Chapter 40 Chapter 37: The Dictatorship of the Monarch under the Revival of Traditional Politics (Part 2)

However, politics in the early Ming Dynasty also had several advantages. On the one hand, the Ming Lord abolished the prime minister and imposed severe punishments, but on the other hand, he attached great importance to the school.Mingzhu Gai knew that politics had to use scholars, so he tried to cultivate them while trying to reduce his power and responsibility and kill his arrogance. In the eighth year of Hongwu, the school tribute examination was promulgated. Students are divided into two classes. 1. Students of prefectural and county schools. 2. Student members of rural schools. Qualifications for prefecture, prefecture, and county school students are the children of officials, and people who are handsome, over fifteen years old, and have read four books.

Its disciplines include classics, history, rites, laws, music, archery, arithmetic and so on. The examination is divided into monthly tests and three-year competitions. When he paid tribute to the province, he was sent to the capital by Ba You, and his wife and son were sent to him. The emperor of Gongshi, Linxuan, summoned him and promoted him by department. His appointments range from censors, state magistrates, county magistrates, instructors, experience, county magistrates, ministerial clerks, and five government officials (yuan). The teachers in the schools in the villages are taught by those who obey the order and choose those who have learned and practiced.

Examinations are also compared every three years, and both teachers and students have been promoted. The prosperity of the school has been unmatched since the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Ming government, prefectures, counties, and guards all established Confucianism, with more than 4,100 instructors and no disciples.In addition, when students are admitted to the school, the two systems of school and examination have been integrated into one.At the end of its stream, it is gradually abandoned and deteriorated, and it is a different matter if it is in name but not in reality. Zhi Guozijian has a system of "supervising students through history".

Guozixue was renamed "Guozijian", and the supervisors were sent to various divisions to learn official affairs first, which was called "Calendar Supervisor".There are also foreign officials who sort out land taxes, check yellow books, and build water conservancy projects. After more than ten years of study, they began to dial out their backgrounds. Excellent background. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, sixty-four people from the sons of the country were promoted to serve as the chief minister, the two envoys, and the counselors, deputy envoys, and officials, especially the officials of the Quartet.The choice of Taiwan's admonishment is also based on the truth.Chang Diao can also be an official of the sixth grade or above in the prefecture, state and county.

Distributed at home and abroad, college students were the most popular for a while. The Chinese studies of the Ming Dynasty, even later, were more spiritual than those of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Students have both historical experience and excellent support, and they are especially selected by the department, especially the bachelors, ministers, and servants.In the middle period, famous Confucianists emerged in large numbers.For example, Li Shimian, Chen Jingye, Zhang Mao, Luo Qinshun, Cai Qing, Cui Xian, and Lu Zhan (zhan) taught north and south.The paintings will be eaten in the same room, and the lights will be brightly lit at night, just like teaching children in a family school.Therefore, more talented people go out of their door.

In the Ming system, it is especially called the narrator, in its Hanlin Academy. The establishment of the Hanlin Academy began in the Tang Dynasty. It was originally a place where the inner court worshiped arts and technology. This is still a doctor and Lang Guan in the early Qin and Han Dynasties.The official records of the old Tang Dynasty said: "The Hanlin Academy has joint training, monkhood, divination, art, calligraphy and chess, and each academy uses it as a granary."After Qianfeng, he was named "North Gate Bachelor".At the beginning of Emperor Xuanzong, he set up "Hanlin Waiting for an Imperial Edict", and in his palm, he wrote few answers, responses and articles.This is also the case that Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty served as a scholar of literature in the inner dynasty.Si Nai chose the title of "Hanlin Enshrined" for the Bachelor of Arts, and divided the orders into imperial edicts and edicts.This means that the inner court gradually divided the power of the outer dynasty, which is similar to Han Wu's use of the servants of the literati to participate in the state affairs and seize the power of the prime minister.

