Chapter 73 Chapter 72 Emperor Sui Yang and the Grand Canal

The Mausoleum of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty is located in Leitang, Huaisi Town, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou. The mausoleum occupies a small area.In front of the gate, there is a three-door archway erected today, standing on three stone steps.Not far from there is the gate of the cemetery, with gray walls and blue tiles, and a small house built on each side, displaying pictures and characters, describing the life, martial arts and martial arts of the subjugated kings of the Sui Dynasty.More than ten steps forward is a stone bridge, and on both sides of the bridge is the famous Leitang. It should be a deep pit struck by lightning, and the pond is already full of water.What surprised me was that the Shinto road leading to the tomb did not have the stone figures and beasts that are often seen in the tombs of emperors. After a hundred steps or so, there was a deserted tomb with stone masonry at the bottom and weeds growing on the huge round tomb.It seems that this extravagant tyrant did not build a mausoleum for himself during his lifetime.Maybe his 13-year reign was too short to take care of it; maybe he tried his best to dig canals, conquer Korea three times, expand the borders and consolidate the land, with lofty aspirations; Buried in Thunder Pond, the sky is angry and people complain. After death, they are still struck by lightning, which makes people vent their hatred in the legend.

The four-character official script on the tombstone "Mausoleum of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty" was written by Yi Bingshou, a calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty and Yangzhou prefect.It is said that in the twelfth year of Jiaqing, Ruan Yuan, a scholar in Yangzhou at that time, visited the former site of the mausoleum and erected stone steles, so that the long-lost imperial tomb could be confirmed. This is the Mausoleum of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. A pile of loess buried a name. For more than 1,000 years, the once prosperous dynasty disappeared with his disappearance.But he still exists in classics and history books, he is still scolded and deformed in folklore, and his true colors are still gradually revealed in the debates between professors and researchers.

Yangzhou people have complicated feelings towards Emperor Yangdi.Perhaps, Emperor Sui Yang himself was a complicated king, and different conclusions would be drawn when looking at him from different angles and sides.But Yangzhou, in fact, has a deep historical connection with him, and has an inseparable cultural context.Yangzhou is a city "born in response to the times", that is, it grew, grew, became rich and prosperous due to the excavation of canals. In the Tang Dynasty, it became the largest city in the country except the capital.The Yangzhou Ancient Canal, from the mouth of the Guazhou River to Huangpu in Baoying, is now 125 kilometers long. For more than 2,000 years, this section of the river has been lined with masts and sails, the sound of oars, lights and shadows, official boats and boats, carrying salt, food and soldiers, connecting the lifeblood of generations of dynasties, connecting the rivers, lakes and seas of the ancient Chinese mainland, going from north to south, Continuously.It's no wonder that poets have chants of "Fireworks go down to Yangzhou in March", "Singing every night in brothels", "Wrapped around a hundred thousand, ride a crane down to Yangzhou".It seems that this is also the Jinjin Cave and Fengyuechang, and there is no place where you can't come without a hundred thousand guns around your waist.The dragon boat water hall, weeping willows and Qionghua, water pavilion towers and ancient temple towers are only related to the emperor.As for private gardens, artificial mountain and bamboo shadows, and man-made four seasons, they are also the residences of great salt merchants, officials and celebrities.But these are all connected to the Guanhe River, like melons and fruits on vines.Perhaps it can be said that without this ancient canal, there would be no well-known Yangzhou.

Understanding history and people requires opportunities.In recent years, I have been to Yangzhou twice. Because of the brief introduction of Emperor Yang displayed in the two huts in the Mausoleum of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty, I did not know when I left the shallow impression of this emperor in my mind.It's like a dazed person being slapped in the back, then he wakes up, and then he has the interest to explore this complicated king. From this, I think of the poets of the Tang Dynasty who chanted and sighed about the Sui Palace and the subjugated king.I think of Wei Zhuang's "There were no chickens and dogs after King Huai left, and Emperor Yang returned to bury Qiluo. The twenty-four bridges were empty and silent, and the green poplars destroyed the depreciated Guan River", and Li Shangyin's "Jade Seals are not destined to return to the corner of the sun, Jinfan should have arrived The end of the world. There are no fireflies in the rotten grass today, and there will be crows in the hanging willows in ancient times", as well as Du Mu's "Dragon boats sailing east to the sky, and the vines fill the Forbidden City. The ruin of the country and family is the color, and the dew peach still hates the spring breeze"... It is Ah, these poets of the Tang Dynasty faced the chants of Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Palace who had not long since fallen. Rotten grass and crows at dusk, empty and lonely. At that time, Guangling was full of flowers. The past of the dragon boat is in stark contrast to the ruins of the Sui Palace, the decay and dilapidation, and the dying emperor.The so-called cold stars are sparse, the moon tower blows the horn, the remains are covered with moss, the sound of the tide ebbs, the boat is bright next to the stars, and the mushrooms are swaying. There is a desolate and murderous atmosphere, leaving behind the eternal desolation.

In fact, Emperor Sui Yang was once a monarch with great achievements.It can be seen from the "Chronology of Major Events of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty" that although Emperor Yang reigned for only 13 years, he had an unprecedented and short-lived glory.Yang Guang succeeded to the throne and proclaimed the emperor's year title, called "the first year of the great cause", and he did have the ambition to establish a great cause. "Book of Sui Yangdi Ji 1" said Yang Guang was "beautiful in appearance, less sensitive and intelligent" and "eager to learn".It is said that his "talent is unrivaled in the world, and he has made great achievements after several generals".Wei Zheng praised him for "Wu Hui in Nanping, but Xiongnu in the north, and among the younger brothers of Kun, he is the only one who has made great achievements."Because of this, he was established as the prince.Emperor Yangdi unified China during the heyday of the Sui Dynasty.At that time, the territory of the Sui Dynasty stretched from the sea in the east, Xinjiang in the west, Yunnan in the south, and the desert in the north, forming a large empire with a length of more than 4,000 kilometers from east to west and more than 7,000 kilometers from north to south.Therefore, "Sui Shu Tuyuhun Biography" calls it Weijia Bahuang, "The teacher came from Ryukyu, and the soldiers joined Linyi. The prestige is extraordinary, and it is farther than the Qin and Han Dynasties."

