Chapter 45 Chapter 44 Water in Beijing

Water is the source of life.The earliest activities of human beings are inseparable from water.Primitive humans basically chose water to live and thrive on water, and the gestation of ancient human civilization relied on water for nourishment.The ancient Mesopotamia Tigris and Euphrates gave birth to the ancient Babylonian civilization, the great Nile gave birth to the ancient Egyptian civilization, and the mysterious and ancient Ganges gave birth to the ancient Indian culture.The city of Beijing was conceived in the crests, waves, valleys and moisture of the ancient Yongding River. On a vast and fertile Yongding River impact fan plain, primitive Beijing humans began their evolutionary activities.

Ancient Beijing used to be an area full of rivers and ponds.Hundreds of millions of years ago, the volcanic eruption and strong crustal movement in the eastern region caused large-scale mountain faults and landform changes. The Taihang Mountains and Yanshan Mountains surrounding the northwest and north of Beijing were uplifted by this crustal movement. In the lowlands where the fault descends, many rivers, ponds, lakes, potholes and ditches are deposited.Beijing's terrain is surrounded by mountains on three sides and faces the sea on one side, and the trend of high in the northwest and low in the southeast has created natural conditions for the flow of the river. The river starts from the mountainous highlands, flows through the low-lying plains, and finally flows into the Bohai Sea through the Haihe River.There are five major water systems flowing through the city walls of Beijing: the Yongding River, the Chaobai River, the Daqing River, the Ji Canal and the Bei Canal.Originating in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, the Yongding River, which originated in the late Pleistocene of the Quaternary, was the first mother river that nourished and nurtured Beijing.

In ancient Beijing, being able to become the imperial capital of the Five Dynasties [Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing] was inseparable from its superior natural and geographical environment.It is surrounded by mountains on three sides, plains on one side, and the sea stretches out. "Zhu Zi Yu Lei" described Beijing's "Dragon Vein" geomantic omen as follows: "The Jidu mountain range comes from the clouds, surrounded by the Yellow River in front, Mount Tai towers to the left as a dragon, Huashan towers to the right as a tiger, Songshan as the previous case, Huainan Zhuang Mountains are the second case, and the mountains of the five mountains in the south of the Yangtze River are the third case. Therefore, there is no place where the capital was built in ancient and modern times. It is said that there is no wind to disperse it, and water to delimit it.” This description takes Beijing as the center and uses The national mountains are the overall coordinates, and it is almost from the height of strategic importance to examine and explain the superiority of Beijing's geographical environment.

From the map, Beijing is located at the intersection of plains and mountains, surrounded by Cangshan Mountains, wide plains, high in the northwest and low in the southeast, the gently sloping Great Plains, and 150 kilometers to the east is the vast Bohai Sea.The entire Beijing Plain is surrounded by mountains, leaving the southeast side open to the sea. It looks like a bay and has been called "Beijing Bay" since ancient times.Located at 39°56′ north latitude and 116°20′ east longitude, this city has a continental monsoon climate in the north temperate zone. , there are five major rivers running through the territory of Yongding River, Chaobai River, Jiyun River, Daqing River and Beiyun River. The soil is fertile, the products are rich, and the scenery is beautiful.As early as the late Warring States period, the Beijing Small Plain where the Yan capital Jicheng was located and the Guanzhong Basin where the Qin capital Xianyang was located were called "Tianfu".Fan Zhen's "Ode to Youzhou" said: "The tiger occupies the dragon, and the situation is majestic. Considering it today, it is the land of a state, surrounded by the sea on the left, surrounded by the Taihang on the right, resting on the mediocrity in the north, and benefiting from the river in the south. "Yuan Shi" records: "In the land of Youyan, dragons and tigers occupy a majestic situation. Controlling Jianghuai in the south and connecting Shuomo in the north. This is the place to stay." This sentence also describes the superiority of Beijing. military geography.It is located at the junction of the Mongolian Plateau, the Northeast Plain and the Central Plains, surrounded by mountains on three sides in the northwest, north and northeast, with numerous passes that are easy to defend and difficult to attack.The south and southeast plains have convenient transportation and can quickly provide effective supplies.Occupying the land of Yanguan, it can resist foreign invasion to the north, effectively control and manage large areas of land in the northeast and northwest frontiers, and control the lifeline of the entire Jiangnan economy in the south.

Carrying the reputations of "Dragon Vein" and "Land of Abundance", we can trace the source of those rivers, mountains and seas, and we can see how crucial the role of water is in the history of Beijing!Beijing is not only born by water, but also a city developed by water.The galloping water maintains the lifeblood of the entire city's development. The rise and fall of the city's development and the diversion of rivers and lakes affect each other.Thinking back to Beijing in ancient times, what a livable place surrounded by mountains, lush vegetation, and vast water!Hundreds of thousands of years ago, Beijingers lived and multiplied in this vast Yongding River impact fan plain.They farmed, fished and hunted, drilled wood to make fire, and spread the footprints of human evolution all over this fertile field.Wherever the water flows, human habitats will migrate.Human beings live by water, and city outlines and feudal cities are built according to rivers, lakes and lakes.People and water are inseparable even for a moment.Water is the basis of human life, and water is the basis for the evolution and development of civilization.

When human civilization gradually takes shape and human power is strong enough to counteract and transform nature, the relationship between human and water has changed. Humans have changed from passively "living by water" to "relying on water". Wherever people move, they will lead the flow of water.More than 3,000 years ago, after King Wu conquered Zhou, he named his younger brother Zhao Gongshi to establish the Kingdom of Yan here, and began to build the city at the ferry of Yongding River.The history of urban construction in Beijing began with water conservancy renovation.At the beginning of the 10th century AD, the Khitan tribe established the Liao Dynasty, designated it as the accompanying capital, and renamed it Nanjing. In 1125 AD, the Jurchen tribe destroyed the Liao Dynasty and established the Jin Dynasty, officially established the capital here, named it Zhongdu, and Beijing City began the history of building a capital. .The capital was greatly developed for water conservancy, and water from the Lianhua River was diverted to build a moat.Irrigation, water transportation, flood control, and water supply networks are dotted in the city of Zhongdu.

In the Yuan Dynasty in 1267, the city of "Beijing" was officially named and became the political and cultural center of the country.The development of the capital reached its heyday.Guo Shoujing, the Metropolitan Water Superintendent, received an imperial edict to dredge and expand the Grand Canal that started in the Spring and Autumn Period, so that Beijing’s water transport center wharf would go directly from Tongzhou on the outskirts of Beijing to the base of the imperial city in the city. Covered by water, materials and tributes from all over the country, especially in the south, were continuously transported to Beijing through sea and canal waterways. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal made Beijing truly a city floating on water, and the prosperity of Kyoto was the best in the world for a while.During the more than 200 years since the Qing soldiers entered the customs, they have made outstanding achievements in using lake spring water to build royal gardens, creating dozens of royal gardens such as Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, and Yuanmingyuan, leaving precious cultural heritage to the world.Another water conservancy effect of the Qing Dynasty was the governance of the Yongding River.In the thirty-seventh year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty [1698], embankments were built on both sides of the lower reaches of Sanjiadian of the Yongding River to prevent flooding, so that the river that had migrated indefinitely for thousands of years and was good at silting and clearing was called "Wuding River" and "Lugou River". Since then, the river course has been relatively stable and no longer floods frequently. "Wuding River" was named "Yongding River" by Emperor Kangxi.

