Chapter 41 Chapter Thirty-Eighth The Transfer of Economic Culture from the North to the South (Part 1) Society from Tang to Ming Dynasty

Before the middle of Tang Dynasty, the support point of Zhongtuan's economy and culture was biased towards the north.After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the support point of China's economy and culture was biased towards the south.Such a big change is the key to the Anshi Rebellion. As far as water transportation is concerned, in the early Han Dynasty, it was only said that Caoshandong millet was given to Zhongdu officials.The Three Kingdoms stood together, and even the Southern and Northern Dynasties confronted each other, and each established their own country, and it was not heard that the North turned to the South.Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty opened the canal.

He unifies the three-point situation of Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Southern Dynasties.The southeast and northeast are all water transport, and it is not that the north depends on the southern millet. In the Tang Dynasty, the number of household registrations in the south of the Yangtze River increased day by day, and rents and transfers increased day by day, so water transportation became almost a problem. In the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan, Pei Yaoqing said: "There are many household registrations in the south of the Yangtze River, but there is no battle for confiscation and defense. However, rent, mediocrity, and transfer of goods are sent to Yangzhou in February of the year, and enter Doumen. After April, they begin to cross the Huaihe River and enter Bian, which is often bitter. shallow.June and July reach the mouth of the river, and the river rises, and the water must fall in August and September, making the upper river flow into Luo.However, there are many stalks on the canal roads, and boat masts block the pass.People in the south of the Yangtze River are not familiar with river affairs, so they hired sailors from river divisions to encircle them.The less you can do it, the more you will be hindered.You can set up Wulao warehouses in Hekou, and Luokou warehouses in Gongxian County.So that the boats from the south of the Yangtze River will not enter the Yellow River, and the boats from the Yellow River will not enter Luokou.If the water is clear, the boat will sail; if the water is shallow, it will be stored in a warehouse.Then the boat will not stagnate, and things will not be lost. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, Pei Yaoqing was the transshipment envoy of Jianghuai and Henan. When he was three years old, he transported seven million stones of rice.

In the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, the "harmony purchase method" was used to order the states in the south of the Yangtze River to rent and collect cloth to make cloth.It can be seen that the central government relied on northern millet at that time. In the eighth year of Tianbao, the millet tables of various Dao warehouses: According to the above table, eight years ago in Zhitianbao, Henan and Hebei were the most prosperous places of rice and millet, followed by Guannei and Hedong, followed by Jiangnan and Huainan.Based on this, the economic situation in the north and the south is inferred, and it is clear that the north is far better than the south.

When the Anshi was chaotic, the Tang Dynasty relied solely on the wealth and wealth along the Yangtze River to establish the country.Until later, the Hebei and Shandong feudal towns were segregated, and the rent and tax did not go to the central government. The financial lifeline of the Tang Dynasty always leaned towards the south. At that time, water transportation from the river to the river was especially important for the military. Liu Yan was a well-known minister of financial management in the Su and Dai dynasties, and the main thing was to be able to organize water transportation. Yan's method is generally still Pei Yaoqing's legacy, so that the river boats will not enter Bian, and the transportation in the south of the Yangtze River will accumulate in Yangzhou.Keep Bian boats from entering the river, and the transportation of Bian River will accumulate Heyin.The river boats do not enter the Wei, and the river boats accumulate at the mouth of the Wei.The Wei boat was transported into Taicang.It is also known in history: "Yan has been a transshipment envoy since Henan and Jianghuai, and he transports hundreds of thousands of rice to Guanzhong every year, or more than a million dendrobium." '

However, this is due to the temporary political situation. The northern economy can still stand on its own, and its dependence on the south is not very large. In the eighth year of Zhenyuan, Lu Zhi wrote: "The light ones transport 1,100,000 dendrobiums from the rivers, lakes, Huaihe Rivers, and Zhejiang to Heyin every year, keep 400,000 dendrobiums for storage in Heyin warehouses, and leave another 300,000 dendrobiums for storage in Taiyuan in Shanzhou. Cang, the remaining 400,000 dendrobiums are transported to the Dongwei Bridge. There are still more than 3.2 million dendrobiums in the warehouses of Heyin and Taiyuan today. The rice in Jingzhao counties is only 70 yuan, and the rice in Jianghuai is only 150 yuan. Please order next year. Jianghuai can only transport 300,000 dendrobium." After Wenzong Taihe, the annual shipment of Jianghuai rice was no more than 400,000 dendrobium.When Xuanzong was in Dazhong, Pei Xiu was a transshipment envoy, and the number increased to 1.2 million hu.

