Chapter 4 Chapter 3 The Formal Establishment of the 26th Army of the Red Army on the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier and the Failure of its Southward Advance

After the Sicunyuan guerrilla base was destroyed by the Kuomintang reactionaries, Liu Zhidan, Xie Zichang and other Communists were not discouraged. They led the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army to wage a tragic struggle.Finally overcame the difficulties and promoted the development of the revolutionary cause. In December 1932, under their leadership, the 26th Army of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army was formally established, thus making the main force of the Red Army appear in the Northwest.The birth of the Red Twenty-Sixth Army marked another step forward in the armed separatism of workers and peasants in the Shaanxi-Gansu border area.Since then, Liu Zhidan has led the party organizations and the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border into the great struggle to create the Zhaojin Soviet Area.

1. Formation of the 26th Army of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army (1) Proposals of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the tasks and guidelines for the creation of the Red Twenty-sixth Army and the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region As early as April 20, 1932, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly stated in the "Resolution on the Work of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Guerrilla Forces and the Creation of a New Soviet Area on the Shaanxi-Gansu Border" (hereinafter referred to as the resolution) that "the local guerrilla movement must be actively carried out Create a new Red Army team and the task of the Shensi-Kansu Frontier Soviet". ① And pointed out, "In order to realize the above tasks, we should firstly select a backbone team from the current guerrilla forces to form: the regular regular Red Army. This is the most urgent task that cannot be delayed at all. ②

In the resolution, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also proposed a series of lines, guidelines and policies for creating an official Red Army on the Shaanxi-Gansu border. The main contents include: First, create and expand the main force of the Red Army and improve the military and political quality of the troops. The "Resolution" pointed out that in the construction of the Red Army, we must adhere to the principle of proletarian army building and create the main force of the Red Army under the leadership of the party.To this end, it must be done. First, in terms of the source of troops for the main Red Army, armed peasants should be the main component of the new Red Army, and poor peasants and farm laborers should be absorbed to the maximum extent. "The Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee must mobilize a large number of workers from Xi'an to join the Red Army and build a backbone of workers in this army." ① Second, the most reliable party members and workers and peasants should be selected from the guerrillas for the cadres of the main Red Army to serve as the commander of the Red Army.Third, in the political work of the main force of the Red Army, we must immediately start to establish the political work in the Red Army, and appoint reliable party members as political commissars and political instructors. Political commissar." ③Fourth, in terms of the organization of the Red Army, at the beginning it should be organized into a Red Army Division (according to the Red Army Organization Law), that is, the division should have three regiments, each regiment has three companies, each company has three platoons, and each row has three squads. Try to reach the First Division of the Red Army in the shortest possible time. "The designation of this unit is temporarily used by the 41st Division of the 26th Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army." ③ Fifth, in terms of the supply and replenishment of the Red Army's weapons and equipment, the warlord army should be targeted to seize the enemy's weapons and equipment.

Second, create a solid Soviet area, carry out the agrarian revolution in depth, and create a solid rear base for the main Red Army. The "Resolution" stipulates that in the area where the guerrillas are currently operating, the following tasks must be carried out immediately and thoroughly in order to turn this area into a solid base for the Red Army and the guerrillas.These tasks mainly include: First, organize and lead the peasant masses to rise up and confiscate the land of all landlords and gentlemen, ancestral halls and temples, and rich peasants who help counter-revolutionaries.Divide it equally among coolies, farm laborers, poor peasants and middle peasants. Landlords must never be given any land under the cover of any name. Rich peasants can only be given a share of labor land under the condition that they cultivate it themselves. "Land should be distributed equally according to the standards of population and labor force. When distributing land, not only the interests of farm laborers and poor peasants, but also the interests of middle peasants must be taken into consideration. Only with the willingness and support of the basic peasant masses can an equal distribution of all Land. All the debts and taxes owed by the peasants in the past should be abolished immediately." ① The second is to completely destroy the local counter-revolutionary political organs and organize the Soviet political organs. "Reliable Party members and non-Party members should be selected from local mass organizations and guerrillas to organize the Revolutionary Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Soviet Area to lead the peasants' struggle and eliminate counter-revolutionary forces." The third is to disarm all counter-revolutionaries in the border area , extensively engaged in the work of armed workers, farm laborers, poor and middle peasants.Only by strengthening the work in these areas can we promote the construction of the main Red Army and create a good mass foundation and social conditions for the construction of the main Red Army.

