Chapter 44 Chapter 43 The Vicissitudes of the Haihe River System

Modern archaeological discoveries: The eastern foot of Taihang Mountain used to be the coastline of the west coast of Bohai Sea in ancient times.Due to the impact of the glacial period, large-scale transgression and regression occurred on the ground. After the regression occurred five or six thousand years ago, the ground in Tianjin area rose and gradually formed land. So far, there are still three long arc-shaped coastal shell embankments in the eastern part of the Tianjin Plain.That is the "footprint" left by the retreat of the coast and the eastward advancement of the plain.As Shen Kuo, a scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, said in "Mengxi Bi Tan": "I am envoys to Hebei, follow the Taihang and go north. Between the cliffs, there are often people with snail shells and stones like bird eggs, which stretch across the stone wall like a belt. This is the past. The seashore. It is nearly a thousand miles away from the sea to the east, and the so-called continents are all buried in muddy mud. Yao’s ray is in Yushan, which used to be said to be in the East Sea, but now it is in Pinglu.”

As the sea recedes, it is not only land but also rivers that "go eastward". Rivers in ancient times had no embankments, and they were most "free and undisciplined".Even the Yellow River has shifted its course many times, entering the sea from Tianjin.By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Haihe River system was formed, collecting water from the Yanshan Mountains and Taihang Mountains, and together with the Pearl River, Yangtze River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Liaohe River, and Songhua River, it was called "China's Seven Great Water Systems". Tianjin then became "the lower tip of the Nine Rivers".

In "Shui Jing" and "Shui Jing Zhu" written by Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Nine Rivers are called: Qing [Water], Qi [Water], Zhang [Water], Huan [Wei River], Kou [Daqing River], Yi [Water], Lai [Juma River], Ru [Luan River], and Gu [North Canal] all belong to the Haihe River and enter the sea.The so-called Haihe River refers to the main stream where all the rivers of the Haihe River system converge into the sea. It starts from the Jingang Bridge in the west of Tianjin and ends at Dagukou in the east, with a total length of 72 kilometers. In fact, its upper reaches are not limited to the Nine Rivers. There are as many as 300 rivers, the longest of which is more than a thousand kilometers long.Like a huge fan, it spreads obliquely on the land of North China, forming the Haihe River system.

1 Water benefits everything, and Tianjin is the biggest beneficiary of the Haihe River system. After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, he named his son Zhu Di the King of Yan, who guarded Beijing and stationed troops on both sides of the Haihe River.Zhu Di wanted to expand his influence, so he opened up villages in the surrounding area, and moved a large number of immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River and the Central Plains... As a result, the area around the mouth of the Sancha River, where the Grand Canal, Daqing River and Ziya River converge, began to become prosperous, with ships gathering, water transport developed, merchants converging, and shops everywhere.

At that time, the busiest places around Sanchahekou were called "Sanchakou" and "Xiaozhigu". There are many sells on the lower tip of the Sanhe River and on both sides of the Haihe River, and it was once known as 72 sells.According to the explanation of Li Dongyang, the Minister of the Ministry of Households and a scholar in the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty: the place where the small water enters the sea is the place to sell. In 1400, the king of Yan raised troops to compete with Emperor Jianwen, thinking that Xiaozhigu was not small, it was an important road for land and water transportation between the north and the south, and it could have great potential, so it should be named well.

A minister flattered Zhu Di, saying that the king of Yan, following the emperor's will to pacify the north, should change "Xiaozhigu" to "Tianping".Veteran Liu Bowen objected and suggested calling it "Tianjin".Naturally, he also had an argument: King Yan accepted the order of the sage at a thousand years old to hang the people and punish crimes, which is in line with God's will, so it is called "Tian"; the car driver crosses the river here, so "Tian" is followed by "Tian". In ancient times, there was a "Tianjin Bridge" in Luoyang, and there were nine stars in the Tianhe River, and those who could occupy the Tianhe River were called "Tianjin".

The word "Tianjin" is very grand and elegant.The king of Yan immediately agreed and ordered the local government to merge Sanchakou and Xiaozhigu into "Tianjin". It can be seen that it is precisely because of the Haihe River that Tianjin Wei, which was located at the "center of sea transportation and merchant ship exchanges" 600 years ago, made Tianjin the largest industrial, commercial and port trade city in northern China in modern times. The Haihe River is the blood of Tianjin and can be called the mother river of Tianjin. Of course, the Haihe River has become the main symbol of Tianjin, and has become its strong and vast backing.

2 However, while human beings rely on rivers to thrive and develop their economy, they have also suffered from the flooding of rivers. The Haihe River system borders the Bohai Sea in the east, the Yellow River in the south, the Taihang Mountains in the west, and the Yanshan Mountains in the north. The eastern and northeastern parts of Henan and Shanxi have a total area of ​​320,000 square kilometers... Since ancient times, it has been a bohemian river.Its complex fan-shaped water system has a huge fan surface and a very short handle, like a huge cattail fan, covering the land of the Northland.

Another feature of the Haihe River system is that the Taihang Mountains and the Yanshan Mountains block the airflow, resulting in heavy rainfall and concentrated rainfall.Every flood season, more than 300 tributaries on the upper source of the "fan face" shoot like arrows, and the flood rushes down, competing to pour into the "fan handle" Haihe River. The turbulent momentum is unstoppable.On the other hand, the estuary of the lower reaches of the Haihe River has accumulated sediment for many years, with a big belly and a small mouth, and the drainage is not smooth. The river will naturally overflow the river channel, causing floods.

For thousands of years, people living in the Haihe River Basin have had mixed feelings.Lamented that the Haihe River system is not only the source of life for all living beings, but also the root of disaster.According to the "Historical Materials of Natural Disasters in the Haihe River Basin" edited and published by the Drought and Flood Forecasting Research Group of Hebei Province in 1985 and "Floods and Droughts in the History of the Haihe River Basin" compiled and published by Tianjin Museum in 1964: From 1368 to 1948, there were 387 serious floods in the Haihe River system in 580 years, with an average of one flood every year and three months.In the catastrophic flood in 1917 alone, as many as 104 counties were affected, an area of ​​38,950 square kilometers was flooded, more than 19,000 villages were affected, and a total of 6.2 million people were affected.Among them, Tianjin has been flooded more than 70 times.

