Chapter 42 Chapter Thirty-nine: The Transfer of Economic Culture from the North to the South (Part 2)

There are different opinions on why the center of gravity of China's social economy and culture has moved from north to south. Or suspect the northern climate, warmer in ancient times, and gradually colder in the future. It may be suspected that there was more rainfall in the north in ancient times, and it gradually decreased in the future. Perhaps the origin of the northern ethnic group is suspected, and the descendants are more and more mixed, so it seems to be regressing. All of the above statements are unsubstantiated. Or suspect that the Yellow River is China's flood, and the Yangtze River is China's benefit.In terms of history, this layer also seems to be counterproductive.

The culture of the Yin Dynasty was conceived and grown in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Tang Jubo, far away from the river.Afterwards crossing the river to the north is to approach the Yellow River, not to shy away from it.Therefore Zhong Ding moved to Kai, He Quan Jia lived in Prime Minister, Zu Yi lived in Geng, the capital of Yin was always near the river. The Yin Ruins, which lasted more than two hundred years from Pan Geng to Zhou Dynasty, were built on the large delta where Qi and Huan crossed irrigation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty could not be separated from the irrigation of the river and Wei basins.

In the Spring and Autumn Central Plains, the fields, towns and cities of one or two hundred vassal states were scattered on both sides of the river. The vast water conservancy networks of Jing, Wei, Fen, Yan, Yi, Luo, Qi, Huan, Zi, Wen, and Si have become the blood of their culture. The gutter system at that time must have been impressive. In the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Rong said: "In the Chunqiu era, such as Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan, etc., were all countries. At that time, there were wars and disturbances, and the gifts of one country were enough for the use of one country, and they were not given to other countries. Good to The system of ditches and ditches still exists, so droughts and floods are prepared, and the country uses them daily.”

The Yellow River flood first appeared in the fifth year of Zhou Dingwang.This is the state of Wei on the north bank of the river, which was destroyed by Di.What it should look like after the farmland water conservancy falls into disrepair. After Wei Wenhou lived in Ye, Ximen Bao and Shi Qi overhauled water conservancy, this area is still a paradise. The second river migration was in the third year of Yuanguang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.The origin of the river trouble this time was due to the long-term war since the Warring States Period, and the embankment was built competitively. Han Jiarang said: "The construction of dikes is close to the Warring States period. The defense of hundreds of rivers is for their own benefit. Qi and Zhao and Wei are based on the river. The river reaches the Qi embankment in the east, and then floods Zhao and Wei in the west. Zhao and Wei are also embankments, and go to the river for twenty-five miles. Although it is not straight, the water wanders. When the water goes away, it will be filled with silt and fertile. Build houses for a while, and then a settlement will be formed. When the flood comes and submerges, the dikes will be raised to save themselves. Today, the dikes are hundreds of steps away from the water, and the distance is several miles."

And each submerged the enemy's country with decisive water. Zhao Family: "In the eighteenth year of Marquis Zhao Su, the Jue River was used to irrigate Qi and the teachers of Wei." Bamboo Book Chronicle: "In the 12th year of King Huicheng of Liang, the Jue River of Chu was irrigated outside Changyuan." Zhao Xie's family: "King Zhao Huiwen was eighteen years old. In that year, the Wei family was cut down by the river, and it was ruined." Qin Shihuang's Book of Records: "Qin led the river to irrigate Daliang City, and the city was destroyed." Mencius said: "Beggar your neighbor."

There are also blocked water sources to harm neighbors. National policy: "Eastern Zhou wants to make rice, but Western Zhou does not use water." Therefore, Shi Huang's inscription on Jieshi said: "Determined to pass through the defense of Sichuan." River courses and water conservancy are sacrificed for military affairs.Then it became a serious flood in the Western Han Dynasty.Until King Jingzhi of the Eastern Han Dynasty succeeded in governing the river, there was no river trouble for another 900 years. This is precisely because the economic and cultural relics in the north were still in their prime, and ditches and canals were built from time to time, so the water was not harmful but beneficial.

