Chapter 43 Chapter 42: The Great Wall in the North and the Lingqu in the South

In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms.At that time, the Qin Dynasty mainly covered the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and its territory did not include Lingnan, that is, the Pearl River Basin. Lingnan is the south of the Five Ridges.Wuling, also known as Nanling, is called Nanling because it is relative to Beiling [namely Qinling].The Qinling Mountains are the watershed between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.Wuling is the watershed between the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin.The Qinling Mountains divide the two major water systems of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and the Wuling Mountains divide the two major water systems of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. It can be seen that the Wuling Mountains have an important position in China.

From west to east, Wuling is composed of five mountains: Yuechengling, Mengzhuling, Dupangling, Qitianling and Dayuling. It is located at the junction of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces. The largest lateral tectonic belt in the south of the Yangtze River.Yuecheng Ridge and Mengzhu Ridge are the major traffic routes from Hunan to Guangxi, Dupang Ridge and Qitian Ridge are major traffic routes from Hunan to Guangdong, and Dayuling Ridge is the major traffic route from Jiangxi to Guangdong.For a long time, as a natural barrier, the Wuling Mountains have hindered the transportation and economic connection between the Lingnan area and the Central Plains, making the economy and culture of the Lingnan area far inferior to that of the Central Plains, and it was called "the land of barbarians" by the northerners.

This vast "barbarian land" has a hot and humid climate, boundless primeval forests, endless rivers, lakes and seas, elephants, rhinos, wild boars, tigers, leopards, bears, deer and various fish haunt the forests and Among the rivers and seas.Prehistoric humans such as Liujiang people, Qilinshan people, and Zengpiyan people lived here.Before Qin Shihuang incorporated Lingnan into the territory of China, the owners of the land in Lingnan mainly included Minyue, Nanyue, Xiou, Luoyue and other Baiyue branches. Although the ancient Lingnan was hot and humid, with lush forests, seas of miasma, and disasters, it produced treasures such as pearls, tortoise shells, elephant teeth, rhinoceros, and emerald feathers, which are envied by people in the Central Plains.Therefore, after Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms, "he took advantage of the rhinoceros horn, ivory, jadeite, and pearls of Yue, so that Wei Tu Sui sent 500,000 soldiers to form five armies: one army fortified the mountains of Tancheng, one army guarded the fortress of Jiuyi, One army was located in the county of Panyu, one army guarded the border of Nanye, and the other army had a surplus of dry water, and did not disarm and relax the crossbow for three years. This made it impossible for the supervisor to transfer his salary, and he used soldiers to dig canals to open grain roads, so as to communicate with Yue. In a war between men, kill Xiou Lord to translate the Song Dynasty. And the people of Yue went to Cong Bozhong to be with the beasts. They would not be the captives of Qin. Hundreds of thousands of blood flowed from the dead body. It is necessary to prepare for it."

This section of text recorded in Han Liuan's "Huainanzi" Volume 18 "Human Training" tells a significant historical fact in the era of Qin Shihuang, which is the excavation of Lingqu and the inclusion of Lingnan into the Chinese territory. In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang's 500,000 troops led by Wei Tusui attacked Lingnan in five ways. The first army of "Saitan City Ridge" faced Yuecheng Ridge in the north of Guilin, Guangxi, and to the south of Yuecheng Ridge was the Xiou tribe of Baiyue, which belonged to present Guangxi; Mengzhuling in the northeast of Hezhou, Guangxi, and the south of Mengzhuling is also the Xiou tribe of Baiyue, which belongs to present Guangxi; the "county in Panyu" faces Qitianling in the south of Chenzhou, Hunan, and Baiyue in the south of Qitianling The Nanyue tribe of Baiyue belongs to the present Guangdong; "Shou Nanye Boundary" faces the Dayuling in the south of Dayu County in the southwest corner of Jiangxi, and the south of Dayuling is also the Nanyue tribe of Baiyue, which belongs to the present Guangdong; "Dry Water" faces Wuyi Mountain in the south of Shangrao, Jiangxi. This area is the Minyue tribe of Baiyue, which belongs to the present Jiangxi and Fujian.

Among the five-way army, the one that progressed most smoothly was the first army of "Yuanzhishui", which quickly won the victory and established Minzhong County in Fujian.The two armies "in the county of Panyu" and "in the border of Nanye" who were in contact with the Nanyue tribe also entered Guangdong relatively smoothly.However, the two armies of "Saitan City Ridge" and "Nine Yis Fortress" in the west encountered stubborn resistance from the Xiou tribe.The war lasted for 3 years without any result. The reasons why the Qin army could not win the two routes to the west: first, because of the high terrain of Yuechengling, rugged mountain roads, and inconvenient transportation, which caused the Qin army to be unable to supply food and grass; It is complicated, and it is difficult for northerners to adapt; the third is because the two Qin armies are facing the stubborn Xiou tribe.Before the Qin Dynasty, the northerners invaded the territory of Xiou many times, but they all failed.Emperor Shun died in Cangwu during his southern tour. According to legend, he died in a war.The people of the Xiou tribe are strong, tenacious against foreign invaders, and familiar with the local terrain. Therefore, facing the army of the Qin Dynasty with advanced technology, sophisticated weapons and representing advanced productivity, they can still win a temporary victory, so that the power of Qin Shihuang cannot be successfully covered. Lingnan.

At that time, the Qin Dynasty's 100,000 troops marched upstream along the Xiangjiang River into Xing'an County in northern Guangxi, occupying the Xianggui corridor between the Central Plains and the Xiou tribes.The Xianggui Corridor is a long and narrow plain located between Hunan and Guangxi, sandwiched between Yuecheng Ridge and Haiyang Mountain, and is the main throat from the Central Plains to Lingnan.The 100,000 troops of the Qin Dynasty who entered the Xianggui Corridor were attacked by Xiou tribes everywhere, unable to enter, unable to stop, so they had to garrison dangerous areas, build castles, and send troops to garrison to prevent the Xiou people from attacking.This is the famous Qincheng.Qincheng was built between the large and small Rongjiang Rivers in Xing'an, with a circumference of about 20 kilometers.In the Song Dynasty, Zhang Xiaoxiang wrote poems for Qincheng:

Cut mountains and valleys to defend against Hu in the north, and build a strong city in the south for a farther picture. The ice and dust in Guihai do not move, but there are two plowmen on the ridge. Yanguan is 20 miles north of Qincheng. It is located between Lion Mountain and Phoenix Mountain in Xianqiao Village, Yanguan Township.Zhou Qufei believed that Qincheng "has a dangerous situation, a meeting of the throat, the beauty of the water and grass, the good atmosphere, and a real place for soldiers."However, Yanguan natural dangers mean that "advance has the advantages of a strategic plan, and retreat has the potential of serious dangers."