Third, further develop guerrilla warfare, form guerrilla units extensively, and cooperate with and support the actions of the main Red Army with extensive guerrilla activities. The "Resolution" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that in the process of creating the main Red Army and opening up the new Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet Area, the development of guerrilla warfare must not be weakened or abandoned. On the contrary, greater efforts should be made to carry out extensive guerrilla warfare. "Without extensive peasant guerrilla warfare in the Kuomintang-ruled areas, it would be difficult for the Red Army to win decisive victories. Peasant guerrilla warfare surrounding the Soviet area is the guarantee for the development of Soviet operations and the consolidation of the Soviet area." ① About the guerrillas Tasks, the "Resolution" states, "The main tasks of the guerrillas are to operate in the enemy's rear, destroy the enemy's small troops, seize firearms, launch local peasant struggles, destroy reactionary village or county power, carry out agrarian revolution, etc. , the guerrillas should be the propagandists and organizers of the agrarian revolution, the guerrillas should absorb the local peasant masses into their ranks, and strive to grow from the guerrillas into the official Red Army, the commanders of the Red Army should work hard to guide the actions of the guerrillas, And connect him with the Red Army's combat mission." ② Regarding the Red Army's course of action, the "Resolution" clearly states, "It is not the current Shaanxi Red Army and the guerrillas to fight for big cities or cut off the Weihe River traffic (as proposed by the provincial party committee). Those who are able to do so will certainly be able to change this situation after the military advances in the future and the strength of the Red Army and the consolidation of the base areas will be changed to the advantage of the Red Army. However, it is not suitable for today. The current development of the Red Army The direction should be between the Jingwei and the Sanshui, destroying the enemy's forces here and creating a larger base.”③

Fourth, further carry out the work of disintegrating the enemy army and cooperate with the armed struggle of the main Red Army. The "Resolution" pointed out that "in addition to using armed forces to deal with the Kuomintang army, we must use all the personnel and political organs of the Red Army to disintegrate the Kuomintang army, use leaflets, slogans, parties, etc. to capture the white soldiers and masses, and should Send our staff to the enemy's army to organize mutiny and incite them to join the Red Army. This work must go hand in hand with the Red Army's armed combat. At the same time, the Central Committee instructs the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee to strengthen our central forces in Yang Hucheng and other armies work.” ① Only by earnestly carrying out the work of disintegrating the enemy army can the Red Army isolate the reactionaries to the greatest extent and achieve greater victories.

Fifth, strengthen party building, establish and improve party organizations at all levels, and strengthen the party ranks.At the same time, establish and improve various mass organizations to fully guarantee the smooth development of the main Red Army and guerrilla formation. The "Resolution" pointed out that in order to strengthen the party's leadership over the main Red Army and guerrillas, one is to strengthen the leadership of the Shaanxi-Gansu Special Committee; the other is to strengthen the party's organizational team. "In the Red Army base areas and guerrilla areas, we should maximize the development of party organizations, absorb farm laborers, poor people, and outstanding middle peasants into the party, and strictly prevent rich peasants and class dissidents from mixing into the government organs and the party." The third is to improve The quality of party members, to maximize the political consciousness of the party members and masses, to strengthen their military training, so that the party ranks can be adapted to the environment of the revolutionary civil war going forward.Fourth, mass organizations such as Youth Leagues, Poor Peasant Leagues, and trade unions should be immediately established in the Soviet areas; fifth, party organizations should absorb the experience of other Soviet areas and carry out campaigns to support the army and expand the Red Army, so as to promote the consolidation and expansion of the Red Army.

From the analysis of the content, the "Central Resolution on the Work of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Guerrillas and the Creation of the New Shaanxi-Gansu Border Soviet Area" is basically consistent with the set of lines, principles and policies created by Comrade Mao Zedong in the Central Soviet Area.For example, in the construction of the Red Army, it is stipulated that the Red Army must absolutely obey the leadership of the party, must integrate with the masses of the people, and undertake the three-in-one task of fighting wars, raising funds, and doing mass work.The expansion of the main Red Army must be based on local guerrillas, etc. These ideas are consistent with the spirit of the "Gutian Conference Resolution".Another example is that in the land revolution, the land of the feudal landlord class was confiscated and owned by the peasants, the line of relying on the poor and hired peasants, uniting the middle peasants, restricting the rich peasants, and eliminating the landlord class was determined. The method of equally distributing land according to population and labor and its land revolution The development of the movement must be based on the principle of the voluntary and support of the basic peasant masses.These lines, guidelines and principles are consistent with the spirit of the "Xingguo Land Law" in the Central Soviet Area.Therefore, the content of the Central Committee's "Resolution on the Work of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Guerrillas and the Creation of the New Soviet Area on the Shaanxi-Gansu Border" basically adhered to the idea of ​​proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts.It is particularly noteworthy that in this resolution, the Central Committee opposed the "Left" erroneous guidelines of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee on the Red Army's action policy, and clearly pointed out that the current development direction of the Red Army "should be between Jingwei and Sanshui." , to eliminate the enemy's forces here and create a larger base area," ① disagreed with the military adventure policy proposed by the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee to "strive for big cities or cut off the traffic of the Jingwei River" with the city as the center. ②Considering that this resolution was formulated when Wang Ming’s “Left” adventurism was at its peak in the various Soviet areas of the country. Against this background, this resolution was able to get rid of the shackles of “Left” errors and put forward many practical and realistic ideas. Advocacy, therefore, is very commendable.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Resolution on the Work of the Guerrillas on the Shaanxi-Gansu Border and the Creation of the New Soviet Area on the Shaanxi-Gansu Border" is a programmatic document formulated by the party for the construction of the Red Army and the political power in the Soviet Area from the Shaanxi-Gansu Border to the Northwest. It analyzes the revolutionary situation in the Northwest Its characteristics stipulate the basic tasks of the party in building the Red Army and base areas in the coming period.It played a powerful role in creating and consolidating the main Red Army and guerrillas, and in creating the new Soviet area on the Shaanxi-Gansu border.Under the guidance of the spirit of this "Resolution", the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Party, the Red Army and the people in the Soviet Area devoted themselves to the heroic struggle to create the Red Twenty-six Army and the Zhaojin Soviet Area.

