Chapter 13 Chapter 10 The New Status of the Gentlemen: The Rise of the Eastern Han Dynasty

Those who occupied political positions in the Eastern Han Dynasty were the relatives and eunuchs representing the "royal family" on the one hand; Scholars occupy a position in politics, which has gradually become prominent since the Wu and Xuan Dynasties in the Western Han Dynasty, and even more so in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are several reasons for this. 1. The extreme advocacy of the emperor. From Guangwu Tianfengzhong to Chang'an, he received the minister, and he had a little understanding of the righteousness. He himself was a student of the imperial court in Wang Mang's era, so he still "throwing arms to lecture on art and stopping horses to discuss Taoism" in the army.Most of the heroes of the dynasty were also Confucian scholars.Deng Yu was a classmate of Guangwu, and Kou Xun, Feng Yi, Ma Yuan, Jia Fu, Ji Zun, and Geng Yan were all familiar with Confucianism.Guangwuzi Emperor Ming and his brother Dongping Wang Cang were deeply influenced by Confucianism.When Emperor Ming was the crown prince, his teacher Huan Rong stayed in the palace for five years, and Hu Xian, the recommender, served as a lecturer before he could come and go.In the second year of Yongping, when he came to Biyong, he led his teacher Huan Rong and his disciples to the hall. The Ming Emperor himself lectured, and the Confucians asked questions about the scriptures.Emperor Zhang's teacher, Zhang Jing, made an eastward tour in the second year of Yuanhe. Zhang Jing came to pay homage as the prefect of Dongjun.At that time, the relatives of the royal family, the children of meritorious officials, and the scholars of Qimen and Yulin all were not immune to learning.The imperial court's extreme advocacy of Confucianism was far greater than that of the Western Han Dynasty.

2. The general development of folk Confucianism. Chen Liu, Liu Kun, Zhiyi, Wang Mangshi, and more than 500 professors and disciples.Nanyang Wadan Chuanyi, Wang Mangshi, a reclusive professor with hundreds of disciples.Le'an Ouyang She, the eighth generation was a doctor, passed on to the Minister, and was the prefect of Runan in Guangwu.There are hundreds of professors in the county, and they are recruited as Da Situ.He was found guilty of stealing more than ten thousand yuan in Runan and sent to prison.There are more than a thousand people who are begging for mourning, and even some are self-defeating.In the seventeenth year of Lizhen in Pingyuan, he died on behalf of himself.Shuzou, She died in prison.Cao Cao of Jiyin once received a minister from She, and had three thousand disciples.Mou Chang of Le'an, who studied Ouyang Shangshu less, has more than a thousand lecturers and more than ten thousand people before and after the description.Ding Gong of Shanyang learned from Gongyang Yan's family Chungqiu, and there were often hundreds of professors. It was a Shaofu when Jianwu was established, and students came from far away, and thousands of people were recorded.Beihai Zhenyu studied Yan's Spring and Autumn Period, and there were often hundreds of professors.Pei Huanrong, who learned from Chang'an less, learned Ouyang Shangshu, and worked as a doctor in Jiujiang Zhupu, Wang Mang usurped the throne and returned.After Zhu Pu died, he went to Jiujiang to mourn. Because he stayed as a professor, there were hundreds of disciples. Later, he returned to teach Jiang and Huaijian.

3. The number of doctoral students is increasing day by day. At the beginning of Emperor Wu, there were only fifty doctor disciples; at the time of Emperor Zhao, there were a hundred; at the end of Emperor Xuan, there were two hundred;Wang Mang was in charge of the government, played the Mingtang, Piyong, and Lingtai, and built Shewan District for scholars.There are 360 ​​disciples led by doctors of the Five Classics, 30 doctors of the Six Classics, 18,000 disciples, and 24 masters, younger brothers and lecturers each.The bachelors live in the same house, no matter how far or near they go, they follow the eaves, the rain does not smear enough, and the heat does not blow their heads.