The Yellow River is China's trouble. It started in the Song Dynasty and lasted for thousands of years in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. However, it was the period when the society, economy and culture in the north were gradually falling behind. It can be seen that the flood is endless due to human affairs. The distant cause of the river troubles in the Song Dynasty was the separatist rule of the feudal clans along the river after the middle of the Tang Dynasty. Song Minqiu said: "Tang Heshuo, Tianbao was a vassal for a long time. Even if there was a river incident, the court did not hear about it. Therefore, a book of the Tang Dynasty only records the two incidents of Huashuai Xue Ping and Xiao Fang." The overflow is thousands of miles away from each other, and it cannot be cured by one party. When it is divided, everyone deceives us, but Wei and Hua suffer from the same problem, so Tian Hongzheng asks Xue Ping to work together to rule. I also moved the city to avoid it, so these two achievements are rare." This is to say that there may not be no river troubles after the dark leaves, but it may also be said that there may not be serious troubles.If there is a big collapse, will the court not know?Are there any history books that don't record it?However, it can be asserted that the farmland water conservancy on both sides of the lower reaches of the Yellow River must be in disrepair under the rule of the vassals, just like Di Juwei in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The proximate cause is the long-term military struggle during the Five Dynasties. It is often heard that Liang and Tang Jiahe confronted each other and marched through the water.For example, in the fourth year of Liang Zhenming, the third year of Longde, and the second year of Tongguang in Tang Dynasty, they all broke the river. Since then, it has been heard at the time of the river decision.During the Five Dynasties, the river had been repeatedly determined, and it was suddenly developed in the Song Dynasty.And the river bed of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, one or two thousand miles away, has been repeatedly relocated.

There have been six major changes in the river course since the Spring and Autumn Period to modern times: 1. In the fifth year of King Ding of Zhou, He Jue stayed at Xukou, traveled east to Luochuan, went to Changshoujin and Luobie, joined Zhangshui in the northeast, and entered the sea at Zhangwu. 2. Wang Mang moved to Wei County in the third year of the founding of the country, from Qinghe, Pingyuan, Jinan to Qiancheng.In the thirteenth year of Yongping in the later Han Dynasty, Wang Jingxiu made it a great river. 3. In the eighth year of Emperor Renzong's Qingli reign in the Song Dynasty, Shang Hu decided, and He was divided into two factions.The north sent Heyongji Canal to Qianning Army to enter the sea.It flows eastward from Hemajia River to Wudi County and enters the sea.The second stream is opened and closed.

4. In the fifth year of Jinzhangzong Mingchang, the river broke through the Yangwu old embankment and flowed into the Huaihe River from the Nanqing River. 5. From Yuan Shizu to the 26th year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Huitong River was formed, and the Northern School gradually declined.And in Hongzhi of Ming Dynasty, the branch canals of Huanglinggang were built and cut off, and the water of the whole river was received by one Huaihe River. 6. In the third year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty, the river broke through the copper tile chamber, and then had to change its course and move northward, entering the sea from the Daqing River.

During this period, the great changes and drastic troubles occurred mostly after the Song Dynasty.From the east of Dayong, the four prefectures of ancient Yan, Qing, Xu, and Yang are all crisscrossed and colorful areas, and the vitality of the north is greatly consumed. The ups and downs of the Yellow River floods coincide with the ups and downs of the social economy and culture in the north, and the two signs are cause and effect of each other. The Yellow River has not been the disaster of China since the beginning. There are several reasons for the continuous troubles of the river in the Song Dynasty: 1. The righteous way of the river is often sacrificed for other reasons. The river course in the early Song Dynasty was similar to that in the Tang and Five Dynasties.Jingde and Jingyou fought against Shanzhou Henglong, so it became a big river.Roughly speaking, today's area starts from Puyang, Hebei, passes through Yuncheng County, Shandong, and goes north to Dongping, Fanxian, Dong'e, and Yanggu. In terms of today's geography, the course of the Huhou River in the Shang Dynasty generally runs from Puyang, Hebei, and Daming into Guanxian, Guantao, Linqing, and Qinghe in Hebei, and then flows into Wucheng and Dexian in Shandong, and Wuqiao, Dongguang, Nanpi, Cangqing, Jinghai, and Tianjin all flow into the sea, which is called "Beiliu". After Shanghu broke through, there was someone who opened the Liuta River and led Shanghujue River back to Henglong's old way.After Liutahe rejudged, the old road of Jingdong was abolished.There is a master who opened two rivers and guided the water eastward.Song people called it "Dongliu".The flow of water in the north is fast, the mouth of the sea is wide and deep, and there is an ancient road that joins the Yellow River, and the people of Song Dynasty must return to the river to make it east.Six towers and two units failed one after another.During the time of Zhezong, there was another master who returned to the river.The general meaning is: "The tail of the river is northward, and if it is afraid of entering Khitan, it will cross the river and go south. It must be a