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, a bachelor's college was set up separately. Since then, the bachelor's degree has been different from that of the imperial edict. Zhao Linyin's words recorded: "Wen Zong bestowed imperial scholars with uniforms, which will continue to be granted first by the imperial edict. Our company is named after it, and it is said: 'Give gentlemen and villains different days, and wait for another day.'" Wenji Baoli two years In the province, "Jiaofang Yueguan, Hanlin Daizhao, and technical officials" go on and on. This kind of distinction is like the doctor of Han's respect for Confucian scholars of the Five Classics, while all schools of thought are dismissed.

Specialize in internal life. Later, he chose Yizhong, treated his relatives courteously, and the best title was "Neixiang". This means that the power of the phase is transferred inward, just like the real power of the Shangshu in the Han Dynasty on behalf of the Sangong. In the Song Dynasty, the Imperial Academy was also in charge of making patents, serving as advisors, and serving as attendants for reading, lectures, and storytelling. The selection of pavilions and pavilions is even more honorable for scholars. All the Zhizhao Wenguan, Zhishiguan, Zhijixianyuan, Zhimi Pavilion, Jixiandian Shuzhuan, Shiguan Xiuzhuan, and Zhilongtu Pavilion are all high-ranking museums and pavilions.The second is called Jixian school theory, and it is called Mige school theory.Those with inferior officials are called the collation of the pavilion, and they are called the review of the history museum.They are all called "library jobs".Note that if there is a shortage of officials, they must be taken from the post of the library.Unless it is revised and annotated, it will not be eliminated.Before Yuanfeng, the post of a library was only available to celebrities.If the number one scholar is returned once, and the minister discusses and recommends it, he will be called for an examination, and if he is qualified, he will be awarded, which is called "admission".People at that time said: "Ning Dengying is not a prince. I would rather hold Qian (qian) than a prisoner." It is so expensive.

In fact, it was a kind of clean-up job for the government at that time to save talents and raise hopes. Liu Anshi said: "The ancestors wait for the post of the library, and store the heroes in the place, so as to order their reputation. Viewing the books of ancient and modern times, and opening them to benefit their wisdom. A little better than the staff, not responsible for official affairs. Therefore, to grow virtue, It is also necessary to cultivate famous officials and virtuous ministers." As for the Ming Dynasty, the scale of the Imperial Academy was enhanced and grand, and the Jingyan Palace and historians were all included in the Imperial Academy. The Imperial Academy became more obviously the only and most noble academic group in the central government.This group has a very close relationship with the royal family.Cabinet bachelor, that is, separated from the Hanlin Academy.

In the seventh year of Emperor Yingzong's orthodoxy, the Hanlin Academy was completed, and Qian Xili, a bachelor, did not set up Yang Shiqi and Yang Rong seats, saying: "This is not the Sangong Mansion." Two Yang Yiwen ordered the Ministry of Industry and Chairs, and the Ministry of Rites positioned it secondly. Job also.Before Jia and Long, it was moved to Guanbai, and it was still called "Hanlin Academy", and later it was called "Cabinet". As far as the official position of Zhan Shifu, he is also a side branch of Hanyuan, and is the same as the tutor of the royal family along with the lecturer and the tutor.