The most important ones are the local investigation and government collection system at that time. Local inspections and government conquests were the two ways for scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty to enter official positions.Both systems originated in the Western Han Dynasty. The probation system in the Han Dynasty can be roughly divided into two major categories: the earlier "virtuous" and the later "filial piety". Every imperial edict of the Han court recommended people who were "virtuous and upright, able to speak out and remonstrate with extreme admonishment", and they were called "virtuous" for short.The original intention of its system seems to imitate the recruitment of talents in the Warring States Period, and it is unique in the selection of the world.There is no definite limit to this system, and most of the candidates are incumbent officials, and the Han scholars admire them for their selection. They have won the title at one time, such as Chao Cuo, Dong Zhongshu, Yan Zhu, and Gongsun Hong, all of whom are virtuous and virtuous.The Han Zhao also cited "to clarify the affairs of the world, to learn the art of the sages", "to be able to serve as generals and envoys", "to be a high-ranking scholar", "to be able to understand the yin and yang disasters", "to be a doctor "Those who are brave and know the art of war", etc., can all be classified with "virtuous", and they are all such talents specially extended by the imperial court. "Xiaolian" is the abbreviation of "filial son and honest official".In the twelfth year of Emperor Wen, he issued an edict: "Filial piety, strong fields, and honest officials, I highly appreciate this. In today's counties with thousands of families, there is no response to orders. How can it be human?" In addition to "filial piety and honesty", there is "strength" Field" item.In the same year, the imperial edict set up the three elders, filial piety, and permanent members of Litian according to the household registration rate.Gai "filial piety" comes from small township officials, who are not talented and learned, and may not be able to respond to the emperor's edict, so the prefectures and counties are not happy to choose, and there are few people who ask for this election.

By the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Maocai" and "Xiaolian" were set as the yearly titles. In the twelfth year of Guangwu Jianwu, the three princes were ordered to raise one person each, and two each for honest officials.At the age of Guanglu, there is one person from each of the four lines of Maocai, and three officials who inspect the honesty.Among the two thousand stone-year-old inspectors and officials, there is one each.Ting Wei and Da Si Nong are two each.There are two generals, two generals, and two officials.There is one supervisory censor, one official from the official department, and one from the prefecture Mu Jumaocai.

Follow to hundreds of years old. In the first year of Emperor Zhang's founding, the edict: "The governor guards the prime minister, does not know the authenticity, is virtuous and filial, and is hundreds of years old." There are quite a lot of disadvantages in the prefecture and state inspection. Later, "filial piety and integrity" became the only item in the procuratorial examination, and then Zhile became the quota. During the time of Emperor He, there were two Xiaolians with a population of 500,000 or 600,000 in a large county, and two people with a population of 200,000 and barbarians in a small county.The emperor thought that Xiaojun, Ding Hong and Liu Fang said, "The county and the country rate 200,000 people at the age of filial piety, one person at the age of 400,000, up to 1,200,000, less than 200,000, and one person at the age of two. , less than 100,000, and one person is three years old."

It is followed by a limited number of years, and no standard of performance, and an examination. In the first year of Emperor Shun Yangjia, the prefectures and states were first ordered to promote filial piety, "the limit is over forty years, and all students can understand the chapters and sentences, and the literati can write and play, and they can be selected. They have great talents and different skills, regardless of their age." Gai Qi first recruited talents with the ability of luxuriant talents, and rewarded the customs with filial sons and honest officials.And Xiaolian gradually became an example. Although Lang Guan has no staff, he is limited. Each county has one Xiaolian, and the age is about two hundred.Since Xiaolian walks alone, all subjects are gradually abolished.Moreover, the social style of writing is developing day by day, and county and county officials are also more polite and refined. Although the choice of filial piety and honesty is actually no different from Maocai, people compete to find a way out, regardless of whether they are filial piety or Maocai.Then there were entrusted frauds, and the imperial court also restricted them with various conditions, and only sought talents, not limited to being filial and honest.The proposal of limiting the number of years started from Shangshu Zuoxiong. Although it was not in line with the original intention of promoting filial piety and promoting integrity, it was impossible to rectify the selection method.