The main reason for Bianjing, the capital of the Song Dynasty, was to move the capital for water transportation.According to the custom at that time, there are four lines for water transportation. 1. Bianhe River—three million stones per meter, one million stones per bean.From the south of the Yangtze River, east and west of Zhejiang, Huainan, north and south of Jinghu Lake, from the river to the Huaihe River, from the Huaihe River to the Bianjiang River. 2. The Yellow River—500,000 shi of millet and 300,000 shi of bean.From Shaanxi, it turns from Sanmen and Baipo to the Yellow River and enters Bian.

3. Huimin River—400,000 shi of millet and 200,000 shi of bean.It comes from Chen and Cai, and enters Bian from Minhe and Caihe. 4. Guangji River - millet 120,000 stone.From Jingdong, from Wuzhanghe through Chen, Ji, and Yun. The so-called Donghe River transported by the Jiang and Huaihe Rivers is also called the Lihe River.Transported by Huai, Meng and other states, it is called Xihe.Transported by Ying, Shou and other prefectures, the South River of Wei is also called the Outer River.Transported by Cao, Pu and other states, it is called Beihe. Under the situation of national unification in the Song Dynasty, most of the country's wealth began to be biased towards the south.The annual income of the Southern Song Dynasty was even higher than that of the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the early Song Dynasty, the annual income was more than 16 million yuan, which was twice that of the Tang Dynasty.In Xining, it reached more than 50 million yuan.After crossing to the south, the number increased to more than 60 million.The land is narrow and there are many transfers. Yanjing was established as the capital in the Yuan Dynasty, and rice and millet still depended entirely on the south of the Yangtze River. At that time, sea transportation was initiated. Yuan Haicao is very profitable, and its laws are also very well prepared.Thirty boats form one outline, and most boats have more than 900 boats, with more than three million stones of rice.There are more than 8,000 boat households, which are divided into thirty.There are two detainees for each class.Sailing and sailors were recruited, moved to Yangzhou, and taught first.Those who lead the affairs will set up special officials with three ranks.The initiators, Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan, were originally pirates and used their own affairs. Father and son became prime ministers. Brothers, nephews, nephews and sons-in-law are all high-ranking officials.In the seventh year of Chengzong Dade, his family assets were sealed off, his military weapons and ships were detained, and he was ordered not to return the merchant ships overseas, and he was also confiscated according to the law.Both of them are still engaged in grand overseas trade.

From Yuan Shizu to Yuan 28, more than 2.5 million stones were transported by sea.Since then, it has increased to more than 3.5 million stones. The total annual grain income in the Yuan Dynasty: According to the above table, except for Jiangxi, the total amount of grain in the seven regions below Liaoyang is less than that of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the total of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Huguang is more than twice that of the other six regions.It also exceeds the belly and other six places, that is, the total number of the country. As far as the Western Jin Dynasty is concerned, most of the food in the lower reaches is provided to Jingxiang.So far, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are far above Huguang.And if the entire south is compared with the north, the difference between the north and the south is even greater.

There were five changes in water transportation in Ming Dynasty: 1. River transportation.Second, land and sea transport.Three, support.4. Delivery.Five, exchange. The branch transportation stipulates that grains from Su, Song, Chang, Zhen, Hangzhou, Jia, and Hu should be transported to Huaian warehouse.Yangzhou, Fengyang, and Huai'an dispatched Jining warehouses.3,000 ships of Huai'an grain were transported to Jining, and 2,000 ships of Jining grain were transported to Tongzhou.From Huai to Xu to Zhejiang and Zhijun, from Xu to De to the Jingwei Army, from De to Tong to the Shandong and Henan Army, and then transported.Four times a year, more than three million stones can be transported, which is called branch transport.Since then, five million stones have been added.At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was custom-made for more than four million stones.