The Qin army stationed in Qincheng, relying on the strict natural barriers, was stalemate with the attack and defense of the Xiou tribe. The war lasted for three years without any progress.In order to solve the problem of grain and grass supply, relieve the worries of the Qin army, and complete the great cause of the unification of Lingnan, in 219 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered the supervisor Shi Lu to "dig the canal to open the grain road". Qin Shihuang's order to dig canals to connect grain roads was not a whim, but was guaranteed by the engineering experience of the ancestors and reliable science and technology.

The Yangtze River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, Songhua River, and Pearl River constitute the seven major water systems in China. At that time, the four major water systems of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Huai River, and Haihe River had already been included in the territory of the Qin Dynasty.Among them, in 486 BC, Hangou in Wu State connected the Yangtze River and Huaihe River; in 482 BC and 361 BC, Heshui and Honggou, which connected the Yellow River and Huaihe River, were also opened one after another.These artificial canals make the three major water systems of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Huaihe River into an inland water transportation network, and ships can shuttle freely among the three major water systems.At the same time, they also provided valuable technical support and engineering experience for the subsequent construction of artificial canals.

Qin Guo also has rich experience in water conservancy projects.In 256 BC, Li Bing of the State of Qin built Dujiangyan in Sichuan; in 246 BC, Zheng Guo, a water conservancy engineer, built the Zhengguo Canal in Shaanxi for the State of Qin.These two famous water conservancy projects, the former made the Chengdu Plain fertile and wild for thousands of miles, "floods and droughts follow people, don't know famine, and there is no famine year, so it is called Tianfu"; Died and joined the princes". With the experience and technical support of water conservancy projects in various vassal states and Qin State, it became a matter of course for Qin Shihuang to order the digging of canals to connect grain roads.

Xing'an, Guangxi, known as China's top ten charming towns, has a popular folk proverb: "Xing'an is so high that the river flows on both sides." This folk proverb summarizes two major characteristics of Xing'an's natural geography: one is high altitude.There are two mountains in Xing’an, Maoer Mountain and Haiyang Mountain. Among them, Maoer Mountain is the main peak of Yuechengling, located in the northwest of Xing’an, with an altitude of 2142 meters, the highest peak in South China; the main peak of Haiyang Mountain, Panhuangdian, is located in the southeast of Xing’an, with an altitude of 1748 meters, forming the topographical characteristics of Xing'an, which are high on the east and west sides and low in the middle.This low-lying middle, that is, the famous Xianggui Corridor, is about 180-500 meters above sea level.Second, the rivers belong to two major water systems.The Li River originating from Maoer Mountain in the northwest of Xing'an flows from north to south and belongs to the Pearl River system; the Xiang River originating from Haiyang Mountain in the south of Xing'an flows from south to north and belongs to the Yangtze River system.Due to the terrain characteristics of Xing'an, which is high from east to west and low in the middle, there are many tributaries of the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River on the Xianggui Corridor. They are very close to each other, but they are independent of each other and do not communicate with each other. contacts". Miao Zhongling, Zong Fengshu, and Jiang Yaping's "Guilin Hydrologic Karst and Tourism Resources Research" put it more clearly: the Lijiang River and the Xiangjiang River were originally separated by high mountains such as Yuecheng Ridge and Haiyang Mountain, but they happened to be in Xing'an County. Nearby, the watershed between the Li River and the Xiang River lowers into a near-north-south earth ridge known as Yuechengqiao.This weak link was discovered by water conservancy experts in the Qin Dynasty. They chose this place to cut mountains and ridges to dig channels to divert the water from the Xiangjiang River into the Lijiang River, and achieved the best effect of cross-basin water diversion with the least amount of engineering work. Because of the special geographical situation, there are two major water systems in Xing'an, the Xiangjiang River going north and the Lijiang River flowing south. The Xiangjiang River is in the east of Xing'an and the Lijiang River is in the west of Xing'an.The Xiangjiang River originates from the southeast and flows to the northeast. Its upper reaches are called Haiyang River, which is formed by the confluence of three rivers: Baishi River, Haiyang River and Xibo River. After the three rivers converge, they are called Haiyang River. Xiangjiang River.The Lijiang River originates from the northwest and flows southwest. Its source is the Octagonal Field of Maoer Mountain. This is an alpine swamp near the top of Maoer Mountain with an altitude of about 2,000 meters. There are dense forests and large water storage. say.The upper reaches of the Lijiang River are divided into several sections. One main stream is called Wugui River, Jiyi River, Liudong River and Darong River from top to bottom.The main streams of the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River are far apart.But near the Lingqu, there is a Shi'an River, which flows southward and joins the Qingshui River to form the Linghe River. The Linghe River continues to flow westward, and then merges with the Darong River.Therefore, as a tributary of the Lijiang River, Shi'an River is quite close to the Xiangjiang River, and the nearest point is only 1.6 kilometers away. When Qin Shihuang ordered the digging of canals to connect the grain roads, he wanted to build a canal between the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River, so that the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River