Chapter 11 Chapter 8: Evolution of the Unified Government and Civil Rule: From Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Wang Mang

To understand the significance of the Wenzhi government in the Western Han Dynasty, we should first pay attention to the general situation at that time. The ancient feudal society gradually disappeared in the Warring States Period.Soldiers, travel officials, and businessmen have continuously jumped up from the civilian society. They have climbed the political stage and seized the privileges of the ancient aristocracy. The unified government of the Qin Dynasty came into being during such a drastic change. Because of its short history, the social situation at that time cannot be described in detail now.

As far as the situation in the early Han Dynasty is concerned, it seems that although the Qin and Han Dynasties experienced several wars, the trend of social changes since the Warring States Period continued as usual. The general life in the society has undergone great changes, only the peasants are still relatively stagnant and live in the old state. Peasants in feudal times had the following burdens on their rulers: One is tax. This is ground rent.From a political point of view, farmland cultivated by peasants belongs to the lord of the land, so the peasants should pay a fixed tax to their lord every year.

The second is service. Because the concept of land ownership was transferred to the status of farmers, those who cultivated the land had a subordinate relationship with the lord of the land they cultivated.Therefore, during the agricultural breaks every year, it is necessary to provide additional days of hard labor for the emperor. The third is Fu. In the event of a foreign war with the nobles of the feudal monarch, the peasants must contribute carts, cattle, or labor to the feudal monarch. The fourth is tribute. This comes from the emotional initiative of farmers, such as offering pigs, rabbits, chickens, geese, or silk and cloth to their lords on New Year's festivals.

The above four items, one is the sign of corn, the second and third are the signs of hard labor, and the fourth is the sign of cloth and silk.One by one, it was inherited until the Qin and Han Dynasties without change.As far as the situation in the early Han Dynasty is concerned, the peasants’ burden on the government is roughly as follows: 1. Land rent. Since the Warring States period, there has been no examination of the rent amount, but Mencius repeatedly said that the tax was a tithe, and he knew that the rent amount in the Warring States period was never more than a tithe.In the Han system, the tax was one five dollars, and sometimes the tax was halved, so the tax was one thirty.

Second, calculate Fu. "Fu" originally came from the meaning of carting cattle and serving the husband.Since the Warring States period, military struggles have continued year after year, so the extraordinary and irregular endowment has gradually become an annual current item.There is also no need to actually send carts, oxen, and husbands, but to replace them with coins, and each place is assigned according to the population, which has become the so-called "population tax" for future generations.In the Han Dynasty, one hundred and twenty people who gave out money were counted as one.Those who are under the age of 20 will be given money by export.

Three, more garrison. Farmers in ancient times were unarmed. After the Warring States period, they collected taxes and organized their young men into the army. Therefore, farmers had to join the army in addition to paying taxes. The concepts of "joining the army" and "serving" were often not Not easy to analyze.Therefore, the Han people's garrison can be divided into three categories: (1) The defense of the central government is called "Zhengdi", and it is done at the 23rd year, with a period of one year.You are also a county national material officer and a knight, also known as "Zhengdi", and the period is also one year.

(2) The frontier guard is called "Tun Shu", also known as "Yao Shu".Everyone in the world has been guarding the border for three days.Those who can't do it pay 300 yuan to become an official, and the official will give it to the guard: it is for "passing the watch". The soldiers of the Han Dynasty came from the people, and when they went to and from the garrison, they all made up their own clothes, and when they went on expeditions, they ate the millet of their counties and countries.Therefore, Han had no money to raise soldiers. (3) Local labor service is called "gengzu".One update per month.The next time I didn't go straight, I paid to hire the poor, with a monthly payment of two thousand.The pro-service said "practice more".