In 1604, two major floods occurred in the 32nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty [1604] and the 6th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty [1801]. There was 4 meters of water in the city of Tianjin, and the water and the sky were connected outside the city, forming a mess with the Bohai Sea.Tianjin Wei has become an isolated island in the sea. In July of the sixth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty [1801], the North Canal rose steeply by more than ten feet.As a result, the North-South Canal, Yongding River and various dry roads were flooded, and the floods became one piece.The farmhouses and crops in the four townships were soaked, and the people fled one after another.Zhao Ye's "He Yi is Described" describes the scene at that time: The villagers walked and called each other in the middle of the night, and the water went straight down to Jingu. The vast ocean overflows for hundreds of miles, and the turbid waves of the torrents rise to the fields. The lonely village is in danger and wants to float, and the people are like a group of ants drifting away... 3 In the first half of the 20th century, Tianjin suffered two catastrophic floods: one in 1917 and one in 1939. According to the "Beijing Times" report at the time: "The waters in Tianjin rose sharply, and all the villages along the river became a country... The South Canal burst three times, Tianjin's belongings were in danger, and there was a lack of food, fuel, charcoal and drinking water. Outside the Southwest Pass to Nankai, Nanshi, and the Japanese Concession In this place, the chest is full of water, hundreds of thousands of flooded refugees, supporting the old and the young, it is unspeakable." "Shenbao" reported: "The severity of the disaster in Tianjin is unprecedented in history. As far as the whole territory is concerned, about four-fifths of the victims were affected, and there were more than 800,000 victims... The water investigation began in the middle of the night. In an instant, the water depth on the ground is several feet, and the residents are either sleepless, sick, or leave their babies behind. There were three hundred people, and those who escaped were all short of clothes, and most of them covered their bodies with bedding, and those who had complete clothes and shoes were very limited." Some of those who witnessed the flood in July 1939 are still alive, and their accounts have been published online: it was a nightmare disaster. In late July 1939, the weather was sweltering and there was no rain for many days. However, in the direction of Shanxi and the Taihang Mountains, there were continuous days of heavy rain and floods.Hydrological experts in Tianjin estimate that the flood will not reach Tianjin until a month later. Even if Tianjin has soaked, the deepest water is estimated to be only 10 centimeters, and it will subside after a week. After the flood in 1917, Tianjin people learned a lesson and made some preparations for flood control.For thousands of years, the Tianjin area has been flooded nine out of ten years, and the waterlogging is used to it. Soaking in 10 cm of water is considered an optimistic year. I didn't want the flood to rush in front of me suddenly, pressing towards Tianjin like mountains and seas. The Tianjin people rushed to the battle, but the battle line was too long. On August 20, 1939, the embankment of Chentangzhuang collapsed, and the flood immediately rushed into the urban area, and all the concessions of Japan, Britain, and France were flooded.The old city, Nankai, Nanshi and other places were all submerged in the water, and the depth of the water around Nanshi reached two to three meters. "House leaks happen to be rainy and rainy", followed by heavy rain in Tianjin, which lasted for more than ten days, and the disaster became even worse! Elder Ye Daolun recalled that she was living in Chengdu Road, Heping District, which belongs to the famous "Five Avenues" high-end residential area in Tianjin.The whole family was trapped upstairs, without food or drink, and panicked with hunger. The price of goods soared, and they sold their belongings such as gold and silver jewelry for only a few catties of food.At the critical juncture, if a relative hadn't waded in the waist-deep flood and delivered a bag of flour in a wooden basin in time, the consequences would have been disastrous. Mr. Zhang Lianbi, who also experienced the flood, said that the water was dizzying, and there was nothing to see.Many houses were submerged for a long time, the bricks were crispy, the soil was soft, and they collapsed in the water with a whoosh.Most of the houses of the poor are built in the outskirts of the city, and all of them are not of high quality.Zhang Lianbi still remembers the feeling of starvation at that time. How could there be food at that time?The family is so poor that it is difficult to have overnight food, and the flood floods the sky and the fields, and even a wild vegetable can't be dug up. Don't you go hungry? Zhang Lianbi and his 5-year-old brother took a bamboo pole with an iron nail on the end, wandering around the water all day long, staring at the floating things in the water, no matter what floats, as long as it is edible, such as half a rotten melon What, immediately stop it with a bamboo pole, fish it up, bring it home, cook it and eat it quickly. At that time, there were many Japanese people in Tianjin, and Japanese photographer Hidemo Kakusaku took a lot of photos to record the flood. Afterwards, he published a photo album "Tianjin Flood Commemorative Photo Post-Tianjin Resident Group".Judging from the photos in the album, where is Tianjin?Only some pointed roofs were seen in the flood.The waterline of a ship moored in the Haihe River is higher than a one- or two-story building by the roadside, and the chimney on the ship is higher than a 10-story building by the roadside.In front of the old Zhongyuan Company in the city center, there are boats coming and going.The China Post Office at the intersection of Miyajima Street and Kasuga Street was changed to work on the window sill on the second floor. Customers stood on the boat and handed over business to salesmen... ——The date of photo shooting is marked "September 4th", which means that the photographer recorded the scene on the 15th day after the city was flooded! The flood entered the city in August 1939 and did not subside until the beginning of October.80% of the urban area was flooded.Infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery were prevalent, and the number of people who died of starvation far exceeded those of drowning. 