(2) The establishment of the 26th Army of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army In mid-December 1932, Liu Zhidan and Xie Zichang led the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army to go south to the Zhaojin area of ​​Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province to open up a new base.When the troops arrived in Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province, the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee instructed the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas to go to Yijun Jiaojiao Town to rest and stand by, preparing to be reorganized into the Red Twenty-six Army. In late December 1932, the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Red Army came to Zhuanjiao Town, Yijun County.At this time, Du Heng, secretary of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, also came to the army as a special commissioner of the Northern Bureau.As soon as he arrived in the army, he tried his best to implement Wang Ming's "Left" dogmatist program of "reforming the party's leading organs at all levels" and "anti-Right deviation", accusing Liu Zhidan, Xie Zichang, Yan Hongyan, Yang Zhongyuan, etc. The correct views are "Right Opportunism", "Escapismism", "Bandit Line", "Shaoshanism" and so on.Arbitrarily dismissed Xie Zichang, Liu Zhidan, Yan Hongyan, Yang Zhongyuan and other comrades from their positions, expelled Xie Zichang and Yan Hongyan from the party (after the provincial party committee found out the situation, the wrong decision was revoked), and forced Xie Zichang, Liu Zhidan, Yan Hongyan, Yang Zhongyuan to go to Shanghai "Trained".Due to the strong demands of the majority of cadres and soldiers, Liu Zhidan and Yang Zhongyuan were reluctantly retained in the end, but they were not given any positions.Due to Du Heng's factionalism, he did not trust the cadres at all levels of the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas at all, so he confiscated the guns of Yang Zhongyuan, Wu Daifeng, Yang Qi, and cadres above the platoon, and deprived them of the right to vote and be elected, and stipulated that cadres above the platoon Must be elected from among the squad leaders and soldiers, and appointed by the political commissar (Du Heng himself). ①

Due to the serious harm of "Left" adventurism, the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas were reduced from 1,500 to 200 after the defeat in Hancheng, and their strength was greatly reduced. They could not realize the request of the Central Committee to form a division first. Du Heng had to decide to divide the Shaanxi-Gansu The guerrillas were reorganized into a regiment as the backbone of the Red Twenty-six Army. On December 24, 1932, Du Heng presided over a military meeting in Zhuanjiao Town, Yijun, announcing that the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army had been officially reorganized into the Second Regiment of the 26th Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and held a flag-giving ceremony.Du Heng served as the political commissar of the 26th Red Army and the Political Commissar of the Second Red Regiment. He elected Wang Shitai as the head of the Second Red Regiment, Zheng Yi as the chief of staff, and Wang Feng as the party secretary of the regiment. A total of 200 people in the army.Due to Du Heng's sectarian organizational line, Liu Zhidan was deprived of the leadership of the Red Army and was not given a position. Xie Zichang and Yan Hongyan were sent to the Central Bureau of the White Area in Shanghai for "training".After the establishment of the Red Twenty-Sixth Army, Liu Zhidan put the interests of the revolution first, regardless of personal grievances and positions, and actively helped Wang Shitai to carry out his work.He devoted himself to the regularization of the Red Twenty-Sixth Army and worked selflessly. He successively formulated the "Political Work System", "Staff Staff Work System", "Red Army Discipline", "Training Program", "Strategic and Tactic Textbook", etc., so that Applying Comrade Mao Zedong's thoughts on the construction of the Red Army to the practice of the Red Twenty-six Army ensured that the party building and army construction of the Red Twenty-six Army moved in the right direction.At the same time, he also took the overall situation into consideration, was open-minded, and actively assisted Wang Shitai in commanding operations. Therefore, the cadres and soldiers of the Red 26th Army affectionately called Liu Zhidan "our good chief of staff."