Chapter 51 Chapter 50 Dajiang Testifies——Chronicle of Songhua River Flood Fighting

Songhua River is called "Songli Ula" in Manchu, which means "Tianhe".Songhua River is the largest tributary of Heilongjiang and the third largest river in my country.The Songhua River has two sources, one is the Second Songhua River originating from the Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain, and the other originates from the Nen River in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains. The two rivers converge in Fuyu County, and then flow to Tongjiang County to meet Heilongjiang.It has a total length of 1,840 kilometers and a drainage area of ​​545,600 square kilometers. The Songhua River Basin spreads to the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin [regions], and communicates with major industrial cities such as Harbin, Jiamusi, Qiqihar, and Jilin, as well as the international boundary rivers of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River. One of the rivers for inland navigation construction.The total mileage of the Songhua River waterway is 2,667 kilometers, and it can navigate ships of 50-1,000 tons. There are 161 large and small ports and loading and unloading points, including 28 large ports.

Within the Songhua River Basin, there are undulating mountains and dense forests.Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains are the largest forest areas in my country.The total timber reserves amount to 1 billion cubic meters. Along the Songhua River Basin, there are abundant mineral reserves, including dozens of kinds of coal, gold, copper, and iron.The Songhua River Basin is fertile and rich in soybeans, corn, sorghum and wheat.In addition, flax, cotton, tobacco, apples and sugar beets are produced.The Songhua River is also a large freshwater fish farm in Northeast China, producing more than 40 million kilograms of carp, crucian carp, beluga, and luo fish each year...

I grew up drinking water from the Songhua River.Songhua River is the mother river of millions of Harbin people, and it has nourished the people of Harbin from generation to generation.My home is on the edge of the Songhua River, and I have been with it day and night for many years, watching it rush eastward or form a thousand-mile ice belt.All Harbin people have deep feelings for this river, calling it the mother river, and calling themselves the sons and daughters of the Songhua River. 20 years ago, in order to find the source of the Songhua River, I spent a few days and came to its source - Tianchi.Tianchi is located in Changbai Mountain, Jilin City, Jilin Province.This area is covered by dense ancient forests. There are thousands of ravines in the forest, and the water flow is fast and breathtaking.The Changbai Mountain waterfall flew straight down, startling thousands of piles of snow.I climbed to the top of the mountain by following the fast-moving water and following the difficult trail of loose and sandy volcanic rock.Standing next to the huge basin-shaped Tianchi, I couldn't see the true face of Tianchi because of the dark clouds.You know, I came here from a long distance just to see its mysterious face, so I put my hands together and prayed to God to clear away the clouds and mist.After praying, the dark clouds covering Tianchi slowly pulled away like a curtain, and I finally saw the true face of Tianchi: the water in Tianchi is calm and quiet, without the slightest wave, like a huge blue gem, in the sky. Under the changes of Tianyun, it changes its own color, looking so noble, dignified, and graceful.This is where Mother Jiang came from—the place I dreamed of coming to when I was a teenager.Today I finally saw her [it], just like seeing my own mother, kind, proud, and emotional, which made me fulfill my wish for many years, and finally made me qualified to describe her [it] beautiful appearance.

... Many years have passed, and I took a boat from the ferry in Harbin to search for the mouth of the Songhua River.At that time, I was still in the prime of life, and I took a steamboat with two companions, traveling day and night, and going down the river.When we came to Tongjiang County, it was already a starry night.We finally saw the confluence of the Songhua River and Heilongjiang River, which was very spectacular.I once wrote in an article: Heilongjiang is very majestic, like a male dragon, its color is swarthy.Only then did you suddenly understand why this river is called Heilongjiang.At the confluence point of Songhua River and Heilongjiang River, it becomes extremely smooth, like a beautiful young woman. Its color is much clearer than that of Heilongjiang River, and it is a little whitish.When the two rivers converge, one is high and the other is low, they flow forward in a crowd.The miraculous scene made me very excited.Then, we followed Heilongjiang to Wusu Town, and to the mouth of Heilongjiang——I finally saw the spectacular scene of the river and the sea flowing together.This made me feel a lot of emotions. Songhua River and Heilongjiang are not only the mother rivers of Longjiang people and Harbin children, they not only nourish generations of hard-working Longjiang children, but also nourish the vast fertile fields and the people of the Great Northern Wilderness. Together, they opened thousands of miles of strange wilderness, and finally built the Great Northern Wilderness into the Great North Cang.So some people say, "China's big granary depends on Heilongjiang".This is an unassailable truth!The Songhua River is really meritorious for thousands of years, let us live forever and worship it from generation to generation.

However, the ancients said that the moon will be cloudy and sunny, and people will have misfortunes and blessings.The Songhua River also has its violent side.In the long history, it has been uncharacteristically several times, causing torrential floods, shaking the sky and the earth, breaking embankments and causing disasters, causing the working people on both sides of the strait to be displaced and starved to death.This also left a deep impression on us. Looking through the history books, it is not difficult to find that "Shangshu·Yao Dian" is the earliest document in our country to record the flood of the Yellow River more than 4,000 years ago.From 206 BC to 1949 AD, there were 1009 records of flood disasters.Among the relevant historical documents abroad, the records about the floods of the Tigris River and the Nile River can even be traced back to the 40th century BC.These are the earliest human records of the Flood.The earliest record of flood control in China is the legend of Dayu's flood control.Among them, the legend that Dayu came through the house three times to control the water and never entered it established the foundation that water control is the most noble virtue of human beings.According to legend, after Dayu controlled the waters, Kyushu was established, and Kyushu became synonymous with China.Dashui has been accompanying the development and progress of Chinese civilization from the very beginning.Isn't that the case with the Songhua River?

Now let's get to know this river. The Songhua River was called Sumoshui, Sumo, and Sumo in ancient times, and was called Songli Ula in Manchu. "meaning.It flows through the three provinces of Inner Mongolia, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and flows into Heilongjiang near Tongjiang County.Since ancient times, the Songhua River Basin has been a vast nomadic area with rich water and grass. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, floods in the Songhua River Basin occurred in 15 years: 1794, 1851, 1856, 1862, 1886, 1896, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1914, 1929, 1932, 1934, 1943, and 1945.According to the data, "After the rise of the Jin Dynasty in the Songhua River basin in the first half of the 12th century, there were more and more floods and flood control in the basin. For example, in the tenth year of Tianhui [1132] April, the floods of the Mixed River and the Yalu River caused disasters; In the first year [1138], according to the overflow of the Hushui [now Ash River], at that time the capital of Jin [in today's Ashi City] was on the east bank of the river, the flood flooded the houses and thousands of people died. According to the "Yuan History" records, During the decades of the Yuan Dynasty, there were two major floods in the Song Wa River, one in the first year of Huangqing [1312] and one in the first year of Zhishun [1330]. West to the Nen River Basin, etc.] Thirty-six or seven times of floods, droughts, famines, disaster relief, etc., among which there were five or six floods in the Songhua River Basin. In the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty [1794] the Nen River near Qiqihar flooded the city, and the houses were even damaged. Many flooded for dozens of miles, and boats could sail on flat land. Later, embankments were built in Tuntian District in the south of the city for protection. Due to repeated floods, embankments were built to protect the city in the third year of Daoguang [1823]. Among them, the flood in 1932 affected the most extensive area 14.65 million mu of farmland was flooded along the river, and Harbin City was flooded, with a loss of hundreds of millions of silver dollars. In 1938, the flood of the Songhua River [main stream north and south, Ant River, Lalin River, Hulan River and other basins] submerged more than 17 million mu of farmland.” More than that According to historical records, from the Qing Dynasty to the fall of the Northeast, the Songhua River experienced 17 major floods.Among them, the worst loss was the catastrophic Songhua River flood in 1932.