bridge, guarding the prefectures and counties, and China will lose all danger." Su Zhe refuted, saying: "The terrain is high in the north, and the river has no north. The way of migration. It is also dark and deep, and there is no migration." The ministers of Shaosheng insisted on the eastward flow, and used the river incident to extend their narration.In the time of Yuanfu, the river was determined to flow north, but at the beginning of the founding of the Jingguo, there were still proposals to offer it to the east.Speech is full of courts, and the river is used as a play.In the fifth year of Mingchang in Jin Dynasty, Hejueyang Wuguan sealed Qiu and went to the east. It went through Changyuan, Dongming, Pu, Yun, Fan counties, and Shouzhang. The Nanqing River flows into the Huai River.Jin regards the Song Dynasty as its beggar, and it benefits the south of the river but does not want its north. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Huang Jiyun was more reluctant to go north of the river.At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the river course moved northward, but the people of the Ming Dynasty blocked it out of fear that the channel would dry up.In Hongzhizhong's two battles at Jinlongkou, he went straight to Zhangqiu. The discussants planned to cut off the Huanglinggang branch canal. From then on, until the Qing Dynasty, all rivers were strengthened by manpower.The river loses its nature day by day, and it collapses endlessly. The decision of the Xianfeng copper tile chamber, the river finally went north. 2. The corruption of politics and the darkness of river engineering. The government spends the most financial resources and collects the least amount of work.The most important thing is the destruction of the entire water conservancy network in the north. Xu Zhenming Lushui guest Tan: "In the past, Yu sowed the nine rivers into the sea, and the ditch was particularly hard-working. After Zhou Ding, the ditch was gradually abandoned, and the river became more and more troubled. The river enters the Central Plains from the middle of Guan, and Jing, Wei, Qi, Ju, Fen, The rivers of Yan, Yi, Luo, Yi, Jian, Dan and Bi, with thousands of miles of water, when the summer and autumn rain floods, there is not a ditch or a river that can stop the flow. So the wilderness flows across, and all of them enter the rivers. The Sichuan will enter the two streams again, so the river will not be prosperous? If the momentum is strong, the nature will become more violent and difficult to control. Sincerely, I have visited the ancient canals and weirs from the counties and towns along the river, and learned from their ideas. Its traces are dredged into ditches and tributaries, so that the rain will not flood the rivers, and the residents of the river will be able to use water to grow fields, and the river will be killed, and the river's troubles will be eliminated." Zhou Yong also said: "The Yellow River, which is thousands of miles away, is surrounded by the rain in May and June. It is only between the Wohe River south of Lanyang, Henan Province, and Xuzhou and Peixian hundreds of miles away. Detaining and entrusting it to Wei, it will not flow across the river and break the past, which is really lucky. The Yellow River today is also the Yellow River in ancient times. From Xining, Shaanxi to Hejin, Shanxi, the so-called Jishi, Longmen, Hejing, Wei, The waters of the famous rivers of Rui, Qi, Ju, Fen, Qin, Yi, Luo, Yu, and Jian all receive the rain in the fifth and sixth months of each year, which is no different from the past and the present. However, the Yellow River has undergone changes. For those who have not yet entered the sea, there is no room for Lin Liao. The ditch is used to prepare for Ning Liao, and it is only for holding water. Therefore, the ditch and the sea are the same as water. There are ditches in the world, and the world is a place that can accommodate water. , Why can’t the Yellow River be tolerated? Everyone in the world builds ditches, and everyone in the world is the one who controls the water. Why can’t the Yellow River be cured? If the water can’t be cured, why can’t the barren land be reclaimed? With one stroke, the great benefits of the world can be brought about, and the great troubles of the world can be pacified.” The deputy secretary of the Ming Dynasty also said: "The river can be a disaster, but it can also be a benefit. Therefore, those who don't know the benefit of the river cannot restrain the harm of the river. Yu leveled the water and soil, and tried his best to ditches. There is no uncultivable soil in the southeast. Acres are self-sufficient, and acreages are canals. Rivers are formed by dredging, and abysses are formed by depressions. Leaks are squares, and plugs are dredged. Four fields and ditches are all places for water control. Three seasons of plowing and harvesting are all days for water control. Every family is self-reliant. , are all people who control the water. Along the polder fields along the river, the dikes are repeatedly connected, that is, there will be a burst, and the damage will be caused? Therefore, it can be bundled and poured into the sea, which will benefit nine harms. "There is a lot of barren land in the northwest, where millet and wheat are planted. The water is not beneficial, but instead harmful. A little turmoil will pour without stopping, and excessive rain will overflow without restraint. The land along the river in Ningxia is the most fertile soil. How can God protect this side alone? It also said: "If rice is not available in the northwest, then the prosperous capitals of the three generations will be in Yong and Hebei, and they will try to look up to the southeast? Heaven and man win each other, and the benefits and disadvantages rotate. The land reclamation