During the period of the Republic of China, wars continued, the economic development of Beijing stagnated, water conservancy projects and the appearance of the ancient city were destroyed, and the people were in dire straits.It was not until the founding of New China in 1949 that under the leadership of the party and the people's government, Beijing's water conservancy construction made great progress. Four large-scale reservoirs including Miyun Reservoir and 16 medium-sized reservoirs were built, as well as the Yongding River Diversion Canal and the Jingmi Diversion Canal. The water canals and other facilities meet the needs of urban water supply, and then gradually strengthen the comprehensive management of urban water systems, and complete the dredging of the six seas in the city [West Sea, Houhai, Qianhai, Beihai, Zhonghai, and South China Sea] and the transformation of ancient rivers.Today, the ancient Kunyu River is sparkling, with boats and boats singing, and the Tonghui River is like a jade belt, shining and shining brightly.The eight scenic spots in Kyoto in the past: the autumn wind in Taiye, the spring shade in Qiongdao, the sunset in Jintai, the smoked trees in Jimen, the clear snow in Xishan, the Baotu in Yuquan, the dawn in Lugou, and the emerald greenery in Juyong, are being nourished by the dense water network. now.

The development and progress of human beings can reach infinity, but the environmental water resources on the earth are not inexhaustible.After thousands of years, Beijing, a city with a population of 18 million, is now facing a serious shortage of water resources.Global warming and the destruction of ecology by people in the process of industrialization have gradually resulted in less precipitation, heavy wind and sand, and desertification in Beijing.The shortage of water resources is not only a common problem faced by Beijing, but also urban development around the world.In the long history of human development, after the stage of predatory exploitation and utilization of natural resources, especially water, has passed, people who have entered the post-industrial era have re-aware of the truth that water is the lifeblood of human existence and the importance of water to economic development. huge constraints.Today's government departments at all levels in Beijing are stepping up the formulation of measures to intensify efforts to carry out effective protection and scientific utilization of water resources.The Standing Committee of the Beijing Municipal People's Congress is also actively raising funds to protect the capital's water system from damage through legislation.I believe that in the near future, a modern metropolis with sparkling waves, clear water and blue sky, flowing water waves, clear clouds and breezy wind, and brimming with autumn water will be presented to the world.

There are five major water systems in Beijing that flow through the city walls, they are: Yongding River System, Chaobai River System, Daqing River System, Ji Canal Water System and Bei Canal Water System.Among them, the Yongding River system has the longest history and has the greatest impact on Beijing. The Yongding River, the mother river of Beijing, was not called "Yongding" at first, but "Wuding River". It has often flooded in history, and its migration is uncertain, and it is good at silting and clearing. , so there are also the names of "Hunhe River" and "Mundy Water", and it was also called "Little Yellow River" in ancient times.Since the embankment was built and the dam was built to lock the river in the Kangxi period, the course of this river has basically not changed much. Therefore, Emperor Kangxi gave it the name "Yongding River". Do not spam.However, the real "eternal stability" of the river was not in the feudal dynasty and the subsequent era of corrupt and dark Kuomintang rule, but in the Guanting Reservoir built by the People's Government in 1951 under the leadership of the Communist Party of China after the founding of the People's Republic of China. , locked the upstream water, perfected the basin planning of the entire Yongding River.In history, a river that once brought blessings and disasters, until now its ups and downs have truly begun to be fully controlled by human beings.

Yongding River was originally the ancient course of the Yellow River, roughly formed in the late Pleistocene of the Quaternary, with a history of hundreds of thousands of years.The Yongding River System is one of the five major water systems in the Haihe River Basin. It is located at 112°-117°45′ east longitude and 39°-41°20′ north latitude, with a total length of 747 kilometers. , 43 counties and cities in the autonomous region, the drainage area is 47,016 square kilometers, of which the mountainous area is 45,063 square kilometers, and the plain area is 1,953 square kilometers. In the upper reaches of the Yongding River, there are two major tributaries, the Yanghe River and the Sanggan River.The northern branch of the Yang River in the upper reaches is one of the main tributaries of the Yongding River. It originates in Xinghe County, Inner Mongolia. It is composed of three rivers, namely the Dongyang River, the Xiyang River and the Nanyang River.The Dongyang River and Xiyang River originate from the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and the Nanyang River originates from Yanggao, Shanxi Province. The three rivers are called Yanghe River after converging at Anzhuangtun near Chaigoubao in Huai'an, Hebei Province.The northern branch of the Sanggan River in the upper reaches is another major tributary of the Yongding River. It originates from the northern foot of Guancen Mountain in Ningwu, Shanxi Province. The river is 437 kilometers long and has a drainage area of ​​26,547 square kilometers. The two tributaries of Sanggan River and Yanghe River are called Yongding River after converging at Zhuguantun, Huailai