To be honest, I was quite shocked to see that the "Sui Shu" compiled by Wei Zheng in the Tang Dynasty commented on Emperor Yang as "too far away from the Qin and Han Dynasties".Qin Huang, Han Wu, Tang Zong and Song Zu are well-known and admired kings by the people of the country, while Emperor Sui Yang, who has long been evaluated in history books, is probably still a shameless and shameless tyrant in the eyes of the people of the country.No wonder some people complain about it.Yes, Qin Xiu’s Great Wall and the world’s longest ancient Grand Canal excavated by the Sui Dynasty have become the most magnificent ancient projects in the world. When the Great Wall lost its effectiveness and became only a symbol, the ancient canal still has the advantages of shipping. .It is true that Emperor Yangdi was inherently domineering, brutal, profligate, and extravagant. Qin and Sui were both short-lived, and both died in the second generation. Although they both ended the disintegration of China and unified the world, they both fell apart very quickly. .Historians often call Qin Shihuang and Sui Yang Emperor together, probably because they are both kings with both merit and demerit.In fact, bloodshed in the imperial palace, fratricide between brothers, and even killing one's father and seizing the throne are not uncommon among promising emperors in China.Therefore, some people say that in terms of personal qualities, Tang Taizong Li Shimin is not much better than Yang Guang.As for Tang Xiu's "Sui Shu", since it was so recent, it goes without saying that it has its true words, but Wei Zheng, who presided over the revision of the book, was a political enemy of Emperor Yang in his early years, so it was inevitable that he was unfair in his revision.Later generations followed the "Book of Sui" and believed that Emperor Yangdi was the most dissolute emperor in history. Taking the Tang Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty as in line with God's will, it was probably also the need of the ruler to stabilize the political power.As for the Ming Dynasty, the exaggeration of its legendary novels made Emperor Yang's writing unsightly, and it was only for the entertainment of the market, filling in oil and vinegar, whimsical and unbelievable.

As far as digging the Grand Canal is concerned, old historians claim that Emperor Yangdi used more than one million laborers to dig the canal three times from 605 to 610 A.D., just for fun and to see Qionghua, which is really unfair. "Sui Shu Yangdi Jixia" clearly records that it is "the custom of observing the province" and "reserving one's aspirations in person", so that "there is no injustice in the world" and "interview" talents "enter the court".It can be seen from this that the main reason for building the canal is mainly for military purposes, to suppress the small neighboring countries, the so-called prestige is like the wilderness, and to conquer the rebellion of the gentry and the people's resistance.Make it communicate with the north and the south, control the whole country, and maintain unity.Economically, it was used to transfer Jiangnan property, supply bureaucracy and other needs, and to ensure the transportation of soldiers and the supply of military rations during wartime.As far as the canal is concerned, it connects the lifeline of the entire feudal dynasty, and it is a great cause that will benefit generations to come. It cannot be overestimated.

Maybe after the peak, things will go to their opposite.In the seventh year of Daye, Emperor Yangdi was defeated after his initial conquest of Goryeo, and the fate of the Sui Dynasty also went into decline.Years of frequent wars and endless wars, coupled with Yangdi's self-willed and willful will, made it difficult for the people to live, and there was turmoil everywhere, and they rose up to resist.The hearts of the people have been lost, and those who ignore power and position take the opportunity to revolt. As a result, the government and the opposition are out of balance, the monarch and his ministers are at odds, and the smoke is everywhere. At this time, Yang Guang seems to be sitting on the crater.

Emperor Sui Yang, who had no power to return to heaven, "sleeped every night with constant shock and palpitations, and there were thieves in the cloud, and he was shaken and stroked by several women, but he could not sleep."In April of that year, a fire broke out in the west courtyard of the hall. Emperor Yang "thought it was stolen, and left in a fright.It seemed that he was restless, frightened, his mood was extremely low, and his will also collapsed.At this time, he was indeed licentious, drunk and dreaming, and he could be called a faint king.Blindly having fun, ignoring government affairs, and using jokes to relieve boredom.A solar eclipse occurred in May of that year, and he ordered more than 3,000 people to catch fireflies and get a few dendrobiums, which were released during night outings, "lighting all over the rock valley".At that time, its future was gloomy, and there might be only the light of fireflies.

Then Emperor Yangdi made three rounds of Jiangdu.Advisers were punished, rode to death or beheaded one by one.Other admonishers will go all the way and cut all the way.The style of this southern tour is quite different from the previous two, and it can only be called fleeing.But in Jiangdu, reports of rebellion by the people in various counties and counties kept coming. The ministers were afraid and only told lies. Volume 185 "Tang Jiyi" records the situation before Emperor Yang of Sui was killed, saying: "Emperor Yang of Sui went to Jiangdu, and his licentiousness was very beneficial. Master. Zhao Yuankai, the Prime Minister of Jiangdu County, is in charge of offering wine and food. The emperor, Empress Xiao and Xing Jili have a banquet. An. Retiring from the imperial court, I would wear a scarf and a short coat, walk with a stick, and walk around Taiwan halls. It would not stop at night; ’ After asking in amazement, the emperor laughed and said: ‘The high and the lowly are suffering and joy, and it will hurt you if you change it! See death as home.Perhaps Emperor Yangdi didn't expect that it was his favorite Yu Wenhuaji and others who put him to death.Although the reasons for his death are complicated, it is indeed the most reasonable thing to die at the hands of people close to him throughout the ages. Yu Wenhua in "History of the Sui Dynasty" and "the sex is dangerous, does not follow the law, likes to take advantage of the fat, and gallops in the middle, so Chang'an calls it a frivolous son."It is said that at that time, Ma Wen cited the crimes of Emperor Yangdi, and Emperor Yang admitted that "I have truly failed the people. As for your generation, both honor and salary are extremely important, why is this so?"Emperor Yangdi's words also revealed the evil of treacherous human nature.

