Chapter 8 Chapter 8 The Lost Beiyang Era

Wang Jingwei's side had such a big event, but Chiang Kai-shek couldn't gloat, because he was busy losing the battle at this time. This matter has to start with Chiang Kai-shek's transfer back to the main force of the Northern Expedition to defend Wang Jingwei. As soon as the main force of the Northern Expedition left Xuzhou, Sun Chuanfang arrived on the back.According to his observation, the Northern Expeditionary Army staying behind in Xuzhou is a miscellaneous army with weak combat effectiveness, so it is impossible to withstand their massive counter-offensive. If they miss this opportunity to easily take Xuzhou, they must send their heads to a mental hospital for a comprehensive examination .

Sure enough, in the face of the sudden counterattack launched by Sun Chuanfang who came prepared, the Northern Expedition quickly lost Xuzhou. At this critical moment when Wang Jingwei was about to compete with Wang Jingwei, Xuzhou gained and lost, not only lost Chiang Kai-shek's face, but also lost the momentum of Nanjing. In order to restore the influence, Chiang Kai-shek decided to lead his troops to retake Xuzhou. But the problem is that the main force of the Seventh Army and the First Army must be left behind to guard against Wang Jingwei. Chiang Kai-shek's troops that can take to the battlefield against Sun Chuanfang are mostly miscellaneous troops recruited during the Northern Expedition, and their combat effectiveness is very good.And his opponent, Sun Chuanfang, is not an easy guy to deal with.It can be said that the ending was doomed long before the war started.

Unsurprisingly, the cunning and cunning Sun Chuanfang easily discovered the weakness of the Northern Expeditionary Army, which is also a problem common to miscellaneous troops-weak will, poor coordination, and weak combat effectiveness.Therefore, with the good mentality of "do not take advantage of Chiang Kai-shek's advantages", he adopted the tactics of luring the enemy into an ambush, and defeated the motley Northern Expedition led by Commander-in-Chief Chiang. Commander-in-Chief Chiang returned in defeat. When Commander-in-Chief Jiang was defeated and returned to Nanjing, Wang Jingwei was also busy commanding Zhang Fakui's Communist troops who went south to Guangzhou after suppressing the "Nanchang Uprising".

Now that the pair of brothers and sisters no longer have the intention to fight, it is possible for Ning and Han to sit down and talk about peace. Although the Ning-Han split was essentially due to the power struggle within the Kuomintang, it also had a lot to do with the line dispute between the "United Communist Party" or the "Partition Communist Party".However, with the outbreak of the "July 15th" and the Nanchang Uprising, Soviet advisers were driven back to their hometowns by them, and the differences between Ninghan and Han on the "United Communist Party" or "Partition Communist Party" were also eliminated.Both Wang Jingwei and Chiang Kai-shek realized that "dividing the Communist Party" and "clearing the Communist Party" were no longer enough, and that "suppressing the Communist Party" was the way to go.

Now that differences are gone, cooperation is to be expected.Feng Yuxiang became the matchmaker. I said before that the Soviet Union was very optimistic about Feng Yuxiang, and kindly invited Feng Yuxiang to visit.A few months later, in the entourage of Feng Yuxiang returning home after his visit, there were a few more Communists, such as Deng Xiaoping, who were cadres sent by the Soviet Union to assist Feng Yuxiang in his work. However, Feng Yuxiang's actions have always remained true to the true qualities of the "General with a Thousand Faces", and he is somewhat sorry for the expectations of the Soviet Union.

After the split between Ning and Han, on the one hand, Feng Yuxiang announced his support for Wang Jingwei's Wuhan Nationalist Government and participated in the Northern Expedition;In order to clear the Soviet eyeliner around him, Deng Xiaoping and others were kicked out by Feng Yuxiang at this time. As we mentioned before, Deng Xiaoping joined the Communist Party of China when he was studying in France.Later, after Zhou Enlai and others returned to China, he still stayed in France as a work-study program.Comrade Xiaoping’s work-study life was very difficult. It was said that it was a work-study program for more than five years, but in fact it was only about five months of study, and the rest of the time was basically spent on employment, unemployment, waiting for work, and re-employment.However, Comrade Xiaoping also went to the society and the suffering world because of this, and from this he shouted the harbinger of reform that "poverty is not socialism".

In 1926, Deng Xiaoping was sent by the organization to study at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, and finally left France, which was unforgettable to him. At this time, he was 22 years old, and he had a 16-year-old friend under his command. This person was Jiang Jingguo, the eldest son of Chiang Kai-shek, and the relationship between the two was quite good.Fifty years later, the two became top leaders on both sides of the Taiwan Strait almost at the same time, launched reforms on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, improved the national economy and people's livelihood, and ushered in a new era of history.

Enough talking, let's talk about Feng Yuxiang. Although Feng Yuxiang has been portrayed as a gangster like Li Kui and Lu Zhishen by many film and television literature works that do not respect historical facts, in fact, Feng Yuxiang is a smart man with both civil and military skills. Soon after the split between Ning and Han, he, who had a decent relationship with Ning and Han, appeared as a third-party force and took the initiative to mediate.This can be said to kill two birds with one stone. While stopping the internal struggle of the Kuomintang, it also made his position in the Kuomintang even more important.

Both Ning and Han gave Feng Yuxiang face, and quickly reached a cooperation intention.After all, on the surface, there is no conflict on the issue of "suppressing the Communist Party." As for the power struggle between brothers, it can be resolved slowly in private. Nanjing welcomes Wang Jingwei to take office in Nanjing, and Wang Jingwei is also willing to go to Nanjing to take up the post.But he put forward a very individual condition - he can cooperate with the Nanjing National Government, but not with Chiang Kai-shek.Wang Jingwei's implication is that he and Chiang Kai-shek cannot coexist, and Chiang Kai-shek must go out.

Wang Jingwei was not a person who cared about every detail. He did this mainly because of Chiang Kai-shek's previous treachery. Of course, Wang Jingwei acted so tough at the moment because Chiang Kai-shek suffered a defeat and his prestige plummeted, so he took advantage of the current situation to benefit him and made trouble for Chiang Kai-shek. Of course Chiang Kai-shek refused to succumb to the pressure Wang Jingwei put on him, but he really had more than he could do, because his allies, the Xingui faction, did not support him and withdrew the ladder at a critical moment.According to historical data, Chiang Kai-shek once instructed Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi: If they can't agree with Wang Jingwei, they will fight, and if they are convinced, they will talk again.However, the two rejected Chiang Kai-shek's request, and the reason for the rejection seemed very noble: We advocate smooth cooperation between Ning and Han.