Those who pay for the shipment, the civilians only transport to Huai'an and Guazhou, exchange with the guards' officers and troops, and transport them to Beijing, and pay the freight and rice consumption.At the beginning, it was a branch shipment, and later it became a cash shipment. Those who changed the redemption ordered the Lihe officers and soldiers to be transported to the south of the Yangtze River for exchange, and the officers and soldiers were transported for a long time, so it was a permanent system. After Tianshun, there will be tens of thousands, seven hundred and seventy ships and 120,000 officers and troops.In terms of grain ratio: Beiliang 755,600 shi. Nanliang 3,244,400 shi. North grain is only one of the five grains in the south.Land shortage and human shortage are the two problems in the north.The entire center of Juan 17 is almost entirely devoted to the south.And the transportation of grain from south to north has also become a big expense for the country once a year. The amount of water transportation in the Qing Dynasty was also set at four million stones.According to the "Water Transport Regulations Compilation" in the early Qing Dynasty, the original amount of water transport in each province is about the ratio of the south to the north and the north to one.However, according to the "Qing Hui Dian" in the eighteenth year of Qianlong's reign, it is eight in the south and one in the north.According to the "Regulations of the Ministry of Households", the amount of water transportation in the forty-four years of Qianlong was the ratio of one to the south and ten to the north. Plowing and weaving are the two major agricultural activities, and corn and cloth are also the major categories of state rent and rain regulation.The sericulture industry was invented very early in China, and it was all in the north.In the Han Dynasty silk fabrics, there have been several famous centers in the Yellow River Basin. The land equalization system in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the unique "mulberry field" can prove that planting mulberry and silkworms, adjusting silk and weaving silk were very common livelihoods for northern farmers at that time.In the Sui Dynasty, Qinghe silk was the best in the world.In the Tang Dynasty, mulberry soil was used to adjust silk, and hemp soil was used to adjust cloth.In the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, Nabu Zhemi was ordered to the southern states, which shows that the southern states were not yet mulberry soil at that time.The machine weaving of the Yue people was taught by the north. Li Zhao's "National History Supplement": "In the early days, the Yue people did not work on machines, and Xue Jianxun was abstinent for Jiangdong.Because it is more vulgar and more elegant, silk yarn is a wonderful city Jiangzuo. ' In the Tang Dynasty, Dingzhou ranked first in the number of tribute silk fabrics in all states and counties across the country. "Taiping Guangji" quotes "Chaoye Qianzai": "He Mingyuan in Dingzhou has a huge fortune, and his family has five hundred silk machines." ' Rubo and Ruhua were important places for silk weaving at that time. In the third year of Jinglong, Song Wuguangshu: "Since Qing Minghou, Mo Houxiong, only choose Xiong'ao. Huazhou is a place of fianwan, and many people tend to shoot. There are seven counties and five entrustments." "Tang Liudian": At the time of Kaiyuan, silk was divided into eight grades, Song and Bo first.The second, third, fourth, fifth, etc. are all in the north and south of the Yellow River, not as good as the Huai River Basin.The sixth, seventh, and eighth grades are all inside and outside Sichuan.In the south of Dajiang, there are only three prefectures of Quanzhou, Jianzhou and Fujian, ranking last.From the sixth year of the middle school, the door played: "The price of silk in the state capital, the fruit, outside Langzhou, is no more expensive than Song and Bozhou." Tang Shi Dao Tribute Silk Cloth Fabric List Generally speaking, important sericulture works are located in the north rather than in the south. In the Five Dynasties, both the north and the south of Henan spread silkworms and salt to collect money from the people.Shi Jin Shangneng lost 300,000 bolts of Khitan silk every year. It is said in history: "During the Five Dynasties, the people of Hunan did not care about silkworms. The king of Chu Yin used Gao Yu's policy to order the people to pay taxes and replace money with silk. The folk loom flourished. Wu Xuzhi ordered that the tax be transferred to grain, silk, silk, and silk. One thousand dollars, three thousand as a tax. As a result, the open land between the Jianghuai River and the Huaihe River has been completely cleared, and the fields are full of mulberry trees." Knowing that at that time, the silkworm business in the south was gradually flourishing. Bian Song brocade weaving is especially famous. "Museum Yaolan" contains as many as forty-two titles of Song brocade.Lu You's "Notes of Laoxue'an" contains: "At the beginning of Jingkang, the silk weaving by the capital and the patterns of women's clothes are all four-season scenery, which is called 'one year scenery'".It also contains: "Dingzhou has carved silk smoke yarn." In the first year of