4 A history of human civilization can almost be summarized as the history of human beings dealing with rivers, and it can also be called "the history of water control". According to the "History of Tianjin Water Transport", Cao Cao was the first person to manage the Haihe River system.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the aristocratic and powerful families split up and fought with each other.Cao Cao conquered Yuan Shao in the north, "stopping Qishui from entering Baigou, so as to connect grain roads."As a result, Baigou obtained abundant water, and its northern expedition fleet could enter Huan River through Baigou, and press against Yecheng [now Linzhang, Hebei]. Later, out of the need to unify the war in the north, Cao Cao recruited soldiers and civilians to carry out a series of renovations on Gushui [North Canal], Hutuoshui [Hutuo River], Luoshui [Yongding River] and Qinghe River on the North China Plain, and even in various regions. Artificial canals were dug between the rivers to form a network of rivers to ensure military transportation. Of course, Emperor Sui Yang excavated and connected the Grand Canal, which was a larger water control project. After the Grand Canal was completed, a spectacle was formed in China: spread out the map of China, trace the Great Wall and the Grand Canal with a pen, and form a huge "human" character! If you look at it from a high altitude, the big "person" character is more eye-catching and magical.This is a great creation of the Chinese people, embodying the spirit and character of the Chinese nation with a capital "human". Nearly half of the South Canal, as well as the entire North Canal, belong to the Haihe River system.In the eighth year of Daye [612], Emperor Yang of Sui sent an army of 1.13 million people to conquer Korea. The officers and soldiers in the front had arrived in Zhuozhou, and the troops in the rear had just left Yangzhou.Ships meet end to end, drums and horns hear each other, flags face each other, and the length is more than a thousand miles. In the Tang Dynasty, a "Pinglu Canal" roughly parallel to the coast was excavated from the eastern suburbs of Tianjin to the northeast, connecting the waterways of the Haihe River and the Jiyun River, and directly leading to Jizhou [also known as Yuyang].The tank boats from the south not only avoid the risks at sea, but also save time, and they can go north continuously.That's why Du Fu's swan song "After the Fortress": Yuyang is heroic, playing drums and shengyu. Yunfan turns to Liaohai, japonica rice comes to Soochow. Yue Luo and Chu Lian shine on Yutai. ... After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Haihe River and the Daqing River became the boundary rivers between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Kingdom.The previous governance was severely damaged in successive years of wars. During the 150 years from Shunzhi to Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, the city wall of Tianjin was overhauled 12 times due to flood damage, one of which was rebuilt on the ground.Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong were the three generations of emperors who were determined to control the flooding of the Haihe River. For example, Kangxi [1700] personally inspected Kongergang, and ordered the construction of the North Canal to divert the Kongergang River. Qianlong [1746] issued a decree to dig the old channel of the Ji Canal so that the river water could be discharged directly into the sea. Several generations of emperors have built a lot of flood drainage projects, but their efforts to control the floods in the entire Haihe River Basin are still insufficient, so they cannot cure the floods in Tianjin. 5 Finally made it to the founding of New China.The Haihe River, which is used to raging, does not know what is good or bad. When China was just liberated, it gave the people's government a blow. The severe flood in 1949 resulted in an average grain yield of only 86 jin per mu in Hebei Province, and an average cotton yield of 23.1 jin per mu.During the recovery period, the province ate 3.56 billion catties of state-monitored grain. After Tianjin was liberated, the population gradually increased and the city expanded, accompanied by the increase of two things: one is garbage and the other is sewage. It is easier to deal with solid waste, and the sewage flows directly into the sea along the two sewage rivers.Fortunately, in the rainy season, the river is so high that it pushes the sewage into the depths of the Bohai Sea, allowing it to purify itself.During winter and spring or the dry season when there is no rain, seawater pours into the Haihe River, and urban residents have to drink salty water.This salty water is not only the salt in the sea water, but also the things that have been discharged from the city sewage and flowed back. Therefore, in July 1958, the first Haihe River treatment project since the founding of New China - "clean and turbid flow diversion" began.Its key project is the construction of the Haihe River Gate. It is intended to use it to change the status quo of tidal river channels for thousands of years and realize the division of salty and fresh water, so as to ensure urban water use and improve the agricultural environment. The length and width of the foundation works for the construction of the gates are all over 200 meters, and part of the operations of the lock chambers must be carried out within the range of 15 meters underground to