Gradually approaching the imperial examinations of later generations. Opponents at that time included Huang Qiong, Hu Guang, Cui Yuan and others.Ran Xiong is in the Shangshu, the world dare not choose him indiscriminately, and he has been the winner for more than ten years.Afterwards, Huang Qiong was appointed Minister of the Order. Zuo Xiong's selection of filial piety and honesty was dedicated to "Confucianism" and "literary officials". For four subjects.As a result, the two items of virtuousness and filial piety in the former Han Dynasty have been included in the annual examination, but they are all under the heading of "filial piety and integrity".

The evolution of this system, on the one hand, enables civilians and officials to have political outlets, rewards and promotes talents, and encourages morale;What's more important is that the appointment of people in the imperial court gradually adopts an objective standard, so that the nature of the government is indeed independent of the royal family's personal relationship. Supplementary and parallel with the inspection system is the expropriation system. All the two thousand stone chiefs in the Han Dynasty were able to evade Cao Cao, and the Eastern Han Gongqing especially regarded PI Shi as the highest.

Elections are mostly based on qualifications, while Pizhao is promoted every time it is highly talented and has the same name, so it was especially proud of Pizhao at that time.Cui Shizheng commented: "The vassals of the three mansions have low positions and heavy positions, and they are so outstanding in their selection of officials. They may go to Changzhou County in a few months, or to Gongqing in a few years." Going out, the five mansions are all built like Huang Qiong, and the four mansions are all ordered like Chen Ji. There are also imperial courts who have heard of their high reputation and directly summoned them.

For example, when Fan Ying arrived at the beginning of the conquest, "the court set up an altar and treated it like a god." Chen Shi's official was only Taiqiu Chang.Taiwei Yang Ci and Situ Chen Dan always feel ashamed because they have not ascended to the great position.Zheng Kangcheng took the bus as the Dasinong, and gave Anche a ride, and the senior officials who passed by saw him off.When Dong Zhuo conquered Xun Shuang, he paid homage to Prime Minister Pingyuan for the first time;From commoner to Sangong, it takes ninety-five days. Such a system makes the reputation of the opposition implicitly override the title of the court, and the government also has to rely on this self-respect to compete with the royal family. In the age of Taihu Ye'an, such situations existed only in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Song Dynasty.The disputes between the great powers in the Warring States Period are another matter.After the establishment of a unified government in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the royal family was high above the people, the power of the feudal courtiers was abolished, and the common people became ministers, and they retreated from day to day; so they had to compete with the royal family that had been handed down for hundreds of years, the Wei and Jin Dynasties In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Dynasties were the family line, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Song Dynasty were the scholar style, and the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties all learned from the Confucianism of the Song Dynasty, but they got different degrees of depth. With the existence of this system, scholars can occupy their position in politics. The performance of scholars' political and social power is at first a kind of "clear discussion". The power of this kind of clear discussion affects the investigation of the county and the state and the conquest of the central government, and it implicitly grasps the standard for the advancement and retreat of scholars. From Guangwu, Ming, and Zhang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, although it was said that Confucianism was praised and rewarded, Guangwu was diligent in governing, and the Ming emperor was good at official affairs.In the seventh year of Emperor Yongping of the Ming Dynasty, the Xiangzong of the East China Sea was the minister's decree. They all said: "The country likes literary and honest officials, and thinks it is enough to stop adultery. Thieves are also harmful. They all want to kowtow and fight, and the time can't be changed. After a long time, you will suffer from it, but you can tell your ears." At the time of Emperor Zhang, Chen Chong went to Shu, and the Lord changed the harsh customs of the previous life.The