Although this reason seems to be impeccable, Chiang Kai-shek understood the deep meaning behind this reason: the Xingui faction is too big to lose, and he can't command it. In mid-August, the embattled Chiang Kai-shek issued a declaration to resign from the post of commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army. Simple possession is a little cleverness, and temporary giving up is great wisdom.Chiang Kai-shek's approach is quite clever. Yu Gong, sacrificed himself, avoided internal disputes in the Kuomintang, preserved the foundation of the Northern Expedition, and established a glorious image of his selflessness.Yu Shi, if there is a real fight, not only will you have to deal with Wang Jingwei, but you will also have to guard against stabbing in the back by the Xingui faction. The probability of losing the battle is as high as not winning the lottery. In addition, he took the initiative to go to the field, which can greatly alleviate the dangerous situation of his son Jiang Jingguo in the Soviet Union. Chiang Ching-kuo went to study in Moscow in 1925. It seems that Chiang Kai-shek did not expect that he would embark on the road of anti-Soviet and anti-communist, otherwise he would not be so stupid as to send his own son to the Soviet Union as a hostage. After the "April 12 coup", Chiang Ching-kuo, who had become a member of the Communist Youth League in the Soviet Union, immediately announced his break with his father, accused his father of betraying the revolution, and joined the team condemning Chiang Kai-shek.But even so, Jiang Jingguo was demoted to Siberia as an unpopular soldier, and was detained in the Soviet Union as a hostage.This situation was not improved until the "Xi'an Incident" when the Kuomintang and the Communist Party cooperated again. In 1937, Jiang Jingguo and his Belarusian daughter-in-law Jiang Fangliang, who had met and loved each other in adversity, went back to China after many twists and turns.After he returned to China, he began to actively assist his father, without any barriers.Therefore, we can infer that Chiang Ching-kuo's declaration of breaking with his father in the Soviet Union was actually an expedient measure. If he did not do so, it would be hard to say whether he would survive. Not long after Chiang Kai-shek resigned, Xiao Jiang, who was a soldier in Siberia, returned to Moscow. Although he was still a hostage, the environment in Moscow was much better than in Siberia. Chiang Kai-shek, who went to the field, was naturally a little lonely, but Chiang Kai-shek, who was far away from the center of the political storm, just had time to think about and resolve his marriage. Strictly speaking, Chiang Kai-shek has had three marriages. The first wife, Mao Fumei, was illiterate and had small feet. They had a feudal arranged marriage.At that time, Chiang Kai-shek was only a 15-year-old impulsive boy, and Mao was much older than him. Although they had a child like Chiang Ching-kuo, he had no love for Mao. The second wife, Yao Yecheng, had a kind nature and was originally a prostitute.This marriage was considered to be a mistake made by Chiang Kai-shek on impulse. In fact, he didn't like Yao Yecheng very much.In his little diary, there are a lot of dissatisfaction with Yao Yecheng, saying that the other party can only play cards, and that he cannot get the care and concern of the other party when he is sick... The third wife was the aforementioned Chen Jieru, a young girl whom Chiang Kai-shek spent a lot of energy on, but he was still not very satisfied.One of the most important reasons is that he thinks that Chen Jieru's consumption concept is problematic - he can't keep a house, loves to go shopping, and likes to pursue luxury goods. After searching and searching, Chiang Kai-shek finally took a fancy to Song Meiling. People in the world say that the marriage between Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling was a political marriage. In fact, it has to be corrected. The marriage between them was based on love and cannot be simply called a political marriage. In 1922, the two met for the first time at a gathering of fellowship held at Sun Yat-sen's home.In the next four years, under the hard pursuit of the married man Chiang Kai-shek, the relationship between the two developed from an ordinary friend to a love affair. Chiang Kai-shek mentioned Song Meiling countless times in his small diary.Such as "Meiling will return to Shanghai, and my heart is very happy", "I miss my beautiful sister today", "I miss Meilin (Meiling) all day long and I don't care about it", "Talking with my third brother (Song Meiling's nickname) is full of emotions and loves each other , but this is the only way to get a little joy in life", and so on. The love stories of the post-80s generation in the 19th century are as nasty as those of the post-80s generation in the 20th century.Unexpectedly, Principal Jiang, the cool guy who is usually unsmiling, has a tender side. However, the resistance Chiang Kai-shek faced in marrying Song Meiling was not small. Except for the eldest sister Song Ailing who especially wanted to marry her younger sister Meiling to Commander Chiang, Song Meiling's second sister Song Qingling, brother Song Ziwen and mother Song Tai all opposed the relationship between Chiang Kai-shek and Song Meiling. Soong Ching Ling and Soong Ziwen had always supported the Wuhan government and opposed Chiang Kai-shek's Qing-Communist policies, so naturally they did not want their younger sister to marry him.Mrs. Song Tai was worried about Chiang Kai-shek's complex emotional history and marital loyalty: Chiang Kai-shek had wives and sons, and concubines and lovers. How could my third girl marry such a man with a complicated marriage history? As a result, their marriage was