① 2. The struggle of the 26th Red Army to open up the Zhaojin Soviet Area After the birth of the Red Twenty-Sixth Army, according to the instructions issued by the central government to establish base areas in the Xunyi, Zhengning, and Sanyuan areas between Jingwei and Sanshui, it was determined to carry out guerrilla warfare in the Shanxi-Gansu border mountainous areas, and establish an army centered on Zhaojin. The new Soviet area on the border of Shaanxi.For this reason, after completing the reorganization, the troops immediately went south to the Zhaojin area. Zhaojin is located at the junction of Yaoxian County, Xunyi County and Chunhua County in Shaanxi Province, and is under the jurisdiction of Yaoxian County.This is the southern end of Ziwuling. The mountains are continuous and the terrain is rugged, which is convenient for the Red Army to carry out guerrilla warfare. Zhaojin has a good mass base.Most of the masses here are migrant farmers, living in poverty. They are constantly fighting against food, donations, rents and debts. They have urgent demands for agrarian revolution and sincere desire for revolution. Zhaojin was once again an old guerrilla area of ​​the Red Army. In the spring of 1932, the party organization sent Comrade Xi Zhongxun to work in Jinzhao.In September of the same year, after the victory in the Battle of Zhaojin, when Liu Zhidan led the Red Army guerrillas to evacuate, he left the special agent team to Xi Zhongxun's leadership to persist in guerrilla activities on the spot and spread the revolutionary fire. Because Zhaojin had the above-mentioned good conditions, the Second Regiment of the Red Twenty-six Army immediately threw itself into the revolutionary struggle to establish a base area centered on Jinzhao after its establishment. On December 27, the second regiment of the Red 26th Army fought Jiaojiaping for the first time.The Red Second Regiment captured Jiaojiaping with the tactics of attacking the east and attacking the west, wiped out more than 60 enemy troops, and then marched into the Xiangshan area.At this time, it was a time of famine, and farmers were displaced. The Red Second Regiment and the local tyrants in the Xiangshan Temple area organized farmers to distribute food and help the masses overcome the famine.On this basis, the Second Red Regiment mobilized the masses extensively, organized poor peasant associations and red guards, and opened up two guerrilla areas, Xiangshan Temple and Jiubao.Then, the Red Second Regiment wiped out one part of the Zhaojin and Xunyi militia groups, expanding the red area to the Xuejiazhai area of ​​Zhaojin.At this time, the Red Second Regiment expanded to more than 300 people and established a camp school. In order to consolidate the achievements of the revolution, in January 1932, the Red Second Regiment was taken down by Jiaojina, and assisted the local party organizations to establish Xunyi successively.Zhaojin, Xiangshan, Yijun, Yuyuan and other five guerrilla groups.In March of the same year, in order to unify the leadership of the guerrillas, according to the instructions of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, the Shaanxi-Gansu border guerrilla headquarters was established, with Li Miaozhai as the commander-in-chief and Zhang Xiushan as the political commissar. In late March, the Second Red Regiment entered the Wuzi District of Sanyuan and became the Central Command of the Weibei Guerrilla Force under the direct control of the 26th Red Army.Later, more than a dozen guerrillas were formed in Weibei.Through these activities, a multi-level revolutionary armed system with the Second Red Regiment as the main force and local guerrillas and Red Guards as the main force was initially formed, which provided a strong support for the development of base areas. With the deepening of the struggle to establish revolutionary base areas, party building has also been further strengthened. On March 8, 1933, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee of the Communist Party of China was formally established in Zhaojin.After the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee of the Communist Party of China, it led the people of Zhaojin to carry out an in-depth agrarian revolutionary struggle against local tyrants and to divide the land, and further mobilized the masses to support the guerrilla warfare of the Red Army.With the development of the mass work in the victory of the military struggle, by the end of June, with Xuejiazhai as the center, it will reach the west of Xiangshan Mountain in the east, the bank of Chunhua Yuan in the west, Malan in the back, and Gaoshanhuai in the south, with a distance of more than 50 miles from east to west , The Zhaojin base area, which is more than 80 miles apart from the north to the south, has initially taken shape.Since then, the Second Regiment of the Red Twenty-sixth Army had a reliable rear, which gave the Red Army a point of support and a foothold in guerrilla warfare. With the deepening of the armed struggle and the agrarian revolution, the construction of the red regime in the Zhaojin base area became an urgent and urgent task before the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee and the Red Twenty-Sixth Army.The practice of the revolutionary struggle in the Shaanxi-Gansu border has fully proved that without the guarantee of the establishment of the red political power, the revolutionary armed forces would not be able to take root and sprout among the masses, blossom and bear fruit, the agrarian revolution would be greatly hindered, and the base areas would be in danger of being destroyed by the enemy. .For this reason, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee led the military and civilians in the base areas to carry out the work of establishing a red regime. At the beginning of April 1933, under the leadership of the Shanbanbian Special Committee, the first large representative of workers, peasants and soldiers in the Shaanxi-Gansu border was held in Zhaojin.After democratic