could communicate with each other, so that military supplies from the north and south could be transported unimpeded by the river, and successfully ended his grand plan of unifying the South of the Five Ridges. It was Shi Lu who was responsible for digging the canal to connect the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River at that time. According to the "Biography of Shi Lu" written by Ou Daren of the Ming Dynasty, Shi Lu was originally from Yue, but because he was a door-to-door son-in-law, he went to Xianyang, the capital of the Qin State, and became an official of the Qin State.Qin Shihuang sent troops to attack Lingnan, probably because Shi Lu was from the Baiyue area and was familiar with the local conditions, so he was appointed as an officer to deliver military pay.When the war was protracted and no progress was made, because Shi Lu was familiar with the terrain of Lingnan, and because he had settled in Xianyang for a long time, he also had a good understanding of the construction of the Zhengguo Canal near Xianyang and had experience in water conservancy projects. best candidate. After surveying, the distance between Shi'an River, a tributary of Lijiang River, and Xiangjiang River is only 1.6 kilometers.The Xiangjiang River flows from north to north, and the water is abundant; Shi'an water flows from north to south, and the river is narrow and shallow.It would be the simplest and most direct way to dig a 1.6-kilometer canal at the closest point between the two rivers. However, the water level of the Xiangjiang River is 6 meters lower than that of the Shi'an River at the two closest endpoints of the Xiangjiang River and the Shi'an River.For Shi Lu, it is obviously very difficult to raise the water level of the Xiangjiang River by 6 meters within a distance of 1.6 kilometers to flow into Shi'an Water. Shi Lu had no choice but to go up the Xiangjiang River, arrived at today's Huazui, and entered the Haiyang River, the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River.Here, the water level of the Haiyang River is slightly higher than that of the Sian River, and the distance between it and the Sian River is only about 4 kilometers.In other words, if this place is chosen as the water diversion site, the shortest distance between the two rivers will be extended by 2.3 kilometers, that is, the length of the canal will be increased by 2.3 kilometers.By extending the horizontal distance of 2.3 kilometers and offsetting the vertical distance of 6 meters, this is of course the preferred water diversion location for Shilu. After the location of the water division was determined, Shi Lu started the great canal-digging project in the eyes of later generations. Lingqu is a systematic project, including sub-projects such as water diversion, water diversion, water release, and navigation.Among them, the barrage plays the role of water diversion, the south channel plays the role of diverting water into the Lijiang River, the north channel plays the role of ensuring the navigation of the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River, the discharge balance plays the role of flood diversion and discharge, and the steep gate plays the role of navigation.Each sub-project performs its own duties, and one is indispensable to ensure the normal navigation and safe operation of Lingqu. After determining the water distribution address, the first thing Shilu should do is to divide the water. He needs to build a dam to divert the water from the Ocean River.This barrage dam is the canal head project we see today, and it consists of a spout and balances. Huazui is an auxiliary building for large and small balances. It is a diversion embankment in the shape of a plow.Zhou Qufei said that "stacking stones in the upper sand moraine to make a plow, sharpening the front, and dividing the Xiangshui River into two reversely", Guilin water conservancy expert Wu Zhenji explained that "the upstream water is projected into two opposite directions at the plow mouth. The parabolic water flow is combined into an ox-yoke-shaped flow state, and it flows into the rivers on the left and right sides."Its comprehensive effect is "changing the middle flow into side flow, turning concentration into dispersion; reducing the single-width flow across the dam and improving the safety of the dam body". Fan Chengda of the Song Dynasty spoke highly of Huazui: "Huazui, located in Wuli, Xing'an County, was also made by Qin Shilu. Erjiang has great functions. I told Li Deyuan to try to repair it." He wrote a poem specially for Huazui: According to Mr. Tang Zhaomin's "A Brief Introduction to Lingqu" and "Xing'an County Chronicles", the top of Datianping Dam is 344 meters long, 12.9-25.2 meters wide, and the maximum height of the masonry is 2.24 meters.Xiaotianping dam crest is 130 meters long, 24.3 meters wide, and the maximum height of the stone masonry is 2.24 meters.The average size is surface flow weir.The big balance is the right part of the barrage, and the small balance is the left part of the barrage.The large and small scales are connected in a herringbone shape, with an included angle of 108°.The left end of Xiaotianping is Nandou, which is the water inlet for diverting water into the South Canal; the right end of the big balance is Beidou, which is the water inlet for diverting water into the North Canal.According to the survey, the Xiaotianping Dam is more than 4 meters high, and the foundation is piled with pine logs more than 2 meters long, and then a layer of pine logs is laid horizontally between the pine piles, and stones are built on the pine logs.The part below the river bed is more than 2 meters high, and the part above the river bed is 1.7 meters high.The outside of the dam body is covered with masonry strip stones and Yulin stone, and the side that receives the water is made of stairs.The crest of the dam is paved with boulders, about 6 meters wide, which are tightly inlaid. A wedge-shaped stone groove is cut at the junction of the two stones, and then molten cast iron slurry is poured in, making it an iron bolt riveting the two stones tightly.The inclined surface in the rear section is about 