A more meaningful creation of the Hanlin Academy in the Ming Dynasty was the addition of Shujishi. There are good scholars in the Hanlin Academy, just as the Imperial Academy has a history of life, and the Jinshi have not changed their affairs, so that they can observe the politics first, wait for the proficiency and then appoint them. The first-ranked Jinshi with a large rate can enter the Hanlin, while the second-ranked and third-ranked scholars have to be selected as Shujishi. Jinshi entered Hanlin in the eighteenth year of Hongwu.After Yongle, only the first case can be admitted to the Hanlin, and the second and third cases must be changed to Shu Jishi, and they will be given Quan Zhu. Since there are good scholars, the Hanlin Academy also has the nature of education and backwardness. His ancestors and auspicious scholars ordered him to study in the cabinet. In the third year of Yongle, Xie Jin, a bachelor of life and a scholar of Youchunfang University, and others were selected among the new Jinshi who were sensitive and beautiful, so that they could enter Wenyuan Pavilion.In the first six years of Hongwu, there was a system in which the township tributes were exempted from the general examination, and the young and handsome were selected to study in the Wenhuatang.In the time of Emperor Jingdi, there was another matter of studying in Dongge. And it has been tested by the emperor from time to time. In Yongle, most of the concubines and auspicious scholars were called to the Wenhua Hall.During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, there was another art examination in the fasting palace.After Zhengde, Shu Jishi stopped being attached to Hanlin, so he rarely had an imperial examination. During this period, there was a long period of teaching. The distance is eight or nine years, and the short distance is four or five years, and then the teaching is eliminated.Those who are unbearable will be assigned other positions.In the fourth year of Yongle, the concubine Chen Mengjie and Zeng Chunling died in the capital, or because they had been teaching for nearly ten years, they were angry, so Zhang Shuying and others all dismissed the judge. Every time you learn, you get beautiful. Mostly, it is common for the Hanlin Academy to confer editorial and review duties.Before Xuande, officials such as subordinates and Zhongshu were taught concurrently. In the orthodox period, there were those who taught subjects and Taoism. The Hanlin Academy was originally a place to store talents and look after them. In the early Ming Dynasty, it was especially able to keep noticing the famous Confucian scholars in the society and recruiting them. The emperor and the crown prince are always close to the Hanlin scholars. They can not only receive a kind of academic influence, but also get a lot of politically valuable suggestions or advice from them. In addition to the duties prescribed for lecturers, historians, book editors, and judges, Hanlin bachelors, such as discussing rites, reviewing music, formulating systems and laws, preparing consultants, discussing gains and losses, recommending talents, and denouncing traitors, so that they can often be fortunate, Especially seeing intimacy, it is really beneficial to rescue the general. And a generation of Hanlin scholars, because they do not bear practical administrative responsibilities, are respected and secretive, calm and secret, and can freely discuss the history of ancient and modern laws and regulations, the pros and cons of the system, in order to prepare for great use.And Shu Jishi, who is handsome and young, has to serve Taige and receive the most precious and kind education.It is really a good way for the country to cultivate candidate leaders. After the education of noble families disappeared, and before the national school education was not effective, this kind of system of the Imperial Academy to teach the nobles was really very important for the cultivation of political talents. In the Yuan Dynasty, Xu Heng passed the middle school and became the teacher of the country. He taught Mongolians to serve the noble and close children, and all of them later became important ministers.The Ming Dynasty actually imitated this. In the sixth year of Hongwu's reign, the Wenhua Hall was opened to study. Taizu said to Song Lian and others: "In the past, most of the students in Xu Luzhai were prime ministers, and you encouraged them." It can be proved.The Imperial Academy system was followed by the Qing Dynasty.There were quite a few political figures and academic contributions in the Qing Dynasty who were aided by this system. In the early Ming Dynasty, the system of inspection and judging was strictly enforced. Ministers and workers, big and small, both at home and abroad, can be recommended.Down to warehouses, warehouses, divisions, bureaus and other miscellaneous streams, it also makes people with literary talents.Those who are recommended to come here are also recommended to be recommended, so that they live in poverty in the mountains, forests, caves, grass thatch, and all of them are self-satisfied. Recruitment and employment of talents, regardless of qualifications. There are innumerable people who have ascended to the top bureaucracy from the commoner.There are those who worship directly