elections, the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier Revolutionary Committee was established, and Zhou Dongzhi, a peasant farmer, was elected chairman, and Xi Zhongxun was elected vice-chairman.The Revolutionary Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier consists of organizations such as the Poor Group, the Farmer's Association, the Land Committee, the Anti-Rebellion Committee, and the General Command of the Red Guards.Its central tasks are: to carry out guerrilla warfare, fight against local tyrants, divide land, grain, cattle and sheep, etc., organize mass organizations such as farmers' unions, poor peasant groups, and youth groups, mobilize the masses to eliminate enemy spies, promulgate various laws, implement smoking cessation, Prohibition of gambling, promotion of women's freedom, etc.Not long after the establishment of the Revolutionary Committee, 24 grass-roots red political powers, open or secret, were successively established in Yaoqu, Zhaojin, Laoyeling, Malan, and Qijieshi.So far, the construction of the red regime in the base area has begun to take shape. After the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier Revolutionary Committee, the ruling power of the landlords and gentry was completely destroyed in the base areas. The landlords and gentry were overthrown politically, exorbitant taxes were cancelled, and poor peasants became masters. son.Great changes have taken place in the appearance of the base areas, the local tyrants and evil gentry have been swept away, and the poor peasants are proud. While destroying the feudal ruling power politically, the Revolutionary Committee also eradicated the feudal system of exploitation economically.The duty of the Land Committee under the Revolutionary Committee was to lead the masses to fight against local tyrants, distribute property, and gradually began to distribute land to poor peasants to solve their land demands.With the development of the agrarian revolutionary struggle, the revolutionary enthusiasm of the people in the base areas increased day by day, and the struggle flourished. 3. The Red Twenty-six Army failed to go south While the 26th Red Army and the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier Revolutionary Committee led the people in the Zhaojin base area to carry out the agrarian revolutionary struggle in depth, Du Heng continued to stubbornly pursue the erroneous policy of "Left" adventurism, which brought serious serious problems to the construction of the base area. crisis. The Red Army was relatively weak at that time.In order to isolate the enemy as much as possible, win over intermediate forces, and strengthen its own ranks, the Red Army has established a temporary united front relationship with certain militia groups.Due to the establishment of this united front relationship, the He Shixing militia in Jianzhuang, Zhongbu County, and the Luoliancheng militia in Xiaoshiya all had friendly relations with the Red Army. They covered the wounded for the Red Army, purchased ammunition and supplies on behalf of the Red Army, and were of great help to the Red Army, but they were in the leading position of the Red Army. Du Heng, who is the leader of the Communist Party of China, does not want a united front, advocates overthrowing everything, and opposes the White Army, militias, and bandits without distinction. In January 1933, he ordered the Red Army to attack the Miaowan Xia Yushan Militia, which was friendly with the Red Army. As a result, the battle was defeated and the troops suffered some casualties. Zheng Yi was dismissed as chief of staff, and Liu Zhidan succeeded him as chief of staff.Afterwards, Xia Yushan gathered nearby militia groups and jointly attacked Zhaojin Su District.At this time, Du Heng also excused that the enemy's occupation of Xiangshan Temple would be disadvantageous to the Red Army, and ordered the Xiangshan Temple to be burned, which caused dissatisfaction among hundreds of monks and the general public.Due to too many enemies, the territory of the Soviet area became smaller and smaller, and finally there was only an isolated Xuejiazhai, which was still surrounded by the enemy. The wounded could not be arranged, and the food could not be supplied. The activities of the main force of the Red Army in Zhaojin area became more and more serious more and more difficult. In mid-May, the enemy mobilized 4 regiments and 6 county civilian regiments to attack the Zhaojin base in four directions.Regardless of the reality of the disparity in the strength of the enemy and ourselves, Du Heng put forward the slogan of "stick to the gold", and he lost two battles in a row.At this time, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to use the guerrillas to fight on the inside and use the Red Second Regiment to fight on the outside.Subsequently, the Red Second Regiment incorporated the mutiny troops of the two companies of the Kuomintang Army, and successively wiped out some militia groups, and the number of troops expanded to nearly 500. On May 20, the Second Red Regiment returned to Zhaojin Su District.At this time, Du Heng was intimidated by the enemy's "encirclement and suppression" and began to waver. He thought pessimistically: "The enemy's strength has grown, the rear has been lost, the masses have run away, there is