After the rebels withdrew, Empress Xiao and the palace servants removed the lacquered bed boards and asked someone to make a small coffin, and hurriedly buried Yangdi under the Liuzhu Hall in the west courtyard of Jiangdu Palace.Soon, Sui Zuowuwei General Chen Leng, who was staying in Jiangdu, gathered his troops to wear mourning clothes for the funeral of Emperor Yang. Due to the kindness of Emperor Yangdi's support, Emperor Yangdi was reburied under Wu Gongtai in the west of Jiangdu Palace.Later, according to volume 190 "Tang Ji Six", in August of the fifth year of Tang Wude, "Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was reburied in Leitang, Yangzhou." Hu Sanxing made a note on "Leitang": "The so-called Leibei in Han Dynasty is also in Pinggang, Yangzhou. superior." It seems that Leitang was called Leipi in the Han Dynasty, which is the land of thunder.After Emperor Li Yuan of the Tang Dynasty pacified the south of the Yangtze River, he buried Emperor Yangdi in Leitang, perhaps with the intention of taking Emperor Yangdi as a lesson and alerting himself when he heard the thunder.However, Leitang GFEA1 was struck by lightning, which is still the case today. At 2 pm on August 20, 2005, the gate gate of the newly built Mausoleum of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was also struck by lightning, and a corner of the gate gate was destroyed. Speaking of it, Li Yuan, as an important minister relied on by the Sui Dynasty, had the same righteousness as a monarch and minister with Emperor Yang.Therefore, at the end of the Sui Dynasty, when the generals and the county guards raised troops to separate the regime, Li Yuan still held his troops. Even if he finally raised his troops to capture Chang'an, he did not raise the banner against the Sui Dynasty. After the death of the emperor, the emperor was abolished to stand on his own.Furthermore, the empress of Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, and the wife of Li Bing, the father of Li Yuan, were originally sisters, both daughters of Duguxin.Therefore, Li Yuan and Yang Guang are cousins.After the death of the Sui Dynasty, a daughter born to Emperor Yangdi and Empress Xiao became Tang Taizong's favorite concubine.Therefore, Li Yuan reburied Emperor Yang with the ceremony of a king. When Empress Xiao died, Li Shimin ordered that his body be transported from Chang'an to Leitang, Yangzhou, and buried with Emperor Yang with the third-rank treatment.Perhaps, at that time, the Mausoleum of Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty should be repaired to a grand scale, and it should be the most formal Mausoleum of Emperor Yangdi. In my opinion, the burial of Emperor Sui Yang in Leitang also has other meanings.Emperor Yangdi of Sui reigned for a short time, and he did many earth-shattering things, which can be called the creation of a great cause. It was also an astonishing act of lightning and thunder, and his reputation was like thunder. Therefore, Leitang is his burial place. Call it a worthy death. According to historical records, the first shovel of the Beijing-Hangzhou Ancient Canal was excavated in Yangzhou.It was in 486 BC, that is, the Hangou dug by King Fucha of Wu in the early Spring and Autumn Period. Wandering along the old road of Guhangou in Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, watching the blue sky and dark green trees reflected in a bay of clear water, with subtle ripples in the calm, seems to harbor ancient thoughts.The slender willows hang down densely on the side of the ditch, meeting the reflection in the water, making the shore willows double in size, as if growing in two directions in space and in the water at the same time.A milky-white stone arch bridge spans the ditch, and the arc of the arch bridge connects with the arc of the water, like open lips, as if to tell me something.Yes, the ancient river course, the winding Luosi Bay, the stone carvings of the ancient Hangou Bridge, and the stone carvings of the "Ancient Hangou God of Wealth Temple" all annotate history with their ancient or vivid relics.Even though the water is no longer what it was yesterday, the willows still carry on the ancient genes, the green grass and flowers are still growing, and the soil of the old road still has the old age. Speaking of which, today's Hanjiang River was the land of Han Kingdom in the early Spring and Autumn Period.At that time, in troubled times, wars for supremacy, military strategists were everywhere, and small countries annexed each other.During the battle, King Helu of Wu was once a hero for a while, and Wu State, which "used boats as carts and oars as horses", destroyed Han State, and started the battle to expand its territory in 505 BC.With a forest of sails and masts and armored soldiers like water, they sailed from today's Suzhou, sailed down the Yangtze River, and then entered the Huaihe River after reaching the Yellow Sea. This was the route of Wu Guo's attack on Chu at that time.The Yangtze River and the Huaihe River are two parallel rivers, and Wu's army had to bypass the treacherous sea when entering the Huaihe River.Such a difficult and long-distance voyage, the soldiers were exhausted, and food and grass were difficult to supply. How could the hungry and cold Wu army win?This should also be one of the factors for the defeat of King Wu's defeat of Chu. After Helu's son Fucha succeeded to the throne, the national power gradually became stronger. He inherited his father's behest and marched in a large scale, still following the old route of the northern expedition.The mighty state of Wu is like a rainbow, defeating Chen and Qi, retreating Chu soldiers, and returning triumphantly.At that time, the territory of Wu State reached Huai and Si in the north, and it had thousands of miles of fertile land on the north bank of the Yangtze River.In order to compete for the Central Plains, seek the world, and go north to fight for supremacy, King Fucha of Wu made a rough plan and decided to build a city and dig a river to connect the two Yangtze Rivers and Huaihe Rivers that do not share boundaries. At that time, lakes and swamps were everywhere in Wujing, so a meandering river surrounded Hancheng and connected Luosi Bay, which was later named Wu'an Lake and Luyang Lake, and then entered Fanliang Lake, Guangyang