as great scholars, and those who start their careers as ministers and ministers.During the Yongle period, there were still those who were awarded the Hanlin internally and the vassals externally. In addition, rich households and senior citizens are allowed to come in and meet, and play a symmetrical purpose, and give (zhe) to beautiful officials. He also rewarded the people for writing letters and saying things. All officials, civilians, craftsmen, and craftsmen are required to submit letters.And promise to hear about it until the imperial court. There are six subjects that have been refuted by Shi Zhongzhang, which are called "keshen". Gishizhong originally belonged to the Menxia Province. In the Ming Dynasty, the governor of the Menxia Province was removed, and the six departments were left alone in Gishizhong.The decree must be dismissed, which is inconvenient, and it has to be refuted and corrected to the Ministry, which is called "scientific participation".The officials of the six ministries did not dare to resist Ke Shen and go on their own.In addition, the court discusses major events, the court recommends ministers, and the court judges the prison, all of which are given in advance. Although the position is low, it has weight. In this way, as long as there is a shrewd and capable emperor at the top, the school tribute system at the bottom will continue unremittingly, and outstanding members of society will gradually become talented and join the government.There is also the Hanyuan system, which specially builds a very academic Yamen for the government, and serves as a place for the government's leaders to return.Not only to understand the aspirations of the top and bottom, but also to study the changes of the past and the present, making Chang a guiding organ for all politics.It also makes the lower-level bureaucrats and even the local people often work hard, and they have a place to participate and speak in the government from time to time.This kind of politics should be maintained for a considerable period of time without sudden (ju) deterioration. Therefore, since Hongwu, officials have been clarified for more than a hundred years. At that time, local officials always stayed in office because of the people's begging to stay, and some of them were promoted.The shepherd is competent, the rank is increased or to the second rank, and the supervisor is compared to the second rank.And often Tejian's courtiers go out to guard, and there are ministers who go out as political envoys, and the servants are the ones who participate in politics.It is often recommended by ministers, and sometimes sent ministers to inspect Chu Zhi (chu zhi).And severely punish corrupt officials.Therefore, the official administration of the Ming Dynasty, and it was followed by the Tang and Song Dynasties, almost has the style of the Han Dynasty.At the time of Britain and Wu, although there were many internal and external problems, the people's hearts were not in danger of collapse, and the officials were corrupt and disabled. Others, such as the Weisuo system in the early Ming Dynasty, were quite attractive to the Tang government's soldiers. From the capital to the prefectures and counties, all guards have been established.The outside is unified in the capital, and the inside is unified in the Dudufu of the Five Armies.In the conquest, the general will be ordered to serve as the general officer, and the army will be transferred to the guard station to lead it.Each army is given 50 mu of land as one point.At its peak, there were more than one million Chinese and foreign guards.At the age of one year, more than five million stones of food were obtained, and all the officials' salaries and soldiers' food were paid out from this.Taizu said: "I raise millions of soldiers, so I don't need to spend a grain of rice on the common people."It is also superior to Wei and Jin. The yellow book and the fish scale book were rectified, and the Qing Dynasty could not change them. The fish scale book began in the 20th year of Hongwu.At that time, the wealthy people in Zhejiang and Zhejiang were afraid of avoiding corvee, so they sent their land property to other households, which was called "sticking to their feet and treacherously sending".In the same year, the son of the state was ordered to be born in Wuchun and other branches in prefectures and counties, and the districts were established with the grain, and the districts were set up with grain chiefs.Measure the size of the field, and then use the font size, the name of the owner of the book, and the zhangchi of the field, and compile it into a book, shaped like a fish scale, called "Fish Scale Atlas".First of all, the yellow book was ordered to be compiled by the whole world, focusing on households, with details of old management, new income, expulsion, and real numbers in four pillars.The fish scale atlas is mainly based on soil fields, and there are complete distinctions between Zhuyuanban, Tomb Yan, Xiashi, Fertile, and Sandy.The book of fish scales is the scriptures, and the quality of Tsuchida's lawsuit.The yellow book is the weft, and the law of taxation and service. In the early Ming Dynasty, martial arts were also sufficient to master Han and Tang. Annan has been reduced to a barbarian for more than 400 