will receive one point of benefit, that is, the river will be reduced by one point." The trouble. Make the water of thousands of miles in one place have their own uses, and not help the river to be abused. Also. The aboriginal people all know the nature of water, and because they regard obedience as meritorious service, they are inseparable from those who are not familiar with officials who try it suddenly, and those who go against it and go backwards. The master Pan Jixun said that "the river does not diverge, the embankment is built high, and the water is swept away to brush the sand".However, Pan said that the lower reaches of the Tezhu River are for the purpose of saving a temporary collapse.If the total amount of water in the north is used as a permanent solution, it is no better than the three schools mentioned above. That is to say, according to Guanzhong Water Conservancy, the Tang Dynasty is no longer as good as the Han Dynasty, and the post-Tang Dynasty is even worse than the Tang Dynasty. Hanshu: "Zheng Qucheng, irrigated more than 40,000 hectares of brine, and Guanzhong began to be a fertile field." After that, there were battles of Fuqu, Baiqu and Longshouqu.After Han Duluo, all the canals gradually fell into disuse.Du Youyun: "During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Zhengqu irrigated more than 40,000 hectares of land, and Baiqu irrigated more than 4,500 hectares of land. In the middle of Tang Yonghui, only 10,000 hectares were irrigated. At the beginning of the Dali period, it was reduced to 6,000 hectares." Gein "The land of Woyan is occupied by Quanhao Guanyoulin Garden, and the water conservancy is divided into pools and pavilions." Song people thought that the Zhengqu canal had been abandoned for a long time, but the Baiqu canal was built to irrigate 3,600 hectares of land in six counties of Jingyang and Fuping.In Xiningzhong, Fengli Canal is passed through, and more than 25,000 hectares of fields are irrigated.From Yuan to Zhengchu, the new canal and weir were destroyed, and the old canal mouth was restored, and 45,000 hectares of fields were irrigated.The number is not reduced to that of the Han Dynasty, but it will be abolished soon. In other places, the rate is the same. Rizhilu said: "Uncle Ouyang Yong wrote the geography of the Tang Dynasty. When a canal was opened and a weir was erected, it was recorded under the county. In fact, it was also a record of the river and canal. Mostly in Tianbao, the former is the seventh, and after Heshuo uses troops, the urgency is urgent, and there are those who have no time to pay attention to agricultural achievements and water courses." It can be seen from the situation that the Guanming people said that Henan and Shandong were trapped by floods and droughts. Zhou Yongli's affairs on the Lihe River: "I secretly saw that the prefectures, prefectures, and counties in Henan are close to the Yellow River. Over the years, relatives have been washed away. The private fields are broken and destroyed, and they cannot be divided into long acres. Those who cultivate are not allowed to plant, and those who plant are not allowed to reap. The people of the Middle Earth As for the east of the canal, the three prefectures of Jinan, Dongchang, and Yanzhou in Shandong, although there are rivers such as Wen, Yi, Wei, and Si, they are not connected with the folk fields and branches. Every year when the mountains and rivers of Taishan and Culai are flooded, there is a huge flood, the huts are flooded, and farming is unemployed. It is also the same as the river in Henan. Unfortunately, there is a drought, and there is no self-service to repair the ponds and weirs, and store water for waiting Yuze then reached between Ji and Lu, and looked at the red land. At that time, locusts and swarms rose everywhere, and the grass and valleys were all gone. It stretched thousands of miles from east to west, from north to south. Just like Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.Most of the so-called "millions of stones in the east of Cao Guandong" are in these two provinces.Comparing the records of the Ming Dynasty, it can be seen that the social, economic and cultural transfer between the north and the south of China was drastic, and the reasons for this were mostly human affairs, and it does not need to be extended to various vague conjectures such as climate and rainfall or ethnic origin. The dredging of the canal, whose purpose is to clear the canal, is also detrimental to the original water conservancy in the north. In the Sui Dynasty, the Bianqu Canal communicated with the River and the Huaihe River. The speaker has already said that the benefits and disadvantages are not hidden. Song Ding said in Tanlu that: "The Bianqu school's diversion of flood rivers has been regarded as a great benefit since the Tang Dynasty. However, the fact is that it is deeply harmful. All the lands of Liang and Song Dynasty benefited from the flow of this canal. In order to make it big. By the time Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was lucky enough to be the capital of Jiang, he analyzed the flow of the Yellow River and built more than 300 li of left and right embankments. The old waters were all cross-cut and scattered. Therefore, the lands of Song and Bo, then Chengju is low and damp. And the past was peaceful, but now it is turbulent. In the past, the water transport was unimpeded in winter and summer, but now it is spring and autumn. (shu), overflow is a problem. If you look at it from here, where is its benefit?" Note: King Jing of the Eastern Han Dynasty ruled the river, and he was diverting the river and Bian.The east of the river flows into the sea, and the southeast of Bian flows into Si.Although Emperor Yangdi connected the rivers, Huaihe Rivers, rivers, and Bian Rivers, although there was an advantage in connecting the north-south waterway, as Ding said, he did not conceal the disadvantages. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the river will pass through the river, running straight from north to south, which is more contrary to the natural terrain. Qiu Jun University Yanyi Buyun: "The canal enters Hangou from the river, crosses the Huaihe River from Hangou to Shangqingkou, passes through Xu, Lv Erhong, Yi, Qin, Surabaya, and ends in Jining. Jining is located in the middle of the canal, the so-called patio gate. , which is the so-called Huiyuan gate in the history of the Yuan Dynasty. The waters of Si, Yi, Wei, and Wen meet here and divert to the north and south. From the north to Anmin Mountain, it enters the Xinhe River, and the ground drops 90 feet. Seven out of ten gates reach Yuzhang and Yu. It reaches Gutou in the south, with a ground drop of 100 to 6 feet, and 21 gates to reach the river and Huai River. This building is located between the two capitals, and the north and south are divided in the middle. There is Bi from Wuzhi, and Yi from Langya. The water that flows north to Ji, there is the river from Jinlongkou, and the water that divides Hutuo River. In general, the gates are located in the courtyard, and Linqing always has its meeting, condescending , the water potential drains easily and dries up quickly. Every 3,700-mile canal road is the key point." Building dams and dikes and gates cost a lot of money every year, but those who dig them are too silted up, and those who build them are too much to collapse.The embankments are densely packed beside the fields, and the land is destroyed by bad melons.The manpower has been exhausted, and the flood is strong.The implicated damage caused by the canal and the nearby water system.What's more, in order to take care of the water volume of the canal, the Yellow River is strongly restrained from traveling southward and joining the Huaihe River.Not only is the river suffering frequently, but the Huai River is also causing great harm. The big river entered the beach from Hesi in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the lower reaches of the Huaihe River were captured by the river for more than 770 years.Huai was originally disease-free, but during the seven hundred and seventy years Zhonghe was sick and Huai was also sick.Also press: Rizhi Luyun, "Song History Eunuch Biography" Liangshanluo, the ancient giant Noze, stretches for hundreds of miles, Ji and Yun counties, relying on the profit of catfish. " Jinshi Shihuo Zhi: "The Yellow River has moved its old course, Liangshan and Luoshui have receded, and the land is very wide, so envoys were sent to resettle the fields.Since then, the towns of Juye and Shouzhang, the places where water was accumulated in ancient times, have not been cultivated regardless of size, and they have forgotten that they used to be called Sichuan. "Note: Many lakes in the north are filled with silt due to the backflow of yellow water. The river passes through the central part of Henan. Huai suffered from it. In the four provinces of Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Anhui, the natural resources of the people have been consumed and sacrificed to defend against the flooding of the Yellow, Tan, and Yun rivers. If at that time one side can be diverted to sea transportation, On the one hand, go north to the north, then both the river and the Huaihe River can be calmed down.In the four provinces of Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Anhui, the areas where the Fanhe River and the Huaihe River collapsed have all turned into rich and fertile soil.On the one hand, the water conservancy in Jingdong and Hebei is widely promoted, and on the other hand, it can emigrate to Liao and Shenyang, and reclamation is getting farther away. Beijing is in the center of land and sea. Why does it have to feed on Jiangnan? The gradual deterioration of water conservancy in the north is as mentioned above, but the damage to the society in the north is not limited to this.It first appeared in the long-term separatist rule of the feudal towns after the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and was seen again in the military struggles of the Five Dynasties. During the two periods of political darkness, Al Qaeda reached its peak. 3. Seen in the confrontation between Liao and Song Dynasty, the border was ravaged, and it was not allowed to gather and breed. According to the military system of the Liao Dynasty, "every Liao army dispatched troops, most of them were located thousands of miles north of Youzhou." Twelve months. If the emperor does not personally conquer, he will be led by important ministers. Advance to September and retreat to December. If the spring is the first month and autumn is the ninth month, the capital will not be ordered, but only 60,000 cavalry will be dispatched, and 300 outside the border. Here, it consumes waste and gathers together, and it is not allowed to be planted." 4. Found in the confrontation between Song and Xia, the Northeast and Northwest suffer the same fate.The social vigor of Guanzhong and Hebei continued to decline under the oppression of foreign invaders. 