11 meters wide, and long flake stones are used to stand vertically, and the scales are arranged in rows, called fish scale stones, with a thickness of 0.7-1.3 meters.The sand and pebbles underlying the Yulin Stone, the upper part is a sand and pebble dam made of artificial clay, and the lower part is a primary sedimentary sand and pebbles.The cement between the strip stone and Yulin stone is partly sandy clay and lime, which has been weathered and loose; the other part is milky white and pink cement mixed with tung oil, which has a dense structure, strong weather resistance, and is particularly hard.In this way, the entire embankment appears to have a stable foundation and is not easily destroyed by floods. The usual barrage should be in the shape of "one", but the barrage of Lingqu is ingenious, showing the shape of "person".It consists of a share mouth and a large and small balance, with the share mouth at the top.Like a high head; the size of the balance is down, like arms at a 72° angle.Today, if you go to the viewing platform in Nandou Village by the Xing'an Lingqu, you can still clearly see this vivid "human" dam lying among the mountains. The original oceanic river started to be called the Xiangjiang River when it arrived at the "Ren" dam. The original Xiangjiang River traveled northward along its old course. It was parallel to Shi'an River, a tributary of the Lijiang River, and flowed in the opposite direction. There was no meaning of confluence at all.The "human" character dam built by Shi Lu is like two thick arms of a person, opening at a sharp angle, dividing the water of the Haiyang River into two streams at the interface of the "human" character.One of them accounts for seven points, and it flows north-east, and flows for several kilometers through the North Canal before joining the Xiangjiang River.The other stream accounts for three parts, and flows in the direction of north and west, and flows for several kilometers through the South Canal to join the Shi'an River.This confluence has contributed to the confluence of the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River, which in turn has contributed to the confluence of the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system. On the earth where the unit of measurement is "ten thousand" and "square kilometer", a barrage of hundreds of meters is like a drop in the ocean, which is completely worthless.However, the hundreds of meters of "human" dam connecting the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River has created a geographical miracle on the earth. It makes a small river originating in a small Xing'an County lead to two seas respectively.It is said that there are only two wonders in the world where one water flows and two seas. One is in Russia, where a river leads to two seas: the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. It is determined by nature.The other is the Haiyang River in Xing'an, which lead to the East China Sea and the South China Sea respectively [the Xiangjiang River leads to the Yangtze River and enters the East China Sea, and the Lijiang River flows into the Pearl River and enters the South China Sea], but it is artificially created.Lu Duo's poem "Fenshui Pond" vividly described this spectacle: Huazui, the "head" on the arms of the "person" dam with its head held high, is indeed endowed with the wisdom of the human brain, with the awareness of security and defense, the ability of accurate calculation and the ability of leadership and command.The awareness of safety and defense is reflected in flood diversion, reducing the impact of floods on large and small scales, and can protect dikes; the ability of accurate calculation is reflected in water diversion, returning seven percent of the water from the Haiyang River to the Xiangjiang River, and supplying three percent to the Lijiang River, so as to communicate between Hunan and Li; The ability to command is manifested in navigation. After splitting the rapidly descending Haiyang River in half, a still water area was formed on both sides. Ships traveling from south to north can navigate along the still water area, which is quite safe.A share, with such exquisite consciousness, ability and talent, has to be reminiscent of the wisdom of the human brain. Because the arms of this "person" dam are different from the usual barrage dams in shape and function, it has a very beautiful name: balance.Among them, the arm from north to east is called the big balance, and the arm from north to west is called the small balance.Why is it called Tianping?Experts believe that a general dam has only one function, that is, to retain water.However, the "Ren" dam in Lingqu has four functions: one is to block the water of the Haiyang River and make it leave the old course of the Xiangjiang River; the other is to divide the water. The water of the original Haiyang River is divided into two One-third of the water enters the Xiangjiang River through the North Canal, and one-third of the water enters the Lijiang River through the South Canal. Section, in the flood season, once the river surges, the Haiyang River will cross Xiaotianping and enter the old Xiangjiang River, so that the water level entering the canal will not exceed the allowable elevation of the canal body to ensure the safety of the canal; the fourth is to weaken the impact of the river on the barrage, and the barrage will be changed to " The shape of "一" is a "herringbone" shape, which is equivalent to changing the direction of the dam facing the flowing water, preventing the embankment from facing the flow direction of the Haiyang River directly, and facing the water flow of the Haiyang River from the side, which weakens the impulsive force exerted by the water flow on the dam.Because this "person" dam not only plays the role of blocking the river, but also has the function of dividing and discharging water to balance natural water resources, so it is called Tianping. After water diversion, the second key project is the South Canal. The function of the South Canal is to guide the water from the Xiangjiang River to merge with the Shi'an Water through the channel.It is divided into three sections.The