more than 20 meters above the ground.Through the most popular "suggestions and suggestions from employees" at that time, parallel and three-dimensional cross operations were adopted to ensure the progress of construction day and night.The most thrilling scene is when the barrage is closed: the water depth at the mouth of the river is more than 10 meters, the tidal range is more than 4 meters, the bottom silt is more than 5 meters thick, the huge water flows back and forth, and more than ten tons of firewood and stone pillows are thrown into the water and disappear. The workers bundled up more than a dozen firewood and stone pillows, and pushed them down in groups. Their energy and courage were like soldiers charging into battle.After 44 days and nights of non-stop fighting for a second, the Haihe River was finally tamed and a solid dam was built. At the decisive moment of building the gate, Zhu De, who had long been the vice president of the country but was still habitually called "Boss Zhu", visited the construction site on November 14, 1958, and wrote an inscription on the spot: "Work hard to leap forward and complete the gate construction project ahead of schedule." This gave great encouragement to the soldiers and civilians who participated in the war. It took another half a year to finally complete 4.2 million cubic meters of earthwork, 24,000 cubic meters of reinforced concrete, and more than 1,000 tons of gates and electromechanical equipment. A majestic Haihe River with national architectural style The gate was finally completed. 6 The Haihe River will not only be flooded, but also drought and alkali.Because the mountains block the airflow, the rain is mostly concentrated in the flood season, and there is a lack of rain and drought in winter and spring. In 1962, there was a severe drought after consecutive severe floods, and the "fan" of the Haihe River system in Hebei Province was hit by an area of ​​24 million mu. It was the most serious drought since the founding of the People's Republic of China. In the same year, the Luan River, which belongs to the Haihe River system, suffered a catastrophic flood. The peak flow rate reached 34,000 cubic meters per second, which was the largest flood ever recorded, with a flood volume of 4.8 billion cubic meters. Caused 10 million acres of floods. Besides, salinization, because during the "Great Leap Forward" a piece of land was dammed and intercepted everywhere on a piece of sky, which disrupted the drainage channels, the groundwater level rose sharply, and the area of ​​saline-alkali land in the Haihe River Basin expanded rapidly, from the original 16.8 million mu. rose to 23 million mu.Salinization has also occurred in some of the original good land, and the grain production in North China has been severely reduced. After finally getting through this year, the next year—that is, 1963, the "children of the Haihe River" who were afraid of floods and droughts, full of hope for a good year, went to August with trepidation, The Tianjin area once again encountered a catastrophic flood rarely seen in history. From August 1st to 10th, the upper reaches of the southwestern Haihe River Basin experienced continuous torrential downpours, with the highest rainfall in some areas reaching 2,050 millimeters, setting the highest record in mainland China. The total rainfall in the Haihe River alone reached 57.7 billion cubic meters, resulting in a runoff of 30.2 billion cubic meters, which is more than twice that of the flood that submerged Tianjin in 1939.The area with an average rainfall of more than 500 mm reaches 43,000 square kilometers, and the area with an average rainfall of more than 1,000 mm reaches 5,390 square kilometers. The North China Plain flooded two to three hundred kilometers, and the amount of water exceeded the total discharge of the large and small rivers that passed by 10 times. The ferocious flood, like hundreds of millions of beasts, smashed through the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and rushed straight to Tianjin, which is located in the "fan handle"... At the same time, the Tianjin area also experienced continuous torrential rain.At that time, Tianjin was still the capital of Hebei Province. The provincial party committee held a meeting to introduce the disaster situation: the amount of flood water far exceeds that of 1939. If Tianjin is flooded, it will probably be flooded to the height of a three-story building, reminding everyone to be mentally prepared. Although it was a warning from the provincial party committee, not many people really believed it from the bottom of their hearts.One is luck, and the people of Tianjin have experience with Haihe River flooding, and it is true that there are floods in North China every year, but how can there be such a big flood?In the era of the Great Leap Forward, there were too many big words and lies, which made it difficult for people to tell the truth from the false. Unexpectedly, a few days later, the warning of the provincial party committee became a reality.An old reporter described: I went to the disaster area to take news pictures with the military helicopter that dropped the relief supplies.That day I boarded the plane and flew southwest. The journey took an hour, and I was dumbfounded.I don't know how far the helicopter travels in an hour, but as far as the sky and the water are connected, there is endless torrential yellow water.The high ground out of the water was crowded with victims desperately calling for help from the helicopter. I have tasted the taste of the victims, and I have also seen the flood in 1939, but nothing can compare with the flood in 1963. What about Tianjin?At that time, many people thought that Tianjin could not be kept. According to the experience in 1939, people believed that no one could stop such a big flood.But unexpectedly, under the unified command of the central government, 8 million soldiers and civilians in North China rushed to the front line of flood fighting.In order to ensure the safety of downtown Tianjin, the upstream area took the initiative to open up the flood outlets one by one: Xiaoguan Village, located on the edge of Tianjin, opened the east embankment of the South Canal; Explode the Duliujian River embankment and release the flood water into Tuanbowa and Beidagang; Blow up the eastern road blocking the sea and direct the flood into the Bohai Sea... Afterwards, the state announced the actual statistics of the 1963 flood: the affected areas included Handan, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Hengshui, Cangzhou, Tianjin, 7 special areas, and 102 counties [cities]. Among them, Handan, Xingtai, and Baoding were flooded. Flooded, the water depth in the city is 2-3 meters. 