This burden was already extremely heavy at that time. Hanshu Shihuozhi is based on Li Kui's teaching on the best of the earth, saying: "One husband takes five people to manage a hundred acres of land, and the yearly harvest is one and a half stones per mu, which is one hundred and fifty stones of millet. In addition to the tax of eleven, the tax is fifteen stones, and the remaining one hundred and thirty Fifteen stones. Food, a person's month is one and a half stones, five people will be ninety stones for millet, and the remaining forty-five stones. Thirty stones are worth one thousand three hundred and fifty. Hundreds, more than one thousand and fifty. Clothes, the rate of money is three hundred per person, and five people spend one thousand five hundred per year, which is less than four hundred and fifty. Unfortunately, the expenses of illness, death and funeral, as well as the collection of taxes, have not been paid. This farmer Therefore, he is often sleepy and has the heart of not persuading farming. Dong Zhongshu said: "The moon is the death of Geng, and it has returned to Zheng. One year old, one year old, one year old, and one year old. Hard work, thirty times as old.The benefits of land rent, oral taxation, salt and iron are twenty times that of ancient times. "

Farmers have nothing to do, so they sell their cultivated land first, and life will inevitably become more miserable after selling the cultivated land. Dong Zhongshu said: "If you plow the fields of the wealthy people, you will see a tax of five, so the poor often wear the clothes of cattle and horses, and eat the food of dogs and pigs." The second is to betray your wife or even yourself.This is the source of the abundance of slaves and maidservants in the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, both public and private were full of livestock slaves. There were thousands of people from Shu Zhuo's family to Tong Tong, and hundreds of people from Cheng Zheng.During the reign of Emperor Wu, Yang Ke sued him and won tens of thousands of slaves and maidservants.At the time of Emperor Yuan, Gong Yu said that there were more than 100,000 servants and servants.It is also a crime to cover those who have broken the law and have not been slaves, but cannot pay the rent and tax, and practice the change of labor.Then selling yourself as a slave is the same as being a slave without an official.Selling yourself as a slave is still more free, and you have the hope of a happy life. It is no wonder that so many Han people voluntarily sold themselves.

Otherwise die.It is a crime to hide for one's life; or to risk one's crime and hide is called "Ren Xia".Merchants must prosper and keep slaves and maidservants, and knights must hide and flee for their lives. The two formed the middle class of early Han society. At that time, merchants' business operations could be roughly divided into mining and metallurgy, manufacturing, breeding, animal husbandry, and transportation.These undertakings, firstly, depend on the liberation of the forbidden land of mountains and rivers, and secondly, they depend on the large-scale use of slaves.

According to Huo Zhi Biography, the rich people at that time, such as iron smelting, drum casting, salt burning, and hub turning, all needed a lot of manpower.That is to say, the last industry is poor capital, such as planting trees, fruits and vegetables, raising hogfish, butchering, selling rice, making utensils, lacquerware, and handyman leather.Probably the so-called merchants at that time were based on labor, agriculture and animal husbandry, and seconded by transferring and selling household products, so slaves and maidservants were one of the elements of property management.Han Yuefu: "The life of an orphan is hard, and my brother and sister-in-law ordered me to go to Jia, to Jiujiang in the south, and to Qi and Lu in the east." Wang Baotong made an appointment and listed the operation items.As the proverb goes: "The son of a thousand pieces of gold does not die in the market", and those who work in the market for their families are all slaves. Buying slaves with coins in pursuit of profit and long production, and those who manage goods are merchants.To hide the lives of the fugitives with the spirit and friendship is a common profit, and those who are willing to be punished and punished are called Ren Xia. Ren Xia's place to hide is called "guest", but the identity of a guest is no different from that of a servant.Since Ren Xia hides his life with courage, the exiles also reciprocate with courage and gratitude, and even commit treachery, plagiarism, casting money and digging graves.And the life of this group can be maintained.Ren Xia's power and wealth are slightly comparable to those of merchants. Ren Xia and merchants are the two