first section is from Huazui to Shi'an Water. This is a completely artificial channel with a length of 4.1 kilometers. The canal water comes from Haiyang River; the second section is from the connection between the channel and Shi'an Water to the intersection of Shi'an Water and Qingshui River. Since the Shi'an River is narrow and shallow, it needs to be widened and excavated. It is a combination of natural river and man-made canal, with a length of 6.25 kilometers. In addition to the diverted river water of the original Haiyang River, the canal water flows into the river of Shi'an River; The third section is from the Linghe River after the confluence of Shi'an River and Qingshui River to the confluence of Linghe River and Dayong River. This section is a natural river course plus some artificial improvement, with a length of 22.8 kilometers. river water.The total length of the three sections is about 33 kilometers. Among the three sections of the Nanqu, the first section is the most difficult.On the one hand, it is a completely artificial channel, there is no natural channel to use, and the amount of excavation is huge.Second, this channel is the first section of the water diversion project. It directly receives the impact of the unchannelized river water from the Haiyang River. At the same time, it is only 10-20 meters away from the old course of the Xiangjiang River, so it is easy to cause water emergencies. In the collapsed situation, when the project was in progress, there were three water tests, and the first two failed. According to legend, two generals were beheaded because of this, and the third time finally succeeded. This is because the third general moved the channel to Feilai. To the west of the stone, close to the Chengtailing earthen mountain, and widen the embankment on the right bank, it was successful.But the legendary third general also comforted the souls of the first two generals by committing suicide.In the third aspect, about one kilometer away from the Shi'an River in the South Canal, there is a Yuecheng Qiao, also called Taishimiao Mountain, which is the watershed between the Xiangjiang River and the Shi'an River. The project of diverting water into Shi'an water, which splits mountains and ridges, is not easy. On the north bank of the South Canal in the first section of the South Canal, you can still see an isolated rock, which is the famous Feilai Stone in Lingqu.It protrudes from the embankment, is slightly square, and is as flat as a stone. It is about 4 meters high and 20 meters in circumference. There is a Sijigui plant on it, and there are stone steps to climb to the top.Because it is a lone rock protruding and has nothing to support it, it is called the flying stone.In the Ming Dynasty, Liang Menglei engraved the three characters "Dianzhushi" on the Feilai Stone, which shows that the Feilai Stone was preserved as a "Dianzhu Stone".At that time, the embankment was built according to the stone, and the embankment was strong and not easy to collapse.Therefore, this stone became the "pillar" of the embankment and was preserved by the craftsmen. Wang Guoliang in the Qing Dynasty wrote a poem "Flying Stone": According to Zheng Liandi's "A Brief History of the Lingqu Project": "It is a total of three kilometers from Nandue to Dawandou. It is the section before the watershed. It is roughly the channel dug along the left bank along the foot of the watershed. The water-blocking dike built on the right bank is called Qindi. Between the dikes at the foot of the mountain. From Nandou to the front of Xing’an County, the canal is parallel to the old Xiangjiang River, very close to each other, and the nearest point is only separated by the Qin Dike. For example, at Feilaishi, Lingqu and the old Xiangjiang River have different elevations at the foot of the ridge. The two-layered waterway runs between the embankments. The left side of the embankment is the Lingqu Canal, and the right side of the embankment is the old course of the Xiangjiang River. The height difference between the two slopes of the embankment is very large. Formed at the foot of the ridge, the Feilai Stone seems to be the residual rock mass on the right bank after the canal was dug. Now you can still see the obvious protruding rocks at the bottom of the canal. The excavation of this section opened the door for the Xiangjiang River to flow into Li, and it is a very critical section of the canal. " Obviously, the Feilai Stone is not "Feilai", but the rock at the foot of the mountain left by the craftsmen of the Qin Dynasty who chiseled and built the canal. It seems to tell us how hard the geological landform was here, and it also seems to indicate that the experience of the excavators of the Lingqu What hardship and toil. In 1943, when the Chinese people were in the Anti-Japanese War, Tian Han wrote a couplet for Feilai Shiting: "The ancestors chiseled huge stones, and the soldiers sang and raged." The opening of the South Canal has finally brought the water from the Haiyang River of the Yangtze River System into the Shi'an River of the Pearl River System, connecting the Xiangjiang River and the Li River, and ships from the Yangtze River System can finally enter the Pearl River System through the South Canal. The two major water systems that "the sound of chickens and dogs are heard, and old and dead do not communicate with each other" are finally connected by this 4.1-kilometer-long "Huazui-Shi'an Water" section of the South Canal. The supporting project of Nanqu is Qindi.Qindi refers to the east bank embankment about two kilometers long from Nandoukou along the Nanqu channel to the north of Libin Street in Xing'an City.Qindi can be roughly divided into three sections: the first section starts from Nandukou to Feilaishi. The top of the embankment is relatively wide, mostly between 5 and 10 meters, and it is about 1 meter above the water surface.The second section is from Feilaishi to Shuishuitianping. The embankment is close to the old course of the Xiangjiang River. The stone embankment hangs high above the water, which is dangerous and has a lot of leakage, which is the easiest to collapse. In the past, this place was called "dangerous