Chapter 55 Chapter 54 Sanjiangyuan

This is a mysterious and majestic high continent. This is the majestic green spine of the blue earth. This is the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau - a remote snow country that is vast, vast, and eternally silent. This is the closest place to the sky. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is full of mountains and mountains, and the water is amazing.The 100,000 mountains led by Kunlun gave birth to majestic rivers and rivers, creating a rare fairyland on earth.Silver Peak Snow Ridge is inlaid with crystal ice towers and jade pillars, nearly a hundred lakes of various sizes, and two hundred rivers interweave, which can be called the source of rivers.

When you look down from the air, the continuous snow-capped mountains stand proudly and stretch for thousands of miles; the vast grassland is unearthly and green like a blanket. Decorated like a crystal palace.What is even more eye-catching and memorable are the three bright and majestic water veins, with lush tributaries and twists and turns. They flow out from the gaps in their respective glaciers and snow-capped mountains, blending thousands of small streams, rushing waves, and painting a beautiful landscape. The source of the three rivers - this is the mother river of the ancient Chinese land, the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Lancang River.

The beautiful Sanjiangyuan is far and wide, fascinating.When you set foot on this dream-like land, you will be surprised to find that there is no negligible area in this huge scenic spot, and there are no familiar sightseeing spots. What you see, where you walk, is natural. The scenery is open everywhere, everything is so novel, so wonderful, it makes people linger and stop.Even the shadow of the traveler himself has become a vivid little moving scene of this vast and majestic landscape! The beauty of the world is great, and Qinghai-Tibet is magnificent! The tall, desolate, sacred and clean Sanjiangyuan is deeply buried with the secrets of the years, hiding the waves of time.She is like a kind and strict mother, with her sweet milk, she has nurtured generations of great Chinese sons and daughters, and she has given birth to a splendid and splendid Chinese civilization for five thousand years!

We are grateful to our mothers and to the source of the Three Rivers! Sanjiangyuan is a geographical concept, located in the south of Qinghai Province, with a total area of ​​316,000 square kilometers, approximately equal to the territory of three Jiangsu or three Zhejiang provinces, and slightly larger than the territory of the United Kingdom.Departing from Xining City, the capital of Qinghai Province, we head west along the Qinghai-Tibet line, cross the vast Qaidam Basin, climb the Kunlun Mountains, and cross the Tuotuo River—the Yangtze River, which flows quietly under our feet.She originated at the foot of Geladandong Mountain, the main peak of Tanggula at the junction of Qinghai-Tibet, and dived from the glacier-like glacier named Jianggudi, dripping, trickling, converging into waves, walking down the plateau, and gradually drifting away.The Yangtze River flows through 11 provinces including Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai, and returns to the East China Sea with a journey of 6,380 kilometers. It is the largest river in China and the third longest river in the world.Its total water volume is only in the Sanjiangyuan area, which accounts for 25% of the total water volume of the Yangtze River.The Yangtze River also has several friendly names for the growth stages from childhood to adulthood. The birthplace is called Tuotuo River, the upper reaches are called Tongtian River, when it goes out of Qinghai, it is called Jinsha River, and when it goes downstream, it is called Yangzi River. The family's children respect her most.

"The hill of Kunlun...the river flows out of the river", this is the earliest record of the Yellow River.The water of the Yellow River comes from the sky, and this day should be the area of ​​Kariqu in the high and distant Kunlun Mountains [Yellow River westward to Kunlun - Li Bai] deep in the white clouds [Yellow River far above the white clouds - Wang Zhihuan].The Yellow River with a long history is the second longest river in China and the fifth longest river in the world.She originates from the Kariqu River Valley in the Yuegu Zonglie Basin under the Gezigeya Mountain at the northern foot of the Bayan Har Mountain in the Kunlun Mountains.She streams and gathers waves, gathers thousands of waters and hundreds of lakes, has nine bends and eighteen bends, cuts through thousands of mountains, cuts through thousands of ravines, and flies straight down, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong. Provinces, into the Bohai Sea.The whole process is 5,464 kilometers long, the longest process in Qinghai, and the largest basin area, accounting for 49% of the total water volume of the Yellow River.She has gone through 6 stepped terrains and is extremely rich in water resources.For thousands of years, people have been constantly understanding, exploring, transforming and utilizing the Yellow River, and have made extraordinary efforts. Especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China, only in Qinghai, the upper reaches of the Yellow River, a large-scale project has been built or is under construction. There are four hydropower stations including Longyangxia, Lijiaxia, Gongboxia, and Laxiwa. There are countless small and medium-sized hydropower stations. A string of bright pearls are lit on the ancient Yellow River. The lives and emotions of the Chinese people for generations are flowing. The Andante of the vicissitudes of life.

The Lancang River is the sister of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, but it is an international river, known as the Danube of the East.She originated from Qunguo Zhaxi Beach at the southern foot of Tanggula Mountain, with an altitude of 5456 meters and a total length of 1612 kilometers in my country.Its upstream is Zhaqu in Qinghai, and it leaves the province from Nangqian County of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. It is called Lancang River in Tibet and Yunnan;She flows through the five countries of Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, and enters the South China Sea, sending the sincerity and auspiciousness of the Chinese nation to the vast exotic land between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator.

The Lancang River is mysterious, and its vast upper reaches are even more strange and yearning.Whether it is the Ancient Tea Horse Road or the Angkor culture in Cambodia, they all survive and develop on the basis of the Lancang River. However, from ancient times to the present, countless indigenous people and tourists have entered and exited the Lancang River. history record.Only the travelogues of Italian Marco Polo, a great traveler in the Middle Ages, briefly described the natural landscape and scattered social conditions here. More than 300 years later, the second strange person who visited the source of the Lancang River appeared. He was the great Chinese traveler Xu Xiake.His most wonderful travel notes are the descriptions of the Lancang River, the Jinsha River and their surrounding areas, but he has almost no words about the Lancang River itself. Perhaps he never thought that the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Lancang River originated from the same area.Perhaps because of the harsh natural conditions and the limitations of the social environment, he missed an opportunity for a major discovery, leaving regrets to history.

On this planet where we humans live, it is difficult to find such a place where three great rivers come out side by side, and the water veins are connected, which amazes the world.It is no exaggeration to say proudly and confidently that the source of the Three Rivers is the water tower of China, the source of life, the source of civilization, the soul of the Chinese nation, and the protein of life for the countries in the southeast peninsula.The origin of all human civilizations is inseparable from water, and the original birthplace of human beings is selected in the basin of large rivers.From the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Lancang River in China, to the Nile River in Africa, the Euphrates River in West Asia, the Indus River and the Ganges River in South Asia, as well as the Danube, Rhine, and Volga Rivers in Europe, and the Amazon River in America...all of them have become the foundation of human progress and civilization. The cradle, the grace river of mankind - the mother river!Human beings have never stopped admiring and worshiping rivers, and they have never stopped exploring and governing rivers.The history of the close relationship between human beings and water is also the history of the struggle and growth of human beings with nature.In the contemporary era, we seem to be able to raise the awareness of water control to benefit to a higher level, to control the poor first to control the water, to control the water to get rich, and to control the water to rule the country!Water and social progress are closely linked and inseparable!