delayed again and again. In order to embrace the beauty back, Chiang Kai-shek tried his best to persuade the "beautiful girl"'s natal family after thinking of a few tricks. Strange trick one, in August 1927, Chiang Kai-shek tricked his current wife Chen Jieru to study in the United States, and he went there for five years.Later, when Chen Jieru returned to China, the uncooked rice had already been cooked, and everything had changed. Strange move two, Chiang Kai-shek wrote a relatively false description of his marital status, which was published for three days in a row on the extremely popular "Declaration", the content is as follows: This is of course a face project, to show the Song family, especially outsiders, so that everyone can save face, how can the third lady of the dignified Song family marry without knowing it! After Chiang Kai-shek published the statement in the newspaper, he immediately proposed to Song Meiling.What is touching is that when Chiang Kai-shek's career was in a slump and he had not informed the woman's mother, siblings, Miss Song San actually accepted the marriage proposal.Perhaps this is the power of love, perhaps also mixed with some sympathy that women tend to overflow. Chiang Kai-shek, who made a successful marriage proposal, went east to Japan with mixed feelings of joy and anxiety, visited Mrs. Song Tai who was seeing a doctor in Kobe, and used his performance to win Mrs. Song Tai's permission to marry him. It needs to be explained that Chiang Kai-shek, who originally believed in Buddhism, became a Christian long after he married Ms. Song San, not as some gossip said, he joined before marriage in order to pursue Song Meiling. On December 1, 1927, Jiang Song got married smoothly. Chiang Kai-shek successfully embraced the beauty, but Wang Jingwei was miserable. In mid-August 1927, Wang Jingwei issued the "Declaration on Moving the Capital to Nanjing", announcing that the capital was officially moved to Nanjing, ending the eight-month history of the capital in Wuhan. Wang Jingwei thought that once Chiang Kai-shek left, the Kuomintang would be able to realize the civilian leadership of "ruling the army with the party" and eliminate the disease of military dictatorship.But it was only when they arrived in Nanjing that they found that Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi supported themselves and didn't take him seriously at all. It is normal to say that Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi have ambitions. After all, power is a good thing. Keeping or even expanding the power in one's own hands has become the greatest pleasure of people close to power, and few people can be exceptions. In order to suppress Wang Jingwei, the ambitious Li Zongren invited back the extreme right of the Kuomintang, the Xishan Conference faction.Because the Xingui faction belongs to the halfway to participate in the revolution, only has military power, and has no corresponding status in the party. Wang Jingwei had already expelled the Xishan Conference faction from the party, and Chiang Kai-shek also announced that they were an illegal organization. As a result, Li Zongren unilaterally announced the revocation of all related punishments.Then it was reported to Wang Jingwei: Chairman Wang, we have already dealt with the matter of rescission of punishment. Now our whole party pays attention to unity and cooperation, so you should also revoke the sanction against them. Li Zongren's unorganized and undisciplined approach angered Wang Jingwei: Your approach is out of order and must be discussed and decided by the Party Central Committee! When it comes to fighting, Li Zongren is definitely a good player, but when it comes to political maneuvering, his level is still far behind.He belongs to the kind of person who dares to open a dyeing workshop if he has three points of color, and he has no intention of compromising with Wang Jingwei. While Li Zongren and Wang Jingwei were busy fighting for power, the biggest crisis since the Northern Expedition was approaching them step by step. At dawn on August 25, 1927, the banks of the Nanjing section of the Yangtze River were covered in morning fog. Sun Chuanfang, who had not seen him for a long time, was busy busy directing his men to smuggle across the Yangtze River. This brother got up early, worked hard overtime, and his professionalism was commendable. Unfortunately, his career blueprint was rather evil, because he came here this time to wipe out the Nanjing Nationalist Government. Although Sun Chuanfang had a godfather who could borrow money and soldiers, in order to completely kill the Northern Expeditionary Army, Sun Chuanfang, who was defeated several times before and after, resolutely chose to go bankrupt. In order to ensure that this trip was not in vain, Sun Chuanfang also made a lot of preparations. First of all, he chooses the timing of the attack very well. The Northern Expedition had just suffered a major defeat in Xuzhou, and their morale was low; Chiang Kai-shek's resignation caused the Whampoa army to lose its backbone, and the army's morale was unstable; Li Zongren was busy with internal strife and distracted; The Yangtze River threatens the west side of Nanjing, and Li Zongren must divide his troops to defend. Furthermore, the landing location he chose is very terrible. This may be related to his good intelligence work, because the most reasonable landing position can only be found if he has a clear understanding of the opponent's military deployment. At that time, the main force of the Seventh Army of the Guangxi Clique was deployed to the west of Nanjing to guard against Tang Shengzhi, and the main force of the First Whampoa Army was stationed on the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway line to the east