work".The third section is from Shuishui Tianping to Libin Street. The top of the embankment is generally about 3 meters wide, the bottom is about 7 meters wide, and the height is about 2.5 meters. It returns to the safe zone. Qindi is sandwiched between Lingqu and the old course of Xiangjiang River. There are many peach trees and willow trees on the embankment. The old course of the Xiangjiang River, Lingqu is a clear stream, while the old course of the Xiangjiang River is full of waves.Along the way, there are also natural and cultural landscapes such as Feilai Stone, Shuishui Tianping, Qindi Stele, etc., which are enough to make tourists feel the scenery and think about it through the ages. It has always been designated as "Qindi Scenic Area". The discharge balance refers to the overflow dam built on the east bank of the Nancanal 0.9 kilometers downstream from Nandiaokou to discharge the flood.The total length of the discharge scale is 42 meters, and the width is 17.6 meters. They are all made of large limestone, and their structure is exactly the same as that of the large and small scales.The top of the embankment is about 6 meters wide, and the fish scale stones on the slope outside the embankment are about 10 meters wide.The crest of the embankment is slightly lower than the bank of the canal. When the water level of the Lingqu Canal exceeds the height of the embankment crest, the water will flow over the overflow dam and flow into the old channel of Xiangjiang River.According to Zheng Liandi's "A Brief History of the Lingqu Project", the discharge volume of the discharge balance can be higher than the flow rate of the Lingqu itself, and it is used to drain the remaining water that the scale balance has no time to discharge during the flood season and the concentration of the south slope to the left bank of this interval. Water, so as to ensure that the canal water will not overflow the Lingqu Canal and damage the Qin Dyke.There is a stone pier on the top of the discharge balance dam, and there are stone slabs on the stone pier, forming a simple stone slab bridge. During the flood season, pedestrians can still walk along the stone slabs on the stone pier to walk between the big and small scales and Xing'an. The discharge balance can be said to be the second protection project to protect the Lingqu after the large and small balances. It avoids the possibility of flooding in the Lingqu during the flood season. There are four supporting projects corresponding to the water discharge balance: The first discharge is the Huanglong Embankment built near Liukouyan Village in Nanqu, the second is Huilong Embankment next to Shuibo Village in Beiqu, and the third is Libin Street in Xing’an City on the east bank of Nanqu. The first Mashiqiao is steep, and the fourth one is built next to the Guanyin Pavilion in Beiqu.Although the latter four are not named as water release balances, they do play the role of water discharge and flood discharge, and among them, the latter two also have the functions of bridges and water storage and sailing. Water channel, also known as field channel, or channel eye, is a water diversion and drainage culvert built with stones on the embankment, a facility with the functions of absorbing torrents and diverting water for irrigation.In the wet season, its function is to release the flood and ensure the safety of the dam; in the dry season, it can release water to irrigate the farmland along the coast. Doumen, also known as Doumen, is a building on the channel that is used to raise the water level, store water and navigate, and has the function of a ship lock.The reason why Doumen is built is to solve the problem of shallow and urgent water in the channel.Because of the Doumen, the Lingqu Canal can float boats across the mountains, as Zhou Qufei said above, "When the water accumulates, the boat will move forward gradually, so it can climb up the cliff and go down from the tower, so as to connect the boats from the north to the south." According to "" According to Xing'an County Chronicles, there were 36 doumen on the Lingqu, 32 in the South Canal and 4 in the North Canal in the Song Dynasty.The structure of the steep gate is as follows: the guide walls on both sides are made of masonry stones, and the height of the piers on both sides is 1.5-2 meters. Most of them are in shape.The water-crossing width of the steep gate is 5.5-5.9 meters to facilitate navigation.Steep gate buildings are located in places with shallow and narrow channels and fast-flowing water.The steepest distance is about 60 meters and the farthest is 2 kilometers. According to Lingqu research expert Tang Zhaomin's "A Brief Introduction to Lingqu": when a boat passes through the steep gate, except during the spring rising period, it generally has to be blocked and opened steeply.After Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, one or two Doufu or Doujun were assigned to each Doumen, and Doumu supervised them to perform this kind of task.Saidou is purchased by the government every year. The main ones are steep bars [including face bars, bottom bars and small steep bars], one hook each, and 10 or 20 pieces each of horse feet, water pins, and steep mats.When closing Doumen, first put the lower end of the small steeple into the stone hole under the right embankment of the Doumen, and insert the upper end obliquely into the notch above the right embankment of the Doumen; then put the end of the bottom bar on the fish mouth under the left embankment , the other end is placed on the lower end of the small steep bar; then one end of the face bar is placed in the notch of the left embankment, and the other end is crossed on the upper end of the small steep bar and rested on the right embankment.Open the lower end of the horse's feet connected by three wooden sticks again, and set them up side by side on the steep bar, and put a water-stretched horizontal frame with a width of 0.5 meters and a length of about 1.7 meters, which is woven into a narrow and long shape with bamboo slices, on the horse's feet. On the top, a steep mat with a width of about 1 meter and a length of about 2 meters is finally laid on the water block.In this