Throughout the ages, the source of the Three Rivers has been a paradise for all living beings in Xueyuling Country.Human beings, beasts, birds and all vegetation thrive here and enjoy the selfless gift of nature.However, the usual unexpected natural disasters—floods, droughts and floods, have also brought great suffering to the creatures living in this highland paradise.Therefore, for thousands of years, the struggle between man and water has been performed continuously on this high soil. The history of water control in Sanjiangyuan can be traced back to 4,000 years ago.As far back as the Yangshao Culture period, traces of human activities have almost spread all over the source of the Three Rivers.In recent decades, a large number of exquisite painted pottery excavated only in the Hehuang section of the upper reaches of the Yellow River are still showing spirituality and still rippling with ancient sweet water. A picture scroll of the customs of the ancestors.

Qinghai is one of the centers where the Qiang people lived in ancient China.The ancestors of the Western Qiang originally lived in Hengshan, Hunan Province.In the ancient times of Canghuang, Emperor Yan of the Yellow Emperor fought a war between China and the earth. Emperor Yan of the Shennong clan was defeated and migrated to the south.Later, during the time of Shun, one of the three seedlings was moved to the banks of the Cizhi River in the southwest area of ​​"Sanwei" and "Heguan". According to the original note of "Hou Hanshu", "Heguan" "belongs to Jincheng County".Ancient Jincheng is now Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, from the west of the county jurisdiction to the west of Xining, Qinghai Province.Cizhi River, also known as Xizhi River, is the first bend of the Yellow River in the southeast of Qinghai today.It can be imagined that the ancient Qiang people helped the old and brought the young, traveled mountains and rivers, traveled thousands of miles, and arrived at the Qinghai Plateau after going through hardships and dangers. They moved by chasing water and grass with a nomadic lifestyle. Under the sky, warm cooking smoke slowly rises... In the curling smoke, a Kunlun culture inspired by the Kunlun myth rippling in the tunnel of time, from which the Nuwa and the Queen Mother of the West were born and will last forever.

According to records, all the Diqiangs are related to the ancient hero "Gong Gong", which has been evolved into a very heroic Kunlun myth by later generations: In the northwest, the land is not enough in the southeast..." "In the time of Shun, Gong Gong was flooded... people all went to the hills and trees." The so-called Buzhou Mountain here refers to the semicircular mountain range. This mountain range is the Kunlun Mountains.Because "the river comes out of Kunlun", the river system that goes out of Kunlun represented by the mother of the Yellow River is called "the vein of the ancestor of the dragon", and it has evolved into the worship of the dragon of the Chinese nation.A glorious history of civilization of the Chinese nation, that is, a history of growth watered by water, and a history of development that struggles with water.Kuafu pursued the sun, pursuing the rain, dew and clouds, but died of thirst in Deng Lin; "; Nv Wa smelted stones to mend the sky to stop the sky leak; Queen Mother of the West and King Mu of Zhou met in Yaochi [Qinghai Lake], with water as their neighbor, praying for all things... These Kunlun myths and legends are all related to water. Taking water as a blessing is the earliest account of water control in Qinghai. Dayu is not only a historical figure, but also a mythical figure.The story of Dayu's water control has been passed down in China for thousands of years, and everyone, men, women, old and young, knows it well.According to legend, in the period of Emperor Yao 4,000 years ago, the flood flooded across the world. The great flood ran rampant across the land of China, submerged the plains, surrounded the hills and hills, the so-called Tangtang floods were cut, and the Huaishan Xiangling was swayed. The vastness of the sky caused the death of a large number of people and livestock, the destruction of houses, the displacement of victims, and drifting around. It brought unprecedented disasters to the ancient land of China, and at the same time gave birth to Yao, Shun and Yu and other immortal water control heroes. First, Emperor Yao sent Gun to control the water. Gun used the method of "smoke barrier" to build embankments, and the containment took countless manpower and material resources for 9 years.However, the vast floods frequently broke the dikes and broke the dams, and the world is still suffering. Gun failed to control the floods and stop the floods from raging.Gun's son, Yu, took the initiative to invite Ying to Shun, and Shun authorized the staff, so Yu went south and north, went east and west, surveyed the world's water potential and mountain shapes, summed up historical experience, learned from his father's failure in water control, and changed the simple method of building embankments to block water. , Adopted the strategy of dredging according to the situation, "Yu's determination is also based on water." After 13 years of hard work and hard work, the torrential flood was subdued, and the sky was flat. The victims of Kyushu began to live and work in peace and contentment.Then, Yu led the people to dig ditches, divert water for irrigation, develop agriculture and animal husbandry, and turn water damage into water conservancy.It's about China and the United States. Dayu's "guiding rivers and accumulating stones" is clearly recorded in ancient history books, and is also widely and affectionately praised among Qinghai folks.This river is no different from the Yellow River.Jishi Mountain, but there are two theories, one cloud: Jishi Mountain is located at the junction of the Animaqing Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the West Qinling Mountains on the Loess Plateau, at