Lake, and Sheyang Lake. Lake, out of today's Huai'an, at the end of the north of Chuzhou, and finally arrived at Huaishui.In such a winding circle, the water of the Yangtze River flows through more than 400 miles, and finally reaches the Huaihe River. This is the earliest artificial canal, the famous ancient Hangou in history.According to "Zuo Zhuan" records, in 486 BC, "Wucheng Han communicated with the Jianghuai River." For this unprecedented act of opening a river, history books call it "lifting the scorpion like a cloud", which shows the great momentum of its supporters.And Hancheng above Shugang became the frontier headquarters for Fucha to go north to fight for hegemony.From this point of view, at the beginning of the construction of the canal, there were strong political and military purposes, and the free environment where the water flowed and the clouds had nothing to do with this life-and-death battle.The year after Fuchai opened Hangou, Wu made a large-scale northern expedition, marching northward along the newly opened canal.Naturally, due to the shallow water in Hangou and the narrowness of the channel, the large warships still took the sea route.The Qi army was defeated in this battle. This time the Wu army won the victory in Ai Ling [now Laiwu, Shandong], and King Fu Chai of Wu started construction again. He opened a deep ditch in the northeast of Dingtao, Shandong, diverted the water from Heze to Peixian County in Xuzhou and entered Sishui, and then connected the water from Hangou to the Yellow River, so that In Huangchi [now Fengqiu, Henan], he fought for hegemony with the Jin Nationality Alliance.The water of this canal comes from Heze, so it is called Heshui.As stated in "Guoyu Luyu": King Fuchai of Wu "started his division to conquer the north, and Que is a deep ditch that connects Shang and Lu, with Yi in the north and Ji in the south."As soon as the Heshui River is opened, the Wu Guo Navy can enter the Huaihe River from the Yangtze River, turn from the Huaihe River to Siji, and enter the Yellow River, and then they can aspire to the Central Plains.As for Fu Chai's defeat by Gou Jian, the King of Yue who tried his hardest for courage, that's a story.Wu died, but Hangou remained and became a masterpiece through the ages. It is said that before or at the same time as Hangou and Heshui were opened, the State of Wu also excavated the ancient Jiangnan River, also known as the ancient waterway of Wu. "Yue Jue Shu Wu Di Biography" contains: "Wu Gu's old waterway exits Pingmen, goes up Guochi, enters Du, and exits Chaohu Lake; Shanglidi, passes Meiting, enters Yanghu Lake; exits Yupu, enters Dajiang, Playing Guangling.” Some place names in the article are no longer testable, but the direction of the river can still be known from it, that is, from Pingmen in the north of Suzhou, passing through Meicun in Wuxi to the northwest, entering the Yangtze River at Ligang, Jiangyin in the north of Changzhou, and going back to the river. And go straight to Yangzhou. Although Hangou was built for hegemony and killing, for the common people, they enjoy the benefits of boats and irrigation of crops and crops.Hangou is also a source of income for the people to have enough food and clothing.Therefore, in the early years, there was a temple for the God of Wealth built next to Hangou, and the God of Wealth enshrined in the temple was Fu Chai, the king of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Liu Bi, the king of Wu in the Western Han Dynasty, commonly known as the "Temple of Two Kings".The common people enshrined the two kings of Wu from different dynasties together because Hangou brought them real benefits. Here, the traditional god of wealth disappeared. The wealth gained has become the new God of Wealth.It is said that the gate of Erwang Temple faces north, which is different from all south facing temples.Perhaps the two kings of Wu faced Hancheng, seeing the prosperity and noise of the old city, and benefiting the people, let them feel relieved when they look at it. Liu Bi, king of Wu in the Western Han Dynasty, was the nephew of Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty. He was named queen and built his capital in Guangling [now Yangzhou].Liu Bi made great efforts to govern, opened mines to make money, boiled sea water into salt, and gradually made Wu more prosperous and prosperous.In order to transport the sea salt out, he ordered the excavation of the "Zhuyugou" channel.The canal started from Hangou in Zhuyuwan, Yangzhou in the west, and connected to Hailingcang and Rugao Fenxi in Taizhou in the east.Zhuyugou, also known as Hangou, also known as Yunyan River, was later the predecessor of a section of the Grand Canal.At that time, Guangling had a thriving population and endless business trips, making it a prosperous place. "Wucheng Fu" once described it as "vehicles hanging on the shoulders, people driving on the shoulders, slamming the ground, singing and blowing the sky", which shows its prosperity.As for Emperor Wenwen of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bi's son was beaten to death by the crown prince with a "gaming game" because of his frivolity and arrogance.Wu Wangmeng rebelled and was killed in the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion in the third year of Emperor Jing. This is a later story.But later generations still enshrine him as the God of Wealth, and what the people commemorate is still his contribution to transporting the Salt River. From 137 to 200 A.D., that is, from the second to the fifth year of Jian'an in the Han Dynasty, Chen Deng, the prefect of Guangling, carried out a huge transformation of Hangou.Since Hangou was built across the lake, it was formed to take advantage of the situation and reduce engineering investment. Therefore, the canal has twists and turns, ups and downs, and can only seek distance from the near, which is quite unfavorable for boating.Therefore, Chen Deng went through the canal to dredge it, and made great efforts to straighten the curved waterway, which greatly facilitated the water transportation.History books call this project "Chen Deng Chuangou".Yangzhou people call it "Hangou West Road" and Yuanhe "Hangou East Road". In fact, as far as the excavated river is concerned, it can be used by the excavator or by others. The