical state. Therefore, if you walk in any direction on any road in the city, you will eventually go to the sea.People in Dalian often humorously say that if you take a taxi for more than 50 yuan, you will drive into the sea.Because of the nourishment of the sea, the city is moist and the air is fresh.I once wrote in a beautiful style: the city where I live is like a huge whale swimming into the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. The Bohai Sea to the north of my hometown is a gentle sea like a woman. The waves rolled by the breeze are like a girl’s pleated skirt. Rubbing the flat and soft beach, the grain-like golden sand is shining in the clear water waves, and even the fish and shrimp grow delicate and slender, dancing gracefully when swimming.To the south of my hometown is the manly Yellow Sea that roars all day long. The tidal flats are solid and uplifted, and the rocks and reefs are scattered everywhere, like rows of warriors arm in arm, fighting against the mighty force of the Pacific Ocean. The fish and shrimp here grow very well. Mighty and majestic, the steel-blue Spanish mackerel leaps over the top of the waves like a cannonball, and the samurai crab swings its long pincers and clicks in the reef... A city that feels the warmth of the sea must also feel the majesty of the sea; Dalian people who harvest delicious seafood must also bear the bombardment of the stormy sea.Every year, the storms generated in the Pacific radiate powerful shock waves, sweeping the vast ocean, starting from the South China Sea at the southernmost point of mainland China, going north to the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, all areas facing the frontier of the Pacific Ocean, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula, always listening to the breath of the sea, admiring the