Fifth Lun Shangshu, also said that Guangwu "After inheriting Wang Mang, the government became stricter and fiercer. Because it became a custom, it was elected by the county and the state, and more officials should be appointed, so they should not be leniently selected."Wang Chong Lunheng is also extremely discerning that the secular world often emphasizes "literary officials" and despises "Confucian scholars".Later, the prefectures and states inspected and moved.Those who talk about the matter say that the tribute of the county and the state is not based on the merits, and those who support the false name are progressive, so those who keep their duties are more slack, and the officials are late.Wei Biao said: "The country is based on the virtuous, and the virtuous conduct is based on filial piety. Loyal and filial people have a strong heart to govern; officials who have been tempered have a weak heart to govern. Therefore, although scholars do not grind their posts, there are those who are good at their conduct. You can’t read it purely by the people.” Since the past, the style of scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty competed to be distinguished by their reputation and deeds, and the inspections of the county and the state, and the central government’s expropriation, also shifted with the Qing Dynasty’s deliberations. Until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, this trend continued to decline. . The maturity of Qingyi forces was especially due to the gathering of Tai students in the capital. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, although Emperor Ming greatly praised Confucianism, Confucianism declined by Emperor An.At that time, the doctor leaned on the table and didn't talk, the friends looked at each other and played idle, and the school building was dilapidated. Emperor Shun rebuilt the school, where there were 240 rooms and 1,850 rooms. By the time of Emperor Huan, there were 30,000 students.However, Dr. Wuli of the Han Dynasty was originally a doctor of the Five Classics.By the time of Emperor Xuan, the doctor's studies had gradually become "chapters and sentences".It was even more beneficial in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and this is the so-called "family law" of modern literature.Chapters and sentences are cumbersome and biographical, but they are not enough to satisfy the expectations of virtuous and handsome people. Therefore, doctors don’t talk about them. Scholars may visit famous teachers, understand the scriptures, and seek righteousness, such as Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan. and also.However, most of them live in the capital, focusing on the darkness and filth of the world, diverting their interest to political and social practical issues, and talking about it, it is a clean discussion. This generation of Tai students communicated with the court ministers. During the time of Emperor Huan, there were more than 30,000 students in Taixue, and Guo Linzong and Jia Weijie were the crowned ones, and they were even more respected by Li Ying and Wang Chang.Xue Zhongyu said: "The world imitates Li Yuanli, who is not afraid of force to defend Chen Zhongju, and Wang Shumao is all handsome." The spirit of his speech is often enough to divert the progress of actual politics. Fu Rong traveled to Taixue and studied under Li Ying of the Shaofu.Every time I see Rong, I don't like other guests and listen to his remarks.Melting scarves and sleeves, talking like clouds, sighing every time you hold your hands.When Guo Linzong first entered the capital, people didn't know him at the time, but he got involved with Li Ying, so he was well-known.At that time, Hanzhong Jin Wenjing and Liang Guo Huang Ziai relied on their talents and wisdom to recuperate their illnesses. The scholar-bureaucrats of Luozhong, sitting in the door of Chengsheng, still can't be seen.The Sangong summoned them to inquire and visit them, and thought they would seize them as they wished.When he joined Taixue and saw Li Ying, he said: "The second son's industry is unknown, so it is especially appropriate to investigate."The reputation of the two of them is gradually declining, and the guests are a little introverted, and within ten days, they fled away with a sigh. The imperial court has a big discussion, and the case must be foreseen. During the time of Emperor Huan, he might say that he would change the casting of big money, and he would send officials from the four prefectures and county officials, as well as people who were able to speak from the Imperial Academy, as Liu Tao suggested.It was at that time that Tai students were able to discuss government affairs with them, just like