river has no thinking, no matter who it is for, it only provides convenience. All heroes in troubled times know the importance of water.Cities living near water are mostly political and economic centers, and canals are the lifeblood of a country's survival.In 224 BC, Qin defeated Chu and fought in today's Jiangsu and Anhui lands south of the Huaihe River, which is the canal area.The Qin army followed Ying, Huai, and Han down, then patrolled Jiangnan in the south, and annexed Chu.When Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu, he also went down Bian, Sui, and Huai, and won the battle at Gaixia.In the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion led by Zhou Yafu and Liu Bi in the Western Han Dynasty, one of the routes to attack Wu was to go south along the Sishui River, enter the Huaisikou, and then follow the Han River to Guangling. During the Spring and Autumn Period, from the Qin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hangou, the ancient canal line, had frequent battles. Letting water serve the war was not only the original intention of opening Hangou, but also a common method used by various countries.The strategy of water attack has long existed in the ancient Chinese art of war. In the early days of the Three Kingdoms period, the Hangou section of the canal became a military channel and an important location in the Civil War.In the fifth year of Cao Wei Huangchu, Wei Wendi Cao Pi established a navy in Xuchang, and showed his power through the Huaihe River and Hangou to Guangling, threatening Sun Wu.In October of the next year, he arrived at Guangling from Hangou. His army was very well-organized. "Three Kingdoms" said that he had "more than 100,000 soldiers and hundreds of miles of banners" and was preparing to attack Soochow.However, due to the sedimentation of the river, the shallow water in winter, and the freezing of the river, the thousands of warships of the Wei army "cannot move" in Jinhu Lake.Later, Jiang Ji proposed to dig channels and increase the water level, so that he could enter Huaizhong. According to historical records, Zu Ti, a great general of the Western Jin Dynasty, led his army to conquer Nanyan in the north, and Liu Yu, a power minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, led troops to conquer Nanyan.In the first year of Emperor Liang Jing, the governor of the two prefectures of Qiao and Qin rebelled against Chen Baxian, the Shangshuling who rebelled against the dominant regime. The Northern Qi reinforcements went south from the canal. Using canal waterways to fight, the most prominent is the dispute between Chen and Zhou in Xuzhou.In the fifth year of Taijian, Chen and Zhou formed an alliance to crusade against the Northern Qi Dynasty. Chen Shuai and Wu Mingche joined Keduo City, and occupied Shouyang with the method of flooding the city with Feishui, and quickly occupied the vast area of ​​Huainan.The Northern Zhou Dynasty also took the opportunity to occupy Xuzhou and destroy the Northern Qi Dynasty, and captured Qi Wang Gaowei.Emperor Chen Xuan learned that he decided to compete with the Northern Zhou Dynasty for Xuzhou, so allies became enemies in an instant.Wu Mingche, the commander-in-chief of Chen Zhi, flooded Xuzhou with Surabaya, surrounded the city with boats and ships, and attacked very urgently.At this time, the Northern Zhou Dynasty sent General Wang Gui to rescue him.But Wang Gui did not confront Chen Jun, but sent his soldiers to Surabaya to enter the Huaihe River, locked hundreds of wheels with iron chains and sank to the bottom of the water, and built castles on both banks to prevent Chen Jun from returning.Chen Jun was shocked and wanted to go south along Surabaya to return to the country. Wu Mingche asked Ma Jun to retreat southward by land, and then "self-determination of the weir" wanted to take advantage of the water to rush across the Huaihe River and reach the mouth of Sishui. The water was weak and the boats could not cross. They were all defeated, and Wu Mingche was also captured. He hated him all his life and was older than the enemy country. Digging canals and digging rivers, Hangou was the earliest canal dug 2,500 years ago.After Qin Wang swept Liuhe and unified China, he also used 3,000 ocher-clothed prisoners in Zhenjiang to dig the Qu'a River from Jingkou to Danyang for navigation to the south.Through the winding Dantu waterway in the hills and mountains, the mouth of the ancient Jiangnan River was moved westward to Zhenjiang.In addition, Qin Shihuang also built a waterway from Suzhou to Hangzhou, "Zhiling waterway to Qiantang and Yuedi, and through Zhejiang" ["Yuejueshu·Wudi Biography"].During the Three Kingdoms period, Soochow enlisted 30,000 soldiers in 245 A.D., and dug Pogangdu in Jurong to connect the Dantu Waterway.During the Western Jin Dynasty, the Dantu Waterway was repaired and expanded many times; thus the basic framework of the Jiangnan Canal was established. From the seventh year to the ninth year of Jian'an in the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao successively built the Suiyang Canal to Guandu, from which the tank boats could pass through the upper reaches of the Weihe River, the lower reaches of the Yellow River at that time, and the Haihe River system in the east.In the eleventh year of Jian'an, Wuhuan was conquered in the north, and Cao Cao dug Pinglu Canal and Quanzhou Canal to communicate with Baigou, Guashui and Hutuo River.Parts of Baigou, Pinglu Canal and Quanzhou Canal later became the predecessor of Sui Yongji Canal. After the Sui reunified China, Daxing City [now Xi'an] was established as the capital.Daxing City is a city that has been the capital many times since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. It has a superior geographical location and a developed economy.However, although Guanzhong is called a fertile field, there are many people and little land. With the expansion of the ruling organization and soldiers, the number of sensuality is increasing day by day, and the supply of food and many materials is becoming increasingly scarce. , heavy barriers and four fortresses, water and land are difficult", and "the water power of the Weichuan River is impermanent, the flow is shallow and the sand is deep, and it becomes an obstacle. Counting its journey, there are only a few hundred, moving and moving, unable to reciprocate, the battle of the fast boat, People also work hard."In the fourth year of Emperor Kaihuang, there was a severe drought in Guanzhong. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty led the people, officials, and army to flee to Luoyang, which shows the difficulty of survival.Therefore, in the same year, Emperor Wen ordered the "multi-skilled" and "ingenious" Yu Wenkai to lead his troops to excavate the Guangtong Canal starting from Chang'an, along the south of the Weishui River, east of the Nanshan Mountain, until Tongguan connects with the Yellow River and communicates with the Kanto region.The canal is more than 300 miles long, which leads to "transshipment Tongli, Guanzhong relies on it". In order to further communicate with the south of the Yangtze River ["Song Shu" Volume 54] that "the benefits of fish, salt, and Qi Zi are filled in all directions, and the people of silk and silk cloth cover the world", in the summer and April of the seventh year of Kaihuang, because the Hangou was silted up for a long time, Dredged and excavated Shanyangdu, which starts from Sanyang Mokou in the north, reaches Zhuyuwan in Jiangdu in the south, and connects the Jianghuai River, in order to transport the canals.However, the excavation lasted for a short time, and the scale was not large, and it was only for dredging.After the excavation of Shanyangdu, the water at the southern end of the canal entered the river from the Yangtze River [near the Yangzi Bridge in Yangzhou today].Ouyang Dai in Yizheng is also another river estuary. Because China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and other water systems all run east-west, so the so-called "one river flows eastward".In ancient times, there was a saying of "four years" of transportation: traveling on land by car, traveling on water by boat, traveling on mud by sledge, and traveling on mountain by wooden chariot.However, human and animal power have limited physical capacity, and it is more difficult to walk on mud and mountain roads. Therefore, using the natural force of rivers and wind has become the greatest invention of waterway transportation.Therefore, the buoyancy of the water carries more weight, and the long history of the water enables the boat to travel all over the world without legs.However, since the river only flows from east to west, and there must be mountains between the two rivers, it is extremely necessary to create a watershed to directly connect the two rivers. This is one of the reasons for the construction of the canal.For Zeguo, a water town in the south of the Yangtze River where rivers are crisscrossed, lakes are scattered, and "boats are used as vehicles, and oars are used as horses", it is inevitable that the first canals will be excavated.The excavation of the canal has made the east-west rivers have a direct north-south communication, and then formed a criss-cross water network, which constitutes the lifeblood of politics, economy and military that connects the four fields and reaches the eight poles. It is also an important symbol of civilization created by human beings. . As far as the whole world is concerned, the river with the earliest excavation time and the longest process time is the Grand Canal in China. With a total length of 2,700 kilometers, it is an unprecedented and unparalleled great project.The Grand Canal connects the five major water systems of the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River, and the Qiantang River, and also connects multiple water systems such as the Sanggan River, Gushui River, Qinshui River, Luoshui River, and Weishui River. The main artery connecting the north and the south, the so-called "things from the hundreds of states in the south of the Lingnan, products from Yunnan, Guizhou, Bashu, products from Qilu, Yanzhao, and the benefits of fishing and salt in the east, the water and the land are in harmony, and the circulation is endless, and they are all connected." As we all know, the oldest Grand Canal in China was excavated by Emperor Sui Yang, known as the "tyrant". It is quite thought-provoking that the evil of the emperor is even worse than that of Qin Shihuang in the legend.From a historical point of view, both Qin and Sui dynasties were short-lived dynasties. However, both dynasties unified China successively, ended years of chaos for hegemony, and achieved unprecedented unification. This is undoubtedly a blessing for the Chinese nation.The Sui Dynasty ended nearly 300 years of north-south division, and after the Sui Dynasty, China's pattern was more unified than divided, and only a unified country could build the Great Wall and the Grand Canal running through the north and south.Qin focused on land road carriages and horses, so there was the famous Qinhuang Chidao, "The road is 50 steps wide, and the tree is three feet tall. It is thickly built outside, hidden with golden vertebrae, and green pine trees. This is the beauty of the Chidao." 【"Hanshu·Jiashan Biography"】.However, the cost of land transportation is extremely high, and a large number of laborers are tired of transportation, but it has become "men's farming is not enough for food and wages, and women's weaving is not enough for curtains. Also" ["Historical Records Biography of Pingjinhou Master Father"].This also became one of the factors of Qin's death.Compared with the Qin Dynasty, the opening of the canal in the Sui Dynasty was an inevitable choice. It has been 15 years since Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen until his death. It has been economic recovery and national strength. "Sui Shu·Gao Zu Ji" said that at that time, "the character Yin Fu entertained the court and the public", and "the banquet in the district was like that".According to research, during the Zhou and Sui Dynasties, there were 3.59 million households, and after the destruction of Chen, there were 7.4 million households. By the fifth year of Emperor Yangdi's great cause, the country had reached 8.9 million households and more than 46 million people.At this time, the Sui Dynasty had already stored materials for fifty or sixty years, sufficient manpower, and inexhaustible food and clothing.During the reign of Emperor Wen, the arable land was 19.4 million hectares, and the