years since the Tang Dynasty. In Yongle, he was restored to the territory and set up a chief secretary.In the Ming Dynasty, although North Korea was called a vassal state, it was not in a foreign land.Tributes came and went, and Xilai became a fan.As of the end of the Ming Dynasty, I still have selfishness towards the Ming Dynasty.Cheng Zu personally conquered Mobei and made a far-flung mission to Nanyang, and there were almost thirty countries who paid tribute every season. Therefore, although the political facilities of the Ming Dynasty were not appropriate in terms of their intentions, it was also a glorious period in Chinese history along with the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties. However, with the passage of time, the imperial examination for Jinshi became more and more important, while the school's tribute examination became less and less important. Gu Tinglin said: "The imperial examinations of the Ming Dynasty paid more attention to Jinshi, and there have been regulations since Shenzong. The middle and above prefectural and county seal officials are short of Jinshi, the middle and bottom are short of Juren, and the bottom is short of tribute students. Those who are not from Guangxi, Yun, and Gui are not to be dealt with. Take this as an interpretation of Cao’s certain style. Sometimes one or two tributes are recognized by the superiors, and they are promoted to be the top officials, and they will try their best to attack them, so that they will be offended and condemned. Let's just kill them. So people who were born as Jinshi had no choice but to cast themselves in the family to protect themselves. Both qualifications and cronyism are indestructible, and the country's affairs are in great trouble. As for the officials of the Imperial Academy, they treat themselves as Tsinghua University and despise foreigners. , The qualifications are not related to the qualification period, but the qualifications are formed, and the qualifications are not related to the crony period, but the crony is formed." After Yingzong Tianshun, non-jinshi did not enter the Hanlin, and non-Hanlin did not enter the cabinet.Hanlin talents are also limited by subjects. At that time, the ministers, ministers and ministers of the Ministry of Rites in the south and north, and the right servants of the Ministry of officials, were not appointed unless they were Hanlin;In the Ming Dynasty, there were more than 170 ministers and ministers, including 19 from the Imperial Academy.The imperial examination has regarded the previous generation as prosperous, but the prosperity of Hanlin was never seen in the previous generation. And the scholars who teach and learn from the common people gradually become nameless. Shu Jishi taught in the foreign office from the early years of Zhengtong, and the old rules were different from those of Wenhuatang and Wenyuange.There is still a monthly examination for the cabinet, only one poem and one article each, the highest and lowest, and the names and surnames are listed on the posts, and the court files the case.Those who are willing may even thank the illness.In the eighth year of Tianshun, a concubine and auspicious scholar, he led the cabinet to solve the problem in the next year.Li Xian, a scholar of the University, said: "The virtuous generation has not been educated for a long time, so why do you suddenly want to become an official?" Ji Li replied, "How is your education today compared to Yongle? And where did the old man come from?" Xianda Anger, please order, each appointed, and punished by the Ministry of Political Affairs and Punishment.In the sixth year of Hongzhi, Li Dongyang, Cheng Min, a scholar of politics and education, went to the hospital to read the meeting book and noted sick leave.This is where its abuse ends. If the Shujishi leave the hall, the qualifications have been completed, and they can sit on important positions. The Ming Dynasty was very restrictive about qualifications. Once selected by Ci Lin, one could sit among the Huafu (wu), and often enjoy traveling and looking after them.After Jinshi dismissed, he asked for leave to return home.The original capital of the official department is used.There are those who have lived in Fufu for ten years, moved to Shangshu and Shilang, and began to serve in the court.Occasionally, there will be one or two foreign transfers and reform department officials, and the public opinion will be noisy and favor each other.Xie Zhaozhe said: "During the Tang and Song dynasties, people who came out as county guards and entered into the two systems did not have this qualification." Hanlin is a place to store talents, and the official department is a place to recruit talents. These two officials are especially important in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the six ministries of officials and soldiers were the most valuable, and they were selected by the masters of literature and martial arts.And the Ministry of Officials is in charge.The four divisions of the Ministry of Officials are in charge of the selection of literary works and the examination of merits, which are especially important.The election records of the Ming Dynasty said: "There are roughly four methods of election: school, subject, recommendation, and general election. Schools