53.61 million mu of farmland was flooded, 36 county towns were flooded, 22,470 villages were flooded, more than 12.64 million houses were destroyed, 24.35 million people were affected, and more than 5,300 people died. 342 subgrades of Jingguang, Shide, and Shitai railways were washed away, 32 bridges were washed away, and 27,300 kilometers of roads were washed away. Five medium-sized reservoirs in Zuocun, Liujiatai, Dongchuankou, Luanmu and Mahe collapsed, and 330 small reservoirs were damaged.62% of irrigation projects were washed away, about 90% of plain drainage projects were washed away, and more than half of terraced fields and ponds were damaged. Its economic loss is incalculable... Such a heavy loss shows that the Haihe River system has reached the point where it must be re-governed. 7 As soon as the flood receded, Chairman Mao Zedong called the leaders of Hebei Province several times to report on the situation of the flood.During the reporting process, he interrupted a lot, whether long or short... In fact, he had a plan brewing in his heart.Sometimes I will keep asking, sometimes I will use the topic to play, sometimes I am asking for the reporter's opinion, sometimes it is more like talking to myself... The following are some excerpts of Mao Zedong's interjections. When listening to the report of the flood disaster by the leaders of the Hebei Provincial Party Committee, he said: "In the 15 years from 1949 to 1963, there were three major disasters [1954, 1956, 1963], five years of moderate disasters, three years of bumper harvests [1952, 1957, 1958], four Mid-year income". ——The huge North China Plain should have been a granary, but only four out of 15 years have achieved a moderate harvest. How can we live in this day? Then Mao Zedong said: "In order to improve agriculture, we must first solve the problem of water and fertilizer. For water, we need to build reservoirs, dig wells, and drain water from depressions. The main fertilizer is to raise pigs, and there is also a forest... The fundamental problem in Hebei Province is still the problem of water conservancy." When the leaders of the Provincial Party Committee reported on Hebei’s plan to ensure a bumper harvest and build water conservancy for ten years, Mao Zedong once again interjected and shifted the focus to water conservancy: “Hebei Province is going to have a good harvest, and the fundamental problem is water. To comprehensively manage it, we must Solve it batch by batch.” When Lin Tie, the top leader of the Provincial Party Committee, reported on water conservancy issues, Mao Zedong asked, "Which is the largest river in Hebei?" Lin replied: "The Luan River has the largest volume of water, the second is the Hutuo River, and the third is the Yongding River." When talking about the two large reservoirs of Panjiakou and Taolinkou on the Luan River, Mao Zedong asked: "What is the function? Is it mainly for flood control, or is it mainly for irrigation?" Lin Tie replied: "Panjiakou Reservoir can store more than 4 billion cubic meters of water, not only for flood control, but also for irrigation and power generation." Mao Zedong said: "4 billion cubic meters will become the largest reservoir in Hebei Province!" Lin Tie said: "In the Haihe River system, the Ziya River is the most harmful, especially the threat to Tianjin is even more serious. We plan to open a Xianxian County reduction river on the Ziya River..." Mao Zedong asked: "Which prefecture is Xianxian County? How big is the Qujia River?" Liu Zihou replied, "About 300 Huali." Mao Zedong said: "More than 100 kilometers is not a big project. Tianjin will also benefit from this river reduction. Are millions of people in Tianjin irresponsible?" Suddenly his thoughts jumped to other places, "Hengshui It has always suffered from disasters, otherwise why is it called Hengshui? Hengshui is flooded, and it is a disaster in China. This is the matter of Emperor Yu, and it is recorded in the scriptures." Immediately, Mao Zedong changed to the tone of instructions: "Provinces, prefectures, and counties must have a plan. Don't be in a hurry. Solve it batch by batch, solve the channels batch by batch, and drill wells batch by batch. It should be solved batch by batch, and salinization should also be solved batch by batch.” He said four times in a row, "solve it one by one." Maybe he hadn't formed a mature idea and made up his mind at that time.Immediately afterwards, Mao Zedong began to understand the situation one reservoir by one: "The reservoirs in Hebei are a great leap forward. I have seen your plan in the past. When I come back, I will take a look at your plans for reservoirs, well drilling, and solutions for saline-alkali land and depressions." When the head of the province reported that the top ten reservoirs played a huge role in the 1963 flood, Mao Zedong said: "I want to look at all your big reservoirs from south to north, and the reservoirs should not collapse when they are flushed, but must be strong. Minor rivers and reservoirs must be repaired, and villages and cities must be repaired.” Mao Zedong thought very concretely, which shows that the flood of the Haihe River in 1963 stimulated him too deeply. 