the big S-shaped bend in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, which is now the Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province and Ma in Gansu Province. The border of Qu County.When the Yellow River came, it rushed out of the canyon with bluestone walls and went straight to the Loess Plateau. Wherever the water came, the fertile fields were soaked, and the Maqu area was transformed into Zeguo, which has the great intention of "swallowing the world".When Dayu, the president of water control, saw it, he mobilized thousands of troops to protect the lives and people in Gansu, Qinghai, and Sichuan. It was only after the river was released that the river disaster was subdued, which also resulted in an S-shaped large curved landform in the upper reaches of the Yellow River.This legend seems to have a geographical basis, but it is more far-fetched.According to the author's investigation, only by virtue of its regional topography.It is difficult to determine the location of the ancient stones, and the vast swamp that still exists in the land of Maqu cannot add to the credibility of the ancient stones.Imagine that at the junction of the two plateaus 4,000 years ago, the terrain was high, the climate was harsh, and the population was sparsely populated. Even though there were scattered hunting groups, the damage caused by the flood was not enough to attract the attention of the two emperors Shun and Yu; the most important thing is that the Maqu swamp in the southeast In the direction, there are mountains and mountains, stretching across Sichuan and Shu, and there are no relics of the ancient Yellow River road to be found.It seems that Animaqing's Bijishi Mountain is not the Jishi Mountain located in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, but this Jishi Mountain is closer and more reliable in geography and history, and it is reliable in Dayu's flood control "guiding stone" the legend of. "The river leaves Kunlun" and goes to the East China Sea.The ancient Yellow River returns from east to west, wanders north, and then turns east again. It is reluctant to let go all the way, lingering 2,000 kilometers on its old course, unwilling to leave Qinghai.Walking to the eastern edge of the Kunlun Mountains, a mountain called Jishi towers majestically and stands proudly in the way, leaving only a narrow gap between the mountains, which cannot allow the huge waves of the Yellow River to pass through, causing the sea to flow in the Hehuang area and flooding. But the downstream is short of water and drought, everything is thirsty and withered, and the mourning of the living people is everywhere.Yu was ordered to prevent floods from turning into water conservancy, judge the situation, shoulder the heavy responsibility of history for thousands of years, and save lives from fire and water, so he raised his arms and became a hero.All of a sudden, Jishi Canyon was full of people's voices, the sound of gold and stone colliding loudly, bright sparks splashing, flickering day and night.For three years, the Baili Canyon was unimpeded.Weijishi Dongshan Pass, a ten thousand zhang barrier, stands abruptly, towering and steep.When the attacking troops saw it, they were tongue-tied, looking at the mountains and sighing, their vigor suddenly weakened, and they stopped.When the commander-in-chief hero Yu saw him, he took the lead and was full of arrogance. He raised his whip, jumped on his horse, swung his giant axe, and slashed down towards the mountain with a loud shout.I saw thousands of flashes of light, thunder and violent explosions, dust covering the sky, and violent wind and rain.When the gunpowder smoke cleared, the sky cleared after the rain, the moat suddenly opened, and the eyes suddenly opened up.The Yellow River is surging, the waves are surging, rushing out of the way, playing and making noise, carrying pastoral songs all the way, and going east happily. This beautiful folk story has been passed down for thousands of years. Dayu's heroism is deeply loved by the people. I have visited and inspected the Yellow River many times, and almost traveled the entire Yellow River Basin.Its upstream source has been to Maduo, the first county at the source of the Yellow River, wandering on the grasslands along the Yellow River, and Baihai, where King Songtsan Gampo of Tubo welcomed and married Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty—now Eling Lake and Zhaling Lake Walking in the vast snowy area of ​​Xingxiu Sea and Xingxiu Sea; went to the Hetao area of ​​Inner Mongolia in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and Longmen, Hukou, and Yumenkou at the junction of Shanxi and Shanxi; went south to Tongguan; from Beiman Mountain in the north of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, and finally went straight to Dongying City, Shandong Province The mouth of the Yellow River.Visited and interviewed large-scale hydropower stations such as Longyangxia, Laxiwa, Lijiaxia, and Gongboxia built in the Yellow River Grand Canyon in Qinghai Province, and visited Liujiaxia [Gansu], Qingtongxia [Ningxia], Sanmenxia [Henan] and other reservoirs scenic area.In terms of topography alone, the Jishi Mountain Canyon in Xunhua County, Qinghai is the tallest, narrowest, most dangerous and longest, with the most beautiful natural scenery.The road runs through the mountainside, along the river with verdant trees, strange flowers and plants, steep cliffs and rocks, and intrigues; there are thousands of walls on the top of the head, deep valleys under the feet, and a line of the Yellow River, winding and unfathomable, truly magical!The river emerges from accumulated rocks, and the banks of the river gradually widen. It runs to the plains of Pingchuan in Gansu Province, and goes to the fertile fields! The ancient history is far away and the literature is insufficient, but there are only four heavy characters of "guihe accumulating stones", long-standing folklore stories, and at the foot of the Riyue Mountain at the