Jingkang, Jin soldiers entered Bian and asked for 10 million pieces of silk, and Hebei's accumulated tribute over the years swept the ground.Zhejiang silk was returned lightly. After the separation of Song and Jin, Song Sui coins were divided into silver and silk.It is a proof that silk fabrics gradually turn north to south. In the sixth year of Jin Taihe, Shang Shuxing played: "Tea, besides food and drink, is not an essential thing. Business travelers mostly use silk to buy tea, and the cost is no less than a million." Buds, and Chinese silk, cotton, brocade, and silk that are beneficial to China are not allowed.” At that time, there were some Chinese silk fabrics that were lost to the south of the Yangtze River.I'm afraid that most of them are crude folk products, and those who lose to the old coins of the Southern Song Dynasty government are far worse than those who lost to the Jin government. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were still large-scale mulberry planting areas in the north. In the second year of Zhishun, there were more than 400,000 insect-eating mulberries in Guanzhou.Guanzhou in the Yuan Dynasty was Guantao County in the Han Dynasty, and it belonged to Dongchang Prefecture in Shandong Province in the Ming Dynasty. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a system of household taxation. In the eighth year of Emperor Taizong, Yelu Chucai was custom-made for the Yuan Dynasty. Each household produced a catty of silk for official use, and five households produced a catty of silk for the families of noble relatives and meritorious officials. However, the migration of sericulture and silk weaving from north to south was irreversible in the general situation.In the early Ming Dynasty, the number of taxes paid by the north and the south was exactly the ratio of three to one. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, the Chief Secretary and Zhili prefecture summer tax silk table: Above South. above the north. Since then, it has followed the trend of advancing south and retreating north. In the sixth year of Wanli, the chief secretaries and the Zhili prefecture's summer tax silk silk table: Above South. above the north. Note: In this table, the number of silk folded in the northern provinces is higher than that in the south, but the amount of folded silk may not be sufficient.In the eighth year of orthodox rule, silk was ordered everywhere, and each piece of silk was converted into silver for five qian, which was used in Beijing.Before Gai Tang, silk was transported from the north to the north, and it was only a kind of name and color.For example, if you only talk about two wires, the ratio between the north and the south is as high as eighty-one. In addition, the dyeing bureaus in the Ming Dynasty included Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Henan, Shandong, and Nanzhi. In the seventh year of Jiajing, Jiangxi, Huguang, Henan, Shandong and other provinces were not good at weaving, so they discounted each of them, and more than 28,000 pieces of true color were collected every year from the south to the south of Zhejiang.By the Qing Dynasty, only Jiangning, Suzhou and Hangzhou were weaving.And the two taxes are all paid for the silver and grain, and there is no name or color for the silk.So people gradually forget that the river area has been an advanced silk weaving area since ancient times. Another example is pottery, which is also a sideline that northern farmers invented very early on.In the Tang Dynasty, there was tribute porcelain in Henan Province, and in the Song Dynasty, most of the exquisite and famous ceramics were in the north. Ding kiln is located in Dingzhou, Hebei, and Song Zhenghe and Xuanhe Jian are the best.After crossing to the south, it was called Nanding, and the north was more expensive than the south.Ru Kiln is in Henan, and Chai Kiln is also in Henan.Weichang Kiln is in Jiangxi, Longquan Kiln and Ge Kiln are in Chuzhou, Zhejiang. By the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the most exquisite porcelain industry had all been transferred to the south of the Yangtze River. In Yuan Dynasty, there was Fuliang Magnetic Bureau, see "Yuan History·Zhi Guan Zhi", which specialized in Jingdezhen porcelain, known as "Private Kiln" in the world.There are folk kilns in Xuanzhou, Linchuan and Nanfeng.Ming Jingde Kiln was the most prosperous.Yixing pottery industry began in Wanli period. Kapok was also the location of the great profit after the Song Dynasty, and its cultivation was also more prosperous in the south than in the north. This is a sign that the economic sentiment in the north is gradually inferior to that in the south.In other words, it can also be said that the intelligence, energy, and character and habits of the peasants in the north seem to be gradually changing to be inferior to those in the south in all aspects. In terms of business conditions, the south is becoming more and more prosperous, while the north is shrinking. This is related to the producers in the natural world: for example, salt and tea are two major items of national interest after the Tang Dynasty. Salt is mainly produced in the Huaihe River and Huaihe River, and tea is both produced in the south.Copper and iron mining and