County.The Yongding River passes through the Xishan Mountains in Beijing and exits Sanjiadian in Mentougou. It flows southeastward and enters the Bohai Sea through the Yongdingxin River near Tianjin. The length of the river in Beijing is 187 kilometers, and the drainage area is 3168 square kilometers. The upper reaches of the Yongding River, from the source to Huailai, flow through the plateau mountainous area, where several tributaries converge, and the current is turbulent. The river carries a large amount of sand and gravel and rolls down, causing serious soil erosion.The middle reaches, from Huailai to Sanjiadian, Mentougou, Beijing, are full of twists and turns in canyons, with rapid currents, large drops, and roaring rivers, more like an unruly horse, often causing frequent landslides and mudslides.The mud rushed to the downstream area of ​​Sanjiadian, causing the downstream river to be blocked and flooded frequently.Therefore, Yongding River has been called "Little Yellow River" since ancient times. Years are long, mulberry fields vicissitudes of life.The flooding of the Yongding River not only changed the landscape of the mountains, but also changed the biomorphology along the river.The continuous filling and accumulation of a large amount of sand and debris carried by the Yongding River from the middle and upper reaches has caused the low-lying areas in the lower reaches of Sanjiadian, Mentougou, Beijing to be silted up and raised year by year. Over the years, a huge Yongding River alluvial fan has gradually formed.This alluvial fan plain with dense river network and fertile soil provided a suitable place for early human activities in Beijing.Later, the city outline of Beijing was formed on the side of the back of the alluvial fan of the Yongding River. In history, the Yongding River did not flow smoothly along a fixed channel.According to the textual research in "The Yongding River and Beijing in History" by Yin Junke and others, the Yongding River has experienced several major swings on the Beijing Plain: "Before the Shang Dynasty, the river flowed out of the West Mountain and then flowed northwestward through Babao Mountain, passing through today's Kunming. The lake then enters the Qinghe River and enters the sea along the North Canal. Later, about the Western Zhou Dynasty, the main stream of the Yongding River moved north from Babao Mountain to the Zizhuyuan Line, and entered the sea along the Ba River and the North Canal through Jishuitan. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Western Han Dynasty, the river flowed from the Jishuitan to the sea It flows southward, flows southward through the Future Sea, Shichahai, Beihai, Zhongnanhai, flows into the North Canal through Longtan Lake, Xiaotaihou River and Liangshui River, and then into the sea. From the Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, the Yongding River has moved to the south of Beijing today, namely From Shijingshan to the south, it turns east again, passes between Majiabao and Nanyuan, continues to flow southeast, and then flows into the sea through Liangshui River and Beiyun River. After the Tang Dynasty, the Yongding River below the Marco Polo Bridge was divided into two branches, and the southeast branch still runs through Majia. Between Baobao and Nanyuan, the southern branch flows along the Fenghe River, and gradually swings westward, and then the southern branch becomes the mainstream. Since the embankment was built in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the Yongding River has become what it is today." [Yin Junke Wu Wentao: "Historical History Yongding River and Beijing", Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, published in October 2005]. After the founding of New China, the establishment of Guanting Reservoir completely changed the appearance and direction of Yongding River.This ancient mother river has fulfilled its historical mission and was locked on the outskirts of the city, no longer taking on the task of providing drinking water for the city of Beijing.The water in the Guanting Reservoir was once semi-polluted and was mainly used for industrial water in the western part of Beijing.It has become Beijing's backup drinking water source. In 2006, after the fishing ban and pollution cleanup, the water in Guanting Reservoir reached the standard again, becoming Beijing's fourth backup drinking water source after Miyun Reservoir, Huairou Reservoir and Pinggu Reservoir. For thousands of years, the Yongding River has nurtured the growth of the people of Beijing, and many beautiful legends about the Yongding River have been produced in the process of being with the Yongding River day and night.The legends that have been handed down include the legend of blocking the river, the legend of Shijing Mountain and Shijing Mountain, the legend of buffaloes in Yongdinghe Town, the legend of Old Man Wang planting willows on the embankment, the legend of General Feng severely punishing veterans, the legend of the origin of Mayu Village, And the legend of Liuniang Mansion and so on. It is worth mentioning the legends of Shijing Mountain and Shijing Mountain.It tells the story about Shijingshan in Beijing today, which is very interesting.Shijingshan is also called Shijingshan and Shijingshan.According to Xu Yongbin's "Reconstruction of Shijingshan Tianzhu Palace Stele", it says: "The mountain is called the Stone Scripture, and it is also called the Dampness Scripture."The Yongding River starts from Sanjiadian in Mentougou and flows into the Shijingshan area, and then flows southeast through Wulituo, Mayu, Pangcun, Shougang factory area and other places. "The Legend of Shijing Mountain and Shijing Mountain" talks about: In the past, Tang Seng and his disciples went to the west to learn Buddhist scriptures from the prosperous Eastern Tang Dynasty, and when they reached the boundary of Yongding River Shijing