beautiful scenery of flying waves and waiting for the attack of the storm. There are many beautiful landscapes in Dalian, among which the most famous and favored by domestic and foreign tourists is the even more beautiful Tiger Beach.Some people may ask, why is there such a beautiful scenery with the word tiger?Is it shaped like a tiger?Was there ever a tiger?Of course not, because Dalian is a city facing the Pacific Ocean. Every year, the storms that rise from the depths of the Pacific Ocean directly hit the Liaodong Peninsula from the southeast.And Tiger Beach is facing the southeast port. In the words of fisherman, this opening "offends the southeast wind". As long as the southeast wind is slightly stronger, there will be strong winds and huge waves in Tiger Beach.If the storm exceeds level 8, it will definitely shake the earth and shake the mountains, like a million hungry tigers roaring in unison.When the old fisherman talked about the history of Laohutan, he often turned pale.In the distant historical era, Tiger Beach was known as a dangerous place on the cusp of wind and waves. How many fishing boats and fishermen died in Tiger Beach, it was a man-eating tiger's mouth!As a result, this port, which is often ravaged by storms, became Tiger Beach.After liberation, the state funded the construction of a breakwater embankment outside Tiger Beach, where the water flow is the most rapid and the wind and waves are the most turbulent.尽管当时的经济条件和技术条件所限，但大连是东北的门户，而从水产事业上看，当时的老虎滩渔港就是门户上的大门，对刚刚起步的新中国渔业事业举足轻重。为了保护渔业生产，更为了保护渔民的安全，这座防波堤还是以能抗击50年的“波高力”设计的。在很长的一个时期，这座坚固的防波堤还是发挥了威力，挡住每年太平洋季风的侵袭，使老虎滩这个令人恐惧的港口变得温柔而太平，山东地区、江浙地区，全国各沿海城镇的渔船纷纷进出老虎滩渔港。大量才被捕捞出海的鱼虾通过老虎滩渔港运向东北乃至全国。总之，老虎滩渔港一片繁荣景象，人们似乎忘却了这里是风暴经常光顾的险滩危港。 然而，公元1972年的第三号台风，其风浪的速度和力量却是超百年“波高力”，它从广阔的太平洋深处升腾而起，以100多公里的时速，掠过外长山列岛的大小长山岛、海洋岛、獐子岛，直扑辽东半岛，气势汹汹而势不可挡，最后竟然越过大自然造就的堤坝——山东半岛和辽东半岛，进入中国内海，横扫渤海湾里的内长山列岛，连河北的秦皇岛港也遭受巨大的损失。