From late June to early August 1932, the Songhua River, the western tributaries of the Ussuri River and some tributaries of the Ergun River experienced continuous rain and heavy rain. Especially in July, the number of rainy days was as high as 20 or more days.The rainy area with a rainfall of more than 200 mm is more than 500,000 square kilometers, and the area of ​​the rainy area with a rainfall of more than 300 mm is more than 120,000 square kilometers.At the beginning of August, the floods of the Nen River and the upper reaches of the Songhua River and the Lalin River met, forming a catastrophic flood in the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River.There are many breaches below Nenjiang and Qiqihar.The measured flood flow at Harbin Station reached 11,500 cubic meters per second, and after restoration calculations, the flood peak flow was 16,200 cubic meters per second, the highest since 1898.The flood peak discharge at Jiangqiao Station on the Nenjiang River was 15,600 cubic meters per second, which was unprecedented before 1932.The flood affected 64 counties and banners in the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Jilin.

The great flood of the Songhua River in 1932 was the biggest flood that the young city of Harbin encountered after its founding.In July, the Harbin area began to be cloudy and rainy, and the Nen River, Songhua River, and Lalin River basins also experienced heavy rains, forming upstream flood peaks and urban torrential rains. The water level exceeded the highest record since the city had water level observation data in 1898. 119.72 meters. On August 4th and 5th, the water level of the second Songhua River, Lalin River and the incoming water reached 118.10 meters. The Sun Island in the north of the Yangtze River and the cross island in the center of the river were completely submerged by the flood. , the people fled one after another.At this time, the Matsuura area was also flooded one after another.The river embankment broke again, flooding the Songpu market, and the water depth on the flat ground reached 3 to 5 meters. On August 7, the water level in Harbin rose to 118.46 meters...

Since the river embankment has been unmanaged and repaired all year round, most of the funds for repairing the river embankment were embezzled, embezzled, and pocketed by the local officials of the Japanese and puppet authorities who had just occupied Harbin.Therefore, the dikes and dams that have been in disrepair for a long time have a weak foundation and a masonry structure. The infiltration of river water causes cracks to gradually occur at the foot of the embankment and the back slope. In August, the torrential rain fell for 27 consecutive days, and the Songhua River surged rapidly.At 5:30 a.m. on August 7, a 50-meter-long embankment burst suddenly on Jiudao Street in [Fujiadian] outside Daoist, and the embankment from Jiudao Street to Shidao Street also burst at the same time. Road Street was immediately flooded.The traffic in the city was cut off, the banks in the city were closed, the telephone was cut off, and all the branch lines leading to various places were also cut off.The water level is as high as 119.72 meters.On August 8, the flood flooded in again from the Guxiangtun area of ​​Daoli District.Immediately afterwards, the Zhengyang River embankment burst, and the Thirty-Six Sheds [Railway Workers Shack Area] were flooded.The water quickly submerged the Western Artillery Street, Police Street, Central Avenue, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Streets.By the 10th, all of Daoli District was flooded by the river.A few hours later, the water depth in the streets of Daoli District has exceeded 5 meters, and the shallowest point is nearly 1 meter.As the Songhua River flooded the entire area outside Daowai, countless houses began to collapse in the flood.Central Street, Xincheng Street [Shangzhi Street], Shitou Street, China Shisandao Street [West Shisandao Street], Toulong Street, Lot Street, Maimai Street and other major streets are all immersed.Businesses and businesses were closed, and vehicles were difficult to move. "On the streets, there is a spectacle of flat boats running."

However, in the face of the great flood, the Japanese and puppet authorities who were entrenched and ruled the city of Harbin at that time were completely unprepared for this, and they still lived a corrupt life, spending time and wine, plundering people's wealth, and oppressing the people.Before the embankment broke, even ordinary people at that time felt that under such a heavy rain, the soaring Songhua River was very likely to become a disaster, and the flood was likely to break the embankment and enter the city.As a result, many ordinary people reported their anxiety and the danger of the river to the relevant authorities many times.However, the ruler turned a deaf ear to this and unreasonably rejected the people's proposals to control floods and strengthen dams.And those who reported the impending flood to their neighbors were arrested by them under the pretext of deceiving the public.