smelting are also more prosperous in the south than in the north.Fishing is especially unique in the south. There are also people about transportation: the water conservancy in the south is getting better day by day, and the convenience of boats and boats far exceeds that in the north.There are also artificial manufacturers: such as silk weaving and ceramics. "Wenwen Tongkao" records that ten years before Song Xining's commercial tax year, there were three places with more than 400,000 guan, the second in the north, and the first in the south.The five places with more than 200,000 guan are all in the south.There are nineteen places with more than 100,000 guan, one in the north and eighteen in the south.Thirty places above 50,000 guan, twelve in the north and eighteen in the south.Fifty-one under 50,000 guan, twenty-five in the north and twenty-six in the south.There are ninety-five places with less than 30,000 guan, forty-five in the north and fifty in the south.Thirty-five places for those below 10,000 guan, twenty in the north and fifteen in the south.There are seventy-three places below five thousand guan, nineteen in the north and fifty-four in the south.Comparing the north and the south, the north has already seen the south win.And in the Ming Dynasty, there was a "market tax distribution", with a total of 33 places, 24 in the south and nine in the north. In the Ming Dynasty, the commercial tax began to have "ship notes", and there were seven customs offices: Hexiwu, Linqing, Jiujiang, Hushu, Huai'an, Yangzhou, and Hangzhou. National commerce gradually concentrated on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the canal.In the sixth year of Wanli, the number of banknotes collected for commercial taxation in various places reached 134 million in all prefectures and prefectures in Nanzhi, accounting for almost a quarter of the country.However, the Huai'an prefecture alone has more than 2 million guan, and Zhejiang Province has 3 million guan.It can be proved that the national economy was concentrated in the Taihu Lake Basin in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River at that time, and it was probably transported to the north by canals.This kind of evolution continued until the Qing Dynasty.According to the "Qinghuidian", in the thirteenth year of Guangxu's reign, the provinces in the country reported that the provinces in the south accounted for almost eight times that in the north. This trend is reflected in social culture, and it can also be seen that the number of people in the north is gradually decreasing, while that in the south is gradually increasing. For example, in terms of the number of people who should take the imperial examination. Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty restricted the number of Ming Jing Jinshi to be sent to various places in the five years of Huichang: This was in the later years of the Tang Dynasty, and the status of the south was already high, but it could not straddle the Central Plains. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were many people from the south who took the Jinshi examination, while the number of people from the north who took the Mingjing examination was small, so it was obvious that they were good and bad.Had to limit the number of places in the north and south in order to balance. The Yuan Dynasty also could not escape the phenomenon of prosperity in the south and decline in the north. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of scholars from the north and the south was also determined. List of Quotas for the Ming Dynasty Township Examination: Press: This table is directly from the north, among which the people from Shidonan.You can also pay attention to the radical humanities in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and southwest Guizhou. Exam Quotas for Minghui: In the first year of Hongxi, six out of ten were taken from Dingnan Juan, and four out of ten were taken from North Juan.Later, with the rate of one hundred names, five volumes from the north and the south each were returned as the middle volume, but the middle volume is actually the southern volume.In addition, there are many southerners in Shuntian'e in the northern volume, so the northern volume is dwarfed by many. In the early days of Jingtai, the Ministry of Rites asked "the selection of scholars does not distinguish between the north and the south", and gave a play to Li Kan and others in the incident, saying: "The people in the north of the Yangtze River are straight in diction, while the people in the south of the Yangtze River are rich in diction. Less. The system cannot be changed.” Later, it was divided into southern, northern, and middle volumes, and the volumes were divided into northerners.According to Li Kan and others, with "Jiangnan" and "Jiangbei" as the north, the north-south boundary has moved southward compared with the debate between Ouyang and Sima in the Song Dynasty. In the 20th year of Hongwu, because there were no famous teachers in the northern schools, and the students abandoned their studies, they moved to the southern schools, officials and teachers to return to their homes. From the fourth year of Hongwu to the forty-fourth year of Wanli, during the 245 years, there