由于当时的气象预报水平也相当落后，所以突袭而来的风暴使数不清的渔船在滔天的巨浪中被扭断桅杆，撕裂甲板，沉没海底。台风过后，从辽东半岛各个海湾漂上来的破碎船体，还有在绝望中将自己捆绑在船体上的渔民尸体，我们可以看到这场风暴给人类带来的灾难是多么惨烈。 从后来我查阅到的气象水文资料中看这次台风的记载：1972年3号台风登陆前，中心向西北方向猛然加速跳跃……移速竟达到每小时74公里左右，在黄海北部、渤海、辽、鲁沿海平均风力10至11级，局部地区12级，为一般台风移速的数倍。大风的海岸辐合效应显著地表现在旅大【大连】地区的大连港和老虎滩两处。时值月半大潮，加上风浪与海岸辐合，在旅大【大连】地区造成海水倒灌和海啸，海水漫进了陆地。这种海岸辐合影响对山东半岛的烟台附近和河北的秦皇岛沿海同样也有反应。 而对这次台风带来的暴雨情况，也有相当惊人的记录：这次台风暴雨的特点表现于台风倒槽和地形辐合，出现了北大南小的不对称分布。台风在山东半岛东南方沿海时，辽西和昭乌达盟等内陆地区都普遍降雨，台风在渤海湾时北京市也出现了台风外围降雨……燕山南麓的怀柔、延庆等地局部地区的雨量竟达400至500毫米…… 前面说过“犯东南风”的大连老虎滩渔港，几乎就被风浪彻底摧毁。在那可怕的灾难之时，笔者身临其境，度过一个惊心动魄的风暴之夜，至今这令人震惊的场面还历历在目。 风暴就要来临的傍晚，老虎滩渔港里一片平静，灯光闪烁，渔歌阵阵。上百艘大大小小的渔船货船友好地挤在一起，枕着舒适的海湾睡着了。它们没有想到，在这平静的港湾外面，在人们认为相当坚固的挡浪堤坝前，那些凶狠的浪涛正在聚集着一股可怕的力量，要与防波堤决一死战。这场即将到来的风暴要比以往的风暴强大得多，从黑暗的深处滚滚而来，坦荡的洋面任它们呼号狂奔，寻找发泄怒气的目标。终于，撞在人类修筑的坚硬的防波堤上，奔涌几千里的怒气和力量在这里被困住了，只能是张牙舞爪地吼叫着、跳跃着，一次又一次轰击却一次又一次被撞得粉碎。然而，狂暴的风浪并不甘罢休，像前赴后继的千军万马，而且一浪高过一浪，像一排排猛烈射击的炮弹，在防波堤上爆炸开花。 过了午夜，风暴的中心移到防波堤的上空，于是，一场几乎是空前绝后的猛烈打击开始了，被狠命撞回去的浪头与后面继续冲上来的浪头会合，猛然激起一座座高高的浪山，然后以铺天盖地的力量再次砸下来，轰！boom!boom! ……大坝在不停顿的猛烈轰击下，开始发出咯咯的呻吟声，长长的身躯开始惊恐地颤动。开始得势的浪涛当然得寸进尺，轰击的力度更加暴烈。防波堤终于承受不住了，当一个更高更沉重的浪头砸下来时，它痛苦地震颤了一下，轰然坍塌。完全像城门被敌军攻陷，狂暴的风浪犹如千万只虎狼冲进羊圈，直扑毫无抗击能力的羊群，真正变成民间传说中的恶龙。 灾难降临了—— 风、浪、雷、电和暴雨劈面而下，平静的港湾兜底晃动了。惊慌失措的渔船似乎还没明白怎么回事儿，就相互猛烈地撞击起来。前面说过，老虎滩是朝东南方向敞开的口子，绝对是正对着敌军的枪口，强劲的东南风卷涛挟浪，推波助澜，长驱直入，横扫千军如卷席。一股股巨大的浪头不但轰击着乱成一团的渔船，还能腾空飞掠，直捣陆岸。最先登陆的巨浪绝对是一把硕大的钢齿利锯，只抽拉了几个回合，就将港边的柏油马路豁开一个大口子，浑浊的海水竟然涌进路对面公安局派出所的小楼里。又一股可怕的巨浪冲向陆岸旁边的水产公司仓库，惊天动地的一声巨响，仓库立即碎裂，数十万个木制渔箱立即被狂舞的浪头拍成碎片，并撒向沸腾得一锅滚水似的海湾，与早已被打碎的船板及杂物混在一起，胡乱地碰撞和摩擦，发出更加混乱的恐怖声响。 惊慌失措的渔民从睡梦中惊醒，纷纷冲向甲板，但灾难降临得太快了，小马力的木制渔船已经撞击得体无完肤，几乎全军覆没。一百马力以上的钢壳渔轮似乎还能经得一番摔打，马达发了疯般地吼叫着，要与风浪势比高。一艘艘钢壳渔轮开足马力，拼命地向大海里冲刺，只要冲进广阔的大海里，至少能免去与别的渔船相撞的危险。但为时已晚，此刻风暴已经占据了绝对优势，挡浪堤坝坍塌，千军万马已经浩浩荡荡地开进来，大开杀戒。在这巨浪的轰鸣中，渔轮简直就是秋风中飘摇的树叶，一通排浪砸过来，全都被打得东倒西歪，不得不退下阵来。 退下阵的渔轮就更乱了营，开始相互碰撞，撕裂的金属船壳之间的摩擦，发出刺耳的声响，仿佛在刮着人身上裸露的骨头。