The great flood finally broke the dikes and entered the city. The helpless Japanese and puppet authorities completely ignored the lives of the people and took the opportunity to plunder civilian ships and horses to save themselves in a hurry.Later, for the sake of common people's grievances, they even set up a stage on a high place and acted in ugly dramas praying for the blessing of the gods.And said, "It's beyond what people can do."The ugly performance of the Japanese and puppet authorities has greatly disappointed the people.According to a historical photo taken from the air, the water level of the Songhua River is close to the deck of the bridge. The area around the famous Tongji shopping mall in Daowai District has been completely submerged in the ocean, and all the streets have become waterways. The waterways are full of crude boats running.Daoli Park, where the Russians frequented, was also completely flooded, with only the ridge of the roof exposed.The bustling Central Street in the past has become a water city in Venice, and citizens can only travel by boat.Those foreign travelers staying in the famous Modern Hotel can only come in and out by ferry boat.The saliva on Twelfth Street, China Avenue, is as deep as your chest.Employees of banks and real estate companies can only get there by rowing boats.But those Japanese and puppet military police rode tall horses on the water.Countless civilians could only sit on the flooded roofs and wait for rescue, or use their own big wooden tubs to escape as boats.For a time, tens of thousands of people were displaced.More than 100,000 flooded refugees from Daoli and Daowai districts flocked to Nangang, Majiagou, Xiangfang and other high-fu places.About 50,000 disaster victims slept in places such as Kek Lok Si, Confucian Temple, Dazhi Street, and Shan Street.Crying hunger and cold, its appearance is terrible.Among them, more than 10,000 foreign refugees also came to Xiangfang for refuge. The great flood in 1932 quickly turned the emerging city of Harbin into a water town, and tens of thousands of people were homeless and slept on the streets.Dead bodies of people and animals can often be seen drifting by on flooded streets.Sometimes civilians fell into the water and died.Xiao Hong, a female writer who lived in the Dongxing Hotel at that time, was impoverished and penniless, and had been pledged by the shop owner as a person in the hotel, not allowed to go out.And she, a lonely hostage, was cold and hungry, so she had to open the window and shout for help to the boats of the people passing by.At that time, Xiao Hong was pregnant with Liujia, and she was very inconvenient to move. A kind Chinese citizen rescued her with his broken board boat.Later, according to the address Xiao Jun left her, Xiao Hong found Xiao Jun's residence after many twists and turns and many inquiries.But at this time, Xiao Hong was about to give birth, and gave birth to a daughter in the hospital where the flood had not receded.Due to natural and man-made disasters and poverty, Xiao Hong had no choice but to give the child away, causing lifelong pain. The great flood in 1932 brought severe disasters to the citizens of Kazakhstan. The affected areas in Daoli and Daowai areas amounted to 25 square kilometers, and 1,104 houses were destroyed.After the disaster, the puppet government turned a blind eye and caused a large number of people to be displaced.For a time, infectious diseases such as Tiger Lieira, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and measles in the disaster area of ​​Harbin City began to spread one after another, and their momentum intensified and became very rampant.Plague and floods brought severe disasters to the people of Harbin.At that time, Harbin had a population of 380,000, of which 238,000 were affected by the disaster, and more than 20,000 people died. Most of the victims died of various infectious diseases. And all of this, regardless of the Japanese and puppet authorities, is there all day long to play tricks and shirk responsibility.Seeing this situation, the Manchuria Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to appoint Yang Yichen, Wang Chan, Fu Tianfei and other comrades to go deep into the disaster area and mobilize the victims to fight.Faced with flooding and homeless victims, Comrade Yang Jingyu called together patriotic left-wing cultural figures such as Jin Jianxiao and Luo Feng to raise money for the victims.Comrade Yang Jingyu followed the instructions of the provincial party committee, organized party members and league members to go deep into the victims, and let the victims form self-rescue groups, mutual aid associations, and food distribution groups, so that the victims could help each other and rescue each other, and went to the refugee shed near the Kek Lok Si Temple to agitate and publicize. Carry out the struggle against Japanese aggression "for food, housing, and relief money".At this time, on September 18th, to commemorate the first anniversary of the September 18th Incident, Yang Jingyu and the Harbin Federation of Trade Unions jointly issued the "Message to the Workers and Masses", calling on the workers to "autonomously arm themselves and organize workers' volunteers" to drive out the Japanese invaders , Overthrow the Puppet Manchukuo government. On the other hand, progressive cultural figures such as Jin Jianxiao and Luo Feng actively started earthquake relief activities, engaged in disaster relief and anti-Japanese propaganda in the form of literature, art and articles in the face of the catastrophe.At this time, Xiao Hong and Xiao Jun also joined in. Together with Jin Jianxiao and Luo Feng, they held the "Venus Relief Art Exhibition" to help the victims.The paintings they created reflect the suffering life of the hard-working workers in Harbin, which aroused strong repercussions in the society.Jin Jianxiao donated all the