are for education, subjects are for admission, recommendation is for recruiting, and general election is for listing. All the talents in the world are exhausted." It can be seen the importance of the Ministry of Officials in the Ming Dynasty.Huo Taoshu: "There has been a lot of abuse in recent years. Officials in the Hanlin Academy will not be transferred to foreign posts, those in the official department will not be changed to other officials, and those who are promoted to Beijing must be assigned to the official department. People always regard the second official as the most important thing. Chinese and foreign ministers are not afraid of your majesty. Fearing the Ministry of Officials, all officials regard the Ministry of Officials and the Cabinet as their confidantes." And the Imperial Academy can neither cultivate talents, and the election of officials gradually has the method of casting lots (nian jiu) and drawing (che) lots, so the election is not questionable. Ming History Election Records: "In the foreign government, prefecture, and county officials, as well as the subordinates of the big and small Jiuqing in the interior, officials are often elected, and everything is assigned to the Ministry of Officials. The "casting method" was used at the beginning. Ni Sihui, a member of the Yuanwai Lang, listed eighteen things about the government, one of which was "discussion and drawing lots". Shangshu Li Dai proposed to do it, and Sun Piyang followed suit." Chen Dingdonglin's biographies Sun Piyang biography: "First, the general election of foreign officials, and the competition for the Please, Piyang created the method of drawing lots. The lottery is divided into four corners: northeast, southeast, northwest, and southwest." Yu Shenxing said: "At one time, it was said in the palace that he was the most important man, and he went down to Zhuluxiang to praise him. " As for the imperial examination, Jingyi gradually became stereotyped. The examination program in the second year of Yuanhuangqing began to select scholars with the four scriptures.There are three exams in Ming Dynasty.In the first session, there are four books and three righteousness, and four classics and righteousness.One theory of the second field, five judgments, one imperial edict, imperial edict, and internal medicine.Three classics, history, and current affairs policies.However, most of the chief reviewers focus on the first grade and middle grades, and do not go deep into the second and third grades. Therefore, scholars concentrate all their energy on the meaning of the Four Books and the meaning of the classics.Stereotyped essays are a kind of regulated scriptures and meanings, with a certain style and format, just like the regulated poems and regulated fu in Tang Dynasty.Its body cover started after Chenghua. The ancients said: "The harm of stereotyped writing is equal to burning books, and the corruption of talents is worse than the pit of Xianyang." Since the imperial examination has been carried out for a long time, scholars only draw one or two hundred questions from the Four Books and One Classic, and steal other people's writings.There are no readers for the full text of this sutra. Qiu Jun said: "Scholars enlisted in the courts, some of them don't know the names of the historical records, the dynasties, and the fonts." Wang Jia said: "Talents are not as good as the ancients. They originated from the imperial examinations." , the text of a topic must have a square engraving. A little change of the beginning and the end, the strong half is the same. The world is full of emptiness and ignorance, and I don’t know what the classics and history are. Gu Yanwu said: "In the world, there are only 18 students who study for three or five years. If you are lucky enough to be ranked first, you will be an ignorant boy, as if you are bowing to the prince, and the way of literature and martial arts is abandoned like Bian Mao (bian mao) ). Therefore, the stereotypes are prosperous and the six classics are weak, and the eighteen houses are prosperous and the twenty-one histories are abolished. If this method remains unchanged, the talents will be exhausted and the academics will be barren, and the world since the Five Emperors and Three Kings will not know what to do. In the end." He also said: "The literature of the time corrupts the talents of the world, so that the scholars will not become scholars, the officials will not become officials, the soldiers will not become soldiers, and the generals will not become generals. Then the bandits and traitors will take advantage of them, and the enemy will win if they get foreign troubles." The lack of learning was a common problem among scholars and bureaucrats in the Ming Dynasty. The emperor who held the dictatorship often lived in deep silence, ignored the affairs of the court, and ruled the court like a group of dragons without a leader, and the customs of the Ming Dynasty rewarded courtiers for speaking out.As a result, people who use emptiness and sparseness grow clamorous, and cause the country to be misled by talking. After Zhengde and Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, the ministers' words and deeds gradually became more emotional.By the end of the Wanli period, he was lazy in political affairs, and his chapters were completely ignored, and the courtiers were obsessed with threatening words and provoking their own opinions. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, court deliberations misled the country, and there were too many things to do.If you don't adjust to the current situation, you will only show your assumptions, right and wrong will be confused, and the opportunity will be delayed.To put it simply, since the rogue bandits have risen, the inside and outside will multiply together. If they temporarily make peace with the outside of the pass, they can still govern the inside alone;Chen Xinjia was in charge of the military department and held the proposal, and the emperor also asked him to do so. The matter was leaked to the outside, and the officials made a big fuss to kill Xinjia.Sun Chuanting guarded the pass, and the discussants accused him of teasing him, and the court repeatedly ordered the war; Chuanting said: "I will never go back, but how can a man treat the jailer again!" He was defeated and died.After the bandits crossed the river, some people asked to withdraw Wu Sangui's soldiers to meet them, but the protesters blamed them for their own frowning, but to no avail.And the bandit started a prairie fire, or invited Nanxing, or asked the crown prince to supervise the country in Nanjing, and the discussants denounced him as evil.In the end, nothing can be done. Flattery and obedience, hard work and aggressiveness, mutual friction, the disaster of the party is getting worse day by day. As for the local students, they are supported but not taught, and they are increasing day by day, and they are only a waste of public money. In Xuande, the amount of Zengguang is determined by the students. Those who eat granary for the first time are called "Ganshan Shengyuan", and those who eat granary are called "Zengguang Shengyuan".Later, it was added additionally and attached to the end of all students, which is called "attached students".The more people there are, the worse the habit becomes.There are also hundreds of students in Yajuxiayi.The effect of a gentleman is on credit, but the danger of idle hands. They also took advantage of the situation in the local area to do evil, manipulated and devoured them, and became local tyrants and evil gentry. At the end of Chongzhen, the doors were opened to welcome thieves, and officials were bound to surrender to falsehoods, all of whom were born members. At that time, it was compared to "Wei Bo's tooth army, Chengdu's sudden general". Shi Xi official, as for the end of the Wanli and very bad. Gu Tinglin Rizhi recorded painful comments, saying: "Above Wanli, the laws and regulations were complicated and supplemented by education, so the governance was still well-off. After Wanli, laws and regulations survived, and education and transformation died, so opportunities increased day by day and talents decreased day by day. "He also said: "Confucius to Ai Gong thought that the old did not teach and the young did not learn. In the world, one or two people with a little knowledge are all like Shao Zhengmao and Deng Xi." He also said: "The Qing Dynasty in the past talked about Lao Zhuang, and the Qing Dynasty today talked about Confucius and Mencius. They did not study the literature of the six arts, did not study the classics of a hundred kings, did not comprehensively study contemporary affairs, and used the empty words of understanding one's nature to practice self-government. .The thighs and arms are lazy and everything is barren, the minions are dead and the four kingdoms are in chaos. He also said: "As far as making careers is to copy Buddhist books, to teach is to meet men and women, and to take examinations is to be a student, these are all great changes in a generation, not under Wang Mang, An Lushan, and Liu Yu." He also said: "People in Wanli do not read books. From the beginning to the end, just look at the two or three lines in the middle." He also said: "The people of today's generation, but they have thin conduct but no great talent, can't understand the meaning of the author, and the books they write are nothing more than theft." , Eight or nine out of ten people are all white disciples. One act in the village, that is to say, seek the pass as a way of life. In the state, there is no one who is powerful and powerful, but if you are suitable for the four directions, there is no land that is not a tourist. If you want peace in the world, Simi people are honest and honest, as if they are seeking to be like their predecessors." He also said: "Since Shenzong, the trend of arrogance has become more and more serious day by day. The world's water conservancy mills, and the market crossings, all belong to the gentry, and it is common for them to follow each other." He also said: "After Wanli, scholars and bureaucrats used platinum more to communicate with each other. It was still sealed among the books, and it came from the hands of the people in the market. Today, I personally sit on it and walk out of my arms. The handover is not fake, and the tea talk is nothing more than this." He also said: "The world is still open to prescriptions, and people are calm and slow. Shake your head and dance the eight winds, and sing long live with your arms linked. If there is no