no food, no base areas can be created, and the Red Army cannot be expanded." Advocate abandoning the golden base.He first proposed: "Go north to open up the international route", but was opposed by the Red Army soldiers and stopped by the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee.Then he advocated going south to Weihua, saying, "Weihua has a strong party foundation... the conditions of the masses are good, the population is dense, the materials are abundant, and the terrain is dangerous. Cut off the enemy's traffic and threaten Xi'an." He also declared that going south to Weihua was "a 100% correct policy."In fact, the 29th Red Army in southern Shaanxi had already failed in April 1933, and the 26th Red Army would only fall into the danger of being alone and going deep into the south.Du Heng's policy of going south was opposed by Liu Zhidan and other comrades.Liu Zhidan and others believed that after the failure of the Weihua uprising, the party organization was destroyed, the masses were brutally suppressed, and the mood was depressed. It was difficult for the Red Army to gain a foothold there;It would be very difficult and dangerous for the Red Army to break away from the base areas.However, Du Heng criticized Liu Zhidan and other comrades for their opinions, labeling them "Right opportunists". In early June, under Du Heng's arbitrary command, the Second Regiment of the Red Twenty-sixth Army was forced to set off from Beiliang and leave Zhaojin to go south.When passing through Jingyang's Saga Mountain to Koujiazhuang, Du Heng was intimidated by the strength of the enemy and completely lost confidence in the revolution.On the pretext that he had something to report to the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, he left the army privately and ran to Xi'an, where he slipped away. In July, the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee was destroyed, and Du Heng defected to the enemy after being arrested.After Du Heng escaped, Wang Feng acted as political commissar of the 26th Army of the Red Army, and together with Liu Zhidan led the troops across the Weihe River, crossed the Longhai Railway, and entered Wulidian, Baqiao, wiped out a local militia armed by the enemy, and destroyed Yang Hucheng's military transport vehicle 10 vehicles, many materials were seized.At this time, Yang Hucheng learned the news that the second regiment, the main force of the Red Twenty-sixth Army, was going south, and immediately declared martial law in Xi'an, and transferred the garrison brigade stationed in Weihua to set up defenses at the passes of Gaotang, and transferred a regiment from Shangluo to Nanshan Pass. The town was guarded, and two special agent regiments were sent from Xi'an to pursue the second regiment of the Red 26th Army.The enemy mobilized a total of more than 5,000 troops, more than ten times larger than the Red Army.When the enemy was strong and we were weak, the Second Regiment of the Red 26th Army left Baqiao and entered Lishan in order to get rid of the enemy's chasing troops.On the same day, after a fierce battle with a regiment of the enemy who came to attack, the Red Army moved eastward, marched 150 miles, and arrived at Xujia Temple in Lantian on the third day.At that time, the Red Army was in a very dangerous situation with rocky mountains on the right, cliffs on the left, and enemy attacks in front and behind. However, under the command of Liu Zhidan and others, the Red Army fought bravely with the enemy, captured the commanding heights, and defeated the enemy's many times. After a strong attack, he successfully broke through, arrived at Houzi Town, wiped out a militia group attacking the Red Army, seized more than 50 firearms, and entered the Jianyukou of Qinling Mountains by victory. After the Red Twenty-Sixth Army entered Jianyukou, before they had time to rest, the two enemy regiments immediately followed and besieged.In order to preserve its strength, the Red Army moved to Zhangjiaping.Due to unfamiliar geography, they were surrounded by enemies at dawn the next day.After fierce fighting, the Red Army rushed out of the encirclement in three groups. Liu Zhidan led more than 180 people to guerrilla in Jiaojiaping area, Wang Feng led more than 80 people to Lantian for activities, and Wang Shitai and Wu Daifeng led more than 100 people to move north. Under the siege of troops, most of the troops led by Liu Zhidan and Wang Feng died heroically or were lost. A part of the troops led by Wang Shitai persisted in fighting for more than two months in an extremely difficult environment.Later, when the enemy stepped up the siege and the Red Army ran out of ammunition and food, in order to preserve the revolutionary forces, they dispersed and disguised themselves to break through.So far, the 2nd Regiment of the Red 26th Army, a well-trained and heroic force established by the party in the Shaanxi-Gansu border area, was ruined by Du Heng's "left" erroneous line. During the most difficult period when the Red Twenty-sixth Army went south and failed, Comrade Liu Zhidan was always the backbone of the army and the hope of all cadres and soldiers.After Du Heng escaped, the troops crossed the Weihe River and entered the Lintong area, where they were chased and intercepted by two enemy brigades. The