proceeds from the exhibition to help the victims.Bai Tao, Feng Yongqiu, Wang Guanshi, and Xiao Hong also exhibited their own creations of landscape and traditional Chinese painting in support of the relief painting exhibition.Xiao Jun also specially wrote a short article "A Spoon of Water" to build momentum, and Fang Weiai also wrote a special article "Postscript of the Relief Painting Exhibition", using this method to promote the "Venus Relief Painting Exhibition" and strive for more charity. Funds to help the affected people.Those Jews living in Harbin also set up a relief committee for flood victims.Many Jewish victims also received selfless and enthusiastic help from the Chinese people.However, in order to shirk responsibility and divert attention, the local pseudo-officials actually built a Dragon King Temple after the flood, saying that the Dragon King in the Dragon King Temple is the king of the water tribe, a legendary god who can call wind and rain, and pray for the safety of the people.The money for the construction of the Dragon King Temple was apportioned to the business owners, and they took the opportunity to make extra money and fill their pockets. According to statistics, the Songhua River flood in 1932 caused disasters in 26 cities and counties in the whole province. Harbin City's embankment burst, water flooded the urban area, and the economic loss amounted to 230 million yuan.At that time, 1.9 million hectares of arable land in Heilongjiang Province were affected by the disaster, and a total of 820,000 hectares of farmland in the province were flooded, accounting for 43% of the total arable land area.The direct damage amounted to hundreds of millions of silver dollars. Not only that, in this flood, 248 people in the city died of cholera. From September 1, 1932 to November 30, 1933, tens of thousands of corpses were collected.And the number of victims who struggled day and night to die, hungry and cold, and horrific was countless. The Songhua River is the largest tributary of Heilongjiang, with a total runoff of 75.9 billion cubic meters, exceeding the total runoff of the Yellow River.Although the Songhua River is a tributary of Heilongjiang, its economic and social significance to industrial and agricultural production, inland waterway shipping, and people's lives in the Northeast exceeds that of Heilongjiang and other rivers in Northeast China. There are many tributaries of the Songhua River system. There are 86 rivers with a drainage area of ​​more than 1,000 square kilometers. In the upper reaches of the Songhua River, there are 3 tributaries with an area of ​​more than 10,000 square kilometers.In the Nenjiang River, there are 8 tributaries with an area larger than 10,000 square kilometers.In the main stream of the Songhua River, there are 6 tributaries with an area larger than 10,000 square kilometers. A major feature of the Songhua River Basin is that there are more than 600 large and small lakes.Most of these lakes are located in the middle reaches of the Songhua River, the lower reaches of the Nen River, the low-lying areas of the Songnen Plain in the lower reaches of the Wuyuer River, Shuangyang River, Taoer River, and the lower reaches of the Huolin River, which are tributaries of the Nen River, and the lower reaches of the Songhua River. Beside the river road, and connected with the river road, such as Jingbo Lake, Moon Pao, Xianghai Pao and Lianhuan Lake, etc... Known as "Moscow in the Far East" and "Little Paris in the East", Harbin is an emerging city. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was just a city of immigrants. Expatriates, adventurers and a large number of fleeing Jews from Russia and more than a dozen other countries accounted for 51% of the city's population.An important way of homesickness for them to live here is to reproduce their dream home in the form of architecture. This behavior of mistakenly treating their hometown as their hometown makes the architectural style of Harbin full of European flavor. Churches, Russian-style streets, shopping malls, schools, government agencies, banks, foreign flavors can be seen everywhere.Therefore, some people call Harbin "the World Architecture Expo".Among these buildings, there is one most striking landmark, which is the Harbin Flood Control Victory Memorial Tower.It was built in 1958 to commemorate the people of Harbin's victory over the catastrophic flood in 1957.The Flood Control Victory Memorial Tower was jointly designed by the Russian architect Bakis Zierev living in Harbin and the second-generation architect of Harbin Institute of Technology Lee Kuan Yew.Among them, when designing this monument, Bakiss Zierev, the chief designer, on the one hand maintained a style consistent with Harbin’s European style, and at the same time, used the epic scene of Harbin’s military and civilians fighting against the flood together. The form of relief is engraved on the tower body. This memorial tower is composed of a three-dimensional tower body and an attached Roman-style cloister. A half-moon-shaped colonnade is used as the background of the tower. Passing through the corridor, you can have a panoramic view of the Songhua River, which is rushing for thousands of miles.On the top of the tower is the main statue of the heroes of flood control and embankment.The base of the tower is made of block stones, and the lower steps of the tower indicate an altitude of 119.72 meters, marking the highest water level when Harbin was inundated by the flood in 1932.This majestic Flood Control Victory Memorial Tower is in harmony with the Ten Mile Long Embankment of the Songhua River, forming a famous tourist attraction both at home and abroad.Almost every Harbin native and all foreigners and foreigners who come to Harbin take photos in front of the Flood Control Monument and pay their respects. In 1990, Harbin's municipal department installed a