Chapter 12 Chapter IX The Fall of the Unified Government The Rise and Fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty

Wang Mang failed, and the Guangwu clan of the Han Dynasty revived, which was the Eastern Han Dynasty.However, it soon fell into bad luck. The Eastern Han Dynasty was only the gradual decline of the unified government since the Qin and Han Dynasties. The Thirteenth Emperor Fan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, one hundred and ninety-six years. The gradual degeneration of the so-called unified government can be divided into two parts: one is the royal family, and the other is the government. The royal family can be divided into three parts: the first royal family itself, the second relatives, and the third eunuch.

The degeneration of the royal family of the Eastern Han Dynasty can only be seen by the longevity of the emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty. A brief table of the longevity of the emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty: A special family of nobles, isolated from nature, will inevitably lead to a fate of degeneration and decline. This is a common trend among the following Chinese royal families, and the Eastern Han Dynasty is the most exemplified. Because many emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty ascended the throne in childhood, died young, and had no heirs, many mothers came to the court, and relatives and eunuchs took advantage of them.

A brief list of the change of affairs of eunuchs with foreign relatives in the Eastern Han Dynasty: First, because the mother's queen came to the court, the relatives were able to dictatorship, and the monarch did not have a close relationship with the foreign court, so he conspired with the eunuchs.Since Zheng Zhong, eunuchs began to use things.Since Liang Jizhu, the power belongs to eunuchs. The power of foreign relatives in the Eastern Han Dynasty was especially strong with the Deng and Liang families.The Deng family has been favored and honored for many generations. There are twenty-nine people who have been granted the title of Marquis, two people who have reached the rank of three princes, thirteen people under the rank of general, fourteen people in the middle two thousand stones, twenty-two people in the rank of school, and forty-eight people who are state shepherds and county guards. , There are countless servants, generals, doctors, Lang, and Ye.However, it is still gradual.There are one family of Liang Ji, seven princes, three empresses, six nobles, two generals, seven wives and daughters who are called emperors, three who are princesses, and the rest are fifty-seven ministers, generals, Yin, and school.Ji Bingzheng has been in power for more than 20 years, and he is extremely domineering.The five eunuchs who murdered the five eunuchs of Liang and Ji with Emperor Huan, Shan Chao, Zuo Wei, Xu Huang, Gu Yuan, and Tang Heng, were all enfeoffed as Marquises. .Since then, the arrogance of the eunuchs has grown, and it is true that the relatives can help them succeed.

Since then, celebrities from foreign courts have joined forces with foreign relatives to plot against eunuchs.When the He family was defeated, Yuan Shao executed all the eunuchs, and the Han Dynasty also perished. In fact, relatives and eunuchs still represent part of the royal family, and their origins originated from the Western Han Dynasty. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the clan, meritorious officials, and relatives were the three major lines of the imperial court. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the outside was feudal, and the inside was worldly. The difference between the royal family and the nobility was only an ear away.In Qin Dynasty, the whole country was divided into prefectures and counties, and the whole country was unified under one king.The emperor is hereditary, but the prime minister and the censor are not hereditary, and then the emperor is high above, and his power is lonely and vulnerable.In view of the speed of Qin's demise, the Han Dynasty changed Qin's law and slightly restored it. Therefore, the three lines of clan, relatives, and meritorious officials were ruled by the three lines of the royal family.

Outside, the same surname is granted as a kingdom, which is mixed with counties and counties. Inside, the important positions of prime minister and censor doctor are not hereditary, but most cases are not appropriate for the princes. They are exclusive to one class, and the situation is close to hereditary. . The evolution of history is gradual, and the ancient aristocratic feudal regime changed into a unified government of the common people. The vast land and the people are lonely and dangerous. Therefore, there are kings outside and princes inside. To support each other.If you still think the royal family is weak, you can use your relatives as a supplement.For the death of Empress Lu, the clan and heroes were connected internally and externally, and all the Lus were removed, and the generation king was welcomed, which would benefit the weak family of the family, which meant that the central hero was a line.At that time, the family of relatives was the weakest.After Emperor Wen was established, he subtly moved and tamed the kings externally, and internally tamed the heroes, so that the royal family gradually respected and peaceful.The ultimate stability of the Han Dynasty is not easy.