the doctors of the former Han Dynasty. Therefore, Qingyi had an unassailable force in the politics at that time, and since then it has contributed to the prison of the party. The party prison was due to the conflict between court officials and eunuchs, and before the party prison, the conflict between court officials and relatives had already happened several times. Foreign relatives are attached to the royal family, and the status of scholars in foreign courts is not close to each other, and righteous discussions will bring disaster.Often when an emperor ascends the throne, he must favor his relatives and punish court officials.Catch the court officials to be discouraged, the relatives to become weak, and the old emperor to die, the new emperor to stand, and the relationship with the old emperor's relatives to change, is a self-seeking eunuch.This is a political cycle in the first half of the Eastern Han Dynasty.For example, there were Zhi Shou, Le Hui, Yuan An, Ren Wei, Han Leng, Ding Hong, He Chang, and Zhang Wei during the reign of Emperor He.During the reign of Emperor An, there were Du Gen, Yang Zhen, Zhai Feng, and Chen Zhong.During Emperor Shun's reign, there were Zhang Gang, Zhu Mu, Huangfu Gui, Chen Fan, and Yan Du.These people are not afraid of the strong, honest and upright, and fight against the forces of darkness with righteousness and righteousness. Although they have suffered repeated setbacks, the gradual growth of the power of the scholars really depends on it. At that time, the scholars and bureaucrats had an indelible spirit. It cannot be said purely from the external situation. And when the eunuchs were in power, the imperial scholars began to fight for the target of the bomb, and then they began to turn. During the time of Emperor Shun, Sun Cheng and others moved to Yuanxian County, and Situ Zhouju called Situ Zhuqian: "How can the court be established without Cheng and others? If the road dies prematurely, the envoy will discuss it with killing meritorious officials."At that time, it was called "Five Classics and Zhou Xuanguang", and Zhou was also known as Confucianism.Since then, there were still court scholars who favored eunuchs.And when Liang Ji was defeated, the eunuchs were powerful, and the imperial scholars were sharp, so they turned to the eunuchs. However, the power of eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty not only entrenched the inner court, but their children and relatives were scattered in prefectures and counties. Since then, the engines have been in succession, the roots and branches have become entangled, and it has become more and more prosperous.Therefore, the conflict between the Qingliu of the gentry and the eunuchs was not limited to the central government but spread throughout the states and counties. For example, Teng Yan, the prime minister of Jibei, hunted and killed the guests of Hou Lan and Duan Yu, and conquered the imperial court.Teng, Zuo's brother, became the prefect of Hedong, and Zhao Qi, the chief of Pi's family, relinquished his position and returned.Brother Tang Heng is Jing Zhaoyin, who ensnared Qi's family members and killed them all with heavy methods, and Qi fled to all directions. The difference between the Chinese court and the foreign court also enabled eunuchs and foreign relatives to be attached to the royal family, which was beyond the reach of the power and law of the foreign court. Taiwei Yang Bingzuo punished Hou Shen and exempted the official.Shuzou, Shangshuzhao confronted Bingxuan, and asked: "There are divisions of officials, each with its own department, the three officials rule the outside, and the censor inspects the inside; now Yuezuo is close to the officials, classics, Han system, what is the basis?" Therefore, the power of eunuchs cannot be destroyed by the power of scholars from outside the court. Celebrities have to make friends with their relatives, and the relatives are also a corrupt traditional system after all, so the celebrities eventually lost both with them. Dou Wu's biography said Wu: "When he was in power, he had a lot of famous scholars, cleansed his body from evil, and was unable to accept bribes. His wife cut enough food and clothing, and received rewards from the two palaces. They were scattered with all the students of the Taixue." Chen Fan's biography recorded Wang Fu. Let the Fan language say, "The first emperor abandoned the world, the mountain mausoleum was not completed, Dou Wu He Gong, brothers, father and son, three princes of one family. They also took more people from the palace of Yeting to have fun and banquets. During the ten-month period, the wealth was estimated at billions. The public is a pillar, and you are in vain