were a total of 244 champions, second places, Tanhua and Huiyuan in each subject, and their native places are shown in the table below. In the imperial edict of Qianlong Bingchen of the Qing Dynasty, 267 people successively raised erudite poems.Manchuria five, Han army two, Zhili three, Fengtian one, Jiangsu seventy-three, Anhui nineteen, Zhejiang sixty-eight, Jiangxi thirty-six, Hubei six, Hunan thirteen, Fujian twelve, Henan five, Shandong four, Shanxi three, Guangdong six, Shaanxi four, Sichuan one, Yunnan one.It can be seen that this evolution has not changed until the Qing Dynasty. In terms of the native place of the prime minister, most of the lineages of the prime ministers of Tang Dynasty are in the north. After the middle of the Song Dynasty, there were more conveniences in the south and fewer people in the north. Ming Zaifu 189 people, the south accounted for two-thirds. The ups and downs of culture and economy in the north and south of society can also be seen in terms of the size and complexity of political divisions.Here is a brief list of the Tang and Song Dynasties as follows: Looking at the above table, we can know that the political divisions from Tang to Song Dynasty were generally more complicated in the south, so the division became finer.There is no division in the north but union. What can be known along with the political region is the most important thing is the shrinkage of the household registration. The so-called "Six Heroes" and "Ten Wangs" are all in the north.There are eighty-five counties in Shiwang, but there are only twenty counties in the south. In the Song Dynasty, the household registration in the north was far inferior to that in the south. Table of the number of principals and customers of household registration at Sijing Shibalu in the third year of Song Yuanfeng: Note: During the heyday of the Sui Dynasty, there were no more than 300,000 households in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian.Since the Tang Dynasty, it has been immersed in the fruit, and it has increased to more than five million households from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty.However, the number of household registrations in the Central Plains was only 2,398,812 in the six years of Zhou Xiande due to the chaos and death of the Five Dynasties.During the Xi and Fengsheng periods of the Song Dynasty, the world was divided into twenty-three roads, eight out of ten to the north of Huai and Han, and five out of ten to the south of Huai and Han.There are a total of 6.5 million households in the whole world, and there are only more than 5 million households in the north of Huai and Han, and more than a million households in the south of Huai and Han.The big rate is two out of three in the day.The number of people who did not leave the land of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties increased fifteen times. Fan Zhongyan's "Ten Things Book" said: "In Huichang of the Tang Dynasty, there were more than 194,700 households in the Henan government, and they were located in 20 counties. Today, the Henan government owners and customers have more than 75,900 households, and they are still located in the county. Nineteen counties. There are 700 households in Gongxian County, 1,100 households in Yanshi County, and three grades in each county, but there are no more than a hundred families that can be served. Please follow the story of the later Han Dynasty, send envoys to Xijing first, and divide the provinces into ten counties. The abolished city will be changed into a town. When Xijing is merged with the province, it will go to Damingfu.” It is said that in the northern political region, if measured by the actual household registration, in the heyday of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were already many people who could be saved and merged. .Also press: In terms of the ratio of the owner to the customer, the situations of all roads are more likely to be similar.Customers should be one-third or even more than half of the main households.Otherwise, the only two Zhejiang, Jiangnandong and Chengdu three roads, the customer ratio is only one-fourth or even one-fifth of the main households.It can also be seen that its economic situation is unique. Then, the distinction between the Secretary of State and the Chief Secretary in the Yuan and Ming dynasties is as follows: Yuan 11 Zhongshu Province: Lingbei, Liaoyang, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Zhengdong. The two capitals and the thirteen chief secretaries of the Ming Dynasty: Beijing, Nanjing, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangxi, Huguang, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there were ten roads, half in the north and half in the south.Among the thirteen chief secretaries of the Ming Dynasty, nine were awarded to the south and only four to the north.South accounted for more than double.That is to say, the economic and cultural imbalance between the North and the South has been seen.In the Yuan Dynasty, the northern and southern household registrations were in the ratio of ten to one. In the Ming Dynasty, the situation in the north was better, but it was still not as good as that in the south. In the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, the