forces that seized the past aristocratic class.All the people who are incorporated into households below, but resist the dignity of the government, as long as there is no political solution, these are nobles in disguise. Now look at the figures in the upper-level government. Han Gao won the world, granted the same surname and meritorious officials, and made a clear promise that "no one can be king unless he has the surname Liu, and no one can be a prince unless he has meritorious service."The so-called meritorious service generally only refers to military merit.This is the top echelon of government.The next bureaucrats are mostly from the background of Lang and Li. Langguan is a group of guards who follow the emperor.Its system is slightly similar to the diners and supporters under the monarchs and even nobles and ministers in the Warring States Period. The origin of Langguan, the following routes are not listed: One job. Officials with more than two thousand stones, depending on the age of three, are allowed to appoint Ruozi of the same birth as a man, such as Su Wu and Wei Xuancheng are all born from this.This is the same as the Warring States policy. The old minister Zhao touched the hairpin to see the Queen Mother Zhao, wishing her youngest son "to make up for the number of black clothes". Second, the choice. If the family wealth is over five million, you can be a regular servant. For example, Zhang Shizhi and Sima Xiangru all use wealth as their husbands.Those who are high-ranking and wealthy have to write a letter to invite them to stay in the guard. The salary is not abundant and the expenses are high. Therefore, Zhang Shizhi was not transferred for ten years as a man. 3. Special skills. Wei Wan used the theater chariot as a gentleman, and Xun Xi used the imperial court to serve as a servant. This is like the Warring States policy Feng Nuan wanted to be the guest of Mengchang Jun. Mengchang Jun first asked "how can a guest be".Dongfang Shuo wrote a letter to himself to show off, and used three thousand to play the slips. Emperor Wu read it, and sent it to his place. After the end of February, he was appointed as a permanent servant.However, Shi said that Dongfang Shuo "was on the side with Meigao and Guo Sheren, just joking."Dongfang Shuo's first servant was with dwarfs and so on.The literati and Confucianism were also loved by the emperor's temporary curiosity, while the animal palace was the same as the theater chariot and the good emperor. The first item is hereditary aristocrats in disguise, the second item is the new aristocrats after the feudal aristocracy is eliminated, and the third item is the emperor's private.The analysis of the nature of the Langguan Group is nothing more than that.However, his political background lies here. There are officials other than Lang, and there is no objective standard for the origin of officials, and most of them are still obtained by the rich. Officials of the Han Dynasty, Tu Fan 3: One is county officials, there is no limit to qualifications, and all civilians who voluntarily serve are eligible to serve.However, Han Xin "could not choose to be an official because his family was poor and unable to do anything", so the small official also had a choice.The second is the official office of Zhongdu. All the government offices below the prime minister can set up their own offices. They may be county officials first, or they are originally civilians. There is no limit to qualifications.The third is the jailer, who is still a judge today, named after Ming Xi's laws and regulations.However, in the second year of Emperor Jing's edict, it said: "Nowadays, if you count more than ten dollars, you will be an eunuch, and it will be reduced to four dollars." Dong Zhongshu said: "Most of the senior officials come from Langzhong and Zhonglang. The sons of two thousand stones choose Lang, Officials are rich and rich, not necessarily virtuous, but they are confused by honesty and shame, and confusion between virtuous and unworthy." At that time, the career of officials was also mostly for the rich. If so, the political organization at that time, the first level is the clan, the second level is the warriors, the third level is the rich, and the fourth level is miscellaneous. To discuss the scholarship of the early Han Dynasty, it must be traced back to the pre-Qin period. From another point of view, pre-Qin academics can be divided into the study of ancient official scriptures and the study of hundreds of schools. If we talk about the times, the study of ancient official scripts comes first, followed by the hundred schools of thought.In terms of regions, the study of ancient palace scripts flourished in Qi and Lu in the east, and hundreds of dialects spread throughout the Central Plains and the