situation was extremely dangerous.Pessimism and disappointment appeared in the troops. Some comrades advocated advancing, while others advocated retreating.At this time, the army party committee held a meeting to study the course of action.At the meeting, Liu Zhidan put forward his own proposition with the foresight and foresight unique to an outstanding military strategist. He pointed out that advancing is also dangerous, and retreating is also dangerous.In terms of right and wrong within the party, if you return halfway, it will be difficult to distinguish between victory and defeat, and you will not be able to explain to the party.At the end of the meeting, Liu Zhidan's opinion was adopted, and it was decided that it is better to advance than to retreat.After the meeting, everyone had a unified understanding.The troops continued to advance and entered the Zhangjiaping area. The troops were surrounded by heavy troops and suffered heavy casualties.In order to highlight the encirclement of the enemy, Wang Shitai led more than 100 people to cover, while Liu Zhidan and Wang Feng led some personnel to disperse and break through.Some of the people led by Liu Zhidan entered Zhongnan Mountain from Lanqiao, and wandered through deep mountains and dense forests.Liu Zhidan cared about the lost comrades, and sent people out to make contact every day, but due to unfamiliar geography, the liaison personnel never returned.After more than 20 days, Liu Zhidan decided to disperse everyone out of the mountain and return to the Soviet area.He himself remained to continue the search for the lost troops.He said to his comrades: "It seems that we will not be able to find other comrades for a while. Now we have nothing to eat and drink. I am afraid that we will be trapped here to death if we continue." Burn', every soldier is a revolutionary seed, we have to disperse our ideas, return to Zhaojin to regroup, and then carry out the revolution." The comrades were unwilling to leave him, expressing that they must die together and live together. Together.After repeated persuasion by him, everyone buried their long guns and scattered down the mountain with short guns. After that, Liu Zhidan only took the remaining seven or eight comrades to look for the lost comrades in Zhongnan Mountain.A few days later, they were suddenly attacked by the landlord militia. Some comrades were separated and some died. Liu Zhidan hid in the mountains alone.Later, he met Pu Yongsheng, the deputy captain of the Young Pioneers, and the two continued to search for the lost troops in the mountains together. At this time, after Wang Shitai led the team to break out from Zhangjiaping, he had been looking for Liu Zhidan and Wang Feng.At that time, Wang Shitai and other comrades had a firm belief that they had to find Liu Zhidan no matter what, and would rather sacrifice themselves to protect Liu Zhidan and return to Zhaojin.Because the party needs Liu Zhidan!The people of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region need Liu Zhidan!Finally, Wang Shitai and others found Liu Zhidan and Pu Yongsheng in the back mountain of Shitouyu.Everyone was very sad to see that Liu Zhidan was sick and weak after going through Zhongnanshan for a month.But he encouraged everyone: "Revolutionaries have long put life and death aside, and come back after failure!" He also comforted everyone with a mantra he often said: "If you keep the green hills, you are not afraid of having no firewood." In Liu Zhidan's indomitable revolutionary heroism Encouraged by the spirit, the comrades cheered up, puffed up their chests, and made up their minds: return to Zhaojin, restore the 26th Army, and expand the base area.It was with the support of this belief that Liu Zhidan and others disguised themselves as shopkeepers, and under the cover of the underground party organization, went through hardships and returned to the Zhaojin area on October 4, 1933. 4. The struggle of the Red Army to defend the Zhaojinsu area After the Red Twenty-Sixth Army went south, the border guerrillas led by the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee and the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Revolutionary Committee and the Weibei guerrillas continued to fight in the Zhaojin base area, successively in Sanyuan, Fuping, Yaoxian, Yijun, Zhengning More than 20 guerrilla groups have been established in other places. On June 13, 1933, after receiving the news of the failure of the Second Red Regiment, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee expanded the Weibei guerrillas into the Fourth Red Regiment in Jiaocun, Wuzi District, Sanyuan, headed by Huang Zixiang and political commissar Yang Sen.Jurisdiction over the first company, the second company, and the vanguard company, with a total of more than 120 people and more than 80 guns. In August, the Fourth Red Regiment was transferred to Zhaojin Su District. July 21.According to the instructions of the party, the Wang Taiji Department of the Shaanxi Army Cavalry Regiment stationed in Yaoxian County staged an uprising and established the Northwest People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army. Director, under the jurisdiction of six brigades, a total of more than 1,200 people, four pursuit guns.After the uprising, two regiments