of Nanjing.The troop deployment plan of the First Army was decided before Commander-in-Chief Jiang stepped down, because this plan can not only prevent Zhang Zuolin from the north from going south, but also make him feel more secure when he is active in Shanghai and Zhejiang. Generally speaking, it is a very good plan. Thoughtful design. Sun Chuanfang conducted detailed research and investigation on the military arrangement of the Northern Expeditionary Army.The hard work paid off, and Sun Chuanfang discovered a defensive omission of the Northern Expeditionary Army-the area around Longtan Town on the east side of Nanjing.This is the best landing position for him to wreak havoc.Longtan is surrounded by mountains. Once these mountains are occupied, it can be turned into a fortress that is easy to defend and difficult to attack. There is also a key location in the town-Longtan Railway Station. Once occupied, it can cut off Beijing (Nanjing) Shanghai The (Shanghai) Railway (that is, the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway) can cut off the connection of the Northern Expedition Army in the east (Huangpu Department) and west (Guangxi Department) direction, which is conducive to the rapid capture of Nanjing. In the end, Sun Chuanfang's finishing touch was very sharp. It is very difficult to hide and seek without being discovered, let alone planning a sneak attack involving more than 60,000 people.It is difficult to avoid being detected, or to be detected as late as possible.Fortunately, Sun Chuanfang's knowledge of physical geography and mathematics is very good. He chose the most suitable weather - thick fog and time - the early morning when people are most likely to get sleepy, and also the most suitable place to cross the river - a short distance from his landing. The location Longtan Town has the shortest sailing distance, which can ensure that its main force can cross the Yangtze River in the shortest time. The shorter the time, the lower the chance of being discovered by the defenders.By the way, in order not to be discovered by the navy of the Nanjing Nationalist Government, he also used money to bribe the head of the navy—Navy Commander Yang Shuzhuang, and established a united front with the opponent. The Art of War says: If you know yourself and the enemy, you will never be imperiled in a hundred battles.Obviously, Sun Chuanfang has done a good job in "knowing the enemy".In fact, Sun Chuanfang is also quite a "confidant": his most elite Second Beiyang Division has been disabled by the Northern Expeditionary Army, and the combat effectiveness of other troops is average. If they fight normally, they will definitely not be opponents of the Northern Expeditionary Army.In order to tap the combat effectiveness of his subordinates as much as possible, he specially learned from his predecessor Xiang Yu the stunt that can force soft-hearted and cowardly people into desperate Saburos - "break the boat and sink the boat", and only asked the soldiers to bring dry food for a few days. After the soldiers crossed the Yangtze River All the ships were transported back to the North Bank to be taken care of by the Broadsword Team. Do not retreat, attack! Because of Sun Chuanfang's preparations so well, the Northern Expeditionary Army, who was stunned by the sudden enemy, fully recovered after he took the commanding heights of Longtan Railway Station and its surroundings. The most critical moment has arrived. Sheng can continue the Northern Expedition, and the unification of China is expected!If it fails, the Nanjing government will be destroyed, and the main forces of the Northern Expedition, the Whampoa and Guangxi factions, will cease to exist! The city of Nanjing was shaken by the wind. Whether it was government officials or ordinary people, they all panicked and packed their bags, preparing to flee.Even He Yingqin, the commander of the First Army, was no exception. He also planned to run away with the First Army near Nanjing.It is said that this is because the old superior Chiang Kai-shek told him before leaving: Work hard, make progress every day, and preserve the strength of the First Army. At the critical moment, Li Zongren came to the door. He couldn't help it.Bai Chongxi went to Shanghai on a business trip to pay for military expenses, while Huang Shaohong stayed in Guangxi to look after the house. There was really no one to discuss.Furthermore, the situation is so critical, the Guangxi faction is fighting alone, and it is difficult to support it alone, and it is easy to die. The first army must be used to fight, and work together to solve Sun Chuanfang. Although He Yingqin had a relatively thick skin, he was really embarrassed to run away in front of Li Zongren, so he stayed without saying a word. After the two giants of the Guangxi Clan and the Whampoa Faction came to a unified understanding, after carefully analyzing the current situation, they carried out a clear division of labor - Li Zongren commanded the Gui Clan giants Xia Wei and Li Mingrui to lead the main force of the Seventh Army to attack Qixia Mountain near Longtan Station He Yingqin personally commanded the First Army to counterattack Longtan Station. The two armies launched a counterattack from west to east at the same time, theoretically enough for Sun Chuanfang to drink a pot!But the reality is that the two armies have divided labor and cooperated with each other, making great sacrifices but little progress. This is due to two main reasons. First, Sun Chuanfang's army occupied most of the commanding heights, and the Seventh Army's counterattack was an upward attack, which was very difficult. Second, after Sun Chuanfang occupied the Longtan Railway Station, the First Army was cut into two parts by him, the East and the West.Moreover, the