group of large music and sound-activated colorful fountains in the pool in front of the tower. In the summer of 1998, a catastrophic flood occurred in Harbin, with the highest water level reaching 120.89 meters. The golden curved tube on the tower now is the symbol of the catastrophic flood in 1998. The great flood in 1957 was unforgettable for many people who participated in the flood fighting.In September 1957, a huge flood peak on the Songhua River approached Harbin.According to the forecast of the meteorological and hydrological departments of the four northeastern provinces: in the rainy season of 1957, the entire Songhua River Basin received more rainfall.If this forecast is accurate, August in the latter part of the rainy season will be a critical moment for the flood control of the rivers in Harbin.If there is heavy precipitation upstream during this period, the main flood season will be dragged to September.Therefore, the Meteorological and Hydrological Department reminds all localities not to be confused by the current low water level. The technicians of the Harbin Flood Control Office said that the Songhua River’s drainage area and annual runoff rank third among all rivers in my country, and the Nen River, the Second Songhua River and the Lalin River in the upper reaches all originate in mountainous areas. Soon to form a flood peak.The top three major floods in the Songhua River were all caused by the flood peaks of one or two of the rivers.If there is concentrated rainfall in the upstream at the end of August and the beginning of September this year, the flood peaks of these three rivers will surely converge and head towards Harbin. In 1957, not only was the climate abnormal in Northeast China, but also strange phenomena such as wild ducks climbing trees and building nests appeared in the upper reaches of the Nen River.The natural world is sending us some kind of warning. Once the upstream area has long-term and large-scale concentrated rainfall, perhaps only one river will form a major flood that threatens Harbin. Facts have proved that this forecast is scientific and accurate.From August 27 to September 18, 1957, the water level of the river section in Harbin continued to be above 119 meters, and the high water level lasted for 21 days.During the period of high water level, wind and rain accounted for two-thirds, and the maximum wind force reached force eight. On September 6, the highest water level reached 120.30 meters, the highest water level since Harbin had hydrological records, and it was 0.58 meters higher than the highest water level in 1932.According to field surveys by the water conservancy department, the water level of the Harbin section of the Songhua River has reached 120.30 meters, the highest water level since its own hydrological records. According to reports, on the eve before the water level reached the highest peak of 120.30 meters, the voice of Ren Zhongyi, the first secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, was heard on the front line of flood fighting along the river and on the city's radio.He encouraged the city's flood-fighting soldiers and civilians to persevere and fight hard to ensure the safety of Harbin.Contribute to the motherland and the people in the flood control struggle! On September 6, the Party Central Committee and the State Council sent a telegram to the Provincial Party Committee, requesting that the entire province and the city's military and civilians continue to fight in unity and go all out to overcome the flood disaster.The leaders of Harbin City and the vast number of grassroots cadres all went to the front line of flood fighting to direct the rescue struggle.City leaders such as Ren Zhongyi, Lu Qien, Lin Xiaoxie, member of the Standing Committee of the Municipal Party Committee and Deputy Mayor Wang Huacheng are not only the commanders of the flood fighting, but also the fighters, and they will be seen in all the flood fighting dangers.This greatly encouraged the confidence and motivation of the soldiers and civilians who fought against the flood, and they were determined to fight against the flood peak with a fearless spirit of fighting against the flood and defend the safety of Harbin. When the Songhua River flood approached the warning water level, the Harbin Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government quickly established the Municipal Flood Control Headquarters, with Secretary of the Municipal Party Committee Secretariat and Mayor Lu Qien as the commander-in-chief, and Secretary of the Municipal Party Committee Secretariat Lin Xiaoxie as political commissar.Then, the Municipal Party Committee issued the "Decision on Resolutely Implementing the Instructions of the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial People's Committee on Flood Control and Flood Control", calling on the people of the city to mobilize immediately, actively participate in the struggle against floods, obey the mobilization of the flood control headquarters, and require the relevant units of the city and district to immediately improve Flood control work command organization, strengthen the leadership of flood control work, and at the same time implement the principle of "production, work and flood control are correct".Subsequently, flood control sub-headquarters were established in various districts along the river.Mayor Lu Qi'en once again carried out emergency mobilization and deployment at the mobilization meeting attended by the city's party, government, military groups, and heads of all districts and grassroots units.All the cadres of the city's party, government, military and mass organizations have devoted themselves to the battle of flood control and embankment repair. A battle against floods has begun.The city's cadres, workers, and students all went to the front line to fight the flood, fighting a people's war against the flood