human relationship, there will be no gentleman, and the fate of the country will follow." An official, that is, to teach opera and sing music. The official and the people are hidden, and they don’t talk about it.” He also said: “Since the Wanli season, the gentry did not know how to bow with courtesy, but their voice was as good as that of Xiaoren. Poems and words Awarded to Yuzao. As for Gongqing’s longevity, the prime minister will be called his son, and the land of Shenzhou will sink, and the Central Plains will be wiped out.” He also said: “The servant Yongnian who is strictly divided is called Hepo. The servant of Zhang Jiangling, You Shouli, is called Chubin Not only recruiting power and accepting bribes, but also giving many poems and essays from the court, as if he was the guest and host of the gentry. The light name, the humiliation of the article, and the future flattery and construction of temples, this is the hao shi." But the peace is long, and the military equipment is also relaxed. The "soldier" stands high on the top, and the military officials are furious. Since the return of Britain and the Constitution in the Ming Dynasty, the army has been abolished, and the military administration has been assigned to the Ministry of War. There are police on the battlefield, and all matters concerning the deployment of troops, payment of troops, and war defense are in charge.The military officials are under restraint from Zhuan Kun (zhuan kun) down, and they are deposed by them.The commander-in-chief received the edict and knelt down in the department hall, while the commander-in-chief ran like a bell soldier.The weight of the Ministry of War, the time name "the soldier".Its rear guard gradually became empty, so that there was no army to hand over, but there were recruits. The pillars of Ming Dynasty politics depend on a wise and dictatorial monarch at the top and honest and responsible bureaucrats at the bottom.If the monarch cannot be dictatorial, he will become an eunuch.If the bureaucracy cannot be held accountable, it will become bureaucratic expansion.So after the bankruptcy of political education, the military system, land tax, etc. collapsed one after another, followed by an economic bankruptcy. The finances of the Ming Dynasty have been in dire straits since Yingzong.The one with the greatest disadvantages is called the Neifu. Since Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty, the number of offerings in the inner palace has gradually increased. The arrogance and extravagance of the royal family is the cause and effect of the domineering officials, leading to the infinite.Even if it is said that the salaries of redundant officials, The house of craftsmen in the inner palace, All increase over time and accumulate over time. The second is called suzerain. The clan relatives of Tang and Song Dynasties were either well-known officials, or scattered among the people.In the Ming Dynasty, they were divided into nobles, and they were not farmers or officials. In Zhengde, there are already thirty princes, two hundred and fifteen county kings, and two thousand seven hundred generals and lieutenants.In the 41st year of Jiajing, the censor Lin Run said: "The whole country provides 4 million shi of grain for the capital every year, and the annual income of each feudal clan reaches 8.53 million shi. The total loss is less than half of the lumim for the prefectures." At the time of Long and Wan, the county king was two hundred and fifty-one, the general seven thousand one hundred, and the lieutenant eight thousand nine hundred and fifty-one.County Lord, County Lord, County Lord, County Lord seven thousand and seventy-three.This is Lin Run's so-called "year after year, more and more reproduction, and the situation is extremely poor, so how will it be supported?" The third is redundant officials, and those who are especially redundant are in military positions. Jing Taizhong Zhang Ning said: "The Beijing guards have military positions with salaries. From one guard to more than 2,000 people, there are more than 30,000 members in total. The annual needs are 480,000 silver and 360,000 meters. The state reserve is nothing more than this. And there are many old and weak people who are not good at riding and shooting." Jiajing Zhong Liu Ti Ganshu: "The number of officials in the past dynasties, Han Dynasty 7,800, Tang Wan 8,000, Song extremely redundant, to three Fourteen thousand members. In the five years since Chenghua in this dynasty, there were more than 80,000 military posts and more than 100,000 civilian posts. In Zhengde Dynasty, there were 24,000 civilian officials, 100,000 military officials, 772 guards, and banner troops. Eight hundred and ninety-six thousand, 35,800 janitors and 55,000 officials. The summer and autumn taxes and grains in the world are about 26,684,000 shi, and the income is more than the income." The prince's mansion has been short of lumi for a long time, the guards are short of monthly food, all the borders are short of military pay, and all provinces are short of salaries.Since then, the civil and military officials have become more and more redundant, and the soldiers have become more and more famous.Accumulate this number of beetles, and the people will be destitute.So the Ming Dynasty must perish.