5. Seen under the rule of the Jin people, the general political situation has regressed.Harassment of the signing system in military conflicts. What's more, it was the damage done to the northern countryside by Jin's garrison soldiers.One is due to the difference in caste, and the other is due to the difference in farming and nomadic living habits.The villages in the north suffered greatly from the miscellaneous places where the troops were stationed. At the beginning of Jin Xizong's time, the soldiers in the field began. In December of the third year of Emperor Xizong's family, considering that the people of the Central Plains would cherish the second, they began to set up the Tuntian Army.All Jurchen, Xi, and Khitan people migrated from the headquarters and mixed with the common people. According to the dictation field, from the south of Yan to the north of Sui and Long, there are all of them, and they are all built between villages.The commander of a thousand said "Meng'an", and the commander of a centurion said "Muk".The imperial court continued to include private households with good land. In the seventeenth year of Dading, Emperor Shizong said to the provincial minister: "The Jurchen households moved from the soil three or four thousand miles. If they don't stick to the good land and give them, they will be poor for a long time. They will send officials to investigate." Zhangzong Cheng'an five years, Zong Hao, the privy envoy, was ordered to give the army such land as Lukuo in Shandong, and he got more than 300,000 land.Note: In the first year of Zhang Zong Mingchang, there was also an edict to give the army Kuodi. Peasants lose their land and receive poor land. In March of the 21st year of Dading, the imperial edict said: "The land of the people in Shandong has been distributed to the households of the Jurchen villages. If there are official lands, the people will be invited according to the number of yuan." In July, the prime minister said: "Shandong Brush The people's fields have been allocated to the Jurchen farmers. If there is room left, it should be returned to the people." In the fourth year of Taihe, when the land was included in the six roads, most of the military households who garrisoned fields pretended to increase their reputations, asking for official land, and enclosing civilian land, while the people had time to pay taxes and vain material resources.In the third year of Zhenyou, Gao Ruli, who participated in politics, said: "When Shandong allocates land, all the fertile land goes to the rich, and the barren land is paid to the poor. It is not beneficial to the army, but it is detrimental to the people." However, the soldiers in the field were able to obtain good land and good products, but they were unwilling to cultivate it by themselves. In the fifth year of Emperor Sejong's Dading, the households in Liangmeng'an, Gyeonggi did not cultivate themselves, and cut mulberry dates as salary, and ordered Daxing Shaoyin Wanyan to make inspections.In the first month of the 21st year of Dading, the minister said: "Shandong, Daming and other Lumeng'an and Mouke households are often arrogant and indulgent, and do not regard farming. All Han people are asked to farm and rent. The rich are all obedient. Drinking, eating and feasting, the poor strive to be effective." In June, he said again: "Jian Meng'an, seeking to conquer people, only wine is their business, renting people with land, and renting lessons for three or two years in advance. Or planting but not cultivating , let it be desolate.” Twenty-two years later, with the attached capital Meng’an households who did not grow their own crops, rented them out to the people, had a family of 100, and those who had no seedlings in the ridge were punished for persuading agricultural officials.In March of the first year of Mingchang, there was an edict: "When a soldier is granted land, he is only ordered to plant it himself." In September of the fourth year of Taihe, it was ordered, and the allocated land was self-planted within ten miles, and the rest was allowed to be rented cheaply. They just like to go out and hunt. In the third year of Mingchang, the edict: "Meng'an and Mouke, Xu Yudongyue led his households to hunt twice, and each time he went out, he could not exceed ten days." Gradually, there are some people who have absorbed the Chinese literary atmosphere. Liu Qigui Qianzhi: "After the southward journey, the Jurchen hereditary Meng'an, Mouke, often good at literature, and travel with scholar-bureaucrats." If you don't know how to farm, you will even kill the acres of fields and cut mulberry dates. In the first year of Fenghe, the old system was affirmed in the abbreviated words of the Shangshu: Meng'an and Mouke households had one mu of mulberry trees for every forty mu, and those who destroyed trees were banned, and those who confiscated land were punished.There are many dirty fields, few households, and long officials sitting in front of them. The good peasants in China lost their ancestral property, or became tenant farmers, so their relationship with Meng'an and Mouke became increasingly bad. According to Li Shi's biography: "Shandong and Henan's soldiers and civilians are fighting against each other, and the struggle for land is endless." When the Mongolian soldiers came south, the Han people took the opportunity to retaliate. In Meng'an and Moukehu in Hebei, it was common to see the barbarians. Yuanyi Mountain Wanyan Huaide Monument: "The people complained about their hatred and appropriation of the land, and they will kill people in the hope of killing them. After tracking and capturing, within three or two days, the slaughter will be complete." Zhang Wangong's stele: "Xuanzong Zhenyou When crossing to the south, thieves and thieves swarmed up, and those who took advantage of the situation to seize the land, people regarded it as a blood feud, and after looking forward to it, they all died under the front, even if they were young." Those who avoided and moved southward numbered no less than one million.For a while, it was discussed about the distribution of land. Although the matter was not completed, the people of Henan were all collected and paid. Gao Ruli said: "Hebei military households migrated to Henan with millions of people. They were given one liter of rice per day, and the annual rate was 3.6 million shi. Half of them were given to