treasury and righteous warehouses in Taicang, Bingzhou, Shanzhou, and Huazhou in Daxing City were full. Volume 24 of "Sui Shu·Shihuo Zhi" stated that "Kyoto and Bingzhou treasury have tens of millions of cloth and silk".At the same time, construction, shipbuilding, agriculture, and handicrafts all developed to a high degree, which in turn promoted the prosperity of commerce.It should be said that at that time there was already a solid material foundation for digging a grand canal running from north to south. In 605 AD, the 36-year-old Sui Yang Emperor ascended the throne.He moved the capital from Chang'an to Luoyang on the grounds that "the Guanhe River is heavily blocked and there is no freedom to reach it", which is known as the Eastern Capital in history.At that time, Emperor Yang ordered that "two million people will be employed every month to build Tokyo".This time the capital was moved, and the imperial edict called it "listening to public praises, seeking out the common people, so that we can judge the gains and losses of government and punishment. ... Therefore, I established Tokyo and asked questions personally. Now I will visit Huaihai, observe the customs of the province, ... Among the people, there are magistrates and county magistrates who are harsh in politics, infringe on the common people, turn their backs on public affairs for personal gain, and are inconvenient to the common people. They should listen to GFEA3. Emperor Yangdi Ji].On March 21st, the first year of Daye [605], the fourth day after Emperor Yang issued an edict to start the construction of Tokyo, Emperor Yang of Sui ordered Prime Minister Huang Fuyi and Minister Xin Hai to mobilize more than 1 million migrant workers from Henan and Huaibei to excavate Tongji Canal. Generally speaking, the Grand Canal opened by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty is centered on Luoyang, the eastern capital, and is divided into northern and southern lines.The South Canal is the Tongji Canal in the southeast of Luoyang, connecting Hangou and the Jiangnan Canal; the North Canal is the Yongji Canal, which runs from Luoyang to the northeast and reaches Zhuojun [now Beijing]. Tongji Canal is the Bianhe River in the later Tang and Song Dynasties, and it was the earliest section of the canal dug by Emperor Yangdi.Tongji Canal is divided into three sections. The western section starts from Xiyuan, a luxurious palace built by Emperor Yangdi in the west of Luoyang City.The middle section is from Luokou to Zhukou of Bancheng [now northeast of Xingyang, Henan], mainly using the natural channel of the Yellow River.In the eastern section, water from the Yellow River is diverted from Banzhu to Bianqu, and from Daliang [now Kaifeng] into the Huai River. In the sixth volume of "Guangling Tongdian", while digging the Tongji Canal, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty "sent more than 100,000 Huainan migrant workers to open the Hangou, from Shanyang to the Yangtze River. Dao, trees and willows, from Chang'an to Jiangdu set up more than forty palaces."Emperor Yangdi repaired Hangou and dredged the west line of Hangou, that is, the Hangou Straight Road opened by Chen Deng in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It further cut the bends and made them straight, widened and deepened, and the width of the water surface reached 70 meters.In "Sui Embankment Willows", Bai Juyi once described the poem "In the middle of the Daye Year, Yang Tianzi planted willows in rows with flowing water, from the Yellow River to the Huaihe River in the west, and the green shade is 1,300 miles". In the fourth year of Daye [608] on the first day of the first lunar month, Emperor Yang "ordered more than a million men and women from the counties in Hebei to open the Yongji Canal, diverting Qinshui to the river in the south and connecting Zhuojun in the north" ["Sui Shu·Yangdi Ji On "Volume 3].Yanbi was responsible for the opening of the Yongji Canal, which was mainly connected by excavating natural rivers. That is, from the north bank of Qinshui in the northwest of Wuzhi County, Henan Province to the northeast, the canal was opened to Weishui, and then Weishui was connected to Qishui, Huanshui, The Zhanghe River connects with the Luoshui [Yongding River] and reaches today's southwest suburb of Beijing.Yanpi used the method of cutting off water to build Qimen on Qishui to divert the water into the canal, increasing the water volume of Baigou, so that the water transportation from the Yellow River into Baigou can reach the vicinity of Tianjin and enter the sea.With the completion of the Yongji Canal, the northern section of the Grand Canal not only strengthened the transportation of grain to the north, but also strengthened the military control of the north.Yongji Canal is "3,000 miles long and 100 steps wide". Although it has a large amount of work, it took less time to complete than Tongji Canal due to the use of some old roads. The Jiangnan Canal is two years after the completion of the Yongji Canal, the southernmost and last section of the North-South Grand Canal that Emperor Sui Yang ran through. It is an important canal connecting the Yangtze River and the Qiantang River system.According to "Zi Zhi Tong Jian Sui Ji Wu", in the sixth year of Daye [610] in winter and December, Emperor Yang "passed through the Jiangnan River, from Jingkou [Zhenjiang] to Yuhang [Hangzhou] for more than 800 miles, Guangshi Yu Zhang made it possible to pass through the dragon boat, and set up a post palace, Caodun, and wanted to tour Kuaiji in the east."The Jiangnan Canal was basically renovated and built on the old canals dug from the Wu State to the Six Dynasties in the Spring and Autumn Period. It circled the east of Taihu Lake and passed through the most affluent Wu and Hui areas in Jiangsu and Zhejiang in southeast China.For thousands of years, the Grand Canal in the northern section has sometimes been blocked, sometimes opened, and sometimes abandoned; but the Jiangnan Canal has always flowed continuously, with sails like forests. The excavation of the North-South Grand Canal by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty took 6 years, but the actual construction period was only more than a year. The length is 3,050 kilometers, and some scholars believe that it is more than 2,700 kilometers, but it is still the longest artificial canal in the world.But the digging of the Grand Canal also paid a huge price. A total of 3 million civil service was collected, plus the Great Wall was built and Luoyang City was built, a total of tens of millions of civil service was collected.The total population of the Sui Dynasty was only over 46 million. In this way, all men aged 15 to 50 were recruited. The husband died of exhaustion, and eventually the people complained. In the Sui Dynasty, such a gigantic project, which is unique in the world, was excavated in a short period of time, which can be called a miracle and a unparalleled move.But such a complicated and important project will undoubtedly face many technical problems.