Mountain, they were stopped by the surging river up.I saw that the wind was high and the waves were rough, and the dark waves followed one after another, making it impossible for pedestrians to swim across.The four masters and apprentices were in a hurry when they saw a big white turtle swimming in the water. It turned out that it was the local guardian of this Yongding River, and its lifespan was over a thousand years old.The big white mangy-headed turtle stood up to help and used his broad back to carry the master and apprentice across the river.The old turtle also asked the Tang monk to go to the west to see the Buddha, and ask him in front of the Buddha, how long is the lifespan of these giant turtles, when will the end be reached, and when will they be reincarnated and cultivated. At this point in the story, readers will understand that the plot here is copied from the classic novel. It is about the story of the Tang monk, his master and his disciples who were blocked on their way to learn the scriptures. Fortunately, a big white turtle in the river helped them cross the river.However, what people crossed was not the "Yongding River" or "Wuding River", but the Tongtian River in the Yuan County of Chechi Congress at that time, in the northwest of today's Shaanxi. Why can people in the Beijing area move their stories to Shijingshan on the banks of the Yongding River where they live?The source of the story is all because there is a drying platform left on Shijingshan.It is said that when Monk Tang passed the Yongding River after getting the scriptures from India, another giant white turtle came to meet them and carried them across the river.Halfway through the swim, when Lao Yuan asked Tang Seng what he had asked, Tang Seng remembered that he forgot to ask.In a rage, Lao Yuan threw Tang Seng and his gang into the Yongding River.The water in the river was dangerous, the four masters and apprentices rolled, crawled and scratched to get ashore, they almost survived, but those big boxes of scriptures fell into the water one after another.Wukong and other disciples hurriedly turned around and went into the water to salvage them, and then dried the drenched scriptures on the stones on the shore.So this place became a "hanging platform".Since then, people have called the mountain where Tang Seng dried the scriptures "Shijing Mountain". This name has been passed down, and it is now called "Shijing Mountain".This is also the last ninety-ninth and eighty-one difficulties that Tang Seng experienced in the ninety-ninth chapter "Ninety-Nine Numbers End Demons Extinct, Three and Three Lines Return to the Root" after returning from learning the scriptures. In the water of the Tianhe River, it needs to be salvaged and put on the stones on the bank to dry in the sun. Is "Yongding River" the "Tongtian River"?Did Tang Monk pass through Beijing to learn Buddhist scriptures? Were the "Drying Sutra Terrace" and "Wet Sutra Mountain" really the places where they were drying the scriptures in the past?In fact, it doesn’t matter whether these things are facts or not. The important thing is that these imaginative and beautiful legends have enriched Beijing’s Yongding River culture and provided a useful reference for studying the relationship between Beijing’s rivers and production and development. The Chaobai River is the second largest river in Beijing. It is an important river flowing through the north and east of Beijing. It also belongs to the Haihe River system.Chaobai River refers to two rivers, Chaohe River and Baihe River.The Chaohe River and the Baihe River converge near Hechao Village in Miyun County, and it was called the Chaobai River. The upper reaches of Chaobai River, Chaohe River, originate from Fengning County, Hebei Province. It was called Dayu River and Ruhe River in ancient times, also known as Baoqiu [Qiu] Water.It originated at the foot of the south mountain of Caonianzigou, Fengning Manchu Autonomous County, Hebei Province, passed through Luanping County, and flowed into Miyun County, Beijing from Gubeikou. Injected into Miyun Reservoir, the river is 72 kilometers long in Beijing. Another tributary of the Chaobai River, the Baihe River, originates in Guyuan County in the north of Hebei Province, near the Bashang area on the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Pure and white, hence the name Baihe.The Baihe River enters Yanqing County in Beijing through Baihebao in Chicheng County, and flows eastward through Qingshiling in Huairou County into Miyun County. Along the way, tributaries such as Heihe River, Tanghe River, and Baimaguan River flow into it, and flow into Miyun Reservoir near Zhangjiafen. According to the "Miyun County Chronicle", the two tributaries of the Chaohe River and the Baihe River converged near Niulan Mountain in Shunyi in ancient times. Due to people's development and utilization of the river section, the river was diverted. Later, the two tributaries were changed to converge near Hecao Village in Miyun County , the river after confluence is called Chaobai River.Chaobai River has a total length of 467 kilometers and a drainage area of ​​19,559 square kilometers.In the upper mountainous area of ​​Chaobai River, the valley is deep and the river is narrow, and the water flow is turbulent. The riverbed in the plain area is small, the river valley is open, there are many sandy rivers, and the river is prone to flooding.After the founding of New China, excavation of the Chaobai New River began in 1950. The Chaobai River was diverted from Xianghe County, Hebei Province, through Huangzhuangwa and Qilihai into the Jiyun River, and then to Beitang into the Bohai Sea.Later, two large reservoirs, Miyun Reservoir and Huairou Reservoir, 5 medium-sized reservoirs, and 33 small-scale reservoirs were built to control floods in mountainous areas. With Miyun Reservoir as the source of water diversion, the Jingmi Aqueduct was