boundary between the Loess Plateau and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, I don't know when and what dynasty survived The Yuwang Temple site shows that Dayu's water control "guiding the river to accumulate stones" is not just a myth. He must have "guided the Minjiang River, guided the river to accumulate stones, and chiseled "Longmen, Biyique" has left a real footprint in the history of water control in Qinghai Province. It is an indispensable great figure and an event that has shined for thousands of years.Dayu was smart, capable, hardworking and simple, and he paid attention to concentrating the wisdom and strength of the common people. His contributions to the development of farming and production shine through the ages, and he has won the love and praise of generations of Chinese people. According to historical records, the earliest leader of Xiqiang was Wuyi Yuanjian.Before Yi Yuanjian, the ancient Qiang people were still in the matrilineal clan society, and after him, the Qiang people entered the slave society. "Xiqiang Biography" records: Hehuang has less grain, more animals, and shoots and hunts.Yuan Jian taught the fields and acres, and then saw Jingxin, and the people who lived in Luluo would benefit from it.Wu Yi Yuanjian can be regarded as an ancient hero. He made unprecedented contributions to the way of life, survival and governance, and social development and progress of the ancient Qiang people in Qinghai Province, which was recorded in the annals of history. The period from 476 BC to 443 BC was the period of Duke Li of Qin in Chinese history.Wu Yi Yuanjian was captured in battle with Qin, and was detained in the Guanzhong area of ​​​​the Wei River Basin for many years.Hou Wuyi Yuanjian pretended to listen to the training during the hard labor, so that Qin soldiers neglected to defend, took the opportunity to escape, ran day and night, returned to the vast fertile soil between the Yellow River and Huangshui, and slept for three days and three nights in a low hut After regaining his spirit, his heroic spirit filled his whole body, so he summoned the leaders of all the tribes, and after briefly describing his experience of more than ten years of hard labor, he focused on explaining how to change the lives of the ancient Qiang people in the future, improve the quality of life, and carry out unprecedented reform ideas since ancient times and measures.So, starting from an auspicious spring, Wu Yi Yuanjian's burly body stood in the wilderness with a chilly spring breeze, commanding the Qiang people to drive animals and sacrifice animals to worship the heaven and the earth.Then, a group of ancient Qiang roared and set fire to the wasteland, plowing with knives and rocks. The Qiang people were very surprised by this strange and strange labor. The black sweat and the grain seeds that Yuan Jian secretly brought back from Guanzhong were ordered together. On newly cultivated virgin land.When the seeds were planted in the ground, Wuyi Yuanjian divided the tribes into two groups. One group continued to engage in the familiar work of grazing, shooting, hunting and poultry hunting, while the other group listened to him teach the agricultural production technology learned from the Qin people and make farm tools. , domesticated bison and wild horses, built canals and blocked weirs, diverted water to flow by itself, raised irrigation and watered grain, cultivated and pastured seeds... From then on, a new way of life of an ancient tribe on the Qinghai Plateau began, and the productivity of the Hehuang area developed rapidly. The socio-economic structure has changed, from the lifestyle of migrating for water and grass to the production and lifestyle of farming.The earliest canals, water mills, and wells appeared one after another, and the moisture and light of the water illuminated the sky of the ancient Qiang people.This important period of history shines dazzlingly on the remote land of Qinghai, among the classics eroded by dust and dust! The years are uninhibited, and time passes by.During the Western Han Dynasty, Qinghai's water conservancy construction business made great progress. Canals were dug to lead to Huang, so that farmland water conservancy irrigation also extended from both sides of Huangshui River and the valley of the Yellow River to remote pastoral areas.By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to hundreds of years of wars and natural disasters, the land of Kyushu was devastated, the fields were barren, and the people were in dire straits.Liu Che was an accomplished politician of the landlord class. He worked hard to govern, ruled by culture and martial arts, opened up territory, and developed the economy. In the past 60 to 70 years, the social economy of the Western Han Dynasty was restored, the national strength was strengthened, and all nations came to the dynasty, presenting a scene of peace and prosperity. In 121 BC, General Huo Qubing of the Han Hussars attacked the Xiongnu in the west, set up four prefectures in the west of Hexi, led the Han army into the Hehuang River Basin, and built a military stronghold—Xiping Pavilion on the site of today’s Xining City, and established Poqiang County and Linqiang County on the east and west wings. .With the development of the military, the establishment of local government, and the steady flow of the Han population, the advanced production technology and culture of the Central Plains were spread to the plateau.The iron plow and ox farming and the "Daitian method" should have spread to the Hehuang area at this time.General Huo Qubing taught crops and sticks, popularized new agricultural tools, built water conservancy, and irrigated fields on the Xinjiang land of the Han Dynasty, which greatly promoted the development of frontier areas. The large-scale development of the Hehuang area in Qinghai in the Western Han Dynasty was half a century later in the second year of Shenjue of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty [61BC-60BC].The