After the seven kingdoms of Wu and Chu were in chaos, the status of the clan declined day by day, and the meritorious officials were handed down for a long time, and they could not keep their positions. Therefore, the royal family relied only on their relatives. After Emperor Wu, the Chinese dynasty and the outer dynasty began to be divided, so the prime minister was the leader of the outer dynasty, and the great general Da Sima was the auxiliary government of the inner dynasty, and his relatives took the post. The prime minister was originally a private minister of the emperor. In the early Han Dynasty, the prime ministers were all princes, and they all fought each other to fight for the world, and they were also the emperor's personal at that time.Therefore, the censor's husband is the deputy prime minister, and the censor has the middle prime minister, who can govern the palace.This Judah Zhou Li Tianguan Zaizai, which belongs to the official system and the emperor's inner court.This is not the goodness of the ancients' legislation, but because the public and private nature of the "royal family" and "government" were not clear at that time.From Emperor Wu down, prime ministers began to be distinguished from scholars, and gradually gained their dignified status, and gradually separated from the royal family.

And the royal family had to still have its private ministers, So there was a system of Da Sima and the general assisting the government. Therefore, "China North Korea" and "Outside North Korea" were judged as two.Huo Guang said that Che Qianqiu said: "Light governs the inside, and the monarch governs the outside"; time is the general, and Qianqiu is the prime minister.Huo Guang abolished the king of Changyi, but Yang Chang, the prime minister, did not predict it beforehand. He said: "The affairs of the internal court have nothing to do with the external court." The royal family is privately owned, and has now been transformed from a military government to a scholar-official government. Therefore, the military position is not the prime minister of the outer court but the auxiliary government of the inner court.For those who are relatives, the relatives have objective dignity, but are not hereditary, and they are transferred with the new emperor, which has the least disadvantages.In addition, the internal and external dynasties are divided, and the internal dynasties use private officials, while those who are not clans must belong to foreign relatives.

The kings and princes gradually lost their status in politics, the civil government after Hanwu gradually formed, the "royal family" and the "government" were gradually separated, and the foreign relatives lost their political status.As long as the political situation does not change for a while, the status of foreign relatives will continue to exist. Therefore, foreign relatives have been good at governing since the Western Han Dynasty, especially after Emperor Wu. A brief list of foreign relatives in the Western Han Dynasty: Guangwu Zhongxing also reduced the power of the foreign government and moved it to the royal family of the inner dynasty, so the power of the outer relatives became stronger.

Although the Western Han Dynasty was assisted by foreign relatives, the prime ministers of the foreign courts respected each other, which was still a situation of confrontation.Guangwu devoted himself to common affairs, the position of minister in the inner court was small but powerful, and the three princes in the outer court stood side by side, with only empty positions and no real power.Therefore, the power of the foreign relatives is used internally, and the external dynasty has no way to resist. The government gradually separated from the royal family and became independent, which was the progress of the unified government at that time.The royal family deprives the government of power and replaces it with personal relatives, which is obviously the corruption of the unified government.

However, compared with eunuchs, relatives are still slightly better. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the boundaries between the royal family and the government were unclear, and there was no special group of eunuchs in the official organization at that time. From the emperor down to the imperial court, the most important officials are Sangong and Jiuqing. Assisting the emperor and the prime minister in general administration. Deputy Prime Minister. The prime minister is the chief civil officer, and the Taiwei is the chief military officer. The above are three males. In charge of the etiquette of the Ancestral Temple, the subordinate officials are Tai Le, Tai Zhu, Da Zai, Tai Shi, Tai Bu, Tai Physician, etc. This is the guardian of the Tianzi Ancestral Temple.Taichang was first named "Fengchang", which means "Fengchang".