western part of the First Army under the command of He Yingqin was not the main force of the First Army. In the face of Sun Chuanfang's superior force and the enemy army who was "destroyed" and forced to become desperate, the First Army really couldn't take advantage. It was a coincidence that when the war broke out, Bai Chongxi, who was returning home from Shanghai, was taking a train towards Longtan Station. Halfway there, just in time for the war, Bai Chongxi got off the train and directed the main force of the First Army to the east. Attack Longtan Railway Station from east to west. In this way, the Northern Expedition launched a perfect counterattack. The Northern Expeditionary Army on the side of Nanjing City attacked eastward, and Bai Chongxi commanded the First Army on the Eastern Front to attack westward. The Northern Expeditionary Army will attack Longtan and attack Sun Chuanfang. After six days and six nights of tough fighting, the war is over. Although the casualties of the First and Seventh Armies amounted to more than 8,000 people, suffering the largest casualties since the Northern Expedition, Sun Chuanfang's army was also wiped out in the tens of figures.The performance of the Northern Expeditionary Army in this battle is enough to shine in the annals of history! Seriously speaking, in this war, the Northern Expeditionary Army really did not come up with any great strategies and tactics. The only thing they can rely on is the will to dare to fight hard and the fighting power to fight tough battles. Absolute strength, good at fighting tough battles, good at chewing hard bones.In the face of absolute strength, all tactics will be vulnerable.After all, although the strategy is good, it must be based on strength. Of course, winning is not an easy task, and sometimes you need some luck.If Bai Chongxi hadn't happened to catch up with the war, the consequences would be hard to say. The Northern Expeditionary Army understood the victory, but I don't know if Sun Chuanfang understood the defeat. Judging from Sun Chuanfang's performance in converting to Buddhism shortly after the battle, he should have been convinced and understood. In this battle, Sun Chuanfang even used the strategy of sneak attack and "breaking the boat" and it can be said that he was not ruthless, but he ignored or deliberately ignored (wanted to gamble) the most important point: logistical supplies.Without the backing of a strong navy, it is necessary to make a quick decision to win the game, because the lone army goes deep, and most of the soldiers go into battle lightly. The ammunition and food they bring are limited, and they will be gone when they are used up. You can't empty your guns when you are hungry, right? The Battle of Longtan lasted six days and nights. Sun Chuanfang's soldiers had already eaten up all the food they carried with them, and they were screaming with hunger. Even grass roots are good things. As for drinking water, a river of blood flows eastward. Not to mention the weak physical strength of one's own side, the opponent is still the Northern Expeditionary Army whose determination and willpower are not inferior, but the strength is especially superior. Sun Chuanfang's loss is not unfair. In addition, Sun Chuanfang should settle accounts with Tang Shengzhi.The two brothers had discussed before and agreed to attack Nanjing together, but Tang Shengzhi refrained from the appointment, because the person who was only capable of being a cicada wanted to be a yellow sparrow. As a result, Li Zongren transferred the part of the Guangxi army that was guarding against Tang Shengzhi's eastward advance into the army. battlefield. Then again, with Tang Shengzhi's character, it's normal not to send troops.If he didn't fall into trouble when Sun Chuanfang was defeated, he had already exploded in character. The First Battle of Longtan laid the foundation for the Nanjing National Government to win the world.The Battle of Longtan is also recorded in the annals of history as one of the most famous battles in Chinese history.Since then, the Nanjing Northern Expedition has no real opponents. Some people may say, isn't Tang Shengzhi from Wuhan considered an opponent?If you think like this, then you take Tang Shengzhi too seriously. Compared with Sun Chuanfang, a real hero in troubled times, there is a big gap in the level of this brother. The so-called "there is no enemy left in the first battle in the southeast, and the party-state has repeated this remark for a thousand years" is not a lie. After the Battle of Longtan, the conflict between Wang Jingwei and Li Zongren was not resolved. The New Guangxi faction gained great honor and prestige through the Battle of Longtan, and Li Zongren became more powerful because of this. Wang Jingwei would not give in, and things would be considered deadlocked here. At a critical moment, Sun Ke, a rightist vanguard, appeared. He proposed: Let us elect a 14-member Central Special Committee, transition first, and realize the reunification of the national government. It is estimated that Wang Jingwei only remembered that Sun Ke was the son of the old leader, and forgot his other identity-a backbone of the Rightist Party. He actually nodded and agreed to the establishment of the Central Special Committee. However, when Wang Jingwei saw the freshly released 14th National Congress list, he found that apart from himself at the top of the list, the next names were all from Nanjing or the Xishan Conference faction.Wang Jingwei immediately understood: You have made it clear that you are emptying me, and whoever you like will do it, and I will quit! On September 13, 1927, Wang Jingwei sent a telegram to protest.Wang Jingwei's resignation gave Li Zongren an excuse.Li Zongren said: If you, Wang