Three Jins. Among the books burned in the Qin Dynasty, the most important ones were the historical records of the Six Kingdoms, followed by poems and ancient books, and the hundred schools of thought were not the most important. The burning of books started from conflicts in discussing politics. Dr. Chun Yuyue said that he talked about poems and books, quoted classics, and advocated restoration of feudalism.Li Si asked the historian to "burn them all who are not from the Qin Dynasty, and whoever is not a doctoral officer. Anyone who dares to have poems, books, and a hundred languages ​​in the world should be burned by guards and miscellaneous." He also attached several prohibitions: 1. Language, poetry and books are abandoned.2. Those who regard the past as not the present, clansmen, and officials are guilty of the same crime.3. It is ordered not to burn for 30 days, and the tattoo will be Chengdan.It can be seen that discussing government affairs was strictly prohibited at that time, but holding books was lightly prohibited. Han Xing, the academic tradition has not been interrupted. Although Qin burned books, historians and doctoral officials were not abolished, and writings did not stop.Down to Han Hui.Except for the book law, it was only twenty-three years before and after.The officials of the Han court were also involved in learning, and celebrities and great virtues were mixed among them. However, at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Huang Lao was inactive, and the successor advocated the Han law, and the academic articles were not important, and the academics had not yet reached the position of self-sufficiency, so the wandering officials and diners scattered among the feudal kings, rewarding extravagance with words and prose, and swaying them horizontally and horizontally Right and wrong are still taking the road of destroying unity.Literature, like merchants and knight-errants, is also a reaction to the unified government. The kings of the early Han Dynasty recruited tourists, and the first ones who became prosperous were like King Bi of Wu, including Zou Yang, Yan Ji, and Mei Cheng.After Wu was defeated, the successor was King Xiao of Liang, and Zou and Mei all went to Wu to return to Liang.There are also the genus of Yang Sheng and Gongsun Gui. Next, there is Wang An of Huainan, who has attracted thousands of guests and warlocks. He wrote the book of Huainan Wang, who was already in the reign of Emperor Wu.This is a family in the south, and most of them are scholars of Ci Fu and literary debate.Cao Shen joined together, summoned Qi Confucian scholars by hundreds, and got Gai Gong.Between Jing and Wu, there is Hejian offering Wangde, recruiting scriptures and warlocks, and getting a lot of ancient Chinese and old books.Gaihejian focused on the study of ancient official scripts, while Huainan focused on Baijiayan. The northern and southern kingdoms were divided into two schools of the pre-Qin school system. The central royal family's rule of respect, thrift and inaction can no longer conceal the vitality of all parties in society.In such an unstable and unreasonable state, the central government realizes that it must change its attitude, and must make a positive and courageous innovation.So there was the restoration of the Han Wu Dynasty, which established a new scale for the Wenzhi government of the Western Han Dynasty. The idea of ​​Wenzhi of the central government of the Western Han Dynasty was first developed by Jia Yi. Jia Yi, Chen Zhengshishu, put forward many important opinions. In addition to suppressing the kingdoms and defending the Huns, he especially educated the prince, respected the ministers, promoted culture and education, and transferred customs.These points are all aimed at the disease at that time, and its discussion gradually shifted from legal punishment and reward to ritual and music education, that is, from Shen and Han to Confucianism.Jia Yi has already made the first move in the retrospective changes in the future. Although Jia Yi thought that the young people in Luoyang were suppressed by the heroes of Jiang and Guan, Jia Yi's ideas were adopted by the Han court one by one.Emperor Jing learned from Chao Cuo; Emperor Wu learned from Wang Zang.Wang Zang was a Confucian student, and Emperor Wu ascended the throne, and the great development of Confucianism was also due to the education he received in his early years. Pre-Qin philosophers paid more attention to education than Confucianism.Therefore, if the dog master is young, he must teach, and Confucianism will prosper.There is no religion in China, and Confucian scholars were born from the children of the nobles of Youjiao. Therefore, when Jia Yi is used in Chinese, it is regarded as the Taifu of Changsha King, and as the Prime