He is in charge of the palace and the door, and the officials include doctors, lang, and yee.The doctor is in charge of the discussion; Lang Ning guards the door and goes out to fill the car and ride; "Guanglu" is the old saying "Dalu", and "Xun" is "阍".In ancient times, the son of heaven lived in the hills and hills, while the gatekeepers lived in the foothills, so it was called Dalu, which means the people of Yan in later generations.However, Guang Luxun was the official of the emperor's palace. He is in charge of the guards at the gate of the palace, and his subordinates include the bus Sima, the guards, and Lu Ben.In Luben, tiger warriors run in groups.Wei Wei and Guang Luxun are both in charge of the palace guards, but Wei Wei is a military officer.However, Guang Luxun is still the concierge, and Wei Wei is the captain of the guard.Jiuqing's first temple congratulations and then the concierge and guards, this is the meaning of the ancients to respect their ancestors. Palm horse.The emperor needs the guards of Guang Luxun and Wei Wei when he lives, and the horses and horses of the eunuchs when he goes out. Therefore, the eunuchs and the three ministers are all in charge of the life of the emperor. In charge of punishment. Control the naturalized barbarians. The palm belongs to.If there is any rebellion against the emperor, it will be returned to the Ting Wei, and if the guests are served, it will be returned to Dahong.First China and then Siyi, so Tingwei was in front of Dahongfu.His relatives of the same clan belonged to Zongzheng, and they were public first and then private, so they were behind Tingwei and Dahonglu.These three ministers are all in charge of the emperor's communication. Palm grain goods are rented from the main land, and used as public funds for the state. Handle the taxes of mountains, seas, pools, and lakes to provide for the emperor's private support.The big sinong is the big accountant, and the Shaofu is the small accountant; these two ministers are in charge of the emperor's finances. The above are Jiuqing.In terms of their nature, they are close to being officials of the royal family, and they are private ministers of the emperor, not political officials of the country, and not official officials of the government.Pushing it forward, it can be seen that the prime minister, the doctor of the imperial court, and the three princes of the Taiwei were originally private ministers of the emperor.The government of the Han Dynasty was originally inherited from the Qin Dynasty, and the Qin court could not get rid of the heritage of the ancient aristocratic families in some places. Therefore, in the early Qin and Han Dynasties, some parts of the government were just the expansion of the size of a family. The entire imperial court had first degenerated from the family state, and at that time there was no need for private ministers or even eunuchs. At that time, eunuchs did not discriminate against ordinary scholars.For example, Zhao Gao was the teacher of the second generation of Qin Dynasty and also the order of Lang Zhongling.After Sima Qian was sentenced to corruption, he became the order of Zhongshu.Next to the aristocratic class of the ancients, there are often criminals serving in the service.These criminals were either captured or punished for their crimes, and most of them came from the aristocratic class. They were clever and skilled, so they were used for punishment, and their status was higher than that of workers, merchants, farmers, and herdsmen.Those who are called "eunuchs" are eunuchs who are based on eunuch studies and official officials, and it is not a bad name. Emperor Wu used his talents to monopolize the power, so he reused the ministers of the inner court and seized the power of prime minister. The imperial censor of the Han Dynasty had two ministers, one was the imperial censor and the other was the imperial censor Zhongcheng.Yushi Zhongcheng is also known as Yushizhong Law Enforcement, living in the palace, the governor of the outer governor, and 15 people serving the censor inside.The emperor's affairs went down to the prime minister and then to the doctor and the prime minister.Zhongcheng belongs to the doctor, and the doctor is the deputy prime minister, and there is nothing the prime minister can't do in the Forbidden City. The prime ministers Wen and Jing wanted to punish Deng Tong and Chao Cuo, so they had the power to imitate the emperor.Emperor Wu used Shangshu, Zhongcheng was not allowed to be in the middle to control affairs, and the servants of the censor and the governor of the Ministry were all abolished.At the end of the year, Huo Guang was the Minister of the Grand Sima, and he was named "Neifu". Emperor Xuan was rejuvenated and restored the old system. Wei Xiang was the official censor. He sent the prime minister and officials to serve the prefecture and the country. And the Huo family was defeated. However, during the reign of Emperor Yuan, the eunuch Shi Xian used his affairs, and the power of the prime minister returned to Shangshu.At the time of Emperor Cheng, He Wujian proposed to set up three public officials, and the official censor was changed to Da Sikong. Zhong Cheng then became the chief officer of the censor platform and lived outside the platform.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhongcheng became the leader of Taiwan and began to specialize in the task of picketing, which was imitated by the post of censor in later generations.In the early Han Dynasty, the censor was the deputy prime minister and was able to rule the affairs of the palace, and the later censor was the emperor to pick up Bailiao.Since the Gein government and the royal family are divided, the power and responsibility between the two will be transferred on their own. In his later years, he used Zhongshu again. In his later years, Emperor Wu often visited the inner court with banquets, and no longer met with scholars and bureaucrats, so he used eunuchs to master Zhongshu, Dian Shangshu and Zhang Zou. At the time of Emperor Yuan, there were Hong Gong and Shi Xian, and the eunuchs gradually used things.During Guangwu Zhongxing, all the eunuchs were used in the palace, and they no longer participated in Yishiliu, so there was a group of eunuchs formally. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lang officials had all been sent to Beijing to be transferred to Beijing for the first rank, so they couldn't still be regarded as the emperor's servants.Now that the nature of the royal family and the government has gradually become clear, the system of Guangwu is not wrong.Guangwu also gave all the wealth of the world to the Dasinong, and the Shaofu dedicated all the things in the palm of the hand, such as clothes, treasures, and precious meals. This is also the adjustment that should be made under the gradual separation of the royal family and the government.Therefore, since the censor Zhongcheng left the outer Taiwan, Guang Luxun moved to the outer court and became a idler, and the third minister was even less worthy of the inner court. The Shaofu did not predict the taxation and finance of the world. These are the great reforms in the government organization and system between the Han Dynasty. . Eunuchs also obtained their status under the judgment of "royal family" and "government" at that time. On the one hand, with the evolution of the civil government, ordinary officials gradually lost their qualifications as private individuals of the royal family, and officially became positions serving the people of the country;