famous post-general Zhao Chongguo is a figure worthy of a big book in the history of water control in Qinghai.Zhao Chongguo was originally from Shanggu [now Qingshui County, Gansu]. He studied and practiced martial arts when he was young. He was smart, brave and resourceful.After he led 60,000 troops to the Hehuang area to quell the Qiang rebellion, in December of the same year, he went to the "Tuntian Zuo" and proposed to Emperor Xuan to stop troops in Huangshui to garrison the fields, listing twelve benefits. "I would like to stop the cavalry... Divide the key points, deice the canals, repair the village pavilions, dredge the ditches, and control the Huangxia Gorge." ["Xining Mansion New Chronicle"] Fan wrote three times to force Chen, the government and the opposition have different opinions, and each sticks to his words.Later, with the full support of the ruling prime minister Wei Xiang, he finally implemented the garrison according to Zhao Chongguo's plan, leaving 10,281 soldiers and "immigrating to strengthen the border".In the warm spring of the following year, the ice and snow melted, and the agricultural reclamation army built canals to divert water, filled ditches and gullies, irrigated fertile fields, and repaired more than 70 roads and bridges west of Huangxia Gorge, leading directly to the shore of Qinghai Lake.The year of farming and harvest in the same year, not only the annual allocation of 200,000 hu by the imperial court [hu: container, ten dou is a hu in ancient times, today's five dou is a hu] was reduced to 27,000 hu, and the local Qiang people and Han immigrants also yearly Years of prosperity, living and working in peace and contentment, and the people of Hehuang live in harmony, which has played a role in stability and unity.Years after year, the land harvested filled the border treasury. "To control the Western Regions, the reputation is thousands of miles away." There are countless poems written by later generations to remember Zhao Chongguo. "Huangzhong used to be the Marquis of Zhao, and his ruins are everywhere; remember Han Yingping, and praise him for thousands of years"... Up to now, two thousand years later, the people surnamed Zhao in the eastern villages of Qinghai still say they are the descendants of Zhao Chongguo , it can be seen that he left a long-term impact on the history of Qinghai. After Zhao Chongguo in the Western Han Dynasty, the feudal dynasty of the Eastern Han Dynasty also implemented farming in the Hehuang area as an established policy.In the 11th year of Liu Xiujianwu, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty [AD 35], Ma Yuan, the prefect of Longxi, defeated Xianling Qiang in Lintao, and then led his troops into Hehuang Valley to fight against Yunwu Valley, Tangyi Valley and other tribes. Seeing that the fields were fertile and well irrigated , After returning to the capital Chang'an, he once played a strong admonition, asking the emperor to "set up officials in the land of Hehuang, repair the city, build docks, open up paddy fields, persuade farming and animal husbandry, and enjoy the county's business" ["Book of the Later Han Dynasty"].Since then, batches of farmers in the Central Plains migrated to Hehuang to work with the local Qiang people in farming.In the fourteenth year of Emperor Yongyuan of the Han Dynasty [AD 102], Cao Feng was appointed as the western captain of Jincheng [now Lanzhou], and ruled Longqi [now the triangle city of Haiyan County on the east bank of Qinghai Lake]. The region expanded the area of ​​farmland, "exciting rivers and dredging canals", so that farmland water conservancy has been developed on the east and west sides of Riyue Mountain. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Ji, the governor of Yongzhou, brought the water mill and waterwheel from the Han area to Hehuang when he immigrated to the farmland on a large scale. Rooster crows and dogs bark, pushing the groove of the water mill to produce fine flour; small and simple waterwheels are on the long river, pouring water into the thirsty fields.Since then, the water wave farm song has been sung on the plateau for more than 2,000 years. Even in the 21st century, the ancient water mill still spans the valleys and streams of the mountain villages in the eastern agricultural area of ​​Qinghai, becoming a unique landscape in the mountain villages. In the history of water control in Qinghai, I thought there should be a stele of meritorious service for the Tuyuhun people, but because historical records such as "Book of Zhou", "Book of Jin", and "Northern History Tuyuhun" briefly recorded the events of their regime change and wars, they were ignored or omitted. It is a pity that the development of society and agricultural economy and the historical facts of their struggle with nature during their 350-year rule in Qinghai area have been revealed. The Tuyuhun people were originally a branch of Murong Xianbei who lived in the Jiahe area of ​​Liaoning Province. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in the early 4th century AD, Tuyuhun, the eldest son of Heshegui, moved 1,700 households westward, and later established a country in Qinghai, spanning three thousand miles from east to west. , more than a thousand miles north and south, Megatron in the Western Regions.A Cai was a famous leader in the history of Tuyuhun. The story of A Cai breaking an arrow and teaching his son has been passed down for 1600 years.The story tells that before the death of King Ah Cai of Tuyuhun, he called his ten sons to him and asked each of them to take an arrow and let them break it.All the brothers who have experienced martial arts have only lightly clicked, and the arrows in their hands are in two sections.Ah Cai asked his eldest son Weidai to tie ten arrows together, and let his sons and daughters take turns to break them.The sons put on their waists and raised their arms, puffed their cheeks and blushed, exerted all their strength, and no one could break the bundle of arrows.Ah