8 The catastrophic flood in 1963 has indeed taught people too profound a lesson. On September 21 of that year, the Central Disaster Relief Conference decided to comprehensively manage the Yellow River, Huaihe River, and Haihe River.The central document at that time wrote: "The Party Central Committee and the State Council believe that for the three major river systems of the Yellow River, Huaihe River, and Haihe River, it is necessary to formulate a plan for comprehensive governance of the upper, middle and lower reaches, and include it in the long-term plan for national economic construction. Within a few years, It will be carried out in batches and in stages, and a special committee will be established directly under the State Council to lead the work in a unified way.” On September 25, 1963, Hebei Province issued the "Preliminary Conception of Flood Control Planning for the Next 15 to 20 Years". , to be fully able to withstand floods like the one in 1963 or even larger than that in 1963, so as to completely change the flood-infested situation in Hebei Province and lay a solid foundation for the cause of socialism.” By October, November 1963 and March 1964, Mao Zedong listened to reports on water conservancy construction by leaders of the Hebei Provincial Party Committee three times. Listening to reports so frequently, it can be seen that the President of the country is really in a hurry.And every time it is proposed that "the village fence should be repaired". When reporting that some counties suffered no major losses due to the city walls during the flood in August 1963, Mao Zedong said: "The city walls are not used to deal with the enemy, but to deal with floods. I think it has to be done. Large villages also need to There is a place to stay. It should be regarded as the means of production. Without it, the production tools such as cattle and plows will be washed away. Now there are two problems: one is the city For example, should Handan, Shijiazhuang, and Xingtai build city walls? One is to build fences in large villages?" When it was reported that when it was first liberated, the people in Zhengding County did not ask us to tear down the city wall... Mao Zedong interjected: "We didn't have the knowledge at that time, so we couldn't do it anymore. In the past, tearing down the city was a stupid thing. Now the city is dealing with water. , not against the enemy." When reporting on flood control measures, Mao Zedong repeated: "We need to build less rivers and reservoirs, and we need to build villages, towns, and counties. We need to build a city like Handan City. People in a medium-sized city build their own city." It is not so difficult. To build a reservoir, you need to transfer people from outside. To build your own city, you can build a little in all seasons. It is not so difficult. You also need to have a plan to build a city. This kind of production material is more important than cattle and land. " When it was reported that it was envisaged to build two or three brick insurance houses for each household, and when the water came to the house, Mao Zedong said: "It will take a long time, and it is okay to build a brick house. Make a five-year plan." The president of the country at that time was really careful! 9 After the catastrophe in 1963, life still had to go on. We must sweep away the bad luck and cheer up the spirit. The Hebei Provincial Party Committee summed up the experience of flood fighting and disaster relief, commended advanced deeds, newcomers and new styles, and especially thanked the People's Liberation Army Navy, Army, Air Force and brother provinces and cities Support for flood relief work in Hebei. So it was decided to hold an exhibition on flood fighting and disaster relief in Tianjin, and at the same time research and formulate a plan for the treatment of the Haihe River, and report to the central government. In November of that year, Mao Zedong passed by Tianjin, summoned the leaders of the provincial party committee, and talked about disaster relief and flood control.Chairman Mao said to Liu Zihou and Yan Dakai: "You are all from Hebei, and you want to rescue the disaster in Hebei and really control the water." The president of the country seemed to have a heavy tone, and he was extremely concerned about the flood in Hebei.After sinking for a while, he asked again: "Can you cure the water in ten years?" Without waiting for an answer, he asked how old Lin Tie, Liu Zihou and Yan Dakai were? After hearing their answers, Mao Zedong actually said in a entrusting tone: "I am 70 years old and I can't see anymore. Please cure the water in your life." At the end of that conversation, Mao Zedong suddenly said forcefully: "I will no longer be from Hunan, but from Hebei. I was born in Hunan and died in Hebei!" Seeing that the chairman was about to leave, Lin Tie hurriedly said: "We have an exhibition on flood relief in Tianjin..." Before he could say his request for the chairman to take a look, Mao Zedong cut off the conversation: "I will take a look at it later. .” As soon as the flood receded, it was necessary to relive the painful process, not to mention that there were still many things waiting to be decided after the disaster...Maybe Mao Zedong did not have this thought at the time.He said slowly: "The exhibition is in Tianjin, can't the counties see it?" When the leaders of the Provincial Party Committee asked him to write an inscription for the flood relief exhibition, Mao Zedong readily agreed: "Yes, I will write the inscription right away." But there was no time to write, and that day was November 12th. Two days later, Lin Tie, secretary of the Provincial Party Committee, sent Li Yinqiao, who had worked beside Chairman Mao for many years and was later assigned to work in Tianjin, to Beijing with a letter to look for the chairman. After Mao Zedong asked Li Yinqiao why he came, he said: "Today is the 14th. You wait for two days. I will finish writing and hand it over to you." Li Yinqiao was waiting at the Beijing Hotel. On the 17th, Mao Zedong wrote seven words: "The Haihe River must be eradicated!" On the 19th, Zhang Jingfang, the guard next to the chairman, brought the inscription to the Beijing Hotel and handed it over to Li Yinqiao. At the