with high morale.All Harbin citizens were mobilized.Each of the hundreds of thousands of Harbin citizens is a voluntary and conscious flood fighter.Comrades in the rear, everyone is doing a good job in logistics support for flood fighting with excellent production and labor achievements, so that production and flood fighting can be balanced.The streets and alleys of Harbin are full of flood fighting teams shuttling back and forth. Millions of anti-flood troops assembled on the Songhua River flood control embankment began to build embankments to fight floods day and night.The anti-flood army built two flood control dams along the Songhua River.All the radio and newspapers reported the heroic and exemplary deeds on the front line of flood fighting in great length.The city is orderly and orderly, and the law and order are good.People's normal work, study, and life are very different from the catastrophic flood in 1932 in the old society. The Harbin Flood Control Headquarters holds a regular meeting at midnight every day to adjust its strength according to the flood situation and make timely decisions.The slogan "All in order to overcome the flood and ensure the complete victory of the struggle" is hung on the embankment along the river.The army and the people fighting against the flood joined hands to rescue and plug leaks along the river and fight against the flood. After further analysis by experts, the main reason for the catastrophic flood in the Harbin section of the main stream of the Songhua River in 1957 was that due to the concentrated rainfall in the upper reaches of the Songhua River during the two months of July and August, the flood was mainly caused by water from the Nen River and the second Songhua River. It is formed by the confluence of the discharge of the river and its Fengman Reservoir.The characteristics of flood situation are: late flood season, high water level, strong wind and waves, and long duration of high water level.At the same time, strong winds of magnitude 6-7 or even magnitude 8 appeared, and the rivers were stormy, the water was fierce, and the impact was strong, posing a serious threat to the dikes and dams.Although the flood occurred late, due to the long duration, all the dams along the river were at a high water level of more than 119 meters, and most of the soaking time exceeded 20 days.Under the attack of catastrophic floods, pipes and water seepage still occurred in most of the houses on both sides of the road and outside along the river, and they were in danger of collapsing and embankment collapse... In this regard, the municipal government resolutely put forward the slogan of "ensure the south of the Yangtze River and protect the north of the Yangtze River" to lead the people of the city to fight against floods.Due to many dangerous situations such as water seepage, landslides, piping, and breaches caused by excessive floods, under the guidance of experts and technicians, after nearly 1.7 million [person-time] flood control troops fought hard, the dangerous situations were eliminated one by one.According to statistics, 334 hidden dangers of dangerous dikes were eliminated in this flood prevention and rescue operation, and a total of 885,000 cubic meters of embankment earthwork were completed in 24 days, including 526,000 cubic meters of embankments in urban areas and 133,000 cubic meters of dikes for factories along the river.The long embankments of more than 100 kilometers along the river are generally raised by 70-100 centimeters from the original height, and the dikes in urban areas are raised from 121.0 meters to 121.80-122.0 meters. .Although the flood flooded a total of 2.3 million mu of farmland and destroyed many bridges and culverts, the provincial capital Harbin was safe and the people lived in order. A student of the Harbin Military Engineering College who personally participated in the fight against the severe flood in Harbin in 1957 still had a vivid memory of the great flood fighting, and gave a detailed description: "Harbin experienced a severe flood in 1957, and the peak of the flood was the highest. The water level at that time was 120.30 meters above sea level, 0.58 meters higher than the highest water level in history... How high is this height? It is about 4 meters higher than the street level in the urban area by the river... Facing the catastrophic flood in 1957, The citizens of Harbin, regardless of gender, age or age, mobilized to repair dikes and fight for more than three months. They insisted on keeping Harbin without a drop of water and created a miracle of successfully resisting the largest flood in Harbin's history... Harbin entered the flood season in June. In 1957 The water was heavy, and the earth dam on the riverside could no longer support it at the end of June. Therefore, the municipal party committee organized personnel from all units in the city to urgently heighten and strengthen the river embankment. Divide the construction site. The Kazakh military industry was assigned to the most dangerous area - Guxiangtun, where the flood burst into the city in 1932. This place is low-lying, the river is full of silt, and the earth dam has been soaked in water for a long time The collapse was severe, and the land acquisition site was quite far from the river. It can be said that the time was tight and the task was heavy, and the work was very difficult. The Naval Engineering Department of Harbin Military Industry provided the only landing craft and several amphibious vehicles They drove out to transport stones and strengthen the bottom of the dam. The engineering department also transported a few bulldozers and excavators for teaching to the construction site. Several pontoon bridges tens of meters long were erected in the shallow muddy area by the river, leading directly to the embankment... Each person carried a shoulder pole and two baskets of soil, filled