Cai waved his hands and said loudly: "Do you know, Cao Cao? A single person is easy to break, but a crowd is hard to break. If you work together, the community can be consolidated." After saying that, he died.The "arrow" in A Cai's broken arrow teaching is still enshrined for a long time by the descendants of the Tuyuhun people and today's Tu people as the "Dharma Protector Arrow". "Tong Kao of Documents" records that A Cai once climbed Xiqiang Mountain [now Xiqing Mountain at the junction of Qinghai and Gansu] and "see also the source of Dianjiang [Bailongjiang]".Ask the bureaucrats behind him: "Where does this water enter from?" Zeng He, the chief official, replied: "This water goes to Qiuchi, exits Dangqu, enters the river at Bajun, crosses Guangling, and flows into the sea." Ah Cai listened After that, he said: "Water still knows where to go. Although I am a small country, I have nothing to return to?" So he sent an envoy to Jiankang [Nanjing City], established friendly relations with the Southern Dynasty, and was named the Duke of Watering River.Watering River [now Guide County, Qinghai Province] and Chishui [now Xinghai County, Qinghai Province] are the big cities of Tuyuhun, both on the banks of the Yellow River, with fertile land and convenient irrigation, and the development of agricultural and animal husbandry production under the rule of Tuyuhun kings They attach great importance to the well-known thoroughbred horse "QinghaiGFDC1" in history, which was also bred and domesticated by them. They will not have no achievements in farmland water conservancy projects and infrastructure construction.The historical materials are vacant, so I keep the photos here for later study. The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the period in Chinese history from the great division of the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the great unification. The Hehuang area of ​​Qinghai also experienced the change of six regimes: Qianliang, Qianqin, Houliang, Xiqin, Nanliang, and Beiliang.During the 350 years when the Tuyuhun Kingdom moved westward from Liaoning and ruled Qinghai, it had a good relationship with the Tang Dynasty. Princess Jincheng of the Tang Dynasty married the prince of Tuyuhun, and Tuyuhun belonged to pay tribute. The land of Hehuang had a hundred years of social stability, and the farming and animal husbandry economy was relatively stable. The development of the country, all ethnic groups live in harmony and build a homeland together. Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi of Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian were very well-known emperors in Chinese history. When they governed the Central Plains, the country, the people, the people, the peace and the prosperity of the Longqing Dynasty, they were very concerned about the vast territory of the Western Regions and the development of Hehuang in Qinghai. Construction will also remain in history forever.In the second year of Yonglong Emperor Gaozong [AD 681], Hei Chi Changzhi paid homage to the economic ambassador of Heyuan Road, and "opened 5,000 hectares of fields on the bank of the Yellow River, and harvested more than one million millet and dendrobium annually" ["Xining Fuxin Zhi"].Black Tooth is often a "Fan General", a native of the Western Regions, less courageous and resourceful, and good at social affairs management. He has only served in Heyuan for more than ten years. He has made a lot of contributions to the Tang Dynasty's defense of the border by reclaiming and guarding the border, controlling mountains and rivers . Emperor Gaozong Li Zhixuan, Empress Dowager Wu Zetian took power, came from behind the scenes to the front stage, and changed the name of the country to Zhou.The queen's Wentao and martial arts strategy, governing the country well, created a glorious period of "Shengde Yongnian".Different from the folk tales of her licentiousness and innocence, when she enjoyed the wealth and glory of the world and held the scepter at the top of the temple, she also cared about farming in the frontier.In the first year of Chang'an, Empress Wu [AD 701], according to the order of the Queen, Guo Yuanzhen, the governor of Liangzhou, ordered Li Hantong to open up farmland, build rivers and canals with a wide area of ​​mu, and make the most of the land and water ["Xining Fu Xinzhi"], and put agricultural production From the southeastern area of ​​Xining, where the dynasties of the past dynasties have long cultivated, it has expanded to nearly a thousand miles away from the west of Xining and the south of Qinghai Lake.So far in the Yellow River valleys of Gonghe County, Xinghai County and Tongde County in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province, as well as the Chabuqia River and Shazhuyu River Basin, the relics of blocking weirs and opening canals for water diversion are still faintly visible. The ruins are Dongba Canal and Tiegai Canal. After 1300 years of wind and smoke, people seem to be able to hear the distant and ancient water sound of the Tang Dynasty... The three feudal dynasties of the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, according to the historical records of Qinghai Province, do not seem to have done much in the construction of farmland and water conservancy. The emperors of each dynasty were inferior to the heroes of the Han and Tang Dynasties. in the history.Coupled with the frequent occurrence of internal strife and foreign aggression, and the continuous delay of wars, the feudal ruling class will not turn its attention to the suffering of the people, and persuade farmers to pay attention to people's livelihood.Especially in the Yuan Dynasty, there was little progress in water conservancy construction, and the water conservancy projects that had been repaired in the previous dynasty were also abandoned due to neglect of maintenance and management.This must have something to do with the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty's idea of ​​"immediately