Jingwei, don't cooperate with me and don't give me face, then I will go west and unify the whole party by force. Who is going to conquer the West?Tang Shengzhi, the leading figure on Wang Jingwei's side.Li Zongren did this in order to weaken Wang Jingwei, take advantage of the opportunity of Chiang Kai-shek's resignation to gain political capital, accumulate qualifications, and replace him. I don't know if it was because Tang Shengzhi was too weak, or because the Xingui faction was too fierce. Anyway, Tang Shengzhi didn't fight any decent battles. As a result, the new Guangxi faction not only increased its military strength to 200,000, but also controlled the Nanjing government through the "Central Special Committee".The power of the New Guangxi Clan has reached its peak, and it seems that no one can shake its position. But what happened next proves that someone can move them, because the new Guangxi clique has offended too many people and the mass base is too weak. Not only were the two bitter and bitter opponents who were dismissed one after another——Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei willing to abandon their grievances and join forces to seek revenge from the Xingui faction, but Zhang Fakui, one of the main forces of the Cantonese army, was also very dissatisfied with the Xingui faction, mainly because Li Jishen, the nominal boss of the Guangdong Army and an ally of the Xingui faction, has a problem with his household registration.Li Jishen ate the food of the Cantonese people, but because he was from Guangxi, he sang the tunes of the New Guangxi Clan and always sided with the New Guangxi Clan.As a member of the Guangdong people, Zhang Fakui dislikes this Guangxi native who has controlled Guangdong for a long time, so Zhang Fakui plans to clean up the other party and let him manage Guangdong by himself. In other words, the old men of the Kuomintang—Wang Jingwei, Chiang Kai-shek, and Zhang Fakui of the Cantonese Army—wanted to unite to deal with the newcomers who joined the Kuomintang half way—the Xingui faction. A good show of infighting is about to be staged. In late October 1927, Zhang Fakui, who returned to Guangzhou because he led his troops to suppress the Nanchang Uprising, invited Wang Jingwei to return to Guangdong to guide the revolution.Wang Jingwei went there happily, and immediately set up another central government in Guangdong. In mid-November, Chiang Kai-shek, who was supposed to be fully preparing for the wedding, took time out of his busy schedule to announce the convening of members of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang to hold a preparatory meeting for the Fourth Plenary Session of the Kuomintang Central Committee in Shanghai. Mr. Wei, Li Jishen and Wang Jingwei from Guangdong participated. On November 17, just one day after Li Jishen and Wang Jingwei left Guangdong, Zhang Fakui and his old subordinate Huang Qixiang launched the "Dump Gui" operation, disarming the Xingui troops in Guangdong who could disarm, and driving those who could not disarm directly back to Guangxi. "Guangzhou Zhanghuang Incident". As soon as Ninghan and Han merged, Ningyue split again. For a whole year in 1927, the split completely became the mainstream. At the meeting held in Shanghai, the New Guangxi faction who had suffered a disadvantage wanted to clean up Wang Jingwei, and because Wang Jingwei was backed by Zhang Fakui, he firmly stated that the New Guangxi faction made mistakes first.The two sides could not stop arguing, and things came to a crossroads. At this moment, Wang Jingwei proposed to reinstate Chiang Kai-shek, who had obviously favored him at the meeting.After all, Chiang Kai-shek belonged to the old man when the Kuomintang started in Guangdong. He had the highest prestige in the army and the most unequivocal anti-communist banner. Wang Jingwei was more at ease when he handed over the leading power of the government to the other party.The three members of the Xingui faction also expressed that they could accept this proposal. Firstly, they had had a pleasant cooperation experience with Chiang Kai-shek. Secondly, the two sides have not completely broken each other, and there is still an emotional basis for continued cooperation. Since then, Chiang Kai-shek has been able to make a comeback through the "Guangzhou Zhanghuang Incident". While these brothers and sisters were busy fighting for power, the Communists appeared in Guangzhou. Ye Ting, Ye Jianying and others who were dispersed after the Nanchang Uprising sneaked back to Guangzhou. With the help of the Communist International, they mobilized Zhang Fakui's troops under the influence of the Communist Party and launched the "Guangzhou Uprising" on December 11. The rebel army called itself the "Red Army ".It was the first time the Communist Party referred to its own army as the Red Army. Zhang Fakui immediately mobilized troops to suppress. Due to the disparity in strength, the Guangzhou Uprising failed after only two days, and Ye Ting and Ye Jianying broke through the siege. Although it was only three years before Wang Jingwei's birth year (48 years old), Wang Jingwei had bad luck ahead of time.It didn't take long to work in Guangzhou before catching up with the Guangzhou Uprising.Now those people in the Kuomintang who opposed Wang Jingwei became even more reasonable, accusing him of conniving with the Communist Party and scolding him head and face.According to some historical data, Li Zongren and Chiang Kai-shek were secretly manipulating behind these curses.From the analysis of motivation, these two did have reasons to do so. Li Zongren and Wang Jingwei had just torn their faces, and Chiang Kai-shek was also forced to step down because of Wang Jingwei's demolition. But no matter what, with such a big incident, Wang