with soil weighing a hundred or so catties, and borrowed step by step. Running with the elastic poles, one by one, they sent soil to the embankment along the pontoon bridge. On the embankment, under the command of the teachers of the engineering department, wooden piles with the mouth of a bowl were nailed into the foot of the embankment. One by one, straw bags filled with soil were neatly stacked between the wooden piles. In the middle of the two straw bag slopes inside and outside the embankment, a group of four students held a rammer to tamp the floating earth transported to the top of the dam... the whole The construction site was full of people during the day and night, and the gongs and drums were loud. The female soldiers of the college art troupe played allegro and waist drums, went around agitating, and sang whatever they saw. Working like crazy, I don’t feel tired at all. All the companies put up the blackboard newspapers on the lot they are responsible for, and the engineering quantity is counted and registered at any time, and they are fighting each other... August 29 at around 10 o’clock in the evening Zhong, the preparatory school students who had already gone to bed assembled urgently and took a bus to the flood-fighting borrow site near the Shamantun Sankong Bridge to prepare straw bags for the upcoming flood peak. At that time, there was a road and railway transfer station at the Sankong Bridge , The soil borrowing site is located next to the transfer station. The high-pressure mercury lamps hung on the temporary light poles around the site illuminate the construction site as if it were daytime, and passionate songs are played from the tweeters. The railway line 100 meters away There is an entire column of wagons that have been set up on the springboard. The company commanders of the preparatory department hurriedly got off the wagonI went to the headquarters of the soil borrowing site to determine the location of the soil. The platoon leaders were busy getting their shovels and straw bags, and the instructors began to mobilize everyone. 'Comrades!Now the flood situation is urgent, the flood is rising at a rate of one centimeter per hour, and there are still 48 centimeters to exceed the highest water level in history.Right now, 200,000 comrades are fighting the flood on the Baili Embankment, and whether they can win depends on whether we can transport them enough weapons—these straw bags filled with soil.Our mission is very important, and our mission is also very urgent. We have to fill the train that is parked there within two hours.Comrades!The comrades on the embankment are waiting for us, and the people of the city are watching us. We must complete the task, and we will be able to complete the task. Do you have the confidence, comrades? ''Have! ''it is good!Comrades, we are students of Kazakhstan Military Industry, and we are Chairman Mao’s revolutionary fighters. Now, the time has come for the party and the people to test us. Let us show you with all our energy that there is no impossible task for us in Kazakhstan Military Industry! The instructor encouraged everyone to be excited, but this task is not easy: a train has a total of 60 wagons, and each section is in charge of 36 trainees. Each wagon needs to be loaded with 30 tons of straw bags filled with soil. A straw bag of 60 catties needs to be filled with hundreds of pieces, and an average person needs to load more than 1,600 catties of soil within two hours!The intensity of labor can be imagined... The platoon leader divided the three shifts into three shifts. Those who dig the soil, those who load the soil, and those who carry the soil are responsible for their respective duties. Everyone can have a chance to breathe.Soon this method was popularized through the radio station, which greatly improved the labor efficiency... The doctors of the Harbin Military Industry Hospital set up an ambulance station on the side of the road, and the drivers of the convoy also went back and forth to Mercedes-Benz, and brought a basket of baskets to everyone Steamed buns, salted duck eggs, and buckets of salted boiled water. The company commanders and instructors personally helped the students fill the water bottles and hung them one by one on their bodies. They told them to take a sip after a while.脱水……两小时后，装满草袋的火车开走了……汗透军衣，草屑、尘土沾在身上和成了一层泥浆，个个都成了泥人。大家顾不得肮脏，背靠背坐在一起，就着咸鸭蛋大口嚼着馒头，喘息稍定，又来了一列火车……就这么干上两小时，就吃上几个馒头、咸鸭蛋，一气儿装满了六列火车，整整十二个小时之后，他们才回到宿舍，来不及洗澡，大家一头栽倒在床上，鼾声大起……” 这位军工学子的描述，让后人有一种身临其境之感。 当年的另一位刚刚考上师范学院的青年学子，在他的回记文章中写道，“我们是原哈尔滨师范学院中文系1957级的同学。1957年9月，中文57级200多位同学，陆续到校报到。一进校门，就看见主楼悬挂的大幅横额：'入大学府，先上江堤！'当年，哈尔滨的松花江发大水，江水水位高过警戒水位。全市人民一起上阵，与洪水搏斗！到哈尔滨读书，就是哈尔滨人！同学们放下行李，就上江堤。我们的任务是往货车上装土。在堤外挖土，用草袋装上，扛着上跳板，倒入车厢里。车厢能装50吨，几十人装也得几个小时。那时我们都还年轻，有热情，有干劲，扛着百多斤的土袋跑着上跳板。那时的我们，听党的话，做永不生锈的螺丝钉！就这样，苦战了一个多月，终于战胜了洪水！” 同样让我感动的，还有哈尔滨艺术界的资深著名相声演员于世德先生，他也亲自参加了抗击洪水的战斗。在一篇报道中说，于世德先生和他的同事们奔赶抗洪第一线——险情最严峻的肇源县。在与洪水搏斗的日子里，这位血气方刚的年轻人全身心地融入抗洪大军，那些生龙活虎、朝气蓬勃的英模人物让他敬佩，让他感动，看在眼里，爱在心里，英雄模范的感人的事迹激发了他的创作，便充满激情写在相声里，站在护城大堤上做慰问演出。他说，1957年那场洪水百年不遇，这样的演出也可以说是千载难逢。经历了那场自然灾害的考验，于世德先生的日记里写下了“我热爱黑龙江”的字样。像于世德先生这样的作家、艺术家和文化工作者，用各种文艺的形式来声援和鼓舞抗洪战斗，可以说是数不胜数，层出不穷，也成为了当年抗洪大堤上最受抗洪军民欢迎的人。 在抗击1957年哈尔滨的大洪水时，一位记者同志这样描述了在抗洪战斗的第一线作为新闻工作者及时报道抗洪事迹的情况：“1957年，哈尔滨发生特大洪水，江北都淹了，松花江一望无际。那时我们的中心任务是使用多种形式报道这次洪水，将防洪、汛情，以及人们积极防御洪水的情况报道出来。为了出新，我们第一次搞了录音报道，用德涅泊尔3型磁带录音机将洪水拍打江岸的声音录下来做在节目里，那是最早的合成录音报道。也是在那一时期，我们的报道形式有了突破，出现了口头报道和比较性的报道。印象深的是，我们将1932年哈尔滨发洪水时道外和道里区被淹与1957年党带领人民群众积极抗洪，哈尔滨市区安全无恙进行了对比【产生了强烈的宣传效果】。” 正是这些奔波在抗洪前线和后方各条战线上的新闻工作者给我们后人提供了大量的记录着1957年抗洪场面的许多可歌可泣的事迹。至今，他们对那些抗洪的感人场面依旧记忆犹新。在回忆中，他们这样写道，“令老人最难忘的还是解放初期的1957年那场大洪水……那时候就靠市民的义务劳动。为了保护太阳岛江堤，上到厅长下到市民，大家全都吃住在江堤上，每天的活就是扛草袋子走50多米，上跳板筑江堤，不论男女，不论官民，每个人都争先恐后地干。看着领导和妇女都能扛着土袋子'嗖嗖'地跑，【一位叫】朱俊峰【的同志】忘了红肿的肩头火辣辣的疼痛，【与大家】比赛谁干得多。【当时】每扛一趟都能得到一个小票，然后第二天的现场大喇叭就会播报前一天谁谁扛了多少袋湿土，也就是口头表扬5秒。洪水战胜了，江堤保住了，大家伙还是按月领工资生活，没发奖状，更没有一分奖金，就连中秋节的月饼都是每个人自掏现金和粮票买的……” 据有关资料统计，在1957年的那场特大洪水中，哈尔滨市委、市政府做了充分准备，为确保市区安全，为市区的江南堤防建设投资了300万元，为农堤投资了60万元。