诸如河道开挖、水源工程、运河与天然河道交叉、水位的调节等等。可以肯定，大运河的设计运筹、工程的具体实施，以及在引水、调水和过船等方面，均体现了当时世界的最高水准。李约瑟所著《中国科学技术史》中，提到了9项最为重要的原创性水工技术，其中7项是在大运河上创造的。大运河的贯通，充分体现了中国人的创造力和智慧。 一次设计、一次施工，则一次通航。如此的高速度与效率，是如何勘察测量、节制水量、平衡水位、巧妙利用天然与旧有水道的？我们只能说，其时已拥有了丰富且精湛的水利工程技术。因为具体的设计与施工史书并无记载。然而，据《隋书》卷68载，其中宇文恺、阎毗、何稠的经历描述及他们所担任的职务，看得出这些人均为具有丰富工程技术知识与才能的高级技术人才。被称为“多技艺”、“有巧思”的宇文恺，曾主持东都的营建与广通渠的开凿，先后任将作大匠、工部尚书。阎毗曾总领筑长城之役，并督役开凿了永济渠，后亦兼领将作少监。何稠“性绝巧，有智思”，曾主持烧制“绿瓷”为琉璃的工艺，建造了难度颇大的“辽水桥”，亦任过工部尚书。另外，“性强明，有巧思”的一些将作大匠，“俱巧思绝人”、“直少府将作”的黄亘、黄兖兄弟等，都是这项伟大工程的设计与组织者。他们的智思、绝巧、强明，正是大运河贯通的重要保证。 这些能工巧匠，是根据运河和自然河流的地形、地貌，进行通盘的设计和规划，解决了运河的高程和水流等复杂的技术问题，因地制宜、就地取材，显示出非凡的聪明才智。为了顺利通航，对河道拓宽加深、截弯取直，枯水期水浅运涩之时采取“狭岸束水”之法以提高水位。 邗沟与江南运河天然河流及湖泊多有交叉，形成水位落差；而长江、钱塘江、太湖尚有潮汐，因而运河水位很不稳定。为了调节水位落差、稳定水量、保证船只的航行，早在春秋时代就在运河上采用人工渠化的方法了。最早的设施叫“埭”或“堰”，实际上就是修筑拦河的蓄水坝。如邗沟入淮处，因运河水位高、淮河水位低，便筑有一道平水堰，名曰北神堰。堰埭在邗沟及江南运河中曾大量运用。史料载，邗沟上有五大名堰：茱萸、龙舟、邵伯、新兴、北神。与堰埭有关，至今仍留下诸多如梅堰、黄埭、堰桥、宝堰、钟埭等地名。 三国时，堰埭又被用来解决丘陵地带开挖运河所面临的地形落差难题。孙权下令开破渎岗时，共设14处堰埭，形成梯级渠道，实现了运河翻山过岗，是世界上最早实现渠化的运道。堰埭解决了水位和水量问题，可舟船过埭颇为艰难与麻烦。重载之船需反复装卸、用人力或畜力拖拉过坝。为拖拉船只省力，堰埭的两侧均建有平滑舒缓的斜坡，并在斜坡上敷以草土混合的泥浆，用其增加润滑度，减少摩擦力。或在堰顶设绞车。瓜州堰埭上便有过22头牛拉船只过埭驱动绞车之举。 为解决过堰埭之难，南北朝时就发明了“斗门”，实际上就是可以自由启闭的木头单门船闸。但单闸开时，急流凶险，很不安全，后来便有了于运河上连续开两道闸门，“随次开闭”，为通航复闸，接纳江潮并节制内河之水的进出，潮平过船，水流不再凶险。大诗人李白见之，曾有诗赞曰：“两桥对双阁，芳树有行列。”“吴关倚此固，天险自兹设。海水落斗门，潮平见沙汭。”诗中的“两桥对双阁”，即指二斗门上的辅助设施。 水是运河的载体，没有水，哪里还有运河？而中国是个缺水国，运河在北方时枯时盈，并不能常年通航。于是缩窄河面，节水行舟，聚泉为流，尤其是在运河两岸规划天然塘泊为蓄水池，用以调节运河水量，修建拦水大坝蓄积河水等措施，亦体现了中国人高超的水源工程技术水平。 杨广与扬州有不解之缘。当年统兵灭陈他立下赫赫战功，从并州调任扬州，任扬州总管，直至开皇二十年被立为皇太子归京，历时10年，才离开江都。 据《隋书·地理志》载，江都郡辖有江阳【今扬州邗江区】、江都【今扬州】、海陵【今泰州】、宁海【今如皋】、高邮、安宜【今宝应西南】、山阴【今淮安】、盱眙、盐城、清流【今滁县】、全椒、山阳【今六合】、永福【今天长北】、句容、延陵【今镇江】、曲阿【今丹阳】16县，堪称其时跨越大江南北、区域广大、山川秀丽、人口繁密、经济繁荣的雄藩大郡。在江都之时，杨广知道六朝在江南割据近400年，且南北政治、文化差异巨大，而文帝推行的“关中本位政策”对江南人士采取了排斥鄙视态度，其地极不稳定，陈灭不足两年，规模巨大的反隋叛乱便接踵而至。当朝廷派宰相杨素与他统率平叛时，杨广则与杨素的血腥镇压不同，实行剿抚并重、攻心为上之策，招降纳叛，请吴郡世族名士四处游说，其间有17城叛者纳城投降，不战而屈人之兵，其功不在杨素之下。 22岁的江都总管杨广广泛收纳江南人士，对江南文人优礼有加，尊崇宽大，并效法东晋宰相王导，学会一口流利的吴方言。开皇十一年，他在江都城内总管府金城殿设千僧会，隆重迎谒佛教天台宗创始人智觊，其礼遇之隆，不亚于陈朝君臣。这次盛典，杨广拜智觊为师，并在江都设立了四道场，亲临寂照寺听大师讲经说法。6年后智觊圆寂，杨广“五体投地，悲泪顶受”，十分悲痛。他依大师遗愿，于天台山南麓建立大寺院，后来他登基为帝，御赐这座寺庙为“国清寺”。由此可见其不凡的政治素养和手腕。 大业元年，隋炀帝建东都，打通通济渠和邗沟，与下诏准备亲自“巡历淮海，观省风俗”几乎是同时开始的。命黄门侍郎王弘、上仪同于士澄“往江南采木，造龙舟、凤艒、黄龙、赤舰、楼船等数万艘”，为巡幸江都作准备。仪卫之备，由太府少卿何稠总其成。何稠精通古今文物典章制度，又颇多创新。他制作36000人的黄麾仪仗，恐已空前绝后。为制作豪华仪卫，何稠向各州县征收羽毛。百姓为捕捉鸟兽，水陆布满罗网，可用作羽毛装饰的鸟几乎被一网打尽。 大业元年，通济渠、邗沟相通，长安至江都置离宫四十余所。卷180《隋纪四》描述称：八月壬寅，上发显仁宫，行幸江都。所乘龙舟四层，高四十五尺，长二百丈。上层有正殿、内殿和东西朝堂，中二层有一百二十个房间，皆饰以金玉，丹粉，金碧珠翠，雕楼绮丽。缀以流苏、羽葆、朱丝网络。下一重，长秋内侍及乘舟水手，以青丝大绦绳六条，两岸引进。可见，船舟是按照宫殿形制建造的，将宫殿建筑运用于造船业中，隋时造船工人的聪明才智由此可见。其豪华，更是前所鲜见。而皇后所乘“翔螭舟”，制度差小，而装饰无异。翔，为盘旋而飞；螭，为无角之龙也，是作为器物装饰的祥物，用来刻就皇后的船首，可谓名副其实。 这次首下江都的船队规模宏大，数量众多，所谓“舳舻相接二百余里，照耀川陆，骑兵翊两岸而行，旌旗蔽野”，从东都洛口起航，五十日乃发尽。据《隋书·炀帝纪》中称，王弘、于士澄大业元年三月制造的船只，有数万艘之多，送往东都的船只则有数千艘之多。隋人杜宝在《大业杂记》中，对这支龙舟船队作了较详细的记载，称这支船队共有船只5191艘之多。 乘坐龙舟者亦君臣有别、等级森严。据方亚光考证：位卑于皇后的妃嫔，船名“小水殿”或“浮景舟”，虽也朱丝网络，但却比龙舟、翔螭舟少一重；贵人、美女、十六夫人乘坐漾水彩舟，只有二重。随行的大臣官吏皆按官品高低分乘诸船。五楼船乘坐者为诸王、公主及三品以上重臣；三楼船乘坐者为四品官及僧尼、道士；五品官及各国来宾乘二楼船；六品以下九品以上的从官和五品以上官吏的家属，只能乘坐黄篾舫。 非但乘船者分为三六九等，挽引各类船只的船工亦分等级。挽引龙舟的船工称“殿脚”1080人，分三番，每番360人，皆“着杂锦彩装子袄行，缠鞋袜”。人数多、待遇丰。挽引翔螭舟的船工有900人，名“殿角”；挽引浮景舟、漾水彩的船工，每艘100人，称“船脚”。至于挽引诸王、公主、大臣、僧尼、道士、诸国蕃客之船的船工，则以“黄夫人”称之，每艘配备四五十人不等。其他船不配船工，兵士自乘。从船只的名称来看，有朱鸟船、苍暾船、白虎船、玄武船，为四方宿名，各方船只皆24艘，该为行进中的方位。另有12卫兵士乘船，并载兵器帐幕，内外百司所需供奉之物。船队仅挽船船工便有8万余人，可见其声势之浩，鼓乐之声亦闻之数里。凡所经州县，下令500里内都要献食，山珍海味，多有剩余，则就地掩埋。抵达江都之后，炀帝又令吏部尚书牛弘等议定舆服、仪卫制度。而为制造这些舆服仪仗，役使人工10余万人，“用金银钱帛巨亿计”。故炀帝每出游幸，“羽仪填街溢路，亘二十余里”。 应当说，炀帝南巡，考虑的是安抚江南，加强对江南的控制。此行，特地带上陈后主遗孀沈婺华，显然是为联络南人的感情。十月初二，又在江都宣布免除扬州租赋5年，旧总管内3年，次年初，又纳陈后主六女陈婤为贵人，并特诏灭陈时流放的陈皇室子弟，“尽还京师，随才叙用”。 诚然，如此浩大铺张的声势与仪仗，有皇帝唯我独尊、至高无上的尊严威慑江南的用意在，恐怕也有炫耀功业的心理。当年刘邦初见秦皇仪仗威仪出行，曾感叹大丈夫生当如此，可见帝王对此皆以为然。可像炀帝这般无所不用其极的骄奢荒唐之举，船队与两岸士兵总计二三十万众，沿途献食从役者每天都需十数万人，如此靡费而逞一时之兴，历史上恐也绝无仅有。这哪里是“观省风俗”，“躬亲存问”，使“天下无冤”。分明是鱼肉百姓，奢华游幸之举所带来的灾难。 王船山在《读通鉴论》卷十九中，曾言隋文帝为大俭者，其富有四海，求盈不厌，侈其多藏，甚至有盗边粮一升以上者便将其斩首。然“隋文帝之俭，非俭也，吝也”。“俭于德曰俭，俭于财曰吝，俭吝二者迹同而实异”。将金粟看得越重，则积金粟也越丰。隋积累的财富亦前所未有，隋灭后唐用20年也没有用光，可见其财之富足。可在这种情境之下，其不肖子孙便以为天下皆可随心所欲，莫若财也。谚称“大俭之后，必生奢男”，隋太子杨勇之饰物玩，耽于声色，炀帝之建“离宫别馆，塗金堆碧，龙舟锦缆，翦采铺池，裂缯衣树，皆取之有余”，到头来又资助了李密之狼戾，以丰盈自侈者，只是加速了自己的灭亡。 炀帝首次南巡江都，历时八个月，大业二年三月十六日离开，“陈法驾，备千乘万骑，入于东京”，进入刚竣工的东都洛阳城。 大业六年【610年】，隋炀帝第二次巡幸江都。《隋书》称“三月癸亥，幸江都宫”。二下江都之盛况，史书未载，想来当与第一次相像吧。不过，大业五年便在扬州建了江都宫，其殿阁巍峨，装饰华丽，内有不同名号的宫室十多处。此外，另建有临江行宫等。此时炀帝威震四海，被突厥人尊为“圣人可汗。” 同年六月，炀帝又将江都的地位提高，“制江都太守秩同京尹”，令江都有了陪都地位，成为隋在南方统治的政治中心。据《隋书》载，次年，“十二月己未，上升钓台，临扬子津，大宴百僚，颁赐各有差……”此次南巡，近一年时间。本欲东巡会稽，但因即将征伐高丽，于是，“乙亥，上自江都御龙舟入通济渠，遂幸于涿郡”，未回东都，直接巡视了征战准备情况。为了这场战争，炀帝开凿了永济渠，于黄河向北直达涿郡，兵甲粮草皆从此渠运往战地。渠成两年后，又令天下富人出40万钱买马，并派使官阅检器仗，务令精新，若有滥恶，则立即斩首示众。 大业八年【612年】正月，隋炀帝一意孤行地发动了这场战争。 这位皇帝是个真正的好大喜功者，似乎凡事都求极致，冠冕堂皇。他下令左右各十二军兵分二十四路，“络绎引途，总集平壤”。每军统领骑兵40队，步兵80队，设大将、亚将各1人，下设各团偏将1人，另有辎重散兵等四团，由步卒夹道护送。每军又特置受将使者1人，直接听皇帝命令，不受大将制约。兵力总计1133800人，而后勤供应的民夫比兵士加倍。二月九日后，每天发一军，前后相距40里，连营渐进，40日后才出发完毕。最后御林六军出发，长80里。故史称其“首尾相继，鼓角相闻，旗旌亘九百六十里……近古出师之威，未之有也”。其实，征一小国，何须如此阵势，且兵在精而不在多。也许，炀帝此行也意在炫耀，以此声威，似闻者必降。故严令诸将凡进止都须奏闻待报，不得专擅，若高丽投降，必须安抚。结果误了战机，隋军渡辽水围辽东城时，守军遇危，即称投降，隋军即停攻。驰奏朝廷，然命至，守军补充完毕，复又坚守拒战，如此反复，打打停停，无一城攻下。可炀帝仍迷信自己的声威，执迷不悟。直至大将来护儿从海路攻至平壤，被守军击得大败，精兵4万，仅数千逃回船上；宇文述所率30余万人马，除一军保全，其余仅有2700人逃回。加之资储器械亡失殆尽，隋炀帝只得撤军败归洛阳。 大业九年【613年】，炀帝再次征发全国兵力集于涿郡，修辽东古城以储军粮，再次以“拔山移海之势”亲临辽东，再次发动了与高丽的战争。此时，隋之境内已不安宁，时有揭竿而起的起义者，局面已呈乱象。可炀帝竟毫不顾及，仍大举兴兵。二征高丽炀帝吸取了上次教训，允许诸将便宜行事，双方攻守20余天，均伤亡惨重，可这节骨眼儿，传来负责督运粮草的杨素之子杨玄感在黎阳起兵反隋的消息。被委以重任的杨玄感扣住粮草不发，断了炀帝后路，又谎称大将来护儿造反，并打出“以救兆民之弊”的旗号，得下民支持，不久攻下洛阳，以大军10万，直逼关中。于是炀帝连夜下令撤军镇压，而杨玄感因战略失当，兵败自杀。 大业十年【614年】二月，隋炀帝再次下诏议征高丽。其时已是国政垂危、大厦将倾，人心惶惶，数日之议，百官竟无敢言者。然炀帝不顾一切，独断专行，似乎只是为出心头的一口恶气，又出大手笔，复征天下之兵，“百道俱进”，再伐高丽。三月，炀帝至涿郡。可此时已成乱世，诏书似成一纸空文，应者寥寥，诸郡多留兵不发，所发之兵也相继逃亡。虽屡斩叛军者示众，怎奈大势已去，至七月，应召之兵仍失期不至，于是炀帝驻军辽西怀远【今辽宁北镇】，隔辽河相望，不敢冒进。还是大将来护儿率兵从海路至比奢城击破高丽，兵临平壤城下。如此看来，所谓“百道俱进”的铺天盖地的大军已成泡影，只一支精兵便能奏效。高丽王元亦久战疲惫，难以支持，遣子乞降。炀帝大悦，令来护儿随即撤军，八月班师回朝。可当他回长安诏令高丽王入朝时，对方竟不加理会。炀帝又怒，复敕将帅严装，拟四征高丽。可此时烽火已遍及隋境，有心而无力了，隋已至穷途末路