与此同时，整个城市也行动起来，军队战士、消防队员、警察、学生还有大量的城市居民从四面八方赶来，他们一面抢救岸边的水泥等建筑材料，一面惊恐地看着海湾里发生的灾难。 夜更深了，凶暴的风浪毫不减弱，似乎还注入了恶魔的灵性，它们把大大小小的木船、钢壳船或什么漂浮的物体往一起推，加快渔船之间相撞的力度和速度。很快，一艘渔轮的马达嘎地断了声响，船灯立即刷地熄灭了。又一艘渔轮被大浪拍打了一下，像挨了一记闷棍的大鱼，顷刻瘫在那里。岸边的人们为此不断地发出惊叫，并试探着进行救助。有些人在身上绑着绳子，不顾死活地跳进浪涛里去搭救落难者；有些人用长竿伸进水里，去拖拽落水的渔人。但如此可怕涌动的港湾里，人只要掉进水里，完全像掉进魔窟里，很快就被破碎的船板等杂物击昏。但即使是这样，一些绝望的渔人也开始跳船，这就更让岸边的人眼睁睁地看着生命的毁灭，更加痛苦万分地焦急呼喊。 突然，一声洪亮而凄怆的船笛开始鸣响，而且持久不断。岸上的人们全都惊呆了，一艘180马力的钢壳渔轮拉响警报似的高鸣船笛，并打开船上所有的灯光，开始掉转船头，冲向陆岸。人们可以清晰地看到舵楼里船长坚定的身影，他正全力操纵着舵轮，目光坚定地朝前。岸边所有的人都在惊叫，他们认定这艘开足马力的渔轮是在自杀。 但人们很快就镇定下来，因有懂行的渔民告诉大家，这是“抢滩”。 抢滩！这是打鱼人最勇敢也是最危险的壮举。我们古老的祖先早就使用过的救生方式，当渔轮在狂风暴雨中遭遇没顶之灾时，最后的一搏就是驾船从浪涛里直接冲向陆地。有一个曾经历过九死一生的老渔人说，这是绝望之中的希望。 我至今还清楚地记得这艘180马力的渔轮上三个大字“辽金满”，意思是辽宁金县满家滩公社的渔轮。我还记得渔轮舵楼灯光下船长瘦弱的身影，尽管四周风浪肆虐，涛声喧嚣，大雨横飞，但我却觉得他瘦弱而坚定的身影栩栩如生，光芒四射。一些伤痕累累的渔轮看到“辽金满”视死如归要抢滩，也开始抖擞精神，一个个转动舵轮，将船头对准陆岸。然而，狂怒的风暴似乎也看出“辽金满”抢滩的意图，滚滚的黑浪拍打着遍体鳞伤的船身，妄想把“辽金满”重新推回风浪的漩涡里。突然，180马力的钢壳船被浪涛高高地架起来，尖削的船头直竖在高高的浪峰上，像一匹狂奔的烈马突然撞见了断崖绝壁，惊惧得扬起前蹄。岸边的人不约而同地发出惊叫，但人们看到，尖尖的船头却没改变一丝一毫方向，还是对准坚硬的陆岸，一面飞速向前，一面鸣响着洪亮而凄怆的船笛，轰然一声巨响，坚实的大地接纳了决不绝望的英雄…… 那天晚上我在暴雨中一直肃立，目睹着这令我永远难忘的场景。凑巧的是在前几天，我刚读过法国小说家玛格丽特·杜拉斯【1914—1996】的《抵挡太平洋的堤坝》。小说写于1950年，中心人物是母亲，母亲为在印度支那购买的耕地免受潮水之害修筑抵挡太平洋的堤坝，而一切辛苦全部枉费，堤坝被冲毁……坦率地说，我在著名的杜拉斯著作中只看到悲伤，但在老虎滩更令人悲伤的现实场景中，我感到的却是震撼心灵的悲壮。我甚至明白了一个不像是问题的问题，为什么地球上至今还有人类存在。 严格地说，自然灾害有时是无法预测的，其灾难的摧毁力量有时也无法估量，这不能不令我们惊惧。例如刚刚过去的四川汶川大地震，其惨烈的程度令全世界震惊。然而，如此令全世界震惊的大灾难却没有击倒中国人民，反而激起亿万中国人民抗击灾难的力度和决心。全国上下空前团结，凝成巨大的温暖，巨大的力量，巨大的物资援助和巨大的精神鼓励。这不仅又令全世界感到第二次震惊，他们看到一个伟大的勇敢的充满信心和活力的民族。 然而，在漫长的历史年月里，在还缺乏科学认识的人类中，与自然灾害斗争的时胜时负，悲剧喜剧交叉上演，不能不使人类产生一些矛盾心理，也就是崇拜神灵和恐惧恶魔。前些年厦门遭遇的一场新中国成立以来最强烈的风暴，百年巨榕连根拔起，粗壮的大树拦腰折断，电杆被狂风猛力扭曲，屋顶一片断椽碎瓦。海浪如狼似虎地扑向城市街道，飞沙走石自天而降地砸向花园草地……犹如一个美丽的少女被歹徒强暴，仅仅几个小时，风光如画的城市立即就伤痕累累。当我们一行作家在飓风肆虐半个月之后来到厦门，眼里还不时地掠过一阵惊骇，人们分明感到这是面对一个经过战争洗礼的城市。 记者指着一座三层楼的楼顶告诉我们，有一个人就从那里像一根稻草一样被风刮飞；厦门大学中文系教授、作家林丹雅说，飓风刮过之后，是一个停水停电、伸手不见五指的黑夜，那真是恐怖。著名诗人舒婷住在鼓浪屿一座美丽的楼院，台风过后却使这美丽的院落面目全非，隔院两棵高大的树干像被魔鬼的利爪撕裂，露出白森森的树心，残枝败叶七扭八歪。