Zhi Zhi, which was still 3 million shi of millet. The rented land in Henan was 20 With 40,000 hectares, the annual collection of millet is only 1.56 million, and it is even more begging than the funds to collect it." The people suffered unbearably, and fled and became disabled, so that there were more soldiers than the people, and the situation was even more unspeakable. Hou Zhishu: "After Dongping, Pi and Hai were destroyed, especially. There were less than a hundred civilian households in Hai, but five thousand troops were stationed. Only eight hundred Pi households and tens of thousands of troops. Xiao He and Liu Yan came back to life. There’s nothing to do.” About one-tenth of the number of households in Meng'an and Mouke in the Jin Dynasty was Bi-Australian.The number of mouths accounts for about one in seven. According to statistics in July of the 23rd year of King Sejong's reign, there were 202 Meng'an, 1,878 Mouke, 615,624 households, and 6,158,000 mouths. Six hundred and thirty six.In the 27th year of Dading, the statistics of households in the world were 6,789,449, and 44,705,086.The number of households in Meng'an and Mouke accounted for about one-tenth of the total, and the number of populations accounted for about one-seventh. It has been scattered in northern China for a long time, occupying very large fields, and accepting extremely light rents. Meng'an and Mouk's taxes are different from those of common people, and they are specially called "ox head tax" or "ox tool tax".Its system is that each ox is one head, and the population is limited to twenty-five. It is strange to receive four hectares and four mu of land, and the annual transportation of millet is only about one stone.There are no more than forty officials and civilians occupying the land.It is the minimum family of five who can get a hundred acres, but pay taxes for more than four hundred acres and only pay one stone.Shizong asked Wei Ziping: "In ancient times, a tax of one tithe was enough for the people, but today a hundred and one tax is not enough for the people. Why?" The burden of the country is entirely on the Han peasants. The Han household name is taxed for one tithe, but the pou (pou) is urgent, and the people are unbearable.Take five liters per mu and add up to three, which is also double the Tang rent.To the official land rent, about five buckets per mu are collected.Fifty stones are needed for a hundred mu, which is similar to the five Hus in the Western Jin Dynasty. In fact, there is no doubt that there will be great damage to the farming in northern China. The nobles of the royal family of gold also often forbid the people to farm because of pastoral duties. In April of the tenth year of King Sejong's reign, it was forbidden to intrude on the farmland.In November, the courtier said: "In the old days, Shanxi was in the Qing Dynasty, and there were grains beside the road, and there was almost no pasture land. I ordered the people to cultivate five miles away. Now I heard that the people went to other places with this. It's amazing. Pity. Its order is still cultivated." In February of the nineteenth year, it was like spring water, and it was seen that many of the people's sang were gnawed and destroyed by livestock. The princes, princesses, and important family livestock who violated the people's sang, Xu's county magistrate, immediately punished.In May of the 20th year, an order was issued to Yousi saying: "Between Baishimen and Yehuling, most of the Dianluo are cultivated by the people, but there is no place for the officials and the people to graze the miscellaneous animals, so the number of officials including Yuanyuan's wasteland and fake tenants can be reduced. " Sixth, it can be seen in the massacre of the army. In the sixth year of Jiading of Emperor Ningzong of Song Dynasty and the first year of Jin Zhenyou's reign, the Mongolian troops were divided into Jinhe, Hebei and Hedong counties, and more than 90 counties were broken.Thousands of miles away from Lianghe and Shandong, the people were killed almost completely.Gold and silk, children, cattle, horses, sheep and livestock all swept away.The huts were burned, and the city walls were ruined.But Daming, Zhending, Qing, Yun, Pi, Hai, Wo, Shun, and Tongzhou did not break through.In the eighth year of Jiading and the third year of Jin Zhenyou, Mongolian soldiers entered Yan, and many officials and people died. Hebei was disabled, so Jin Xuanzong moved to Bian.In addition to the war in Guanzhong, there are less than 10,000 households in the twelve counties of eight states.Afterwards, Mongolian soldiers attacked Bian for 16 days and nights, and millions of people died inside and outside.There was another great epidemic, and within fifty days, more than 900,000 coffins were sent out.Those who cannot be buried in poverty are not counted.Mongolian soldiers entered Biancheng, wanting to slaughter them, but Yelu Chucai remonstrated and stopped. At that time, there were still 1.4 million households who avoided soldiers and lived in Biancheng.In the dilapidated buildings of Mongolia, the people go to the lengths to dig through the earth and rocks to avoid the front and the dysprosium, so that there will be no one or two in a hundred. According to the household registration figures at that time, there were almost no one in ten. At the peak of Jin Taihe's seventh year, there were 7.68 million households and 45.81 million households.As for Yuan's gold, there are 870,000 households and 4,750,000 households, so there is no one out of ten.In the first year of Jin Zhangzong Mingchang, the ratio of Jin and Song mouths was about five to three.Compared with those who won the Song Dynasty in Mongolia, the number of households is more than ten times, and the number of people is more than four times.Afterwards, there