opened, which became the source of water supply to the urban area of ​​Beijing. aorta. The Daqing River is also one of the five major rivers in the Haihe River System.The Daqing River is divided into two major water systems, the north and the south: the north branch is dominated by the Juma River, and the south branch is connected to the Baiyangdian Lake by the Tang River [滱水] and Zhulong River systems, and the eastward flow is called the Zhaowang River.After Zhaowang River and Juma River converge to Xinzhen, it is called Daqing River.The Daqing River joins the Ziya River near the Sixteenth Fort, and passes through the Xihe Gate to enter the Haihe River in Tianjin. The northern branch of the Daqing River system, the Juma River, has a main stream of 254 kilometers long, and a main stream passing through Beijing is 61 kilometers long, with a drainage area of ​​433 square kilometers.Juma River was also known as "Laishui", "Juma Water" and "Juma River" in ancient times, and it was named Juma River after the Jin Dynasty.The Juma River originates from the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain in the northwest of Laiyuan County, Hebei Province. Ditch, Baiyangdian Lake, and Daqing River flow into the sea.The Dashi River originates from the southern foot of Baihua Mountain, flows eastward to the Manshui River out of the mountain, turns southward and flows into the plain, and joins the Mashaquan River, Zhoukoudian River, and Jiakuo River along the way, and enters the North Juma River in Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province .The Xiaoqing River originates from the eastern slope of Ma'an Mountain in Fengtai, Beijing, and enters the North Juma River in Zhuo County, Hebei Province. The upper reaches of the Juma River are full of valley sediment, and the lower reaches form a plain of alluvial fans, leaving a large number of relics of ancient human activities.In the Juma River Basin, there are the Zhoukoudian ape-man site in Beijing and the earliest city building site in Beijing, the Liulihe Yan State Capital City site in the Western Zhou Dynasty.This is the birthplace of early human civilization and urban civilization in Beijing. There is also a legend about the origin of the name "Juma River": According to legend, during the Jin Dynasty, Shi Le, the leader of the Qiang nationality, led a million troops to attack, and the guardian general Liu Kun led only 100,000 elite soldiers to stop it on the bank of the Juma River.The night was dark and the wind was high, the Juma River was fast-flowing, the terrain was dangerous, and the strength of the two sides was very different. Liu Kun saw that he could not fight hard, so he ordered people to cut down the tree stumps overnight, nailed the stumps into the river, and wrapped the stumps between the stumps. , so that they all hide in the water and wait for the invading enemy.The next day, when Shi Le's million troops rushed into the river, they saw the horses tripping over tree stumps and ropes one after another.Shi Le himself was also trapped in the middle of the river, with nowhere to run, when he was furious and desperate, he spurted out a mouthful of blood and fell into the water to die.In this battle, the guardian general Liu Kun won a complete victory, interpreting an ancient war legend of winning more with less. "Juma River" also got its name from this. The North Canal is the northern end of the famous North-South Grand Canal in my country. Its upstream Wenyu River is the only river system originating in Beijing.The ancient name of Wenyu River is Shiyushui, Wenyushui, Yuhe River and so on.Originating from Juyongguan, Changping County at the southern foot of Yanshan Mountain, it has a total length of 47.5 kilometers and a drainage area of ​​2,478 square kilometers.The upper reaches of Wenyu River are composed of Dongsha, Hebei and Nansha rivers.There are Deshengkou Valley, Zhuishikou Valley and Laojuntang Valley on Dongsha River; Yanggou, Baiyugou and Gaoyakougou; Zhoujiaxianggou on the Nansha River.After the three Shahe Rivers converge in Shahe Town, they are called Wenyu River, Nalingou River, Qinghe River, and Ba River, and flow to Tongzhou boundary. The North Canal is called Beiyun River below the North Gate of Tongzhou. It exits Beijing at Niumutun and enters Tianjin. It enters the Yongding River and finally enters the sea.The Beiyun River is the only river among the five major water systems in Beijing that has water all year round. There are two branches on the upper source of the Jiyun River, one is the Zhou River and the other is the Yi River.The Mao River is in the easternmost part of Beijing, and its course crosses the territory of Pinggu.The Mao River originates from Paomachang Township and Maoshan Township, Xinglong County, Hebei Province, flows southward through Luozhuangzi in the northern part of Jixian County, Tianjin, enters Pinggu County near Nihe Village, enters the Cuo River and Jinji River successively, then turns south, flows out of Beijing, and The vicinity of Jiujiangkou in Hebei Province converges with the Zhou River, and it was originally called the Jiyun River.The Jiyun River has a total length of 206 kilometers and a drainage area of ​​1,712 square kilometers. It has a total length of 66 kilometers in Beijing and a drainage area of ​​952 square kilometers. The drainage area of ​​the Jiyun River in Beijing is very small, and this place was not part of the capital city in the past, so there are very few royal buildings in this drainage basin.During the Warring States Period, it was used as a water transportation channel. After deepening in the early years of the Republic of China, three large ferries, Siqu, Ruiying, and Yingcheng, were established in Pinggu County. After Pinggu County was assigned to Beijing in 1958, the city sluice, Haizi reservoir and Sanhe diversion sluice were built on the Yi River.Haizi Reservoir is now the scenic