贴近舒婷寝室的一棵高若数十米的松树好似横空挨了一板斧，齐刷刷地没了上半身子。舒婷余惊未散地对我们说：好可怕呀！当时我就躲在屋子里，心惊胆战地盯着这棵剧烈摇摆的大树……当时的情况可以想见，这棵大树只要倒下，就会砸到舒婷家的房子上，那后果将不可想象！也许老天爷有文化档次，知道大树下面的房子里有一个能写美妙诗句的女诗人，顿时动了恻隐之心，只是砍去了半截树干，呼啸而去，只是给诗人留下有惊无险的激动。厦门整个城市的建筑都难逃一劫，然而，宏伟的郑成功雕像竟然顶天立地，完好无损。于是人们就开始了浪漫或唯心地想象：郑成功的神威能震住所有的灾难，但为什么这次会让飓风得逞呢？因为风暴之时台湾正发生了大地震，郑成功为了求助台湾不再受二次灾难打击，只得将飓风引向自己……我想，这种人类感情化的崇拜，就是产生神话的因素之一。 笔者儿时记忆最深的一个民间传说，就是“秃尾巴老李的故事”。说是很古很古的时候，山东农村一个贫寒妇女怀胎24个月，竟然生出一条小黑龙，父亲吓得不行，抓起镰刀要砍死这个怪物，却只砍断了小黑龙的尾巴。后来小黑龙飞到东北白龙江，打败了兴风作浪、危害人类的白龙，从此尽心尽力，兢兢业业地治理江水，按季节兴风布雨，帮助人们的农事耕作。人们都亲切地称这条黑龙为秃尾巴老李，也将白龙江改称黑龙江了。直到今天，山东一些地方还信奉“二月二龙抬头”是秃尾巴老李出生的日子，还说每年的6月18必定有雨，就是小黑龙回家探亲，给乡亲带来的甘露……其实类似的有关龙的传说，不但很多，而且还相当丰富多彩，仅我刚刚讲的故事，就有好几个不同的版本。 我们有关吉祥之龙和凶恶之龙的神话传说，甚至像基因一样一代一代在人们的心里传承。于是，人们也就在大灾大难面前暴露出困惑，例如对水的恐惧就变成对恶魔的恐惧，进而失去了自信。山洪暴发时，人们烧香敬神，乞求神灵护佑；天旱无雨时，人们又烧香敬神，乞求神灵降雨。旧中国以前，这种唯心式的崇拜和恐惧几乎达到了极致。其实纵观全世界，还没有哪个民族没有这种恐惧和迷信。但是，我们不能不惊喜地看到，新中国成立以后，我们国家大力搞科学宣传教育，效果是相当显著的，在破除迷信方面堪称全世界最优秀的典范。绝大多数的人们相信，所谓传说的恶魔和什么危害人类的蛟龙，其实就是自然灾害现象，而能镇邪压魔救助人类的，其实就是人类自己。汶川大地震激发全国人民抗击灾难的雄心壮志，就说明当今中国人民的心理是多么的阳光和健康。 然而，历史是无法人为地割断，一切人类活动都以文化的形式【优秀的文化，糟粕的文化】流传下来。在宇宙飞船上天，人类登上月球的20世纪和21世纪，我们有时在心理上还很难摆脱“妖魔鬼怪”的阴影。笔者在采访中，还时常能看到这种“鬼神文化”阴魂不散，特别是临近江河湖海的地方，几乎都可以看到龙王庙。最接近海边和岛屿的渔村里，不但有龙王庙，更多的还有海神娘娘庙。从一些资料和传说故事上看，甚至有既生动又翔实的记录，美丽的和恐怖的民间传说在沿海一带城乡广为流传。老一代的打鱼人，很是信奉这些神灵。与一些老一些的打鱼人接触，他们往往就能讲出一些龙王和海神娘娘显灵救助人命的故事：大旱数日，村里人实在活不下去了，便全体到龙王庙前烧香磕头，磕头磕得头破血流，终于感动了龙王，瞬间，阴云密布，接着就大雨瓢泼，天降甘霖……或是，山洪滚滚而下，眼看就要将村庄淹没。人们恐慌万分，束手待毙。这时却发现洪水竟然在半路上戛然而止，尽管水声轰响，却不能向前流动一寸。大家抬眼一看，原来一条龙挡在前面。后来人们便为这条龙修庙，香火大盛，从此风调雨顺…… 一些老渔人几乎就像讲他自己的经历那样，讲述他爷爷或是他爷爷的爷爷的故事：渔船突然遭遇到飓风，滔天的巨浪之中，篷飞桅断甲板撕裂。船员们奋勇抗击，一直奋斗到深夜，但终于被狂风和巨浪砸得东倒西歪，精疲力竭。但就在生命要结束的最后一瞬间，船上一个最老的老渔人燃起一炷香，乞求海神娘娘保佑。顷刻间，海面上亮起一盏红灯，原来是海神娘娘点灯照路，渔船便跟着这盏红灯前进，最后顺利逃出风暴的中心。天亮一看，海面风平浪静，前面是金灿灿阳光照耀，斑斓的城镇，袅袅炊烟。再认真一看，原来是回到自己的家了…… 史料记载：明朝初年，朱元璋为了收复辽东，派遣10万大军，驾战船数千艘，乘风破浪，在辽东半岛最南端的旅顺登陆，一路鸣鼓舞旗，刀光剑影，向北进军。然而大军所需军备品，粮食数十万石，陆路运输，坎坷不便。于是又扯千帆呼风，从海上寻路。