same time, there was also a letter written by Mao Zedong to Lin Tie: "Comrade Lin Tie, I wrote a few words as instructed. I wonder if it can be used? Lang The term Tao【泡】sha will be written later.” In the song "Lang Tao Sha Beidaihe", Mao Zedong wrote such a sentence at the beginning: "The heavy rain falls on the swallows, and the white waves are surging..." It must be Lin Tie who asked the chairman for the calligraphy of this poem. On December 13, 1963, the Hebei Provincial Flood Fighting and Rescue Exhibition opened at Tianjin Xinhua Stadium. Premier Zhou Enlai's inscription reads: "I would like to express my greatest respect to the cadres at all levels, people from all walks of life, and military officers and soldiers who fought tenaciously to overcome the rare flood disaster in history! We must continue to work hard to support the disaster-stricken areas, rebuild our homes, strive for a bumper harvest next year, and thoroughly control the Haihe River." 10 "The Haihe River must be eradicated!" - It shows that Mao Zedong's thought of governing the Haihe River system has been formed and he has made up his mind. Harnessing the Haihe River is not only to control the actual floods, but more importantly, to fundamentally eliminate the water hazards in the Haihe River Basin, completely change the "nine floods in ten years", or "torrent floods, no way into the sea, thousands of miles of fertile fields" will appear when there is heavy rain. , to make the best of the country" situation, so that the people can live and work in peace and contentment forever. At the same time, through political appeal and mobilization, the broad masses of the people were mobilized to participate in water control, and a mass campaign to control the Haihe River was launched, which was conducive to making up for the shortcomings of the low degree of mechanization of water conservancy construction at that time. With the instructions of the President of the country and the lofty prestige of the great leader, it is not only imperative to "cure the Haihe River", but also form a powerful government action and popular movement. On March 24, 1965, the 395th meeting of the Central Disaster Relief Working Committee decided: "Please Hebei Province and the Ministry of Water and Electricity to jointly make a governance plan for this, and submit it to the central government for approval to be included in the national plan." On May 25, 1965, Hebei Province submitted the "Report of Hebei Province on the Key Projects of Haihe River during the "Three Five-Year Plan" Period" to the Party Central Committee and the State Council.Put forward the planning opinions on the key projects of the Haihe River during the "Three Five-Year Plan" period in Hebei Province. On June 26, 1965, the Party Central Committee and the State Council approved the report of Hebei Province: "In principle, I agree with Hebei Province's opinion on radically controlling the Haihe River. The specific arrangements for the 'Three Five-Year' period will be determined by the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Water Resources and Hydropower. Afterwards, report to the Central Committee for confirmation.” After this intensive planning, Hebei has determined the goal of fundamentally governing the Haihe River, and a mass campaign for radically governing the Haihe River has been launched in an all-round way. In fact, since 1964, Hebei has been planning and designing the Haihe River system. In May 1965, the "Hebei Provincial Haihe Control Headquarters" was established. Since then, more than 300,000 migrant workers from Handan, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Hengshui, Cangzhou, Tangshan and other special areas have been mobilized every winter and spring to invest in a large-scale project to radically control the Haihe River.Ziya New River, Fuyang New River, Yongding New River and Zhangwei New River will be excavated in the middle and lower reaches of Ziya River. 11 In 1969, in Shuigao Village in the western suburbs of Tianjin, one by one used reed mats to build greenhouses beside a large depression in the loess. The river control army ate Ziya River water precipitated with alum.Their task is to re-dig a section of a new river with a length of more than 3,000 meters and an opening of more than 100 meters in the two places from Dangcheng to Shuigaozhuang, so as to relieve the flood caused by poor drainage during the annual flood season. On the river harnessing construction site, the red flags were flying, there was a lot of voices, and small carts came and went, which was very lively. Migrant workers bring their own carts, eat mostly sorghum noodles and sweet potatoes, sleep in "cages" tied with sorghum stalks, and receive no wages.But everyone was working hard.The old man Mu Zongxin, who participated in the radical treatment of the Haihe River, recalled: "Everyone is very motivated. When you look into the river, it is full of people. No one has ever complained of suffering or tiredness." In the Haihe River Project, many model workers emerged, among which Mu Zongxin and Hou Chenming were representatives. Mu Zongxin can load and push 20 cubic meters of earth in a day, nearly twice as much as others, and is known as the "big cart king".Hou Chenming, who is known as "Smart Star", is good at using skillful strength. He invented methods such as "opening the big pedal, slowing down the slope, stepping, clearing with one hand" and "two horses splitting the mane into a herringbone" and other methods, which solved the problem very well. The problem of idle work caused by construction chaos has greatly improved work efficiency. Naturally, many thorny problems will be encountered in the construction of the Haihe River.It was raining a lot and the water table was high.The problem of quicksand deposition in Heilonggang area is very serious.At the beginning, the builders didn't know what was going on, and dug a ditch, which was silted up by water and sand after a while, wasting a lot of effort.Later, a wise man came up with a way to dig wells or drainage