Jinhai Lake Park. In addition to the five major water systems in Beijing introduced above, there are many smaller rivers other than the water systems, which have an important impact on the soil, climate, royal garden construction and people's daily production and life in Beijing.For example, the Wind River originated from the Tuan River in Daxing District, the Guishui River in the northeast mountainous area of ​​Yanqing County, the Jiangan River in Mulin Township, Shunyi, the Qing River and its tributary Xiaoyue River in the Xiangshan area of ​​Haidian, and the Lugouqiao Township The Liangshui River and its tributary Lianhua River in Shuitouzhuang originate from the Wanquan River in Haidian Wanquanzhuang, the Ba River and its tributary Liangma River in Zuojiazhuang, Chaoyang District, etc. Water control in ancient Beijing mainly included four parts: irrigation, water transportation, palace water [including the building of royal gardens], and river flood control. Before Beijing became the capital, the water conservancy projects in Beijing, the capital of the vassal states, were mostly limited to water diversion and development, and the use of water resources for agricultural irrigation.In the Liao Dynasty, Beijing was used as the accompanying capital, especially after Beijing was established as the capital of Jinding, providing clean drinking water for the imperial city and opening up water transportation channels became the top priorities.In order to transport material tribute from all over the country to the capital to meet the needs of the city, canals were dug for water transportation with great vigor.The construction of Jinshui River, Tonghui River, Jishuitan, and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal are all achievements after the construction of the imperial city, especially the capital of Yuan Dynasty.The Qing court built a large-scale Royal Forest Garden at the foot of the West Mountain in Beijing, which also changed the water system of the capital to a large extent.The embankment, dam repair and dredging reconstruction of the Yongding River is also a major water conservancy event to be done in the past dynasties.After the governance of the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Beijing has formed a Beijing urban water system pattern with traditional Chinese characteristics, with Tonghui River as the main line connecting urban rivers and lakes, culverts and gates, and rivers and lakes connected to surround Beijing. Beijing has been called Ji, Youzhou, Yandu, Youdu, Yanjing, Nanjing, Yanshan, Zhongdu, Daxing, Daduhanbali, Beiping, Wanping and Beijing in history. The name "Beijing" originated from the eighteenth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty [1403]. After Ming Chengzu Zhu Di became emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing [Yingtianfu] to Beiping Mansion, the fief of him when he was King Yan, in the "Longxing Land" The capital of Beijing was built here.This is the beginning of the official naming of "Beijing", which has a history of more than 600 years. According to the ancient Chinese Physiognomy, "Generally, the city and the city are built according to the rivers and lakes, or the water is passed through the city, or the water is built near the water. It is said that the water is prosperous and the energy is sufficient." More than 3000 years ago, King Wu After the defeat of Zhou and the demise of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, Zhao Gongshi, the younger brother of Dagong, was named here, and Zhao Gongshi established the Yan Kingdom here, and began to build the city at the ferry of the Yongding River.The history of urban construction in Beijing began with water conservancy renovation.Youzhou is an important place, which is the necessary area for the northern minorities to enter the Central Plains. At that time, there were swamps everywhere, rivers and lakes intersected, and the water of Yongding River and Gaoliang River was wanton. The transportation was exhausted. The only way to cross the Yongding River was along the front of the Xishan Mountain. , before becoming a land passage.The site of Yan State was chosen by the ferry for survival.More than a hundred years later, the powerful Yan State annexed the neighboring State of Ji, and moved its capital to the center of the original Jicheng, which is now the Guang'anmen area of ​​Xuanwumen. Since then, the ancient city of Jicheng has become the capital of the State of Yan. It has been here for nearly 800 years. The use and management of water resources during the Yan Kingdom was very effective. They no longer passively lived by the water like the ancients, and obeyed the water.People realize that for those rivers that often flood, it is impossible to blindly intercept and block the upstream as in the past, which will cause the drying up of the downstream rivers, barren fields, and loss of drinking water sources.If the river water can be effectively diverted for development and utilization, the water will flow long and the rivers will flourish. "Introduction will lead to the Changjin Committee's attention, and containment will cause the micro-river to stop flowing." Interception and blockage and diversion and water delivery control technologies should complement each other. "Water is in harmony, and flexibility is up to me", and the initiative is firmly in the hands of people. .According to this concept, the Beijingers at that time were able to effectively use the Juma River and the Daqing River to dig the Dukang irrigation canal and divert water to irrigate the fields.The water from the Dukang irrigation canal irrigates the farmland in Fangshan and Liangxiang in Beijing today, as well as Zhuoxian and Laishui counties in Hebei Province, making the land in this area fertile and thousands of hectares of good farmland.At the end of the Warring States period, Qin Wang Yingzheng was