Minister of Liang Wang, and Dong Zhongshu is used by Emperor Wu.In the early Han Dynasty, Confucianism still regarded teaching young nobles as its first task. When Emperor Wu came to the throne in a young age, he was determined to innovate and seek to promote rituals and music.Although the matter suffered setbacks for a while, it finally embarked on the road of revival and modernization. At this time the most important figure was Dong Zhongshu. During Emperor Wu's reign, there were important political reforms, the first of which was the establishment of Doctor of Five Classics. The doctor was far away from the Warring States Period, and Qi's "Mr. Jixia" is also a doctor.There are 70 Dr. Qin, masters of ancient and modern times, ready to ask questions.Han Chengzhi. The doctor is an official of the Taichang, who is in charge of the etiquette of the ancestral temple. Historian and doctoral officials are all Taichang, which means that the ancient "academic" was unified with "religion". Doctors have no practical political tasks, and only represent the intellectuals of the next generation of followers of the ancient aristocratic and military governments.Therefore, its nature is extremely complicated, and it can be used for divination, dreaming and divination. Qin Ting established a large prison with a doctor's discussion of politics, and Fu Sheng's disciples fled with their books in their hands.It is certainly unwise for the master to return to feudalism, but it is almost the same to regard officials as teachers, use the law as teaching, lower academics, improve laws and regulations, and teach the return to feudalism.The failure of Eastern scholars lies in pedantry, while the scholars of the Three Jin Dynasties in the Central Plains lose in urgency.Each has its strengths and weaknesses.From then until the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Ph.D.s were bleak and lifeless, and the government became less and less academic. This was Li Si's big mistake. At the invitation of Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu dismissed all schools of thought and established only a Ph. D. in the Five Classics. From then on, the post of Ph. D. was gradually liberated from alchemy, ghosts, and miscellaneous streams, and purified into a scholar specializing in the study of history and politics. The Six Classics is an ancient official book that was passed down among the people, and the Qin fire burned it endlessly.The Han Confucian so-called "understanding the classics and applying them" is to talk about politics from the past history and philosophy.The Legalists only abide by laws and regulations, while Confucian classics go a step further to explain morality.The Legalists only followed the customs and followed the old days of the Qin Dynasty, while the Confucian classics were called the ancient past and repeated three generations. Although they do not participate in actual government affairs, they often have to predict various government affairs meetings, so they will gradually have a significant impact on politics. . The second is to set up disciples for doctors. Fifty people are rated, who take classes at the age of one, and who can master more than one art, get a supplementary official.Gaudi can be a doctor. Since then, literature has gradually become an official way, replacing the previous appointment and selection, and the scholar government was formed from this. The third is the system of prefectures and state officials inspecting subordinate officials. A doctoral student who ranks first in the exam also has to make up for the officials of the county and the state, and then be promoted from the results of the official administration;This system complements doctoral disciples, resulting in the situation of the scholar-official government in the world. The fourth is to prohibit officials from operating concurrently in business and to continuously reduce mergers and acquisitions The salt and iron official selling system of the Han and Wu generations all came from this meaning.From then on, the newly emerging rich class in society gradually turned, and the figures in the legends of scholars gradually surpassed those in the legends of goods.In fact, it was a great change in the society below Emperor Wu. The fifth is to start to break the practice of conferring lords and worshiping prime ministers, so that prime ministers are not monopolized by one class. Since the Qin Dynasty, the supreme leader of the central government has been the Son of Heaven, and the person actually responsible for the administration has been the Prime Minister.In the literal sense, "Prime Minister" and "Prime Minister" both mean Vice-Second, and Prime Minister is "Deputy Son of Heaven".The emperor is hereditary, but the prime minister is not