conquering the world" and the thought of emphasizing agriculture and animal husbandry. In the fifth year of Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty (AD 1115), local officials in Qinghai saw that the fields were barren, the rice paddies were in disorder, and the villages were in a state of disarray, so they decided to use Huang to irrigate and renovate the canals. Huangshui used to irrigate the Sichuan land near Xining, "adding hundreds of hectares of paddy fields" ["Song Huiyao Collection Draft"].Three years later, in the first year of Chonghe [AD 1118] He Guan, the general who was stationed in Xining, led the officers and soldiers, led the people, and watered thousands of hectares of idle fields with water from the Sichuan River. .Later, General He Guan asked the imperial court to transfer manpower from the Central Plains to Qinghai, repair the old canals built in the Han and Tang Dynasties, and resume farming on a large area of ​​barren land in the Hehuang River Basin. The people of the ethnic group live and work in peace and contentment, and the animals are prosperous, and there is a short historical stage of "the fields are green with grass and seedlings, and the river state is covered with singing and dancing". The wheel of history rolls forward.It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the scale of farmland in Qinghai was further expanded.Yi Zan, deputy envoy of military preparations, Yang Bo, governor of Gansu, and Wang Yan, deputy envoys of military preparations in Xining, have built water conservancy projects successively, which are unforgettable for the people of all ethnic groups in Qinghai.According to "New Records of Xining Mansion", in the seventh year of Jiajing Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty [1528 AD], Yi Zan "promoted water conservancy, ordered pavilions and barriers, and taught scholars to persuade farmers".Wang Zong "repaired the city god, promoted irrigation, supervised it personally, and did not avoid labor and honor".A bureaucratic military general in the feudal dynasty was able to walk out of the government office to patrol the countryside, personally supervise and urge him, and put on official clothes and muddy legs to go to the fields to repair canals and work with the people. No wonder he is deeply loved by the people. Governor Yang Bo's measures to develop the agricultural economy by "investigating barren fields, improving water conservancy, and rewarding farming" also have the meaning of modern and contemporary agricultural management. There seems to be something in common with the agricultural policy.What should be mentioned most is that in the 21st year of Wanli of Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty [AD 1593], Xining prefecture added troops and general judges, and also operated water conservancy. This is the first time in the history of Qinghai that there are local officials who specialize in managing farmland water conservancy. Since then, in terms of the system, water control and prosperity have reached a new level. The footsteps of time have been moving forward, morning bells and evening drums, one after another, through spring, summer, autumn and winter, through the 350 years of the Qing Dynasty.The Qing Dynasty went one step further than previous dynasties in the modern history of Qinghai Conservancy.Weirs and dams were built, ditches were opened, and water was diverted to irrigate the farmland. The water conservancy project had begun to take shape, and the "abandoned land outside the Great Wall" had resumed farming. From the Datong River in the Qilian Mountains to the Huangshui Valley and the Yellow River Basin, in the 14th year of Shunzhi alone, there were "Irrigated farmland and water land" reached 258,700 mu, setting the latest record in the history of land reclamation in Qinghai.In the sixth year of Qianlong [AD 1741], Li Yingju, the prefect of Xining, Shen Mengzhong, the prefect, and Li Zihong, the general manager of Qianlong, "donated their salary" to build main and branch canals.The white money was taken out of the pockets of military and government officials in the feudal dynasty to support agriculture, which was unique before that. I saw the scene of fighting gold ingots and silver being carried into the mansion, but I don’t see the self-donation of silver to aid "three rural areas" ?Are they taking from the people and using them from the people?Or do you still have a clean and honest conscience?In short, the officials of the Qing Dynasty who voluntarily donated their salaries 300 years ago still amaze people today and remain in the annals of history forever.The construction of trunk and branch canals is also an improvement of the production method of flood irrigation in farmland, saving water and energy, and has the concept of modern agricultural management.According to the distance of the canal, they demarcated Yinzhuang Fort, set up a canal chief, and conducted special management inspections to avoid water disputes and waste of water resources. an orderly process. According to historical data, from the period of Shunzhi to the third year of Xuantong [AD 1911], Qinghai's artesian irrigation projects were mainly concentrated in the four major irrigation areas of Xining, Ledu, and Guide Datong in the Yellow River and Huangshui basins, as well as Menyuan at the southern foot of Qilian Mountains. , in the Qiabuqi area south of Qinghai Lake, there are a total of 262 private irrigation areas and 601 main and branch canals, with a length of 1721.75 kilometers.各渠共灌溉农田164489.5段，折合水地54.3万亩，超过了历朝历代的总和，纪录空前，可见清王朝对农业生产和水利建设的重视程度和青海地区农田水利事业的迅猛进展。 中华民国在大陆存在的短短38年间，是个战争不断混乱不堪的时代，青海各地的水旱灾害亦频频发生，劳苦民众苦不堪言，饥寒交迫，因而对兴修水利工程的愿望十分迫切。但地方军阀忽视农民疾苦，对他们的生计不管不问，反而尔虞我诈，争权夺利，征兵拉税，更加大了对农民的盘剥压榨。农民为了养家糊口，不致饿毙，一些必要的渠堰改水工程多是民间民力举办。而广大农民困于艰难经济，对稍大一点的工程便无能为力，致使青海整个农区尽显荒疏萧瑟，民不聊生。 民国十七年【公元1928年】，青海省脱离甘肃省管辖，独立建省。这是自元朝至元年间在甘肃建省，归属管辖642年之后的析出单独设省，是青海历史上的重大事件，也是青海历史发展的一个醒目的里程碑。 建省后，新成立的民政厅拟定了《青海省兴修水利办法》，翌年，又制定了以工代赈办法，但大的水利工程一直没有开展，只是将全省处黄河沿岸和湟水区域内的13个县农灌渠道状况进行调查登记，这一勘查就进行了6年的时间。