ambitious to destroy the six kingdoms, and continued to invade the north. He had already captured King Zhao, and Yan Guo was in danger.Prince Dan of Yan sent Jing Ke to assassinate King Qin in order to eliminate the threat of subjugation.Accompanied by the warrior Qin Wuyang, the heroic assassin Jing Ke set off from here. In addition to bringing the head of an enemy surnamed Fan that the King of Qin had always wanted to kill, he also brought the map of the thousands of acres of fertile land in the Dukang Irrigation District of Yandi that the King of Qin had coveted for a long time. .The dagger used to assassinate King Qin is hidden in this picture, and the blade has been tempered with strong poison.As a result, when the King of Qin was admiring the picture, "I saw the picture with a dagger", Jing Ke moved a little slower, causing the King of Qin to escape and slash with his sword back. In the end, Jing Ke himself was buried under the chaotic swords of the ministers and guards.Although Jing Ke's assassination plan by presenting pictures was unsuccessful, it left behind a tragic story in history that "the wind is rustling, the water is cold, and the strong man will never return when he is gone".Qin finally destroyed the six countries and unified the Central Plains.The Yan State was destroyed, but the Dukang Irrigation District remained.After thousands of years of dynasties, this water conservancy project is still being repaired and continues to exert irrigation benefits.Today, some irrigation districts in Fangshan District, Beijing are still producing new fruits on the main lines of the old canals. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Beijing area was able to use abundant water resources to start planting rice.Zhang Kan, governor of Yuyang, used Gushui [now Baihe] and Baoqiu water [now Chaohe] in Hunu County [now Shunyi] to develop 8,000 hectares of rice fields, making the surrounding people rich.The common people chanted a ballad saying: "The mulberry has no branches, and the wheat show has two differences. Zhang Jun is in charge of politics, and he is overjoyed." The greatest achievement of water conservancy projects in Beijing during the Three Kingdoms period was to connect the two major water systems in the east and west of Jicheng, connecting the Gaoliang River and the Chaobai River.During the Three Kingdoms period, in order to solve the irrigation problem in the northern part of Jicheng, Liu Jing, the guardian of the Wei State at that time, built the earliest large-scale water conservancy project in Beijing on the Yongding River near Liangshan [now Shijingshan] in the second year of Wei Jiaping in the Three Kingdoms (250 years)—— Lilingyan water retention dam, and a carriage canal was built in the east of the water retention dam. "Liling" is the tomb of Liu Dan, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Because of his violent nature during his lifetime, later generations called his tomb "Liling".The river barrage dam is located near Liudan Mausoleum, so it is called Liling Weir.The Chexiang Canal is an artificial water diversion channel located in front of the dam. The river diverged from the front of the Liling Weir flows east along the north side of today's Babao Mountain, and flows into the North Gaoliang River in the north of Jicheng.More than ten years later, in 262 A.D. [the third year of Wei Jingyuan], Fan Chen expanded and rebuilt the Liling Weir, which increased the water flow of the carriage canal. The Zhulu River is connected to the Chaobai River, so that the two major water systems in the east and west of Jicheng are interconnected, creating a network-like urban water system structure distribution in the history of Beijing's water conservancy.Liling Weir and Carriage Canal diverted water to irrigate more than 10,000 hectares of farmland around Jicheng, and then passed through Jin Yuankang Five Years [AD 295] Liu Jing’s son Xiaoqi General Liu Hong and Northern Wei Shengui Second Year [AD 519] Youzhou Governor Pei Yanjuan continued to repair and reinforce the project. This irrigation project has been used effectively until the Tang Dynasty, and it has been used continuously for more than 400 years. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in addition to the irrigation of farmland, the use of water in the city of Beijing has begun large-scale water transportation outside the city, opening up water transportation channels.During the Sui Dynasty, Jicheng in Zhuo County was an important frontier fortress and the base camp for the northern expedition to Liao Dynasty.After the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, the Yongji Canal was opened in the fourth year of Daye [608 AD], connecting Qinshui to the Yellow River in the south and Weihe River to Sanggan [now Yongding River] in the north. Along this canal, you can reach the south of Jicheng, Zhuo County. , around the Liangshui River in the south of Beijing today.This was also the northernmost port reached by the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty.Three years later, in the seventh year of Daye [AD 611], the Grand Canal made its maiden voyage, and the supplies for conquest of Liaodong were transported from the area south of Jiangzhun and Luokou, the capital, to Zhuojun. , Stretching for thousands of miles, the scene is spectacular. 到了唐朝，唐太宗东征高丽，以幽州为集结地，委韦挺为馈运使，八百里水路自桑干水抵卢思台作漕舻转粮。唐代泃河水运十分繁忙，边关戍守的大量军需物资，通过鲍丘水从泉州口入泃河，直达檀州【今密云】，“漕运辎饷供应，舣泊舳舻蔽水”，每天都有数十艘帆船往来。唐李清云《泃河渡》诗云：泃河流古今，云帆漫水来。鸟冲鱼儿遁，波涌堤岸拍。军粮积如山，车马运征埃。边关用武地，供给亦劳哉。可见其渡口码头漕运的繁忙景象。 从辽代开始，北京开始了作为陪都和都城的历史。辽会同元年【公元938年】升幽州为南京，作为辽代的陪都。南京城中心在今宣武门一代，引城西的西湖【莲花池】水供皇宫之需和建护城濠。城里大小湖泊密布，城东通州的张家湾以南过去是方圆百里的延芳淀，与城北瑶屿岛【今北海】的山水琼景，都是君王巡幸休闲胜地。 陪都南京城里与水有关的大事一是修成“萧太后运粮河”，另一件是辽与宋军的“高粱河大战”。辽代时，与北宋连年征战，陪都南京战事连连，所需军辎粮草均从东北海上运来，经北运河水运到通州，再从通州运到南京城里。旱路交通，所费数日，不及供给。辽圣宗时期在萧太后的指挥下，开始开通水路航道，把从通州到旧蓟城的一条旧河道加宽加深，然后与护城濠接通，货运船只从此从通州直达城下。后来人们把这条河叫做萧太后运粮河。 辽保宁十一年【公元979年】，辽军在萧太后的指挥下，与北宋在幽州西北的高粱河一带打过一次“高粱河大战”。