against the party." I am afraid that what I say is not complete and has no basis.Xu Zhi, Jiang Hong, Li Tan, and Wei Huan, who were recommended by Chen Jian, did not come.Wei Zhiyan said: "If there are thousands of harems, can it be damaged? If there are thousands of horses in the stables, can it be reduced? If there are powerful people around, can they go?" It was at that time that the royal family was extremely corrupt, and it was impossible for court officials to bridge the gap. .How to advance can not be relied on, but also a momentary public knowledge. Moreover, celebrities have their own extreme attitudes towards eunuchs. In the eighth year of Yanxi Emperor Huan, Li Ying returned to pay homage to Sili Xiaowei.Zhongchang attendant Zhang Rang's younger brother Shuo, who was the order of the wild king, was greedy and cruel, and feared crime, so he fled and hid in Rang's family.Ying led the officials to break the pillars, take Shuo and kill them.Emperor Huan asked him to punish him without asking first, and this was the first time that the party was imprisoned.This is the sharpening of the head of the direct conflict between the eunuch and the famous ±.So far, celebrities have formed a group, which is different from those who opposed their relatives in pieces in the past.The eunuch also used the name of the party to implicate and arrest more than 200 people.In the following year, Dou Wu and others asked for pardon and returned, but he was still imprisoned for life.Emperor Ling came to the throne, but Dou Wu and Chen Fan failed to murder the eunuch, so Cao Jie and Wang Fu killed him instead.In the following year, there was the second party prison.Then more than a hundred people from the former party, including Li Ying, Du Mi, and Fan Pang, were arrested.In the fourth year of Jianning, more than a thousand students of the Taixue were arrested, and they were exempted from official imprisonment.It wasn't until the Yellow Turban Bandits started that they were pardoned.In another five years, He Jin and Yuan Shao conspired to kill all the eunuchs, and Dong Zhuo came to Beijing. However, the upper and lower usages in the Han Dynasty also had the disadvantage of being too cool. The Han Dynasty followed the Qin Dynasty, and the usage was too strict, and the death was regarded as a light code, and the prison officials regarded the party as a matter of ability.In the Western Han Dynasty, Yi Zong was the prefect of Dingxiang. There were more than 200 people who committed serious crimes in prison, and there were more than 200 people who came to see each other privately. More than 400 people were reported to be killed.Although this is an extreme case, it can be seen that the criminal law of the Han Dynasty is spotty.Therefore, Cheng Xuan was the prefect of Nanyang, Wanfu Jia Zhang Fan relied on the power of the middle official in the harem, and Gong Cao Cen Yan and others persuaded him to arrest him.When he was pardoned, he punished him, took his clan and guests in, killed more than two hundred people, and heard about it later.Compared with Zhang Jian's Zhu Houlan's family, this is equally cruel and inhumane.This is true on the righteous side of celebrities, but it can be imagined on the evil side of eunuchs.Therefore, Zhang Jian's experience in exile was that dozens of families were buried and executed. As for the clans and relatives, the counties and counties were destroyed.The two sides are in conflict with each other, and both suffer from unfair usage. The accumulation of these causes resulted in the catastrophic disaster of the party, "people perish, and the country dies." The dark and corrupt Han royal family finally overthrew, and the relatives and eunuchs attached to the royal family also perished.And the influence of celebrities can still exist in the end, and it will become the family name in the future.The unified government could no longer be rebuilt, and it became a situation where the nobles were many. In addition to "clear discussion", what is more important is "family status" in the performance of scholars' political and social power. Family status was gradually formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The first is that due to the unpopular academic environment, the academic teaching and receiving is limited, often limited to a few private individuals, and there is the so-called "classical classics of many generations". The most authoritative of it is after Confucius' family, from Boyu and Zisi, and the fifth Kong Shun as Wei Xiang.Shun Ziyu is Dr. Chen She.His disciple Xiang, Dr. Han Huishi, is the Grand Tutor of Changsha.Xiangsun Wu and Anguo.Wu Zi Yannian.Anguo and Yannian were all doctors during Emperor Wu; Anguo was the