Jingwei can only honestly assume leadership responsibilities. Therefore, Wang Jingwei once again declared his retirement from politics, and took Chen Bijun away to France for romance. After Wang Jingwei left, Zhang Fakui could not do anything alone. The Xingui faction took the opportunity to take revenge and forced Zhang Fakui to leave by force, and Li Jishen returned to Guangdong. In January 1928, under the pressure of Chiang Kai-shek, the Central Special Committee was disbanded, and Chiang Kai-shek, who was expected by all, was reinstated in Nanjing. After his reinstatement, Chiang Kai-shek personally presided over a series of meetings represented by the Fourth Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Kuomintang.All meetings were successfully held and all meetings were fruitful. The first result was to abolish Sun Yat-sen's three major policies of "uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting farmers and workers", and rehabilitating all those who were expelled from the party for opposing the three major policies, and the internal disputes of the Kuomintang came to an end for the time being. The second achievement is to adjust the government leadership team and optimize the government organizational structure. Tan Yankai became the chairman of the National Government, and Chiang Kai-shek was the chairman of the Military Commission.As for Hu Hanmin, he also has a new post as president of the upcoming Legislative Yuan. This Legislative Yuan is not simple, and it is a key part of Chiang Kai-shek's upcoming new initiative-the five-chamber system and the three-tier power structure. The five-campus system originated from Sun Yat-sen's painstaking research results during his lifetime - the separation of five powers, that is, the separation of political power and administrative power, with the political power belonging to the people and the governing power to the government.Governing power is subdivided into executive power, legislative power, judicial power, supervisory power, and examination power. operate and cooperate with each other. The three-tier power structure is based on the power organization form of the five-chamber system. The chairman of the national government is the nominal head of state. He and the dean of the Fifth Academy are both members of the Standing Committee of the State Council. Everyone is on an equal footing and checks and balances each other. The third result was the approval of Chiang Kai-shek's proposal of "engaging in mutual supervision and engaging in democratic politics".Therefore, the national government set up political branches in Guangzhou, Wuhan, Kaifeng, and Taiyuan respectively, with Li Jishen, Li Zongren, Feng Yuxiang, and Yan Xishan as chairmen of the branches.The four major warlords Jiang, Gui, Feng, and Yan during the Republic of China officially surfaced. After Chiang Kai-shek temporarily "unified" the Kuomintang, cleaning up Zhang Zuolin became his next goal. To fight a war, you must first raise funds.After all, when there is no pie in the sky, military expenses, food, pensions, etc. have to be figured out by themselves. Since the Soviet Union cut off international aid to Chiang Kai-shek after "April 12", Chiang Kai-shek can only make his own ideas in the domestic market.To put it simply, he mainly borrowed money from the Jiangsu-Zhejiang consortium to feed the army and maintain the Northern Expedition mainly through the face of his big brother Zhang Jingjiang.But if you always find someone to borrow money, and you don’t pay it back on time, it will be difficult to borrow again. With no money available, Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to ask his brother-in-law Song Ziwen to come out of the mountain. Song Ziwen originally supported Wang Jingwei's Wuhan government and opposed Chiang Kai-shek's rightist approach, but the question is, now that the Wuhan government is gone, who else can he support?Where else can you go to realize your ambitions?Furthermore, the face of the new brother-in-law is also to be given.Therefore, Song Ziwen took advantage of the situation and came out of the mountain. Although Song Ziwen has good financial management skills, he only has the ability to use money to make money, not the ability to make money out of thin air.The taxes paid by the territory controlled by the Nanjing government alone were not enough to support the Northern Expedition.In desperation, Song Ziwen had no choice but to adopt a two-pronged strategy of lure and high-pressure apportionment, and tried his best to get the Jiangsu and Zhejiang consortia to raise funds and subscribe for public bonds, and finally raised more than 20 million silver dollars for military expenses, barely sustaining the needs of the Northern Expedition. In April 1928, Chiang Kai-shek announced the continuation of the Northern Expedition. Under the coordinated operations of the four armies of Jiang, Gui, Feng, and Yan, Zhang Zuolin's Feng faction retreated steadily. On May 1, the Northern Expedition defeated Fengjun Zhang Zongchang's troops and entered Jinan City.But they did not expect that what greeted them was one of the most elite units of the Japanese army - the Sixth Division. In fact, this Japanese army did not appear suddenly. It had already marched into Jinan when the Nanjing Nationalist Government made its own Northern Expedition. However, the Nanjing government later suspended the Northern Expedition and did not meet this Japanese army. In view of the upcoming full-scale confrontation between China and Japan, for the convenience of understanding, here is a brief explanation of the establishment of the Chinese and Japanese armies, and I will not repeat them below. You can roughly think that: comparing one by one from right to left, each level of