is a difference between ten north and one south.Gaiyu mostly escaped from the north and came to the south, and Mongolia was also slightly sinicized. Its killing of the Song Dynasty was not as good as that of the Jin Dynasty.In general, the state of the north was first destroyed after Anshi, and then greatly destroyed by the Southern Crossing of the Song Dynasty, and the destruction of gold in Mongolia and Yishiye. Seventh, it can be seen in the darkness of the political system of the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty also had the system of military and civilian settlements.Farming spread all over the country, most of which are present-day Hebei and Heshang provinces.There are temple fields outside the garrison fields, and the land is more good than the garrison fields.And monks often rob people's fields and cover up tax evasion.There were many official fields, and in the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Secretary of Agriculture was established, and 14 regulations on agriculture and mulberry were issued.The system of official land is only to disturb the people. In the third year of Emperor Yingzong Zhizhi, Zhang Yu said: "The government and land in the world are paid every year, so they support the guards and give them to the soldiers. From the 31st year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Lei Dynasty distributed the land to the kings, princesses, concubines, and others. They belong to hundreds of officials, eunuchs, and temples. In the family of receiving the land, each of the native treacherous officials was appointed as Zhuangguan. They urged Jiadou to rank, and they took many clever names. They also forced postal transmissions, solicited granaries, and humiliated prefectures and counties. Shut up and pay for the burden. The lawsuit is angry, and the peasants flee in embarrassment." The feeling of nuisance and harm is no less than that of gold. Eighth, see the ruins in the north of Nguyen Mo. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the uprisings of heroes were mostly in the south, while the most broken ones were in the north.At that time, the north of the Huaihe River and the south of the Dahe River were in a depression.The borders of Yan, Zhao, Qi, and Lu, inside and outside the great river, north and south of Changhuai, are all known as Qiuxu.Until the early Ming Dynasty, it was still said that Shandong and Henan were mostly uninhabited lands.Jing Nan raised his troops, and the north of Huai River was called Maocao again. The society in northern China, from the Anshi Rebellion to Mingxing, lived in dire straits for five or six hundred years. The Ming Dynasty was unified for three hundred years, and the north had to return to the Soviet Union a little bit.However, it also inherited the Yuan system, and the prevalence of granting land, the royal family and even the manors of the relatives, did great harm to the development of agriculture in the north. When the "Huangzhuang" of the Ming Dynasty was first Xianzong, and in the second year of Xiaozong Hongzhi, it was said: "There are five Huangzhuang in Jinai, with a total area of ​​12,800 hectares. Xun Qi and Zhongguan Zhuangtian have three hundred and twenty, with a total area of ​​​​2 More than 33,100 hectares. Later, there were additional purchases. During the reign of Emperor Sejong, various farmlands were surveyed, totaling 209,919 hectares and 28 mu.What's more, Shen Congzhao blessed Wangzhuang's land as much as 40,000 hectares.At that time, the admonisher said: "Henan already has the farmland of the eight kings of Zhou, Zhao, Yi, Hui, Zheng, Chong, and Lu. If an additional 40,000 hectares are added, the farmland will account for half of Henan's arable land." The rent of this farmland is heavy. Harass Youzi.Its hindrance to agricultural progress is self-evident. On the verge of death, rogue bandits raged, and the Manchus repeatedly entered the customs to plunder money, and it was like the "enclosure" after entering the customs, which caused great harm. After entering Beijing in the first year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, the land enclosure order was issued immediately.All prefectures and counties close to Beijing have no owner of wasteland, and the former Ming emperors, son-in-laws, princes, marquises, uncles, and internal eunuchs who died in the rebellion of the bandits, their land will be distributed to the kings, ministers, soldiers, etc. who came from the east.That year, there were two hundred and thirty in the village.From then on, land will be enclosed year by year, and although those who lose their property have the theory of seeing the beauty of the property and the evil of the supply, it is only a formality.However, the banner people were too lazy to cultivate, so they would continue to sell the enclosed land to the Han people, and the Qing government would buy it at a reduced price. In general, it can be said that the north is a frontier area of ​​shock in Chinese history, while the south is the rear of Chinese history, a place of retreat.Therefore, the north suffers more than the south.After the Anshi Rebellion, China's national power gradually shifted southward, and the north suffered more and more from foreign disasters.Moreover, since the Tang Dynasty, society has become more and more equal, and the aristocratic families have been wiped out one after another. Those who are smart, outstanding, and have a little status in society have been constantly moving south due to asylum. All kinds of military disasters and natural disasters, unable to resist, so the situation is getting worse day by day.After a long time, it is also lightly forgotten. If such a situation is said, it has been since ancient times.Lamenting the golden age of Don, therefore ceased to be active in their minds.