prefect of Linhuai.Yannian Ziba, a doctor in the reign of Emperor Zhao, and a doctor of Dazhong in the reign of Emperor Xuan.Ba Ziguang, the three emperors Licheng, Ai, and Ping, from officials to imperial censors and prime ministers.From the hegemony to the seventh generation Sun Yu, there were fifty-three Qing Xiangmu guards, and seven lieutenants.After Anguo, he was also famous for his ancient books and Mao poems.Secondly, Fu Sheng, a great Confucianist in the Western Han Dynasty, passed down Confucian classics from generation to generation for four hundred years in the Han Dynasty.Another example is the Huan family in the Eastern Han Dynasty. From Huan Rong down, the family has been the teacher of the Five Emperors for three generations. The study of Confucian classics is not only the condition for entering an official position, so there is also the so-called "Gongqing for many generations". The generations of public officials also began in the Western Han Dynasty.For example, Wei and Ping are prime ministers in the next generation, and Yu's family is the second generation and the third prince, and it is only a matter of time.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was the Yang family with four generations and three princes, and the Yuan family with four generations and five princes. The prosperity of the clan was so contemptuous in the Western Han Dynasty. "Confucian classics for many generations" and "public ministers for many generations" have created the power of inheritance of the gentry, and after a long time they have formed a family. Another reason for family background is the fraud of the prosecution system. There is no objective standard for the local prosecutors to serve as prefects, so they are also self-serving.On the one hand, it is asking for entrustment from the wealthy family, on the other hand, it is repaying old favors.The two are cause and effect, so that the official career in the world gradually enters the hands of a special class. Emperor Ming's imperial edict in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty already said: "The election is not true, please entrust the wealthy family." Fan Min said: "The prefecture and state promote filial piety and honesty, and the rate is to select young people who can repay their favor. Elders and great sages are often abandoned. At the time of Emperor Shun, Yin Tianxin of Henan said: "Now we should give the six filial pieties, many of whom will be ordered by your relatives, and it is not appropriate to violate them. If you want to use a scholar for yourself, you can repay the country." Then he gave Zhong Hao (hao).According to Customs and Customs, the fifth prince of Nanyang was the prefect of Guanghan, and he was the same age as Situ Zhangshi Duan Liaoshu.Uncle Liao's eldest son, named Jiu, and his youngest son, Kun, came to call the county official and said: "The prefect is the same age as Uncle Liao. If you are lucky enough to come to the county, you should raise his son. If you come to the next year, it will be the second time to be a fish. It is not against your respect." The master book Liu said to each other: "The old is not as good as the Kun." The Duke said sharply: "When the husband is next to each other, the sons and daughters still want to raise them. What is the difference between superior and inferior?"Shigong transferred to Nanyang and was the same age as Cai Boqi, the prefect of Donglai. He wanted to raise his son.Juyan at the age of one year, and Zan will be rejuvenated next year.Zan was not seen in the fourteenth year, and was often called a disease. At the eighteenth year, Ping Chunchang, a curative drama, wrote: "The minister is weak, he has not been appointed as the emperor, and begged to stay in the guard." Avoid drama, please remove Zan official." This incident can be seen in the situation of the investigation at that time. And the power of the family has been established, so it becomes a nobleman in disguise.Since the overthrow of the unified government in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it has become feudalism in disguise.Long-term disintegration, and Chinese history began to go bad luck. The customs of scholar-bureaucrats in the Eastern Han Dynasty were praised by later generations.They have many advantages.However, after careful analysis, it seems that the common virtues and virtues of Eastern scholar-bureaucrats are nothing more than the following, all of which are related to the procuratorial system at that time. One, long mourning. The three-year mourning began to be gradually implemented in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, mourning for three years was common, and some even doubled in mourning.There