据考证，大战的主战场当在今德胜门沿高粱河至铁家坟一带，旧时是高粱河河道北支，上源来自石景山附近的古永定河段，由今凉水河入通州的潞水。双方都投入兵力几十万，宋军大败而归。宋朝为防止辽军南侵，还在蓟城南部的白沟河【拒马河】以南挖掘坑塘拒马，设置防隘。诸多坑塘渠道连成水乡泽国，不仅成为安全屏障，同时也减少了水患的发生，为白沟河以南的农业生产灌溉提供便利条件。 金代于贞元元年【公元1153年】，将今北京西南部宣武区一带的辽南京城扩建为中都城。金定都中都以后，依然依莲花河水系而建，首先要扩大皇城规模，凸显帝王威仪。金代将原先在城外流淌的莲花河【也称洗屿沟】圈入城中，将莲花河上游莲花池水加以改造，使莲花河水充盈贯穿都城流淌，改名称为“金水河”。皇家御花园、皇家太液池、及护城河用水均来自金水河。这种引水入皇城的传统建筑布局，一直延续到明、清时代，北京紫禁城内外均有一条金水河，河上均有白色石桥，一座在故宫太和殿前，一座是天安门前金水桥，符合中国封建传统中皇宫应“引水贯都，以成天汉，横桥南渡，以法牵牛”之皇宫建筑模式。 金代定都燕京城建中都后，也曾开凿过运河。当时中都城所需要的日常用品及军需物资，从南方及东北运到通州后，主要是从张家湾通过辽代的萧太后河运进中都城里，但是旧时的萧太后运粮河河水日益枯竭，已经很难满足运输所需。于是金世宗皇帝于公元1171年就下令开凿金口河，引永定河水以济漕运。金口河西接永定河东岸，上游利用高粱河西段旧道，至八宝山北侧又沿三国时挖掘的车厢渠旧道东行，到西郊半壁店附近离开车厢渠转西南，经今玉渊潭向南进入中都城北护城河，后出东郊，与萧太后河相连。 因运河引永定河之水，河道经常淤塞影响通航，据《金史》载：“积滓成浅，不能胜舟”，于是在公元1187年废置不用，只留下了一条储水的沟。当时还在金口河下游开凿了闸河，它便是通惠河的前身。1205年改从白莲潭【今天什刹海一带】通过高粱河引水，白莲潭上接玉泉山及西山一带泉水，下入中都北护城河东入闸河，粮船可直抵中都城下。但是上游泉水水源有限，水位浅，托不起大船，船从通州进来，要十天半个月才能到城里，每年只能航运春秋两个季节，一到冬季结冰和夏季暴雨就得停航，这条河道运行时间不长，金迁都开封后即遭废弃。 金代城内运河航运的功能虽不久即废，中心区域白莲潭即今什刹海一带却繁荣起来，金代在这片宽阔的水域上大兴土木修建水上林苑岛屿，即今天北海公园的前身，其中有琼华岛【今北海公园白塔所在处】、瑶光台、瑶光楼【今北海团城】，建造了大宁离宫【万宁宫】，成为世宗、章宗休闲游幸之地，也给后世留下宝贵的皇家宫苑建筑遗产。 蒙古人占领燕京城后，公元1271年元世祖忽必烈选定在白莲潭【今什刹海】一带，以金代留下的万宁宫为中心新建了一座大都城。宫廷用水采取专用渠道，直接从京西玉泉山引水入京城为金水河，特供皇家御用。并下禁令，严禁在玉泉山砍柴狩猎，河水亦不许垂钓泛舟，金水河严禁洗手等等，严格保持皇家用水的清洁。 据《元史·河渠志》载：“金水河其源出宛平县玉泉山，流至和义门之南水关入京城，故得金水河名。”元朝政府命令将这玉泉山和香山一带的诸泉水汇集起来，接入专门修砌的一条水道，经和义门【西直门】南水关进城后，在今赵登禹路北口南折，顺赵登禹路和太平桥大街南流，到了后泥洼沿西斜街东流，又经甘石桥继续东流，到了灵境胡同中部河水分成两支，一支沿皇城墙西侧北流，过了厂桥继续东流，在今北海公园的万佛楼之北、九龙壁之西南处入太液池【今北海】；另一支继续东流直接入太液池。从太液池南部开口将水引出，过承天门【明清天安门】的周桥【明清金水桥】下东流，在今南池子南口与通惠河接通，然后南流出城。 为满足元大都日益增长的人口的物质需要以及对外防御的军需，迫切需要更加便捷的运输渠道将各地给养源源不断输送进京。开挖运河扩大漕运成为当务之急。元都水监郭守敬实地考察后，认为金代废置的金口河河道仍有开发利用价值，上游可连通西山，下游可以接通京城往南的漕运，只要修整设计得好，应该是不惧洪水来袭的。于是郭守敬向皇帝上奏折建议将金口河重新开通。得到批准后，开始动工，并总结金代开金口河失败的经验，在河道设计上采取措施注重防洪疏淤，在金口河西边增设溢洪通道，西南部扩大其水面，使水流平缓，以防止由于水道过于狭窄而堵塞上游涨水之时涌来的洪灾。 郭守敬重新开通金口河引永定河水漕运后，西山上的木料、石料，通过这条河道运到了大都城里，为首都的建设发挥了作用。金口河漕运使用了三十年。直到元大德五年，卢沟河又一次发大水，郭守敬担心水流湍急冲破金口河堤岸毁坏下游村庄和城市，于是命令将金口河上游用砂石麻袋包堵住，将河道关闭不用。 元代水利工程专家郭守敬做的另一项水利措施是将金代以前的从外围流到通州张家湾的旧漕运河加以利用，连接上从通州到大都城里的水路，开掘坝河漕运水道。他在给朝廷的奏议里写道：“中都旧漕河东至通州，权以玉泉水引入行舟，岁可省僦车费六万缗”。坝河利用了高粱河一条故道之水作为上源，西起光熙门，往东经今太阳宫、酒仙桥、东坝、楼梓庄等地，在沙窝村南入温榆河，加大在城里段的运营能力，使漕运物资能达京师。到了元至元十年至十五年【公元1273—1278年】引玉泉水做金水河特供皇家使用后，漕运河道的水被分流，运营能力受到影响。不得已，又拦河筑坝，因河中筑了七道拦水坝，故又称“阜通七坝”，建设梯级水面，分段驳运，年运量一度达到八十万石。可惜水源不足的问题仍然是影响运输的一大障碍，到了元至正九年以后，坝河水流枯竭河床淤积，行船能力减弱，船只时常被困，外地来的运输船已再难到京城。 寻找新的水源连通大都城里的漕运，成为郭守敬面前的一大紧迫任务。都水监郭守敬又随队出城勘察，踏上寻找新水源之路。至元二十九年【公元1292年】，当郭守敬一行勘察队伍来到北边的昌平城东部时，发现这里有一处汩汩作响的泉眼，水流涌旺，常年不断。这就是昌平北山的白浮泉。经过科学勘测和缜密考量，郭守敬拿出了一项修治都城运河水道新的计划，提出“引北山白浮泉山，西折而南”，沿途汇集十余处泉水入瓮山泊【今昆明湖】，经长河、高粱河，“环汇于积水潭，复东折而南，出南水门合入旧运粮河【即金代闸河】”。 郭守敬计划将京北昌平白浮泉水沿今天的京密引水渠路线导入翁山泊【昆明湖】，然后在翁山泊南端开出一条水道，经和义门【今西直门】北水关将水引入海子【今积水潭后海】。海子的水从今地安门桥处向东流出，在马尾巴斜街南折，过了东不压桥又沿皇城外侧南拐，顺皇城东墙外一直向南流去，在正义路南头出大城后又东折向通州方向流走。大都城里能被这条水道完全贯通。这就是成为京杭大运河直达北京城里段的北京通惠河。 至元二十九年八月，运河城里段的工程开工，两万余军民浩浩荡荡进驻工地。郭守敬亲临指挥，工程设计和施工完全是采用科学化作业，在水利工程学上采用修建“笆口”解决引水与防洪矛盾，利用上下船闸控水来调整船只过闸与节水的矛盾，这在当时都是非常先进的水利技术。在运河的主要干线上修建二十四座水闸。为了加快施工进度，最初全部河段的二十四座船闸都是就地取材，全部为木结构闸，运行十多年后逐渐改建为砖石结构船闸，更加坚固耐用。 运河工程日夜兼程，仅用一年时间，就开凿好从昌平白浮村至通州张家湾一条长64里104步【元制】的运河河段。据《元史·河渠志》里的记载：郭守敬设计兴修的京杭大运河大都城里河段，源出昌平白浮村神山泉，此河“上自昌平县白浮村引神山泉，西折南转，过双塔、榆河、一亩、玉泉诸水，至西水门入都城，南汇为积水潭，东南出文明门，东至通州高丽庄入白河，总长约一百六十四里。”这段运河通航后，南方的贡赋稻米和其它物资源源不断运来，船只络绎不绝，可以从通州张家湾直达都城中心的积水潭，积水潭成了船只汇聚的大码头，整天熙熙攘攘，一片盛世繁忙景象。元世祖忽必烈从上都返回大都，途经积水潭，但见“舳舻蔽水”非常高兴，于三十年之秋，赐运河名曰“通惠”。“通惠河”从此成了北京人的生活息息相关的一条河。它不仅将物资集结到京，每年运送漕粮即达二三百万石，加快了北京都市建设，对沿途的历史风物都带来深刻的影响。通惠河两岸的漕运文化，积水潭文艺中心地段的形成，都跟这条河流有密切关系。通惠河的开凿成功，还使昆明湖成为北京最早的具有调蓄功能的水库。白浮泉等泉水通过白浮翁山河引入西湖【昆明湖】蓄存调节，而后通过长河、高粱河引入积水潭，昆明湖对通惠河水量起了非常大的调蓄作用。 明代从永乐五年【1407年】开始营建北京城，永乐十九年正式从江苏南京迁都北京。明朝建设北京都城，认为元大都所在的城北地区不甚安全，无法有效防范北部来犯者，于是就把元代北城垣向南收缩五里，在今天的安定门东西一线重筑大城，重新开挖护城河。原先元大都在北土城路外的护城河逐渐成为废水沟。明代将城址南移，将连接什刹海到南水门的通惠河一段河道——御河给圈在了城内，从此，从通州开来的漕船不能再直通积水潭什刹海，而只能停在城外东护城河上大通桥。北京通惠河起点改在了东便门外的大通桥，大通桥至二闸一带成为码头，二闸一带逐渐成为货物运输繁忙的港口，每年航运粮食最高时可达640余万石。粮食再运到二闸附近的朝阳门储存起来，朝阳门那时也叫“粮食门”，至今仍还留有很多粮仓的名字如“海运仓”、“北新仓”、“禄米仓”等。 通惠河的二闸也叫庆丰闸，也是修于元朝郭守敬当监水官时期，他在这段河道上修建了五座闸，从东便门起到通州，东便门大通桥的大通闸为头闸，往下庆丰闸为二闸，三闸高碑店闸、四为花园闸、五为普济闸。普济闸往东就是八里桥，过了八里桥，就是通州北门的水码头了。 元大都时期，大都城内的积水潭【什刹海】成为大运河的最终码头时，岸上店铺林立，潭中舳舻蔽水。到了明朝，掐断了积水潭同大运河的联系，转而将漕运码头中心改到城外的大通闸至二闸一带。二闸这里就逐渐繁华起来，形成“漕艘千渡”景象，并成为古燕京八大景之一。 说起来呀，这个“二闸”呢，就是今天北京著名的国贸大北窑CBD中心商务区所在地。它的繁华地位，就是由明朝时期由于城内运河改道而开始确立的。早年间老北京有个俗话，叫做“要喝茶，上二闸”。通惠河二闸庆丰闸这里每天熙熙攘攘，货船装卸、亲朋折柳相送、百姓遛弯听戏，人来人往络绎不绝。通惠河二闸两岸秀美景色，常惹人流连忘返。从明至清，一直到民国时期这里又成为老北京著名的风景点之一，二闸一时也名满天下，几乎取代了原来积水潭一带闹市中心位置，夺了它“燕京秦淮河”之名。清完颜麟庆在《鸿雪因缘图记·二闸修契》中曾有描述：“……其二闸一带，清流萦碧，杂树连青，间以公主山林颇染逸致，故以春秋佳日都人士每往游焉或泛小舟，或循曲岸，或流觞而列坐水次，或踏青而径入山林，日永风和，川晴野媚，觉高情爽气各任其天，是都人游幸之一”。这里是百姓踏青游玩的地方，也是文人墨客聚会之所。到野茶馆歇脚喝茶，听听评书相声，还有那些闲着没事出来掬蛐蛐的、粘知了的、熬鹰的、押鸟的、带孩子招老千玩的……都汇聚在这里。据说大文豪曹雪芹当年就经常和朋友来庆丰闸南的“望东楼”来饮酒赋诗。 明代对于元大都的改造，对水系影响最大的要属通惠河的城内段。原通惠河漕运码头——积水潭什刹海一片水域与大运河隔断之后，这里就成了皇城外的一处湖泊景点，遍地种植莲藕稻米，修建湖亭水榭，秀色迷人，俨然一片江南水乡。元朝时的这一代勾栏歌台酒楼的热闹场景不复存在，换之以达官贵人的别墅花园，王府宅院。没过多久，这里已经是垂柳依依，波光粼粼，“遮天映月无穷碧，接天莲叶无穷碧”，逐渐成为京城最好最贵的地段，谓之“城中第一佳山水”。连接后海与前海的银锭桥，桥身为倒银锭形，站在上面可以遥望西山景色，成为老北京城中八景之一“银锭观山”。 明代在元大都基础上重建北京城，拆除了元代故宫的全部建筑，重建一座新的皇宫。他们在新建的宫城外开挖了一条宽52米、长35公里的护城河环绕，也称筒子河，将元代的太液池【今北海】向南部扩挖，并建瀛台，形成北海、中海、南海皇家林苑，还把太液池的水引进紫禁城里，起到防火和调节紫禁城里小气候的作用。明朝又在城外开挖了东护城河、北护城河、西护城河和前三门护城河。此后扩建南城，又开挖了南护城河。 元末明初，积水潭水源上游的村庄、人口增加，大量开垦，导致河道淤塞，积水潭的来水渐渐减少，明初浮白渠干涸，高粱河上流水源匮乏，于是明政府又重新疏浚了西山入昆明湖的水道，通西山、玉泉诸水以济高粱河。同时，由于个别地区拦坝蓄水等水利工程修缮不利，城里低洼地带经常会出现暴雨时堵塞水流不畅、污水横流场面。明政府又挖掘了大量的排水沟、减水河，以保证城内的水质水量和排水通畅。著名的北京金鱼池龙须沟、北京三里河等都是这一时期开挖的地上排水沟。 清王朝占据北京城里后，北京城区和河系没有大的变动，基本沿用了明朝时期的皇城宫苑和水利设施。清王朝治水的两个功绩，一是利用西郊海淀一带泉水、湖泊，疏浚西山水源，建造皇家林苑。二是治理了长年泛滥的永定河。从康熙到乾隆100余年间，在西山香山和玉泉山一带修成举世瞩目的三山五园风景区，即香山的静宜园、玉泉山的静明园、万寿山的清漪园【颐和园】及附近的畅春园和圆明园。清代继续利用通惠河漕运，并疏浚护城河，使大通桥的漕船直达朝阳门和东直门。为了将粮米运往八旗军驻军屯守的城北部海淀和清河地区，清朝从自康熙年间【公元1707年】起，开通会清河，从水磨闸起，经过沙子营，一直到通州石坝上，中间建起七道闸门，将粮食由通州通流河【北运河】运到本裕仓，并在清河镇上建起150余间粮仓。 对泛滥无常的北京那条母亲河——永定河的治理，成为历朝历代政府的一块心病。清朝加大了对永定河的治理力度，乾隆九年【公元1744年】曾一度有人想到从河流上游开始治起，大学士高斌在永定河上游桑干河、洋河、妫水河三河交汇处修建了两道堆石坝，以控制减缓通往下游的水流。实际上这已经是兼具了水库的功能。只可惜，石坝的设计科学性较差，只做硬性拦河堵截，未设溢洪排水通道，三年后当上游大洪水来袭时石坝随即被冲毁。直到清康熙三十七年【公元1698年】，在永定河三家店下游两岸筑堤建坝，规束河道，使河床不再漫溢，水流只能沿河堤中间河道流出。河道相对稳定，康熙皇帝心里高兴，以为从此天下太平，遂御笔一挥，将历代称为“无定河”、“卢沟河”的一条大河赐名“永定河”。清朝雍正年间还在永定河卢沟桥上游1580米处建了24级水志，测报永定河水情，以水志水位涨落向下游传递水情。水志现在仍保留14级。此举仍不能挡住永定河的泛滥。直到新中国成立之