一路从内海【渤海】北行，向营口一带进发；一路从外海【黄海】沿曲折岸线朝鸭绿江口前进。然而，辽东半岛东部，也就是外海沿岸，面临太平洋风暴和急流数万年轰击，形成“抗击”地势，大都是陆岸陡峭，山峦险峻，很难寻找到登陆之处。运输战船在风浪中一路苦苦寻觅。一日航行到辽东半岛中部海域，突然风浪息止，世界太平，领航将领亲自上桅瞻望，发现一风平浪静的自然港口，不禁大喜，立即下令，转动船舵，扯起帆篷，乘大潮而上，竟平稳抢滩而上。于是，成千上万吨军粮军备品迅速登陆，使大军更加乘胜前进。 又有传说补充：明军领航将官在海上漂泊数日，因寻不到登陆点而忧心忡忡，日不能食，夜不能寝。一天深夜，他正在辗转反侧，突觉船身不再颠簸，犹如池中滑行。遂登上甲板，不禁大惊，看到漆黑天下，闪出二龙戏珠的奇景，只见两条金龙狂舞，正在戏一灿烂明珠。明将大惊后大喜，命船队向二龙戏珠的奇景处火速航行。天亮之时发现前方有一自然良港，良港东和西各有一龙状小山，两龙山中间嵌一碧玉般小岛…… 以上史料和传说中的天然良港，乃是当今辽宁省普蓝店市皮口港。两条龙即港口两侧的东龙头山和西龙头山，中间的明珠是牛心岛。这种大自然的奇观，也会使人们相信神灵的存在。相当一个时期，一些渔民斩钉截铁地认定，他们在海上看到龙卷风旋起海水的情景，绝对就是龙王取水。有些渔船还准备了香火，见到这种情况就赶紧烧香磕头。见到大的鱼群游动，也敬若神灵，说是“过龙兵”，有的渔民还煞有介事地告诉我，过龙兵时，他还能听到大海里响着锣鼓声呢……最令我震撼的“唯心式的壮举”，是每年渔船出海的日子，鞭炮轰响，锣鼓喧天，燃香敬天，洒酒祭海；无论是大马力的钢壳渔轮，还是小马力的木制渔船，全都披红挂彩，向龙王爷爷和海神娘娘表示崇高的敬意。其场面之壮观之热闹，俨然是一个盛大的节日。 这也就是人类对水利和水害的喜与惧，对祥龙和恶蛟的爱与恨。很长的一段历史时期，这种心理影响削弱着人类抗击自然灾害的力量和决心。解放后，我们国家成功地消除这种迷信，其实是一种思想解放，是极大地焕发了人们战胜自然灾害的战斗力。当然，科学知识的普及教育只是一个方面，更为有力的是先进的科学手段改变落后的生产方式。例如解放初期，绝大多数的渔船是落后的木帆船，再加上当时气象科学和通讯设备的落后，所以海难频繁发生。每当有狂风暴雨时，海边地区和海岛上的高处，往往站满了妇女和孩子，他们瞪着惊恐的双眼，甚至流着泪水，心里祈祷着正在海上打鱼的父亲、丈夫或兄弟能安全归来。这些场景直到上个世纪60年代，还是沿海城镇和渔村里常见的“风景”。 从古到今，渔村里的坟墓都是埋着空棺，里面只是死者的衣物而已。因为一般在海上遇难的渔民都是葬身海底，伤心欲绝的村民们只能是用这种无可奈何的方式，来祭祀死去的亲人。前面讲过上个世纪辽东半岛的第三号台风，很多遇难的渔民，都是在最后时刻将自己绑在船体上，意在能让亲人看到自己的尸体。世世代代打鱼人频繁发生的悲惨经历，终于被机制钢壳渔轮终结。 解放后，我们国家以最快的速度发展渔业，木帆船的时代很快就消失了，只是在文学作品里，间或还能见到木帆船的帆影。木船换成机器制动的钢壳船后，气象预报和通讯设备也与时俱进，更加科学准确，我们的渔民在地球上任何一个海域里，都会像在自己的家里，广播电视气象预报一清二楚。风暴刚刚露头，甚至还在深海里“酝酿”，所有的渔轮货轮和客轮都了如指掌了。科学和经济的发展使海难的次数减少了百分之九十还多。改革开放以来，新一代渔民在长久平安的海上作业实践中，就是在心理上也没有一丝海难的恐惧。近半个世纪以来，无论多么大的风暴，再也没有妇女和孩子站在高处望海祈祷和流泪了。 不过，令人惊讶和深思的是，在我们经济日益发展的今天，人们过上了富裕的生活，生产工具更加科学更加先进，100马力、200马力、600马力、800马力乃至上千上万马力的渔轮，犹如成千上万艘战舰，发出震耳欲聋的马达声驶往大海的疆场；各种科学探鱼的仪器，声呐探测，雷达扫描，水平半径竟能达数万米之远，垂直放射直抵深海底处，俨然是精确的激光制导炸弹，把渔网准确地“轰炸”到鱼群中间；数千米长的超大型渔网一字摆开，像一道道城墙在海中竖起，张着比鲸鱼嘴还要大100倍的巨大嘴巴，贴着海底横扫一切……人类完全可以称王称霸，所向无敌了。但不可思议的是，传统迷信的东西竟然重新抬头。一些龙王庙和海神娘娘庙也与经济发展“并驾齐驱”，或扩建或翻新，而且香火更加兴盛。我到过黄海一个著名的小岛渔村里采风，这个小岛之所以著名是它的