hereditary.The emperor is the leader of the whole country and cannot be easily replaced because of political responsibility; the prime minister bears the brunt of the second emperor. It is best to stick to the monarch and all the ministers are virtuous, otherwise the emperor does not need to be virtuous because of hereditary, and the prime minister is enough to make up for his shortcomings.Even if the emperor and the prime minister are not all virtuous, the prime minister can be easily placed.If so, the politics of a generation will not be corrupted.This is another characteristic of Qin Zhengzhi. In the politics of the early Han Dynasty, there were often those who were backward compared to the Qin Dynasty. For example, the prime minister must use the feudal class, which is one example.For example, Xiao He, Cao Can, Wang Ling, Chen Ping, Shen Shiqi, Zhou Bo, Guan Ying, Zhang Cang, and Shen Tujia are all soldiers.Tao Qing, Zhou Yafu, and Liu She are all heirs of meritorious officials, and they were also soldiers before them.In the early Han Dynasty, the prime minister was obviously monopolized by the military class. Gongsun Hong, the first chancellor of Emperor Wu, advanced with Confucianism in commoner clothes.First of all, soldiers and businessmen were the two major political forces, and finally, it was Yiyi scholars, which is especially evident in the spirit of turning to cultural rule. This is the most relevant one of the restoration of Han Wu Dynasty. In fact, the so-called "ancient" is not purely based on ancient times. Schools, inspections, and dismissal systems are different from the hereditary aristocratic era.Inherited by the Han Dynasty, its theories are miscellaneous from the pre-Qin scholars, but they can be seen in the chapter on Wang Zhi; Wang Zhi was written by Dr. Shi in Han Dynasty.However, the restoration and transformation of the Han and Wu Dynasties was just a brand-new opinion at that time. After Emperor Wudi, the Han government gradually changed from a combination of clans, soldiers, and merchants to a new situation in which scholars participated in politics. Gongqing court scholars, famous Confucianism came out in large numbers. Still citing the prime minister as an official, there were Wang Xin, Yang Chang and Cai Yi in Emperor Zhao's time.During Emperor Xuan's reign, there were Wei Xian, Wei Xiang, Bingji, Huang Ba, and Yu Dingguo.During the Yuan Dynasty, there were Wei Xuancheng and Kuang Heng.When proclaiming emperor, there were Wang Shang, Zhang Yu, Xue Xuan, Zhai Fangjin, and Kong Guang.During Emperor Ai's reign, there were Zhu Bo, Ping Fu, Wang Jia, Kong Guang, and Ma Gong.After Gai Xuandi, Confucianism gradually became the way.In the three dynasties of Yuan, Cheng, and Ai, all the prime ministers were great Confucianists at one time.Those who do not understand the scriptures and know each other, such as Xue Xuan, who dismissed the death because of his superficial views on the scriptures; Moreover, there are many scholars in the lower ranks of the bureaucrats. That is to say, most of the previous prime ministers came from subordinates, such as Wang Ji, Bao Xuan, Han Yanshou, Wang Zun, Gai Kuanrao, Zhuge Feng, Sun Bao, Gu Yong, and Mei Fu, all famous ministers. Scholars gradually gained status in the government, partly due to the various systems established by Dong Zhongshu and Gongsun Hong during Emperor Wu's time, and partly due to the achievements of well-educated scholars in politics, after all, they were better than noble soldiers and merchants . During the reign of Emperor Wu, Erkuan played a tribute to the court captain, and used the ancient law to resolve doubts and prisons.At the time of Emperor Zhao, Jun was not suspected to be Jing Zhaoyin, and he interrogated the puppet Crown Prince with the righteousness of the Spring and Autumn Period.During the time of Emperor Xuan, Xiao Wangzhi was the doctor of imperial history, and he used the Spring and Autumn Protestant Lord to mourn the Huns.All for a moment.When Huo Guang abolished the king of Changyi, he first asked whether there was any precedent in ancient times. It can be seen that scholars and scholars gradually gained political status and power, which was actually a natural trend at that time. Since Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, the simple peasant government representing the general civilian society has now been transformed into an educated and intellectual scholar government representing the general civilian society. Scholars gradually gain power in politics, and the political ideas they hold must gradually become effective. There are two main points in Han Confucianism's discussion of politics. One is reform and the theory of making good men. This school of theory originated from the Yin-Yang scholars in the later years of the Warring States Period, Zou Yan and Wu De finally talked about it, and Dong Zhongshu's Gongyang Chunqiu school's theory of "combining the three traditions".It generally advocates the correspondence between man and nature, and political education must change at any time. It does not believe that there is a unified dynasty for all generations, nor does it believe that there is a political system that has never changed through the ages. Based on historical concepts, they advocate the following set of processes: 1. The saint is ordered. 