are even those who have served for more than 20 years. Second, let the noble. This also began in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was more common in the Eastern Han Dynasty.In Gai Shi, filial piety and honesty are emphasized, and if you give up the title and promote wealth, then filial piety and honesty are both perfect, and the old people strive to admire them.However, those who give up are solid, and those who receive are inferior.It is steep to approach the depths, and it is not fair to regard the filth of others as the purity of oneself. Three, push money. His people are like Xue Bao and Li Chong.And so the opposite is Xu Wu. Four, to avoid employment. For example, Liu Ju and Lu Gong, both of them have the same intentions as Renjue and Tuicai.As for others, they are hired as high-ranking ones, which is too numerous to mention. Five, revenge. Such things as Cui Yuan, Wei Lang, Su Buwei and so on.In ancient times, the punishment could not go to the doctor, so the aristocracy had a gap with each other, and they could not go straight to the court, so they fought privately.Mohism does not mean fighting against etiquette, and Confucianism emphasizes propriety, so it is not fighting. However, down to the Qin and Han Dynasties, one can sue officials, ignore officials and kill oneself. 6. Revenge by borrowing money. How about the matter, Zhi Yun and so on.There is a rule of etiquette: "Parents survive, and friends are not allowed to die." If parents die, friends can die.To kill Xu You means to take revenge by borrowing money. 7. Repay your kindness.This is divided into two categories. (1) Emergency Such things as Li Gu's disciple Guo Liang, Du Qiao's former disciple Yang Kuang, the fifth disciple Sun Bin, Liu Yujun's official Wang Chong, Liu Jun's official Gongsun Zan; and Lian Fan was especially heroic to Deng Rong. (2) mourning For example, Li Xun and Le Hui were the generals of the county, Xun Shuang was the leader, Hou Bao and Feng Zhou were the teachers, etc.And there are those who abandon their officials and go to mourning.Such as Wu Kuang, Fu Xie, Huan Dian and so on. Eight, Qing Festival. Such as Lian Fan, Zhong Hao, and Fan Ran. There are too many other high-spirited and different acts.Generally speaking, the style of scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty also had its own shortcomings: One is that there is too much emphasis on morality. Morality is an indispensable element of life, but it is only one end of life.Overemphasis will inevitably lead to fraud.For example, health is one of the most important things in life. If a person only cares about health, he will inevitably suffer from various abuses.The disadvantages of paying too much attention to morality can be divided into two parts: One morality is something that everyone should have in general, and it is not something that can be competed for.If only morality is used to distinguish between superior and inferior, it will lead to all kinds of excessive and inhumane behaviors in society, and its disadvantages will lead people into hypocrisy. The second is that morality is a track that can be followed in everything.If you do things too morally.It is too much to focus on the form and false name, ignoring the content and reality. Second, the morality of scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty seems to be too narrow. They seem to focus only on individuals, family and friends, while ignoring society and the country. "Filial piety" and "integrity" are the grand programs of the morality of scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but these two belong to individuals and families, not to the state and society.Unfilial piety and dishonesty are certainly not enough to meet the standards of being a man and being a politician, but being filial and being honest are not enough for being a man and being a politician. Because scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty only paid attention to the morality of the form, not to the effect of the facts, the influence of the famous scholars grew day by day, but the evil forces of the eunuchs could not be eradicated in the end. Because the Eastern Han Dynasty only valued personal and family morality, after the overthrow of the royal family, it was no longer possible to rebuild a common Dai center, and fell into a bad luck below the Wei and Jin Dynasties. However, the scholars of the Eastern Han Dynasty still had a kind of morality to abide by together, and a spirit that would be admired by later generations. Therefore, although the royal family fell and the world was chaotic, they became the mainstay in the end, and individually preserved the power and status of their families.