后经过规划，由省建设厅向南京政府的全国经济委员会报送了共和、湟源、都兰、同仁等4县的水利工程计划，同时，开始逐步开展工作，一方面整修旧有渠道，一方面勘测规划新的渠道。但直到上世纪40年代，由省政府主办的处于黄河谷地的贵德县曲卜格河渠、兴海县唐乃亥渠、化隆县甘都盐水沟渠，以及湟水流域的湟中县平安渠、乐都县庆隆渠、西宁市的长胜渠【解放后改名为解放渠】、阁公渠【解放后改名为人民渠】等7条渠道才先后通水。后又整治扩修了多条渠道。其中建设规模最大的水渠工程是互助县的曹家堡渠，被当时的青海省政府主席马步芳取名为“芳惠渠”，取马步芳施惠之意。该工程于民国三十年进行勘查，拟具计划和预算，呈请国民政府行政院水利委员会拨款兴修。行政院拟准复函，让正式测量再行办理，又电请黄河水利委员会，荷派桂蕴香、杨纯二位工程师赴青海重新勘测，民国三十二年，黄委会又指派吴耀庭工程师做第四次勘测，拟具工程计划及概算，经再次呈请行政院水利委员会，才准以水利贷款办理。民国三十三年【1944年】青海省灌溉工程处负责筹备曹家堡渠之施工事宜。同年9月施工，又因资金不到位，困难重重，中途曾两度停工。至民国三十六年【1947年】8月下旬完工结束，不到22公里的水渠，已整整用去了6年时间，可见其政府办事效率的拖沓，互踢皮球的作风。 截至民国政府在大陆的垮台败走台湾岛的民国三十八年【1949年】，经统计，全省水利工程以农灌为主，共有农灌渠道570条，比清朝末年还减少了301条，水地面积74.82万亩，比清末增加了20万亩。水利工程主要还是分布在黄河河谷和湟水两岸，青海广袤大地上的农人仍然处于靠天吃饭的自然生存状态。 民国时期，高大的木轮水车开始出现在黄河两岸的谷地，这是提水灌溉初始在青海建设并投入使用。黄河两岸的农民多采用旧式高架木制水车提水灌田，提水高度一般在10米左右，每架水车可灌地100至200亩。这种水车式样笨重，极不灵便，制作费用大，用料用款多，每架工料费约合小麦一万公斤。从民国八年【1919年】位于黄河岸边的循化县城关镇黄河岸修建的高架水车起，至解放前夕，沿黄河一线的贵德、循化、化隆、民和4县据不完全统计，共修建了20余架木轮水车，其中一架水车浇地最多的是贵德县墩湾西乡农民集资所修建，可灌田800余亩；而由循化县农民马维善、王有得花费了2900大洋建造的两架水车，浇地仅六七亩，绩效非常低下。 青海水力资源得天独厚，由于自然地理环境的制约及时代人为因素，使得青海小型水电建设起步较晚。1944年1月，国民政府资源委员会派覃修典创建水力发电厂，选址在西宁市北郊湟水北岸寺台子村，引取湟水支流北川河水发电。青海省向无电力设施，发电厂自1939年4月由出席国民参政会的青海参政员赵佩、李洽等人联名提案，经国防最高委员会通过，交由经济部资委筹办。时值抗日战争紧张阶段，青海省是抗日大后方，资源委员会不敢怠慢，遂派副工程师孙运旋专程来青洽商。1940年又派资委水力勘察总队蔡振宇来西宁查勘，复由李锡山等来青施测。1944年2月，资委会委派覃修典为工程处主任，工程师卢守圭协同，经过一年半的施工，在1945年10月10日正式放水发电，青海省第一座水力发电厂诞生。陈秉渊任厂长，共有职工51人，用电户1154户，装灯8701盏，289千瓦。1949年解放前，年发电量48万千瓦时。 1939年，黄河水利委员会在民和县设立享堂水文站，青海现代水文工作开始起步。到1949年，省内雨量站发展到14处，水文站两处，享堂站设在湟水与大通河交汇处，循化站设立在黄河干流。测验项目有水位、流量、悬移质泥沙、降水量、蒸发量等。而雨量站则由军队和教育部门观测，省内尚无水文专门管理机构。 历代至民国，青海水土流失情况不明。直至1944年，国民政府农林部会同黄河水利委员会，组成西北水土保持考察团，由国民政府行政院顾问、美国生态学家WC罗德民博士率领，农林部张乃凤等8位专家来青考察半月，结束后撰写了考察报告，对治理水土流失提出建议。但除一部分农民自发地在山坡地河流岸边采取一些种植林草、修田打埂堵坝等零散措施外，真正的治山治水工作并未全面开展，依然处在山河依旧面貌未改的自然状态。 中华人民共和国成立以后，青海省的水利水电建设、水土保持、治山治水等造福于民的工程才真正走上正轨。青海是幅员大省，经济小省，人口小省，社会发展相对滞后，百业待举，但经济实力有限。水利水电建设同其他各项建设事业一样，只能切合实际，稳步前进，不能超越客观条件，急于求成。此外，青海省地处青藏高原，有独特的自然地理气候水文大环境，社会经济差别亦很大，农业区、牧业区、半农半牧区和川山、浅山、脑山对水利的要求和治理各不相同，三江源、环青海湖、柴达木盆地和东部农区差别极大，山水的治理必须因地制宜，合理布局。新中国成立以后，各级政府经反复探索实践，规划日臻完善，短短的60年间，终于建成了水利水电工程区域网。如湟水流域的农田灌溉网、黄河河谷动力提灌网、柴达木绿洲农业灌溉网、环青海湖草原人畜供水网、黄河干支流和格尔木水力发电网及三江源防灾还牧等大型工程。总体上看，整个布局比较合理，各类水利水电工程为城乡居民、各族群众抗御水旱灾害，建设美好家园作出了突出贡献，真正做到建设一座工程，惠及一方百姓，实实在在为民造福。 特别值得大书特书的是上世纪70年代以后至今，在黄河上游青海省修建的国家级大型水电站，是整个黄河流域25座水电站数量最多的地段，计有11座，几乎占到一半；有黄河流域最高最大的水电站龙羊峡、拉西瓦、李家峡、公伯峡等。其中178米高坝的龙羊峡被誉为万里黄河第一坝，在建成的上世纪80年代，为国内和亚洲第一坝，是发电、蓄洪、灌溉、养殖等功能为一体的大型水电站。拉西瓦水电站于2009年12月25日正式建成发电，是黄河上的“五最”大型水电站，已超越了龙羊峡和李家峡。其“五最”是：规模最大、大坝最高、单机容量和总机容量最大、发电量最多、单位千瓦造价最低，是“西电东送”的北道骨干电源点，为中国东部经济发达地区提供了最大能源支持。截至目前，在已建成的中国十大水电工程中，仅青海省黄河上游就占了3座。党和国家领导人先后赴青视察指导水电工作的达18位之多：赵紫阳、胡耀邦、江泽民、胡锦涛、李鹏、朱镕基、温家宝、吴邦国、乔石、钱正英、邹家华等，省部级领导同志更是多不胜数。由此可见青海省水电工程宏大及在中国水电建设史上的地位。【大型水电站的建设篇章，下篇专题撰写】它必将载入人民共和国辉煌的史册。 农田灌溉工程一向是青海省水利建设的重点。从1949年人民政权建立后，首先对民国时期废弃失修的阁公渠进行了临时抢修，保证来年春灌用水。接着，成立灌渠修复工程处，组建小型水利勘测队，在国营和民营较大渠道成立水利委员会，由省水利局派员管理，行政上受所在县的人民政府领导，技术业务由省水利局领导，这就在百废待兴的解放初期，保证了及时稳健地使农灌工程走上轨道，恢复因战乱而荒芜凋敝的农田，使做了新社会主人翁的劳苦大众精神振奋，广阔的乡野焕发出勃勃生机。仅在三年恢复时期【1950—1952年】，新修渠道315条，改造旧渠道141条，新增农田灌溉面积22万亩。 从国家第一个五年计划的1953年初春，青海省政府提出“重视防旱防汛，大力兴修小型水利，挖渠凿井，推广水车，整修旧渠”扩大灌溉面积的农田基本建设政策。除修复清朝及民国时期修建的渠道外，有计划地稳步兴修大型水利。而且除河湟地区外，逐步扩大到柴达木盆地、茶卡盆地及三江源北部的恰不恰地区，黄河上游的第一座引水排涝渠——黄丰渠也于1956年开工修建。截至第一个五年计划结束，全省共建农渠1903条，灌溉面积172.9万亩，其中万亩以上的国营渠道13条，民营渠道3条。在人民政府领导下短短的5年，青海的水利建设业绩已超越了2000年的农渠总和，为今后山河治理打下了良好的基础。然而，从1958年到1976年的十多年，受“大跃进”及“文化大革命”的影响，“蛮干”高速度，“苦干”无效益，“突击”轻技术，“人海战术、政治挂帅”，致使农灌渠道建设徘徊不前，“上马下马”地折腾不已，效益低下，进展不大，资源浪费严重。 党的十一届三中全会以后，在以经济建设为中心的路线指引下，各行各业，万马奔腾，一个以科学技术为第一生产力的新的时代如春风扑面。总结全省前30年水利建设的经验教训后，省水电局提出：湟水流域“以蓄为主，蓄引提结合”；黄河谷地“以提为主，提引结合”，位于青海西部的广大地区因地制宜，要“灌排并重”；东部浅山地带要“广辟水源，积极发展喷灌”的科学思路，使全省农田水利事业覆盖面遍及全境，且首次向联合国粮食计划署提出援助申请，被列为“中国青海2708项目”，利用外资兴建了6个县8项水利工程。经过4年时间，南门峡水库、小南川水库、大哈门水库、大石滩水库、云谷川水库等干支渠及配套工程相继完成。大中型渠道主要有东垣渠、北川渠、团结渠及湟海渠、美丽滩渠等重点工程。 改革开放30年，弹指一瞬，岁月如歌，波澜壮阔。青海的农灌水库、干支渠道达到近4000条，渠道长达两万公里，有效灌溉面积400万亩，是亘古未见前无古人的伟大壮举。 青海有广阔的草原和高山牧场，是全国五大牧区之一，整个三江源近16万平方公里的崇山峻岭之间，春天冰雪融化，大地就铺开了碧绿的丝毯；深秋温暖的阳光，照亮了黄金草原。长江、黄河、澜沧江统领大大小小的支流，静静地在其间流淌描画，流淌一曲曲悠长的古歌，描画出一幅幅古朴的风景。可是，天有不测风云，地有不期而至的自然灾难，冰河暴雪，旱魃水患不时地袭击着这片美丽的土地。千百年来，人类总是被动地被无情的大自然牵着鼻子走，无力对抗各种灾害的侵扰。仅在民国时期，西北王马步芳才在江源建立贵德军马场【今贵南牧场，属泽库县】，修建了青海第一条草原牧用渠道，也只是灌溉饲草料地1000余亩。中华人民共和国成立以后，随着国民经济的发展，草原水利建设也逐步纳入各级政府的议程。1955年10月，即在青海湖东三角城种羊场建成一座草原灌溉与人畜饮水兼用的牧业渠道——金银滩渠，渠长14公里，可灌溉饲料基地5000亩，并解决了两万多只羊的饮水问题。在取得草原水利建设经验的基础上，此后各地都陆续开展了工作，特别是1964年省人民委员会指示省水利局，筹建草原水利工程队之后，从普查到重点地区进行勘测设计，加快了水利事业的建设步伐，扩大和改善草原利用面积。其中万亩以上灌溉面积的渠道逐年增多。草原水利工程主要建在海西、海北及三江源北部，长江和澜沧江流域还只是在河谷地带草场地形开阔、气候条件较好、适于发展天然草场灌溉的地段。据不完全统计，全省共建成灌溉渠道约600条，干支渠长达3000公里，可灌溉草原近3000万亩之多；天然草场灌溉面积和饲草饲料地灌溉面积亦达到180万亩。从天然草场到人工灌溉，是前所未有的变化和时代的进步。灌水后的草原，来年春季，牧草可提前10天返青发芽，一些因鼠害、沙化行将枯死的老草也能重新发芽；秋季牧草枯黄期最长可拖后一月，且可提高抗霜冻能力，使牧草生长期延长，对畜牧业发展十分有利。 “水利是农业的命脉”。青海省蓄水工程的建设最早始于唐代。据考古发现，在今三江源北部的海南藏族自治州共和县切吉乡乔夫旦多浪沟，就有唐代水库遗址一处，名“木日青当”。水库东西长400米，南北宽70米，现存残坝高50米，宽30米，长100米，切吉乡紧邻大非川草原，唐朝著名将领薛仁贵之子薛丁山曾与吐蕃于大非川恶战经年，想来此“木日当青”水库里的清水曾饮过交战双方战马。民国时期曾在河湟流域的东巴、恰不恰、沙珠玉、贵德等县建有10多座荡池。真正中小型水库的修建起于1957年，为化隆县的河群水库，6年后竣工，是黄河北岸第一座水库，此后在切吉、哇玉香卡等修建的8座水库，因受“左”的思想影响，急于求成，仓促上马，“大跃进”式的边勘测、边设计、边施工，大都成了病险水库。号称青海省第一座水库的河群水库，因未进行前期技术工作，坝基处理及坝体施工质量差，正在施工期间，就因洪水没顶而垮坝，后又因坝体不均匀沉陷导致放水管断裂，只得炸开管另开了一座隧洞，大坝建成后，因坝肩渗漏而未能蓄水，以后经多次除险加固方得脱险。其他几个中小水库均因质量问题而垮坝失事，有的被洪水冲毁。历史的经验值得注意，深刻的教训应该吸取。在此后的水库修建中，设计、施工趋向正规化、科学化，一些新材料新技术广泛使用，机械化水平也逐渐提高，蓄水工程建设稳步发展，施工进度快，质量好，效率高。对建成后的水库，按安全标准的规定进行全面复核，确保水利工程为民造福，抗御水旱自然灾害，为健康美好的家园迈向小康社会作出贡献。据介绍，全省至今共有安全效益水库达200座，实际蓄水量为25000万立方米。这只是农用水库计量，不包括大中型水电站的蓄水量。 自从1945年10月青海省第一座水电站诞生，新中国成立后本省小水电建设不断发展，1956年在黄河边上的民和县东垣渠建成一座装机48千瓦的小型农电站拉开小水电建设的序幕，建设的规模由小到大，发电设备由土到洋，建设范围由农业区推扩至牧业区，从河湟地区延伸到长江、澜沧江流域，小水电站遍及32个县，用水用电问题得到较好改善。 特别值得一提的是，当时的中央领导在关心我国大型水电站建设的同时，十分关心青海省的小水电建设。1983年11月9日，李鹏副总理办公室传达了中共中央总书记胡耀邦就新华社记者反映的“青海省同仁县有一半以上水电白白随河水淌走”所作出的批示，总书记严肃地问：“李鹏同志，这样的问题为什么老解决不了？”李鹏副总理批示：“同仁县小水电应充分发挥作用。”同日，青海省委书记赵海锋指示副省长尕布龙及水利厅长：“弄清情况，决定改进办法，坚决按耀邦、李鹏同志的批示办理。”一座小水电站，惊动了中央和地方领导的高度重视，真是前所未有啊！此后，同年12月7日，省长办公会议讨论了同仁地区电气化工作，成立了隆务河小水电公司，根据“自建、自用、自管”的原则实行工程管理、电站电网配套、发供电运行管理三统一，财务上单位核算，实行以电养电。1989年12月12日，国务院将同仁县列为全国100个电气化试点县之一，至此，黄河上游隆务河畔的同仁电气化建设正式启动。同仁县境水能资源丰富，河道落差大，年流量达6亿立方米，有大小河流19条，水能蕴藏量20万千瓦。经过6年时间的艰苦努力奋战，全县已建设成水电站14座，发电机21台、5924千瓦。全县有9590个家庭利用水能做饭烧水，户年均生活用电量达300千瓦时，也完全满足了农副产品生产加工，农牧业生产、县办工业、乡镇企业和专业户的用电需要。1989年11月，按照水利部部颁标准逐项进行工程项目审查，各项考核指标完全符合要求，运行后，经济效益和社会效益显著，有力地