of the enemy attacked the People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army in the northwest.Due to the defeat of Lien Zhan and continuous defections, the Yaoxian uprising failed in late July.Under the leadership of Wang Taiji, more than a hundred people from the rest of the Ministry entered the Zhaojin base area and were reorganized into the Northwest People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Brigade. The failure of the second regiment of the Red 26th Army to go south and the loss of the Weibei Soviet Area put the Zhaojin Soviet Area in danger.At this time, Shaanxi Provincial Commissioner Gao Gang came to Zhaojin to carry out the work of restoring the 26th Red Army.But at this moment, there are differences in understanding of the revolutionary situation within the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Party.One is defeatist pessimism.Some cadres saw the failure of the Second Regiment, the main force of the 26th Red Army going southward, the destruction of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, the suppression of the Yaoxian Uprising by the enemy, and the retreat of the Fourth Red Regiment to the Zhaojinsu District. "Engage in secret work, bring the Red Fourth Regiment to Weibei, disperse guerrilla attacks, and oppose centralized leadership.Another opinion is that we still have the Red Army, and the base areas and the Red Army can also be consolidated and developed. Therefore, the Red Army and the guerrillas should concentrate their leadership, establish a general headquarters for unified command, and expand and create the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas.In order to unify the thinking, on August 14th, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee held a joint meeting of the party, government and army in Chenjiapo, Yaoxian County. After careful discussion and correct analysis of the situation, the meeting corrected the right-leaning pessimism among some cadres Emotions and false claims to distract the Red Army.Then we discussed the current situation and the tasks of the Red Army, and decided to set up a temporary general headquarters of the Red Army on the Shaanxi-Gansu border to command the Fourth Red Regiment, the Third Detachment of Yaoxian County, the People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Brigade in Northwest China, the First Brigade in Northern Shaanxi and guerrillas from all walks of life. Waiting for the revolutionary armed forces, appointed Wang Taiji as the commander-in-chief and Gao Gang as the political commissar.The timely convening of the Chenjiapo Conference and the establishment of the temporary general headquarters of the Red Army on the Shaanxi-Gansu border played an important role in promoting the persistence and development of guerrilla warfare on the Shaanxi-Gansu border. In late September, the Red Army captured Zhanghong Town in Xunyi County and handed over more than 200 guns and a large amount of supplies. On October 4, under the cover of the underground party organization, Liu Zhidan and Wang Shitai escaped from Zhongnanshan and returned. Liu Zhidan was appointed as the chief of staff of the temporary general headquarters, and the troops were very excited.Liu Zhidan summed up the lessons learned from the failure of the 26th Red Army to go south, and said to Xi Zhongxun and other comrades: "This time we have been fooled by opportunism again, and suffered another big loss!" Xi Zhongxun reported the situation of the Chenjiapo meeting, and Liu Zhidan was excited Said: "That's good! The Chenjiapo meeting finally corrected the wrong line and returned to the correct line. Now we need to gather the troops, unify the leadership, and unify the command. We will start again, and the future will be bright."① Due to the concentrated command of the Red Army and the use of flexible fighting tactics, it quickly won... a series of victories. In mid-October, the enemy urgently dispatched four regular regiments and militia regiments from six counties including Sanyuan, Yaoxian, and Chunhua, with a total of more than 6,000 people, and launched an attack on the Jin base.Liu Zhidan and the temporary general headquarters of the Shaanxi-Gansu Red Army analyzed the enemy's situation and believed that the enemy's "advance and suppression" forces were relatively large, and it was not suitable to deal with the enemy in a narrow base area.Therefore, it was decided to stay in the guerrillas to persist in the internal struggle, and the main Red Army went north to Longdong. In mid-to-late October, Liu Zhidan and Wang Taiji led the main force of the Red Army to go northward, conquering the weakly defended Heshui County in Gansu Province in one fell swoop, and then fought several consecutive victories in Longdong. The prestige of the Red Army. 1933年10月15日，正当陕甘红军主力跳出外线，北上陇东，在合水、庆阳一带游击，接连获得胜利和发展之际，国民党反动派和陕西地方军阀杨虎城乘红军后方兵力空虚之机，调集重兵攻击照金苏区薛家寨。陕甘边革命委员会的军事委员会当即命令留守薛家寨的红军部队同敌军展开了浴血奋战，但终因寡不敌众，无法挽救危局，薛家寨失陷敌手。敌军攻克薛家寨后，大肆抢劫破坏，对苏区人民烧杀掠夺，进行残酷的镇压和野蛮洗劫。陕甘边革命委员会主席周冬至、土地委员会委员王满堂、肃反委员会委员王万亮和许多群众被敌人杀害。照金根据地和陕甘边红包政权受到一次极大的摧残。 照金根据地失败的主要原因：第一，没有充分利用有利地理环境，广泛地开展游击战争，扩大苏区和根据地，而把自己株守在一个很小的苏区内；第二，距离国民党统治中心——西安很近，受敌威胁影响，这里的群众力量不大，群众基础不够坚强；第三，红二十六军南下的全部失败，在军事上暴露了自己的弱点，助长了敌人进攻苏区的气焰。 ① 照金根据地丧失后，久经锻炼的照金党组织和人民并没有被严重的白色恐怖所吓倒，他们掩埋好同伴的尸体，揩干净身上的血迹，继续同敌人展开了艰苦的斗争。