ditches on both sides of the river, so that the water level would be lowered and the quicksand problem would be solved. At that time, a famous slogan was popular: "Diligence and thrift in water conservancy." The bosses often said, "A penny has to be broken in half!" A project survey and measurement team accounted for two of the Cangzhou Daily. I work on the first floor, and the desk is borrowed from a children's desk. I work around the desk during the day and sleep around the desk at night.Although the conditions were difficult, everyone's enthusiasm for work was very high. The lights in any office were not turned off before 12 o'clock. It is precisely because of a large number of front-line pacesetters, models in the rear, and a management team who can lead by example, that the Haihe River governance work is guaranteed to go smoothly, and success stories are frequent. One day in mid-June 1969, the new river was dug, and the plugs on both sides were to be removed, and the closure of the old river began.为截流准备了千吨毛石和成垛的草袋，两条铁船索浮在截流上口。截流开始后，人们扛着百八十斤重的大石头、装有泥土的草袋，下饺子般地抛向水中，激起道道水柱，溅湿了每个人的衣服，人们顾不及这些，在摇摇晃晃的两条船上穿梭往返。水流越来越急，投下水的石头已能听到撞击声，可投下水的草袋在水里打个滚，冲干净里边的泥土，又在下游被浮起。时间到了中午，截流还没成功，人们都已筋疲力尽。 “沉船！”——现场的指挥员下了命令。 民工们再次振作精神，把石头投进船舱，铁船慢慢地沉进了水里，人们又把装填进泥土的草袋堆码在船面上，一直奋战到太阳西下，终于搭成一座有两米多宽几十米长的截流坝，现场的人都欢呼着瘫软在地上。 当晚，天津市领导带来了天津歌舞团，演出芭蕾舞《红色娘子军》，慰问治河大军。 12 当时每个治河人似乎心里都揣着一团火，而且心里揣着火的不只是一线的战士【既然工地上都是班排连营团的军事编制，索性就称他们为战士更贴切】，就连工地上的炊事员都花足了细腻的心思。 晋县民工团周头连炊事员吴玉合每天在工地上起早摸黑，拉水、切菜、和面，整天一点都不闲着，有点轻伤小病也坚持干。1971年冬季在潮白河施工的时候，吴玉合因为劳累过度，鼻子流了一大摊血，头昏得站立不稳，眼里冒火星子，领导和医生“命令”他歇几天，但是他说：“这点病算得了什么”，就又去切菜了。 有时他实在顶不住，就到旁边坐一会儿，稍微好一点，就又接着干，一天也没有休息。 治理海河7年，吴玉合总共从家里带挂面170多斤、红糖30多斤到工地给病号吃。除了给病号们做病号饭治病，他还不断地四处打听防病的方子。他听医生说，大蒜、辣子能解五毒，他就把家里的大蒜和辣子收拾到了一块，老伴还缝好了几个小布袋，把东西一样一样装好，让他带到工地。 那个年代，人们很容易就凝聚起一股精神。在根治海河的工地上，干部依靠群众，群众相信干部，党员处处跑在前边，上下团结一致。他们是真正发扬了“大协作”的精神，表现了高度的组织性和纪律性。 13 治河工地上还有另外一支队伍，也不可不提，即“巾帼不让须眉”。无论是平常的劳作还是在关键时刻，妇女们都一点也不输给男人。 1970年，保定市成立了一个铁姑娘民兵连，是保定市郊区9个公社的90多名女青年组成的，最大的二十五六岁，小的十七八岁。铁姑娘们参加了清理白洋淀的工程，白洋淀“虫多、蛇多、地潮、蚊子咬，大苇茬子乱扎脚”，可是“在这样的环境里，女工们却越战越勇，王凤芝由于水土不服，两手全部脱皮，裂开了许多口子，但她忍着疼痛，一声不吭，愣是没歇一天工。 陈永珍在工程中左脚腕扭伤，脱了臼，可是她明明知道自己有这个病根，在施工的时候仍然毫不在意。曾经连续5次脱臼，每次都咬住牙根，忍着疼痛坚持工作。当大家看她实在太痛苦，强迫她休息，她拐着腿找出大伙的脏衣服洗干净。 铁姑娘连除了每天治河，还利用工休时间赶排文艺节目，组成小型文艺宣传队到兄弟连队慰问演出。连里有个姑娘在3年里共为男民工洗补衣服6200多件。男民工赞扬她们，用快板唱道： 姑娘心红意志坚，妇女能顶半边天。 挖河筑堤是闯将，下班散工手不闲。 团结友爱风格高，洗衣送水关心俺。 一针一线一片心，杯杯热水暖心间。 在广大的海河水系治理工地上，像这样的铁打般的妇女队伍并不是一支。宁晋县东旺公社北丁曹村，还有个远近闻名的妇女打井队，24名女孩子大的21岁，小的15岁，平均年龄还不到18岁。 她们公社属于黑龙港流域，原来是“旱了收蚂蚱，淹了收蛤蟆”的穷地方，长期受旱、涝、碱自然灾害的威胁。根治海河以后，涝的问题解决了，但是旱的问题又成了主要矛盾，在关键时刻这些姑娘们就挺身而出，决定成立个打井队。 当时村子的东头正在打井，但是怎么也不顺当，因为那块地层复杂，除了岩石就是黏泥、流沙，岩石重得搬不动，黏泥提不起，流沙堵不住。村里曾经从外县请来把式，在这里换了3次眼，不仅花了钱、费了劲，但最后还是不行，还把打井的锥掉了下去。有人就说那里是打井的禁区。 然而姑娘们却不肯妥协，她们大年三十晚上也不休息，村里鞭炮齐鸣，家家户户都在欢度佳节，她们却“冒着大雪坚持战斗”，大伙边干边说：“天越冷，越大干，拿着黑夜当白天，为了早日打成井，再苦再累心里甜。” 经过三个月的奋战，终于揭开了“禁区”的秘密。她们及时总结经验，一口气在那一带打了两眼机井，把300亩土地都变成了水浇地。 6年间，这群姑娘打成机井18眼，其中百米以上的15眼，扩大水浇地面积2500亩。 14 就这样，按照“上蓄、中疏、下排、适当地滞”的方针，在整个海河流域掀起了大规模的群众治水运动，即便在“文革”期间，也被标称为“雷打不动”的工程。 仅河北全省的前方骨干工程，每年都要出动几十万人，而后方的配套工程，则会有几百万人参战。 于是，“一定要根治海河，对人民无限负责！”成为特定历史时期的时代呼声，在这一时代感召力的鼓舞下，形成了数以百万计民工参加的群众治水运动。 “要根治海河”的浩大工程，自1964年开始，到1980年基本结束，出工500多万人次，土方总量11亿立方米。基本构建了海河水系的上游有水库拦蓄洪水、中游有河道泄洪和洼淀分洪滞洪、下游筑有堤防的保障体系。 初步建成蓄滞洪区26处；修建引提水工程18000余处，打机井120余万眼，发展灌溉面积约1亿亩。 上游共修建水库1900余座，其中大型水库31座，总库容294亿立方米，控制山区面积85%，控制海河流域径流量95%。 中下游开挖疏浚骨干河道50余条，堤防6100公里，大型枢纽水闸48座，桥梁800多处。在天津周围，建成潮白新河、永定新河、子牙新河、漳卫新河、滏阳新河；扩挖独流减河等直排入海河道。总泄洪能力达2.5万立方米/秒，为治理前的10倍，是海河干流的20多倍。 ——自此人类将牢牢地控制住流入海河的水量，使海河永远地平安无事，让天津也无淹城之患。 1986年8月，老天爷像是要验收海河治理工程的质量和效果，海河水系的南部又发生大洪水。最终证明工程经受住了考验，各类水库无一垮坝；重要堤防没有决口，蓄滞洪区没有死人。 当时的报纸上公布了这样一组数字：减少淹地近2000万亩，减少经济损失900多亿元。 随着经济和社会的全面发展，海河流域治理的内容也在发生着变化。在做好防洪的同时，水资源的节约保护和优化配置，以及水系的污染治理又成为重点。 15 大自然的脾气真是令人难以琢磨，自几乎改变了海河水系地形地貌的“根治海河”运动之后，除1986年8月有一场局部的洪涝之外，整个北方便“嘎登”一下只旱不涝。 这一下真从“根”上把海河给“治”了！ 也把天津给“治”了！ 在“根治”之前，海河每年要向渤海湾倾注150亿立方米的淡水。自“根治”之后，所谓九河，以及“扇面”上的大大小小300多条河流，几乎连一滴水也流不下来了。 用水利专家陈曦亮的话说，京津以南的大片平原上，“有河皆干，有水皆污”。 地上没有水就到地下找，开始疯狂开采地下水，致使华北地下形成一个巨大的漏斗，天津则是漏斗中的漏斗。原来打井只需挖下两三米就见水了，现在的水井要挖得像油井那么深，才能抽上点水来。 过度开采地下水，造成地面急速下沉，有些地方已经低于海平面，于是海水倒灌，海河变成海水向陆地倒流的河。1958年建成的海河大闸已经“闸”不住了，只好再建第二道闸。 天津人开始常年喝咸水，吃苦水。社会上流传着一首顺口溜：“天津卫真叫怪，自来水能腌咸菜……”其实老百姓们并不真正知道水里那个咸和苦，可不是简单的海水的咸和苦……真若说出那种咸水和苦水的来源，恐怕要让人翻肠倒胃！ 其实在漫长的“根治海河”运动中，天津早已经感到了缺水的巨大压力。但，由毛泽东发动并批准的“根治”规划，谁敢中途停顿？ 由于经济发展、人口剧增，天津的用水量急剧加大，而主水源海河上游由于“根治运动”大量修水库、灌溉农田，流到天津的水量大幅度减少，造成天津供水严重不足，曾从北京密云水库调水。 自1981年8月起，为了保障北京用水，密云水库不能再向天津调水。 天津的水源几近断绝，用水陷于困境，庞大的工业生产和350万人民生活受到严重威胁，经济发展和社会稳定面临严峻考验。 城市用水量由原来的每天180万立方米降到100万立方米，后又压缩到70万立方米。 人民生活用水由原来每人每天70公升降到65公升，并且还是每公升含1000多毫克氯化物的苦涩咸水。 工业生产用水由原来日用77万立方米降到45万立方米，第一发电厂被迫停止发电，纺织、印染、造纸等用水大户随时面临停产威胁。 当时粮田灌溉不允许使用海河水，菜田用水严格限量，整个市郊、农村土地龟裂，一派大旱景象。全市自来水压力不足，三楼以上无水，海河刘庄浮桥不能通行，大光明渡口轮渡困难。 天津全市几千家工厂如果因缺水而停产，将导致每年直接损失200亿元，间接影响130亿元。国家经委一位负责同志着急地说：“天津要是停产了，比唐山地震损失还要大，国民经济就要大受影响了！” 16 天津如此，海河水系的其他地方又如何呢？ 河北省绝大部分都在海河流域内，年均水资源总量为205亿立方米，人均水资源量仅为307立方米，远低于国际公认的人均500立方米“极度缺水标准”。 “根治海河”之后由于受天气变化，由过去的“十年九涝”改为年年干旱。这一来上游省份用水增加，能流到河北的水就少之又少。本省自产水资源总量和入境水资源量，比1950年代分别减少了58%和77%，而用水量却由上世纪50年代的40亿立方米/年，增加到200多亿立方米/年。 自来水量减少和用水量增加，加剧了水资源紧缺趋势，引发了河湖萎缩干涸、地下水超采和海水入侵。缺水已经从单纯的资源问题上升为民生问题、社会问题和生态问题，亟须实行最严格的水资源管理制度。 按照“先生活、后生产，先节水、后调水，先地表、后地下，先重点、后一般”的原则，将经济、行政、法律手段相结合，正在探求破解水资源短缺难题的良策。 ——哎呀！喝水、用水这么自然而然的事情，竟需要国家动用“经济、行政、法律手段”探求解决的办法！ 因为到处都在发生“抢水”的纠纷…… 于是，中央决定：引滦河水入天津，以解燃眉之急。因为在华北平原、长城内外，也只有滦河里还有可供外调的水，在它的中游有个容量不算小的潘家口水库。 滦河在天津的大北方，发源于河北和内蒙的交界处，因此“引滦入津”也可以称作是“北水南调”。 17 1981年盛夏，时任铁道兵第八师副参谋长的景春阳，以及铁八师师长刘敏、政委张景喜，一起坐在天津市市长李瑞环的办公室内，汗流浃背地翻阅着工程图纸。 李瑞环给每个人一个白瓷水杯：来，尝尝我的乌龙茶。 景春阳喝了一口先叫起来：啊，这什么味儿啊！ 那么好的茶叶，因为海河水的苦涩变了味儿，在座的另外两个人随即也感觉出了茶水不是味儿。 李瑞环说：天津有的老百姓连这样的水都喝不上，一些工厂因为缺水都停产了。 请市长放心，我们保证把滦河水引过来！景春阳、刘敏、张景喜当时的神色口吻像立军令状。 李瑞环却又“将”了三个人“军”：国务院计划三年引滦入津，但城市缺水度日如年，你们能提前到两年完成吗？ 当兵的完成任务从来不打折扣。景春阳回答说：我们有信心完成！ 那好吧，军队干，我们放心。你们真正两年完成了，在中国水利建设史上是奇迹，我亲自给你们送锦旗。李瑞环送别三位时，还不失时机地再给他们加一把油，打一通气。 1982年5月11日，引滦入津工程正式开工。 引滦入津工程是从潘家口水库引水，穿燕山山脉，使滦河水输入天津，全长234公里，包括隧洞、泵站、明渠、桥闸等工程113项。引水线路施工中最艰难的是要穿越我国地质年龄最古老的燕山山脉，在200多条断层中修建一个12394米长的引水隧洞，这是我国目前最长的一条水利隧洞，也是引滦入津的“卡脖子”工程，隧洞高6.25米、宽5.7米。 此处地壳多升降，造成了岩层扭曲、断裂、破碎，地质条件极差，对于工程来讲，它意味着塌方、滑坡、流沙、涌水……当时有句顺口溜这样形容这条引水隧洞： 曾有一些地方工程队的负责人和工程师来勘察过现场，勘查过后都摇摇头走开了。 到这种时候，就只能由部队上了。铁道兵第八师和天津驻军198师担负其中7210米的施工任务。 他们从4省2市的200多个施工、训练点上，紧急调兵直奔河北省迁西县景忠山下。仅用4个月的时间，就在冰天雪地里完成了全部斜井开挖和主洞掘进的准备工作。 引滦工程是现代化的大型水利工程，工艺复杂，作业难度大，技术、质量要求高。施工