north-south count of household registration in the world: Above South. above the north. Note: The ratio of household registration in the above table, especially those who see an increase, is the southeast, followed by the southwest.Hukou ratio is especially common among the downtrodden, especially in the Northwest, followed by the Northeast. Press again: Nanzhi Suzhou Fu household 600,755, mouth 2,011,985.Songjiang Prefecture has 218,359 households and 484,414 mouths.Changzhou prefecture has 254,460 households and 1,002,779 populations. The total number of households in Jiangsu, Song and Changfu prefectures exceeds that of Huguang, Fujian, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi and Beizhi provinces, and the number of population exceeds that of Fujian. , Sichuan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces can see their prosperity. In the sixth year of Wanli, the 13th chief secretary and the northern and southern Zhili prefectures actually collected the approximate amount of summer tax and autumn grain: Above South. above the north. According to: 2,038,894 stones of autumn grain in one prefecture of Suzhou, more than any province below Huguang, and similar to Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces.The 1,546,180 stones of autumn grain in Songjiang and Changzhou also exceed those of Shaanxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan, Beizhi, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou, and are similar to those of Shanxi and Henan.If the sum of the autumn grains of Su, Song, and Chang prefectures is greater than that of any province below Jiangxi and Zhejiang. A summary table of the increase and decrease in the number of northern and southern households from the Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty: Note: The numbers in the tables are difficult to be exact, but take the general ups and downs. The development of the southwestern provinces in the Ming Dynasty and the aggressive colonization of the South China Sea were particularly obvious signs of the southward shift of China's national power, and opened up a new foundation for modern China. Both of these are the key signs of the prosperity of the south in the Ming Dynasty.Particularly prominent in the development of the Southwest is the establishment of chieftains in the provinces of Huguang, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Guangxi.Although the frontiers in the Southwest belonged to the country early, they span thousands of miles between Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, and Lingqiao.Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, although prefectures and counties were set up, they were still ordered to protect themselves.From generation to generation, as far as the Ming Dynasty, following the stories of the Yuan Dynasty, it was to set up local officials and local officials, and regard the Yuan Yi as a general outline.Divisions, counties, prefectures and counties are divided into counties and counties, and the amount is based on taxes and servitude. Listen to me, and gradually arrange them. Ten are the Xuanwei Division, one is the Recruitment Division, ten is the Xuanfu Division, nineteen is the Appeasement Division, and the Chief Lawyer. There are three out of one hundred and seventy.This is a major event in the development of the Southwest in the Ming Dynasty. Gai also emerged with the natural expansion of Chu's economic and private households.From the next to the Qing Dynasty, gradually "reform the soil and return it to the people", and in modern China, the great cause of developing the Southwest was completed. As for overseas colonization, it started very early.Nanhai and Xiangjun have already been listed in Qinjun, and Han Dynasty is because of it.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the number of Chinese scholar-officials who floated to the sea to meet their feet was the most.In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the ships of Jiao and Guanghai were called Lisou. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a tax on the city and boats, but it was not regarded as the official income of the country when it was collected by the eunuchs and monasteries.However, Song Shibo's ad hoc lawsuit is an important item for the state's support. In the Ming Dynasty, maritime traffic flourished day by day, and our people’s goods were colonized overseas, and there were more and more people who started families and had eldest children and grandchildren.At the time of Chengzu, Zheng He, the eunuch, ordered sixty-two ships, and more than 27,800 soldiers and soldiers to send them overseas.He served as an envoy seven times successively, covering more than 30 countries including Champa, Java, Chenla, Siam, Managa, Sumata, and Ceylon. It is said that the Sanbao eunuch's voyage to the West was a grand event in the early Ming Dynasty.The prestige of the Ming Dynasty not only extended to the South China Sea, but also brought together the merchants and people of Fujian and Guangxi.The wind grows and grows, and it is not just the power of the court.Until modern times, the colonization of the South China Sea was still a major event in the development of the Chinese nation.