从当年4月份开始，就组织社会力量近63万人参加筑堤义务劳动，6月底完成了第一期土方任务36万立方米，其中包括一些重要堤段护脚工程。于7月10日恢复了哈尔滨市防汛指挥部，各区以区长为首也成立了防汛指挥部。8月初，二期筑堤工程全面动工，到8月22日全市共动员88.44万人次义务工，完成了部分石护坡、护脚的工程，使原堤加高加固。为抗洪打下了坚实的基础。8月下旬1.6万人上堤抢修松浦农田堤防。8月27日松浦区新开口地区—处决口，人民解放军冒雨抢险，终于化险为夷。9月2日滨洲铁路路基坍塌下陷，哈尔滨市领导亲临现场指挥排除险情。8月28日哈尔滨段水位达到119.23米，在丰满水库又要加大放流的紧要之时，黑龙江和吉林省军区分别加派解放军支援抢险。由于高水位持续长达20天，这期间又连降9次大雨，遭遇7次4—7级大风，大堤脱坡366处，渗水、坍陷等险情也不断发生，但是，经15万人在大堤上昼夜抢险，所有堤段均安然无恙。当丰满水库要再一次加大放流量，达6000立方米每秒时，黑龙江省、哈尔滨市防汛指挥部紧急动员17万人上堤，用100小时硬是将50公里堤防加高了1米。9月3日松浦区新开口至陈家岗堤防发生—段200米长的大脱坡，堤防被冲蚀四分之三。人民解放军在省军区司令员指挥下，奋战一昼夜，最终险情排除。9月6日6时，松花江水位达到120.30米，江北堤基薄弱的韩增店因水位过高，部分决口，淹地4万余亩，但此前人畜均已安全转移。经过17万军民日夜奋战，洪峰安全通过哈尔滨。9月11日洪峰抵达佳木斯，合江地区组织12万人上堤抢险。佳木斯市组织2.7万防汛大军奋战20天，战胜了长时间的高水位威胁，并在连遭6—7级大风的恶劣天气下控制了多处险情的发生，保住了堤防，保住了佳木斯市的安全。9月12日洪峰到达富锦时，富锦县江南江北腹背受敌，全县动员4.6万人上堤抢险。由于洪水滞留时间长，堤防防洪标准低，加之风浪冲击，险情丛生。江北七道坝要决口漫溢时，经军民奋力抢险，加高堤防，终于挡住了洪水。富锦的绥滨大堤之个别堤段，在洪峰到来之前水面距堤顶仅20厘米左右。防洪大军做到水涨堤高，日夜奋战，保卫了大堤。9月20日沿江大部分地区的洪水回落到了警戒水位以下，解除了洪水威胁。 1957年，为战胜大洪水，黑龙江、吉林两省共动员上堤民工100多万人，完成土方500多万立方米，动用抢险物资有草袋900万条、席子11万张、木杆47万根、工具40万件、粮食2000多万斤。经过一个多月的抗洪斗争，终于取得了与洪水决战的最后胜利。 在1957年抗击松花江特大洪水的战斗中，英雄的哈尔滨市人民发扬勇于战胜洪水的英雄主义气概，以大无畏的战天斗地的精神，与洪水英勇搏斗。在抢险第一线的抗洪军民主动请缨，不怕疲劳，不怕艰苦，风餐露宿，为保住松花江大堤，计出工2427万个，完成461万立方米土石工程，提前完成了原定两年完成的工程计划，筑起了一道坚固的百里长堤。在这场抗洪战斗中，为了保卫英雄的哈尔滨城市，侨居在哈尔滨的10万多俄罗斯侨民也参加了抗洪战斗，因此在这座纪念塔的群雕上也能看到俄罗斯人参与抗洪的场面。 英雄的哈尔滨市居民终于战胜了这场特大的洪水，取得了决定性的胜利。但是，这场洪水还是或多或少给临江的一些房屋带来了不同程度的损坏。为了确保城区安全，市政府决定拆除沿江一带房屋1700户，按照“原拆原建”的规定，保证受灾群众的居住条件。为此，市政府共补助居民建房费108万元。在市房地局给市政府《关于汛期倒塌房屋处理情况及今后意见的报告》中说：“七月八日以来，哈尔滨地区连续降了几场暴雨，市内有255户房屋倒塌。另有961户房屋呈现极端危险状态，有2061户房屋比较危险。已抢救245处，949户。其中扒倒重建的有20栋，223户，使523户受灾居民搬回了原住址……全局管修人员开展了抢修倒塌房屋大干四十天的活动，通过全体职工夜以继日的努力，共新建和翻建倒塌房屋99栋，39568平方米，可安置1048户。” 1957年11月，黑龙江省委和省政府决定全面整修松花江干流、嫩江河段的堤防，形成比较完整的防洪体系。修建堤防11600公里，建成大中型水库125座，总库容290亿立方米。松花江干流、嫩江的整体防洪标准约为20年一遇。这与1932年日伪统治时期，哈尔滨的那些统治者不顾灾民死活，大发国难财的丑陋行为形成了鲜明的对比。 百里大堤建成后，为纪念防洪斗争和筑堤的伟大胜利，表彰全市人民的丰功伟绩，哈尔滨市委、市政府决定建立一座永久性的防洪胜利纪念塔，由当时的哈尔滨市市长吕其恩确定塔址，于1958年国庆节正式建成。哈尔滨防洪胜利纪念塔是哈尔滨开埠以来最年轻的一类保护建筑。 这座哈尔滨防洪胜利纪念塔由基座塔身、喷泉、围廊和广场等四部分组成。塔的基座呈方形，上窄下宽，由深绿色花岗碎石砌成，坚固耐久。基座上方采用了波浪式水泥杆，镶嵌着与真人大小一样的24位古铜色抗洪人物浮雕。塔高22.5米，塔身椭圆形，每周由20块反弧形凹槽的花岗岩组成，线条清晰，明暗对比强烈。塔身顶部的雕塑为3.5米高的工农兵和知识分子的全身立像。塔身中部浮雕，是防洪筑堤大军从宣誓上堤、运土打夯、抢险斗争到胜利庆功等场面，浓墨重彩地凸显了抗洪大军战天斗地的英雄形象。所有的雕塑都充分地显示了哈尔滨市人民在中国共产党的领导之下，敢于战斗，勇于夺取抗洪胜利的伟大气魄。主塔后面环立着20根圆柱，上端有环带连接，组成了半圆回廊，它显示了20世纪哈尔滨人民顶天立地、坚如磐石的果敢姿态。回廊两端是两幅浮雕，雕刻着各民族、各行业的人民群众取得了抗洪胜利的喜悦情景，以及人民群众挽着臂膀、手持花束、在鲜艳的红旗下阔步向前的场面。 现在，我们看到的塔基上的那个金色曲形圆管，是120.89米的水位标志。塔基的上下两层水池，分别标志着1957年和1932年两次特大洪水的水位。在水池之上的塔基上的那根金属线标志着“1998年特大洪水”的最高水位。 据了解，在“第五届中国威海国际人居节”上，哈尔滨市人民防洪胜利纪念塔荣获了中国建筑学会建筑创作大奖。这是新中国成立60年来不同时期优秀建筑作品的最高奖项。全国共评出300项获奖作品，全部是我国各个城市、地区的代表性建筑。哈尔滨防洪胜利纪念塔是为纪念战胜1957年特大洪水而建的，因此榜上有名。但是，它的意义远比建筑层面上的建筑艺术奖更加重大。它象征着建国10年来，中国共产党领导下的人民群众，同心同德，同甘共苦，荣辱与共，风雨同舟的伟大而崇高的民族精神，让世人看到，只有在新中国，只有在人民当家做主的当代，只有在中国共产党的正确领导下才可能战胜巨大洪水，还人民一个幸福安康的生活。 松花江的北源嫩江是比较大的河流。它发源于大兴安岭伊勒呼里山，自北向南流至三岔河，全长1379公里，流域面积28.3万平方公里，占松花江总流域面积的51.9％；流量占松花江干流的31％。嫩江接纳了许多发源于大小兴安岭的支流，主要有甘河、诺敏河、雅鲁河、绰尔河、洮儿河、科洛河、讷漠尔河、乌裕尔河等，组成树枝状的水系。它在嫩江县以上河段，两岸高山陡峻，水流湍急，属于山间溪流性质河段；嫩江县以下，地势渐平；进入松嫩平原，江面逐渐开阔。 南源第二松花江是松花江的正源，它发源于长白山的白头山，全长795公里，流域面积78180平方公里，占松花江流域总面积的14.33％。它供给松花江39％的水量。第二松花江上游又有两源：南源头道江、北源二道江，均发源于白头山。两源在吉林省靖宇县两江口相汇以后始称第二松花江。北源二道江的上源又有五道自西向东排列的白河，其中二道白河源出长白山天池，是第二松花江的正源。第二松花江上中游河谷狭窄，水量大，落差大，水力资源丰富。两源在黑龙江省和吉林省交界的三岔河【属吉林省扶余县】汇合以后始称松花江。松花江自三岔河附近向东北方向奔流，江面开阔、平缓、水深。沿途又接纳了呼兰河、汤旺河、拉林河、牡丹江等许多支流。它穿过小兴安岭南端谷地，在同江附近注入黑龙江。全长1045公里。由于它穿行小兴安岭山谷，夏季山地多雨，洪水暴发，流水呈淡黄色，含沙量0.16公斤每立方米，具有明显的山区河流性质。它注入黑龙江后，形成南黄北黑水色，人们把这一河段称为“混同江”。 1998年夏季，在我国的南方，连续出现了罕见的大雨暴雨，持续不断的大暴雨汇成滔滔洪流，以雷霆万钧之势迅速地扑向我国的长江，一时让万里长江水位急速暴涨，多处出现决堤的危险。这是自20世纪50年代以来我国最大、最猛的一次洪水。长江流域全线岌岌可危。所经省市县村，全面面临着洪水袭击的危险。与之同时，在我国的东北，同样由于暴雨不断，致使松花江、嫩江江水泛滥，淹没村庄。据有关资料统计，这次洪水导致在全国有29个省、市、自治区蒙受洪水之灾。有上亿人受灾，近500万所房屋倒塌，2000多万公顷土地被淹。 ... 10年过去了，每当提起1998年的大洪水，人们仍然记忆犹新。在黑龙江省哈尔滨市区，在大洪水之前就出现了严重的干旱现象。有关方面的专家介绍说，这是由于受到东北低涡的长时间影响形成的。据说，在1957年就出现过类似的现象。按照自然规律，通常是春天大旱，秋天大汛。意思是说，如果春天出现了严重的干旱现象，那么秋天就一定会有大汛来临。在哈尔滨的民间曾有这样的说法：春天江露底，秋天水没房。这是人民群众在长期的生活和生产劳动中总结出来的经验。 汛情正如科学家和民谚所预言的那样，在1998年6月至8月，受东北低涡影响，嫩江流域先后有3次较大降雨过程，并发生了洪水。降雨一般400—1000毫米，比常年偏多3成至2倍。6月18—24日，嫩江上游及支流诺敏河普遍降中雨至大雨，局部降暴雨，暴雨中心的莫力达瓦【小二沟站】降雨141毫米，古城子站降雨124毫米，阿彦浅站降雨118毫米，嫩江站降雨量105毫米。7月24—29日，嫩江中游支流雅鲁河、绰尔河、洮儿河也开始普降大雨，大雨中心的甘南县太平湖站降雨量208毫米，雅鲁河扎兰屯降雨量186毫米，洮儿河突泉县高家屯站降雨量111毫米。 8月4日—14日，嫩江流域开始出现大范围的强降雨，降雨量在100毫米以上，同盟至江桥区间降雨量200—400毫米，暴雨中心位于阿伦河、雅鲁河上游，甘南音河站降雨426毫米。受其影响，嫩江流域、松花江干流发生了超过历史记录的特大洪水，8月22日，哈市松花江最高水位达到120.89米，比1957年最高水位还高出0.59米。实测洪峰流量16600立方米/秒，约为300年一遇。 回顾哈尔滨的百年历史，松花江共有三次特大的洪水威胁过这座城市：1932年、1957年、1998年。但是，三次特大洪水给哈尔滨造成的危害却是截然不同。1998年在嫩江江桥——大赉区间堤防多处溃水的情况下，哈尔滨水文站的实测最大洪峰流量16600立方米/秒，超过1932年的洪峰流量，即哈尔滨以上实测洪峰流量超过1932年。通河以上洪峰流量超过1932年，依兰以下洪峰流量与1932年相当。在频遭大雨和暴雨袭击下，嫩江、松花江流域大部分地区的降水超过350毫米，局部达700毫米以上。嫩江、松花江流域出现建国以来最大洪水。据不完全统计，截至8月22日，全国受灾面积约2578万公顷，成灾面积1585万公顷，受灾人口2.3亿之多。 据说，当时水利专家已经认定，1998年夏天，松、嫩二江将给沿岸的城市和乡村带来一场无法避免的劫难，哈尔滨就在其中。 相关资讯表明，上述判断是正确的。第一次洪水发生在6月27日，嫩江干流阿彦浅站洪峰流量7040立方米立方米/秒，洮儿河洮南站2350立方米/秒，造成其下游干流江桥水文站7月14日洪峰流量2.59万立方米/秒，使黑龙江省泰来、肇源县嫩江干流堤防多处决口，嫩江最后一个控制站大赉水文站7月15日洪峰流量1.61万立方米/秒，相当于250年一遇。当洪水汇入松花江干流后，8月22日哈尔滨水文站洪峰流量1.66万立方米/秒，洪水重现期相当于130年一遇。这场洪水流量均超过历史实测最大值。 1998年洪水的特点是：发生时间早，嫩江6月中下旬即发生大洪水，较正常年提前一个月；洪水次数多，嫩江支流发生多次洪水，干流也连续发生三次大洪水，暴雨洪水集中，嫩江的右侧支流洪水量极大，嫩江干流三次洪水一次比一次大，第三次洪峰主要控制站均超过历史记录；高水位持续时间长，其中哈尔滨洪峰水位长达31个小时，比一般洪水最高水位持续时间超过10个小时。 经统计，这次洪水哈尔滨265个乡镇有161个受灾，受灾人口81.19万人，转移22.95万人。进水城镇12个，进水村屯389个，房屋损坏9.82万间。农作物受灾403.73万亩。损坏小型水库25座。水毁堤防267处，合计300公里。洪水期间，全市停产工矿企业4480个、半停产204个。公路中断78条次，毁坏公路桥涵463座。公路毁坏379公里，供电线路中断17条。外洪内涝和抗洪抢险给全市经济造成的经济损失约40亿元。 对此，专家与1957年洪水状況做了比较，认为1998年洪水与1957年洪水有四个不同点。 1.洪水来源不同。1957年松花江洪水是由嫩江、第二松花江、拉林河洪水遭遇形成的。1998年松花江洪水则完全是由嫩江洪水下泄而形成的，嫩江洪水占哈尔滨水文站洪峰组成的94.5％，第二松花江、拉林河的来水仅占哈尔滨洪峰组成的5.5％。 2.高水位持续时间长。下岱吉、哈尔滨、通河、佳木斯水文站1957年超警戒水位天数依次为52天、33天、43天、26天，而1998年超警戒水位天数依次为61天、50天、60天、32天。与1957年比较，下岱吉、哈尔滨、通河、佳木斯各站超警戒水位天数分别增长了9天、17天、17天、6天。 3.洪水传播速度较1957年快。1957年大赉水文站洪峰传播到哈尔滨水文站历时8天，从哈尔滨水文站传播到佳木斯水文站历时5天。1998年嫩江洪水由大赉推进到哈尔滨历时7天，从哈尔滨传播到佳木斯水文站历时4天，均较1957年洪水传播时间有所缩短。 4.实测洪水总量超过1957年。1998年松花江洪水在嫩江堤防决口跑水量还未还原的情况下，哈尔滨水文站实测7天、15天、30天、60天、120天最大洪量较1957年值偏大40％—50％。 但是，在广大军民团结奋战下，硬是把1998年洪水造成的损失减少到了最低限度。376.3公里的松花江干堤防无一处溃堤，转移22万余人无一伤亡，社会安定，生产生活井然有序。 当这场特大洪水威胁