way, the river water can no longer be discharged in large quantities, and gradually accumulates, which increases the water level between the upper and lower dikes. When the upper part is knocked hard, the bar will immediately come out of the notch, and the front bar and the bottom bar will also lose their fixing force. In addition, the steep mat will collapse down together with the steep mat, horse feet, water fight, etc. due to the hydraulic stamping. When the door is opened, the boat can take advantage of the stagnant water to go downstream or upstream without running aground and pass through a steep gate.This method has been used until the Lingqu is no longer open to ships.Because of the doumen water storage in the channel, Lingqu is also called Douhe. With the large and small scales, the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River can communicate; with the South Canal, the ships on the Lijiang River can reach the Haiyang River directly.However, without the North Canal, the Lijiang River and the Xiangjiang River would not be navigable, because the large and small scales act as dams to block the flow of the Haiyang River.At this time, the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system can be said to be connected by water but not by boats.Therefore, if the Lijiang River and the Xiangjiang River are to be navigable, the North Canal must be dug. Part of the water of the Haiyang River enters the South Canal from Nandoumen and finally flows into the Lijiang River, and the other part crosses the scales and directly enters the old course of the Xiangjiang River.The excavation of the North Canal made the water that entered the old Xiangjiang River flow into the North Canal.From Beidou to returning to the old Xiangjiang River, the entire North Canal is 3.35 kilometers long.The 3.35-kilometer North Canal includes two large S-shaped and several twists and turns, extending the canal from less than 2 kilometers to 3.35 kilometers.why?This is because the water level of the Xiangjiang River has been raised by the Tianping dykes and dams. If the North Canal is dug along a straight line, although the canal is short, the canal bed gradient is large and the water flow is turbulent. As time goes by, the incision of the river leads to the continuous deepening of the river bed, resulting in the continuous increase of the gradient of the river bed, a vicious circle, and finally the river water of the Haiyang River will flow to the North Canal according to the principle of water flowing to the lower place, resulting in the collapse of Huazui. The function of water separation is weakened and eventually even disappears.Therefore, the excavators of the North Canal extended the length of the North Canal to reduce the slope of the riverbed by increasing the length, thereby avoiding the possibility of the above situation. Barrages and dams are facilities built in canals to block rivers and store water, divert water into ditches to irrigate fields, or stimulate water to drive bobbins. They have roughly the same function as steep gates, except that the latter does not have the mission of diverting water for irrigation. According to Mr. Tang Zhaomin's "A Brief Introduction to Lingqu", there are two main types of dams on Lingqu: one is a semicircular dam made of stones, which is similar to a stone doumen, except that the dams are made of stone. Steep bars, land mats and other tools are used, and seven flat square logs about 5 meters long and 0.3 meters wide are used as gate switches for the plug weir. Extract canal water to irrigate the fields.The other is built in a channel with a wider river surface, using large wood to make a rectangular frame, and placing it horizontally in the channel, with long wooden piles densely packed with deep nails on both sides, and cobblestones are piled in the frame, and the building is about 1 meter high. An inclined rolling water embankment with a width of about 3-4 meters.The purpose of barrages and dams can be roughly divided into two types: one is to block water into the ditches and directly irrigate the rice fields; the other is to stimulate water and turn the trolley, and divert water through the trolley for irrigation. According to "Xing'an County Chronicles", in 1990, the irrigated area of ​​Lingqu reached 40,328 mu. The completion of the Lingqu system project means that the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system have achieved safe and smooth navigation. More than 2,200 years ago, the grain and grass of Qin Shihuang's 500,000 troops entered the Xiangjiang River from the Yangtze River, entered the North Canal of Xing'an Lingqu from the upstream of the Xiangjiang River, bypassed the word "Huazui" along Datianping, followed the south canal along Xiaotianping, and then All the way into the Lijiang River, Xijiang River, and Pearl River, and finally unified Lingnan.The vast lands of Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian have since been included in the territory of China, and the colorful Baiyue culture has become an organic part of the eclectic Chinese culture.Therefore, the dam with the word "human" is like a symbol, an important carrier of dialogue between man and nature, an important evidence of human "ingenious workmanship", and the most vivid illustration of the Chinese philosophy of "harmony between man and nature". , it is deeply embedded in the earth, just like human wisdom and spirituality are deeply embedded in nature. In fact, if the field of vision is enlarged, not only the large and small scales of Lingqu form a vivid "human" character, but also the entire Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River form a huge "human" character.Under the dominance of the "brain" at its source, Haiyang River, its strong right arm [Xiangjiang River] and left arm [Lijiang River] extend to the north and south of China respectively.It's just that before the spiritual canal was dug, there was a gap in the left shoulder of this "person", like the broken arm of Venus.The opening of the Lingqu allowed the severed arm to be stitched up.Lingqu, with its force of four or two, has integrated the two major water systems of the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin.It communicates the rivers between the north and the south with the "shape of a human being", and opens the exchange and creation of the civilizations between the north and the south with the "god of man". The excavation of Lingqu has a history of more than 2,200 years. There are many folk legends about its excavation, and official historical documents confirm that the excavation of Lingqu was done by Shi Lu.In the following dynasties, Lingqu encountered problems in repairing.In this regard, the literature also has detailed records.