the Japanese army is higher than the Chinese army. For example, the divisions of the Japanese army are equivalent to the Chinese army. The main combat unit of the Japanese army is the division, which is briefly introduced here. The Japanese army divisions are divided into four levels: A, B, C, and D. The first class A divisions, namely the permanent divisions of the Japanese army, were numbered Konoe, 1st to 20th divisions.Except for the Guards Division, the others are the main force invading China, with an average number of nearly 30,000, which is comparable to China's Type A Army.Many of these divisions have experienced the tests of the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, and their combat effectiveness is very strong, especially the fifth and sixth divisions. These elite divisions will be the main opponents of the national army on the frontal battlefield . 其他番号的师团，大都是抗战全面爆发之后扩编而来的乙、丙、丁等师团。乙等师团约两万人，丙、丁师团都是一万出头，战斗力按照乙、丙、丁依次递减。其中，丁等师团主要用于扫荡敌后根据地。 一般来说，番号靠前的师团战斗力更强，但也有例外。抗战后期，日军为了解决兵力不足的困局，往往会通过“老鹰带小鸡”的方式，即抽调精锐师团中的精锐官兵去扩充其他师团，所以某些番号靠后的师团战斗力也很强。 Closer to home. 之前提过，日本为占领山东不惜跟德国打了一架，虽然后来被迫在华盛顿会议上认怂，承诺放弃山东，但那也只是嘴上说说而已，日本从未放弃将山东发展为“第二满洲”的想法，因此日军打着“保护侨民”的幌子阻挠北伐军接收济南。 北伐军进入济南后，日军立刻封锁济南商业区，开枪击杀北伐士兵。 蒋介石先后派出时任外交部部长的结拜兄弟黄郛、特派交涉员蔡公时去交涉。结果可想而知，毫无成效。没有血性的黄郛在被强迫签了一个莫须有的“中国军队在某处打死一个日本士兵”的证明之后顺利离开。有血性的蔡公时则被日军削成了“人棍”，然后被杀死，十八名随从也全部被害。 看来人与人之间，是可以用勇气分出区别的！ 同一天，日军以优势兵力收缴了数千北伐军的枪械，屠杀中国军民一千余人，残暴而嚣张。 蒋总司令的日记里有这些关于“济南惨案”的字样：“若北伐被阻，竟至半途而废，则党国前途何堪设想”，“不屈何以能伸，不予何以能取”，“对日军采取不抵抗决议”，“以后每日六时起床，必作国耻纪念一次，无间断，以至国耻洗尽为止”。 从字里行间可以看出三件事情。 其一，蒋介石把北伐统一中国当作最高目标，其他一切都可以让步； 其二，“对日本不抵抗主义”确实是由蒋介石首先提出； 其三，“济南惨案”对蒋介石刺激很深，他在后来的日记里还写有一些“金点子”，说明怎样才能雪耻，也算煞费苦心。但从他后来的实际行动看，日记内容被完全兑现的并不多。因此，蒋总司令“日记强国”的说法也并非空穴来风。 日记已经说明了蒋介石处理此事的态度——暂不抵抗。不出所料，北伐军撤出济南，绕道北伐。 北伐军大部队撤离后，日军占领全城。之后的几天，这群疯狗无恶不作。据不完全统计，军民死伤一万余人，史书把这些灭绝了人性的杂种系兽类集团在这十几天中犯下的罪行，统称“济南惨案”，又称“五三惨案”。 北伐军屈辱地绕道北伐后，只好把气撒在奉系身上。 哀兵必胜，兵力占优，更何况北伐军的战斗力本就强于奉系军队，张作霖兵败如山倒。 6月初，北伐军攻陷北京，统治中华民国十六年的北洋系统寿终正寝。 7月6日，晨曦初露，西山碧云寺显得格外静谧。 蒋介石在李宗仁、冯玉祥、阎锡山等人的陪同下，拾阶而上，来到了孙中山灵位前，追思当年与中山先生一起战斗过的岁月，蒋介石热泪盈眶：总理，北伐成功了，你生前一统中国的愿望实现了！我要把你的陵墓搬到南京，就叫中山陵…… 随后，北京政府被取消，国民政府定都南京，北京这地方也连带不能叫京了，改叫北平。不过为使本书风格统一，下文仍称北京。 随着北伐军拿下北京，洗洗回家睡成为张作霖的最优选择，但他此时还不知道，他已经失去了回家睡觉的权利。 一直以来，张作霖依靠人前一套人后一套的办法，跟日本人进行打了折扣的合作——在拿到日本人的好处的同时，也返给对方一点“红利”，但没有变成日本人理想中的傀儡。对日本人来说，张作霖固然滑头，却也没胆造反，不会伤害日本的“满洲权益”，算是一个可以长期合作的伙伴。 现在情况出现了变化。明眼人都能看出来，张作霖已经挡不住北伐军继续前进的步伐。可怕的是，一旦那支喊着“打倒帝国主义”的北伐军冲进东北，日本人所谓的“满洲权益”恐怕就保不住了。所以日本政府很着急，不仅制造“济南惨案”阻碍北伐，还要求张作霖从关内调兵跟北伐军在关外决战。 张作霖没干，他不是傻子，他知道一旦倾巢而出与北伐军决战，不但自己可能没命回东北，恐怕东北的黑土地也要便宜了渔翁得利的日本人。 张作霖不听话，日本人还真不好收拾他，毕竟日本还没有做好出兵东北跟中国开战的准备。 就在这种日本政府干着急的情况下，日本军中流行的“下克上”Style起了作用。在没有得到上级（军部）允许的情况下，两个日本鬼子想出了一个解决办法。 这两个日本二杆子是关东军（日本于1919年在辽宁的旅顺和大连一带建立的军队）的司令官村冈长太郎和参谋河本大作。他们想到的办法是把张作霖干掉。一方面杀鸡给猴看，吓吓北伐军，另一方面，看看有没有可能再找一个更适合的代理人。退一步讲，即便找不到合适的代理人，那也可以通过干掉张作霖把东北的水搅浑，一旦水浑了，喜爱浑水摸鱼的日本人不就有机会了吗？ 日本人下定决心动手的时候，接连惨败的张作霖也决定乘坐火车由北京逃回奉天。 1928年6月3日，那趟中国近代史上最有名的死亡专列启动了。 4日凌晨五点半，专列驶到皇姑屯附近的京奉、南满两铁路交会处的三孔桥时，突遭日本人预先埋好的炸弹袭击，这位末代北洋枭雄身受重伤。专列被炸四小时后，张作霖恋恋不舍地丢下他一手打下的江山，一命归西。 一代枭雄自此谢幕，享年53岁。 张作霖这一生，坏事肯定比好事干得多，但有一点值得肯定——勉强算是一个硬骨头，在东北被日、苏两国的势力渗透时，他为保卫中国的利益出过一些力，尽管这很大程度上是在保卫他的“家天下”。 由于张作霖死得突然，没有来得及留下任何遗嘱，所以围绕着他屁股下的那张椅子的归属，东北军政内部展开了激烈的斗争。对东三省老大的宝座有兴趣的人自然很多，但真正有实力参与角逐的候选人只有两个：奉系的二号人物杨宇霆，张作霖的大少爷张学良。 按理说，张学良本应轻松接班，毕竟奉系也算是家族企业。既然如此，为何他还要同杨宇霆竞争呢？杨宇霆极具野心是一方面，张学良的领导资质不过硬也是一方面。 张学良的生活作风很有问题，难以服众。他近年来沉迷于毒品和女人，不仅失去了当年带兵冲杀的武勇，还严重影响到了思考能力和工作效率，这给杨宇霆拿他当阿斗欺负找到了合适的借口。据一些史料反应，张学良之所以吸毒，跟郭松龄的背叛以及过于优渥的富二代和官二代生活有关。 但无论张学良有多少问题，结果还是他赢了。因为张学良争取到了多数派的支持。 奉系现在大致可分为三派。张作霖起家时的老部下——以张作相为首的旧派军官，即元老派；张作霖整军经武后的两派新式军官，即支持杨宇霆的士官派和支持张学良的陆大派。在杨宇霆和张学良相持不下的时候，元老派支持谁就成了天平上那最后一块重要的砝码。这一点张学良占了上风，一来元老派大都是跟着张作霖起家并拜过把子的老兄弟，二来张学良既没有杨宇霆有能力也没有杨宇霆性格跋扈，选择跟张学良混日子肯定比跟杨宇霆舒服。 由此，经过近一个月的明争暗斗，张学良终于坐上了东三省保安总司令的椅子，成为名副其实的“少帅”。 张作霖的暴亡，将这位年仅27岁的张大少爷过早地推到了历史的风口浪尖。这位本性最适合于声色犬马的浪荡公子哥，现在执掌一方政权，没了依靠，面对日、苏的倾轧，面对国民革命军的武力威胁，身背国仇家恨的他能撑起这片天空吗？ 在张学良掌权后没多久，一个长得很阴鸷的猥琐男找上门来，此人叫土肥原贤二，是他老爹张作霖的顾问。这个小鬼子可不简单，他与板垣征四郎、石原莞尔三人日后在中国兴风作浪，被称为“关东军三杰”。其实咱们之前提过他，他不仅是“统制派”的法西斯骨干，还是“班志超”即日本间谍之父坂西利八郎的首席门徒。年老力衰的“班志超”现已退居幕后，那份“伟大”的政府顾问工作只好由首席大弟子接任。顾问当然只是一个掩护，与他的师傅一样，土肥原是日本驻中国特务机构的头头。 这小子也参与了“皇姑屯事件”，算是杀死张作霖的主凶之一。好在搞阴谋、说谎话是土肥原的专长，因此这小子刚把张学良他爹给杀了，还敢脸不红心不跳地来见对方。他给张学良分析了一番形势后总结道：你们奉军不可能打得过用民族主义武装起来的国民革命军，可能无法再度进入关内组织政府，要不你来当东北的皇帝，我们大日本政府、关东军支持你。 对于这个提议，张学良装作没听见，下令送客。 土肥原自然不会死心，接下来，他找来老同学冈村宁次，让其配合日本特使林权助，极力游说张学良做日本的傀儡。 但是，张学良不仅身背父仇，还是一个脾气极大也极有主见的大少爷，受不得委屈，岂甘受日本人的操纵？张学良拒绝了日本人让他认贼作父的要求。 就在这时，国民革命军的使者也到了，使者带来了蒋介石的提议——和平解决东北问题。 蒋介石不是不想武力收回东北，而是不能。一来东三省涉及苏联和日本，利益关系复杂，如果处理不好就要爆发战争，二来共同北伐的四兄弟蒋、冯、阎、李又出问题了。 于是，张学良在权衡利弊后，不顾日本的反对，排除担心中国统一之后私益受损的杨宇霆等人的干扰，接过了蒋介石递过来的橄榄枝，做出了一生之中最重要的两个决定之一——与国民政府合作，对抗日本；宁肯投降蒋介石，也不做倭寇的傀儡。 1928年12月29日，张学良宣布“遵守三民主义，服从国民政府，改易旗帜”。 这就是“东北易帜”。 随后，蒋介石给奉军取了新名字：国民革命军东北边防军，简称“东北军”。 由此，中国在名义上结束了军阀割据的局面，实现了国家统一。南京国民政府成为国际承认的中国唯一合法政府。 从1888年李鸿章建立北洋水师，到1895年袁世凯天津小站建立北洋陆军，再到1928年张学良易帜，北洋系统正式退出历史舞台，整整四十年间的中国历史，无处不有北洋的痕迹。 现在，我们一起来回顾一下那些北洋骄雄的结局（按病逝时间排序）： 1.李鸿章——爱背黑锅的李二，1901年，于绝望中病逝在北京贤良寺，终年78岁。 2.盛宣怀——曾经与日本商人剪不断理还乱的盛宣怀在走向人生的终点前，拒绝了日本人的拉拢，于1916年病逝于上海。葬礼极其隆重，不是国葬胜似国葬，终年72岁。 3.袁世凯——中国曾经的君主立宪制皇帝，1916年，于悔恨交集中病逝于北京，终年57岁。 4.冯国璋——“北洋之狗”于1919年病逝于北京，终年60岁。 5.黎元洪——1928年病逝于天津，终年64岁。 6.张作霖——黎元洪病逝一天后，在皇姑屯死于日本关东军的暗杀，终年53岁。 7.王士珍——“北洋之龙”于1930年病逝于北京，终年69岁。 8.孙传芳——“九·一八事变”后，孙传芳隐居天津，拒绝了日本陆军士官学校的同学土肥原贤二和冈村宁次的拉拢，没做汉奸，后皈依佛门。1935年，他为当年杀俘（施从滨）的行为埋了单——被施从滨的女儿施剑翘刺杀，终年51岁。 9.段祺瑞——被张作霖赶下台之后，“北洋之虎”便在天津老家做宅男。“九·一八事变”后，土肥原贤二邀请他出面组织华北傀儡政府，段祺瑞坚持不与日本人合作，并表示中国人唯有上下一心一德努力自救，曾经与日本牵扯不断的段祺瑞总算是醒悟得不晚。他于1936年病逝，终年72岁。 10.曹锟——因“北京政变”下台的曹锟，晚年无钱无权，面对日本人的拉拢，立场异常坚定，坚决不做汉奸，并破口大骂前来替日本人游说的高凌蔚，将其轰出家门，又告诫子女不许为日本人做事。1938年，曹锟因肺炎在天津病故，终年76岁。 11.徐世昌——“水晶狐狸”于1939年在天津病逝，终年85岁。在一众北洋兄弟中，他是最高寿的。 12.吴佩孚——日本为了分裂中国而搞“华北自治”，请他上台当傀儡，他坚决拒绝；三年后，土肥原贤二出马策反他，他依旧没答应。1939年，他因为吃饺子被骨屑伤了牙龈引发败血症求治，没想到日本牙医水平不行，弄出了医疗事故，吴佩孚当场死亡，留下了被日本特务谋害的疑云，终年65岁。 回顾历史，这些双手沾满鲜血的内战杀手，在面对日本侵略者的时候却个个大义凛然。 他们可以内斗——这好歹也算是自家人打自家人，但他们不能接受外侵——凭什么自家的地盘上要让别人撒野。 他们会在某一时刻去寻求帝国主义的支持，但当列强真正打到我们的国土上时，即便他们已经穷途末路、自身难保，却无一降敌！ 所以，他们是一群好战的疯子，但却不是一群卖国的矮子。 记住这些名字吧：段祺瑞、孙传芳、曹锟、吴佩孚、张作霖……记住那曾经辉煌的、渐行渐远的北洋时代。