灵渠南陡下游二三百米的南渠北岸立有四贤祠，祠中设有对灵渠有过贡献的秦监御史禄、汉伏波将军马援、唐桂管观察史李渤、桂州刺史鱼孟威的半身塑像。此祠初为元代建设，之后历代或修葺，或重建。下面，对传说中的三将军和历史上对灵渠有过重要贡献的四贤作一介绍，从中也可以看出灵渠的修缮史。 兴安民间世代相传一个三将军开凿灵渠的故事。这故事说的是秦始皇下令开凿灵渠。第一位张将军率领兵士日夜劳作，终于在限定时间里完工，可是，通水时渠道却塌了。秦始皇怒而把将军在渠岸当众斩首。第二位刘将军经过千辛万苦，好不容易完成了工程，但在通水时再遇塌陷，又被秦始皇斩首于渠边。第三位李将军吸取前两位将军的经验教训，圆满完成了任务，秦始皇因此赐他荣华富贵。可是，这位将军并没有领秦始皇的情，而是跪倒在前两位将军的殉难处拔剑自刎了。 这个民间流传的故事有一个实物为佐证，那就是粟家桥灵渠南岸的三将军墓。三将军在历史文献中没有详细记载，但在兴安千百年的历史上，却留下了代代相传的口碑。 三将军的故事似乎是在暗示我们，灵渠的开凿，有过极其壮烈而动人的故事。 文献中关于史禄开凿灵渠最早的记录来自汉代刘安的《淮南子·人间训》：“使监禄无以转饷，又以卒凿渠而通粮道。” 汉代司马迁的《史记·平津侯主父偃列传》也有关于史禄开凿灵渠的记录：“使尉屠将楼船之士南攻百越，使监禄凿渠运粮，深入越……” 宋代范成大的《桂海虞衡志》最早详细记录了史禄开凿灵渠的地理情况，并高度评价了灵渠修建的技术之妙：“灵渠在桂州兴安县。湘水北下湖南。又融江，牂牁下流也，南下广西。二水远不相谋。史禄于沙磕中垒石作铧嘴，派湘之流，而注之融，激行六十里，置斗门三十六。舟入一斗，则复闸一斗，使水积渐进，故能循崖而上，建瓴而下。治水巧妙，无如灵渠者。” 周去非《岭外代答》对史禄开凿灵渠的工程技术有更详细的描述和解释，并高度评价了史禄本人：“湘水之源，本北出湖南；融江，本南入广西。其间地势最高者，静江府之兴安县也。昔始皇帝南戍五岭，史禄于湘源上流漓水一派凿渠，逾兴安而南注于融，以便于运饷。盖北水南流，北舟逾岭，可以为难矣。禄之凿渠也，于上流砂碛中叠石作铧嘴，锐其前，逆分湘水为两，依山筑堤为溜渠，巧激十里而至平陆，遂凿渠绕山曲，凡行六十里，乃至融江而俱南。今桂水名漓者，言离湘之一派而来也。曰湘曰漓，往往行人于此销魂。自铧嘴分水入渠，循堤而行二里许，有泄水滩。苟无此滩，则春水怒生，势能害堤，而水不南。以有滩杀水猛势，故堤不坏，而渠得以溜湘余水缓达于融，可以为巧矣。渠水铙迤兴安县，民田赖之。深不数尺，广可二丈，足泛千斛之舟。渠内置斗门三十有六，每舟入一斗门，则复闸之，俟水积而舟以渐进，故能循崖而上，建瓴而下，以通南北之舟楫。尝观禄之遗迹，窃叹始皇之猜忍，其余威能罔水行舟，万世之下乃赖之。岂唯始皇，禄亦人杰矣，因名曰灵渠。” 明代欧大任的《百粤先贤志》中专门有《史禄传》，其与众不同之处在于对史禄的来历和凿渠后去向有所交代：“史禄，其先越人，赘婿咸阳。禄仕秦，以史监郡，时始皇帝伐百越，使尉屠睢发卒五十万为五军，遣禄转饷，凿渠而通粮道。禄乃自阳山道取水源，以湘水北流入于楚，融江为牂牁下流，南入于海，转饷为劳。乃量为矶以激水，于沙磕中垒石作铧，派湘之流而注之融。激行六十里，置陡门三十有六。舟入一陡，则闸一陡，使水积渐进，故能循崖而上，建瓴而下，通舟楫，又利灌田，号为灵渠。于是杀西瓯君译吁宋。越人皆入丛薄中与禽兽处，莫肯为秦，夜攻杀睢。秦乃发适戍以备之。禄留揭岭，长子孙，揭阳令定，其后也。” 清代梁奇通《创建秦监郡史公祠记》将史禄开凿灵渠提高到大禹治水、女娲补天的境界进行了高度评价：“监郡史公禄凿城台山，激湘水西流与漓江合，又穿太史庙山，引流与融江会。于是湘漓合而南北通，融江之名隐矣。厥后马伏波、李给谏、鱼防御、李提点，或导淤疏塞，或筑铧建堤，或高陡易石，或测水盈缩而立天平。历代以来，修治不一，岂无才智之士，类皆循其故道，因时而损益之，终不能独出新意，易其开辟之成规，公固人杰也哉。且水流下，性也。激东流而转之西行，引漓江涓涓之泉，合湘融浩浩荡荡之势，通舟航而沃阡陌，千百年沧桑犹或变更，独灵渠至今利济无穷，水固莫灵于此渠也！溯监郡之智力卓越千古，直可缵大禹之绪而成补天之功矣。” 上述文字确认了如下事实：第一，灵渠为史禄所开凿；第二，灵渠的选址、拦河、引水、通航等系统工程皆由史禄所为，后世修渠之士悉遵其成规；第三，史禄凿渠成功地解决了秦军转饷问题，为秦始皇统一岭南做出了卓越贡献。 中国水利专家郑连第先生著有《灵渠工程史述略》一书，从水利工程专业的角度，认为史禄开凿灵渠至少做了如下工作并具备相应的技术保障： 第一，修建拦断湘江的大坝，即后来的大小天平。因为湘江分水处低于连接渠道另一端的始安水入口，不筑坝拦水，就不可能引水入渠，也就无法沟通二江。灵渠是我国最早的有坝取水工程之一，并且一直保留到现在。 第二，打开了飞来石附近的岩埂阻隔。湘江水位被拦河坝壅高，欲引向漓江，飞来石附近的岩埂像大屏风一样地挡住引水口门，必须打开才能通渠。这一段为石灰岩，有些部分岩石还比较坚硬，现在的飞来石应为开凿后右岸的残留部分，渠底依然可见突起的岩石，滔滔渠水已流淌了两千年，至今这些岩石仍旧棱角突出。在遥远的古代，工具简陋，没有炸药等现代器材，完成这一工程是十分不易的。 第三，开凿城台岭及始安岭的山脚成渠，筑秦堤2公里至今大湾陡处，形成渠道。这段开山工程虽不如开飞来石和下面所列开太史庙山那样艰巨，工程量那样集中，但战线很长，左面是山，右面还要修堤，在技术上要有相当严格的要求。秦堤绵亘3公里，是渠水的依托，如有溃漏，将导致全工程的败亡。特别是南陡至粟家桥一段，堤较高，所受外力大且复杂，稳定性和牢固性都要保证。 第四，打开分水岭太史庙山。这是全渠工程量最集中的一处，起自大湾陡，至始安水口。其中，大湾陡至祖湾陡以下为开山，祖湾陡下到始安水口为平地掘沟，开山部分约长400米，开挖深度有15米以上，断面呈V字形，石质虽不如飞来石处的坚硬，但工程量相当可观，在两千多年前，这样的工程就是十分宏伟了。 第五，浚深漓江上源的有关河道。灵渠自始安水口以下就是漓江水系的天然河道了。开渠之前，这些河道可以季节性或终年通水，但距离通航标准还有差距。从现状看，入渠前的始安水是一条宽不及一米，流量微小的河道，欲使之通航，浚深扩宽的工程量很大。到清水河口后天然流量虽增大许多，但局部整修还是需要的。在这项工程中，以霞云陡上下最难，至今渠底石凸凹不平，岩石完整坚硬，当年的扩挖是何等艰巨，据历史记载，这段渠道的整治一直在进行着。 第六，开挖北渠。有上述五项工程，南渠基本就绪，但没有与之相辅相成的北渠，不但不能通航，也不能通水。北渠虽没有南渠那样多的建筑物和土石方工程量，但渠线的选择却是一项技术性很强的工作。灵渠开通时，北渠不一定有后来那样面貌，但没有与南渠相适应的形制也是不可能的。 第七，有相应的测量技术。灵渠蜿蜒30余公里，导江开山，使渠道能够通流并达到通船要求，没有相应的较高的测量技术显然是不行的。同时代的都江堰、郑国渠和关中漕渠这些著名的大型工程的出现，都证明这一点。可惜没有留下具体资料。前几年，在大小天平的交点挖出带榫口的石柱一件，柱底面有磨脐形的构造与石制基座相连，可以转动。基石是一块加工过的岩石，人工箭头形尖角大致指向北方。据有关人士研究，这个石柱可能是水准测量支架，上面有缺口可放水准仪器。下面的穿透榫口为转动时穿杠杆所用，其具体功用尚待进一步研究。 秦代开渠上述工程与相应的技术都是必不可少的，由它所体现的工程技术水平，反映了秦代的科学水平。 唐代莫休符《桂林风土记》最早记载了马援修灵渠的事情。文中写道：“全义县，漓湘二水分流处，相传曰后汉伏波将军马援开川浚济。水急曲折四斥，用遏其节，节斗门以驻其势。” 马援，字文渊，东汉“光武中兴”时期的著名将领。马援是个很有志向的人，“丈夫为志，穷当益坚，老当益壮。”“男儿应当死于边野，以马革裹尸还葬耳，何能卧床上在儿女子手中邪？”老当益壮、马革裹尸这两个成语都是他创造的。他又是一个极有眼光的人，第一次见刘秀，就很敬佩，说：“今见陛下，恢廓大度，同符高祖，乃知帝王自有真也。”马援深娴韬略，很得光武帝刘秀的重用。 马援修灵渠与史禄修灵渠动机相同，都是出于军事动机，为军事行动提供交通方便。公元40年，交趾徵侧与徵贰姐妹起兵叛汉，占领了岭南65座城市，徵侧自立为王。公元41年，汉光武帝刘秀拜马援为伏波将军，南征交趾。灵渠是马援进入岭南的必经之路。诸多文献记载马援在用兵交趾期间修缮了灵渠。除上面《桂林风土记》引文外，鱼孟威《桂州重修灵渠记》也有关于马援修灵渠的记述：“汉命马援征徵侧而继疏之。”欧阳修等撰《新唐书·李渤传》对马援修灵渠也有记述：“世言秦命史禄伐粤，凿为渠。马援讨徵侧，复治以通馈。”元代黄裳的《灵济庙记》更是开宗明义将马援尊为修灵渠的四贤之一：“兴安灵渠，自史禄始作以通漕。既而汉伏波将军马援继疏之。唐观察使李渤始为铧堤以固渠，作陡门以蓄水。而防御史鱼孟威复增修之。” 上述文献，确认了马援修缮灵渠的功绩。其中，莫休符认为灵渠的陡门为马援所建。 2008年，桂林水利专家伍镇基出版《解读古灵渠之谜》一书，首次提出北渠为马援所建。他根据灵渠铧嘴附近存在的“秦史禄障川处”，证明史禄没有修建北渠。因为“秦史禄障川处”位于分水村前，伍镇基因此结论：“既然此处'障川'，必然就没有北渠的引水口，此两者是不能并存的。从而可证，史禄没有修北渠。”伍镇基又根据文献中关于史禄“通槽运”与马援“通馈运”的记载，辨析了“通槽运”与“通馈运”两者的不同。所谓“通槽运”是指水路转运，即以水运为主加入短距离陆运，形成水陆驳运。“通馈运”则是全程水运。具体到灵渠，“通槽运”指的是运货船只从湘江抵达兴安，卸货通过一段陆地转运，运至灵渠的南渠，再将货物送到船上，进入漓江水运。而“通馈运”则是指从湘江逆流而上的船只，经过北渠，绕过铧嘴，直接进入南渠，顺着南渠直接进入漓江，中间不经过任何陆地转运。而文献称史禄“通槽运”，马援“通馈运”，恰好说明史禄未修北渠，而是马援“开川浚济”，修建了北渠，实现了湘江与漓江“通馈运”的结果。 上引莫休符文字认为马援创建了节陡门，伍镇基认同了这一看法，并作了具体的说明。他指出，虽然战国时期已经有“水门”出现，但只是做灌溉用，并不适用于通航。马援修建北渠后，创造出为过往船只蓄水、排水而设的搭拼式节陡门。节陡门由陡杠、马脚、竹簟搭拼而成。全部搭接点是触接，关门壅水时受水压力紧接，排水降压，接点由紧变松，最后一锤敲开小斗杠，整个“节陡门”全散，是为陡门全开。伍镇基先生指出：“这样的搭拼式节陡门，开关方便，省时省力，维修简易，更换不难，所以从创造出来一直运用到灵渠航运的终止。历时达1900年的陡闸门模式，世界上只有灵渠才有如此宝贵的古闸门文化。” 唐代鱼孟威的《桂州重修灵渠记》专门描写了灵渠年久失修、通航困难的情况。文章写道：“年代寝远，陡防尽坏，江流且溃，渠道遂浅，潺潺然不绝如带。以至舳舻经过，皆同奡荡，虽篙工楫师，骈臂束立，瞪眙而已，何能为焉。惟仰索挽肩排，以图寸进。或王命急宣，军储速赴，必征十数户乃能济一艘。因使樵苏不暇采，农圃不暇耕，靡间昼夜，必遭罹捕。鲜不吁天胥怨，冒险遁去矣。是则古因斯渠以安蛮夷，今因斯渠翻劳华夏，识者莫不痛之。” 公元825年，时任桂管观察史的李渤面对灵渠“渠道崩坏、舟楫不通”的情形，主持维修灵渠。据鱼孟威的记载，李渤修灵渠“铧其堤以扼旁流，斗其门以级其直注，且使溯沿不复稽涩。”明确了铧嘴以及南渠斗门为李渤所修建。 李渤，字浚之，唐穆宗时期，任职考功员外郎，史书称他“不苟合于世”、“守节者尚之”。因为他为人刚直，不同流合污，被贬到广西做地方官。 根据郑连第先生和伍镇基先生的描述，我们可以知道，李渤主要做了这样几件事：第一，将拦河坝做成了人字形，并在其顶点修建了铧嘴，如此才可以平顺地分水，这就是所谓“铧其堤以扼旁流”；第二，修建了南陡门和北陡门，使海洋河三七分派分别进入南渠和北渠；第三，在南渠修建了一批陡门。伍镇基先生具体说明：“在陡渠段以陡门截流，壅水成级状的渠段，代替陡坡浅水直流直注的原渠道流态，以利船舶上下航行。用陡门闸驻水流，创造阶级形的深厚水体，淹没该陡渠段的陡斜浅薄的水体，使浅水变为深水，满足过往船只吃水深的要求。同时，使陡斜的水面转变为阶级状水面，把急流变为缓流。”李渤修建灵渠的结果是“使溯沿不复稽涩”，使灵渠上的船只得以轻松、顺利地通航。 诚如郑连第先生所说，李渤时的灵渠重修在规划设计上是一次革命。不过，李渤虽然有非常巧妙的规划设计，但却没有完善的施工质量加以配合。鱼孟威在文章中指出：“当时主役吏不能协公心，尚或杂束筱为堰，间散木为门，不历多年，又闻湮圮，于今亦三纪余焉。桂人复苦，已恨终无可奈何矣。况近岁以来，蛮寇犹梗，王师未罢，或宣谕旁午，晦暝不辍，或屯戍交还，星火为期。役夫牵制之劳，行者稽留之困，又积倍于李公前时，转使桂人肤革羸腊，指足胼胝，且逃且死，无所怨诉。” 在这种情况下，公元868年，桂州刺史、桂管观察史鱼孟威又主持了一次灵渠大修。 在规划设计理念上，鱼孟威经过周密调研，认为李渤的规划设计思路非常科学，所谓“李公真谓有新规善养民也”。 鱼孟威在规划设计上继承了李渤的思想，但在施工用料上，汲取了李渤的教训，纠正了李渤的失误。自公元868年9月兴工，至公元869年10月告毕。鱼孟威的修渠工程持续了一年时间。在具体施工过程中，“其铧堤悉用巨石堆积，延至40里，切禁其杂束筱也，其陡门悉用坚木排竖，增至18重，切禁其间散材也。浚决碛砾，控引汪洋，防厄既定，渠遂沟通。虽百斛大舸，一夫可涉。由是科徭顿息，来往无滞，不使复有胥怨者。”