2. Fu Rui from the sky. 3. Tailor customization. Fourth, Feng Chan was successful. 5. The virtue of the dynasty declines, and disasters come from heaven. Sixth, the Zen Kingdom lets the virtuous. 7. The new sage is appointed. Before Emperor Wu, Han Confucianism advocated political reform; after Emperor Wu, Han Confucianism gradually advocated surrendering the country, always following the above-mentioned theory. Both Suihong and Gai Kuanrao asked the Han Dynasty to abdicate and punish them. However, Gu Yong and others still advocated the reincarnation of destiny and the decline of Han virtue, and the Han court had no way to suppress it. The second is the theory of rites and music and enlightenment. Another school of Han Confucianism believes that the greatest responsibility of politics is to promote rites and music and teach education; and the important significance of rites, music and education is to enable the people to follow an orderly and meaningful life. happy".To achieve this state, not only the imperial court should be respectful and thrifty, but also the general economic inequality in society should be adjusted. This school of theory also originated from Xunqing in the later years of the Warring States Period.Up to the Han Confucianists Jia Yi, Dong Zhongshu, down to Wang Ji, Gong Yu and so on.The former school was called "Qi Xue" in Han Dynasty, and the latter school was called "Lu Xue" in Han Dynasty.Qi's learning is wonderful, while Lu's learning is mediocre, but both have their own diseases.Qi Xueliu is grotesque, Lu Xueliu is exegetical, and the original intention of the argument is not correct, but it cannot be straight-forward. Both courage and wisdom are not enough, so it is not enough to mediate the world's fortunes, and abuses are inevitable. Wang Mang's reform by accepting Han Zen is the convergence of these two schools of thought. When Wang Mang accepted Zen, he followed the natural trend of Han Confucian political theory, and at the same time relied on the status of his relatives and Wang Mang's personal reputation. Wang Mang's aunt was Empress Xiaoyuan.After the Yuan Emperor, Cheng, Ai, and Ping all died, and Mang's fathers Feng, Yin, Shang, and Gen came to power one after another and reached Mang, and Mang's land was respected.Reckless without losing the true qualities of a scholar, governing etiquette, being respectful and thrifty, pedantic and faithful to the ancients but with great ambitions, and it fits the trend of the times.The Confucianists of the Han Dynasty gave way to the virtuous, but there was no clear system for selecting the virtuous. Wang Mang was qualified for this selection both politically and academically, so he was favored by the public at the moment. The politics of Wang Mangju and after receiving Zen, especially important ones, such as Wang Tian and the abolition of slavery, were intended to solve the annexation of the society at that time and eliminate the inequality between rich and poor, which was the common ideal of Han Confucians since Jia and Dong. Others such as "six pipes" and "five averages" are similar to those of Emperor Wu's time of salt and iron, wine, suan, and junshu.In fact, it is also a kind of so-called "national socialism" in modern times, which is still for the sake of suppression and mergers. Wang Mang has repeatedly reformed the currency, which has shaken the foundation of the folk economy and greatly disturbed the people.However, its original intention is still to achieve the goal of suppressing mergers and equalizing wealth. Wang Mang's political failure has several causes: 1. Plans that are lost too quickly and implemented without sequence. 2. It is impossible to pursue one's ideals, and there is no such thing as a political group in modern times to support their ideals. Three, being too pedantic and unreasonable. Wang Mang's politics is completely a scholarly politics. Wang Mang's failure, the political theory of reforming Zen and sages disappeared from then on, and gradually became the idea of ​​the unification of emperors for all generations.Politics only seeks to protect the safety of the royal family, and rarely pays attention to ordinary civilian life.This is not Wang Mang's personal failure, but a big failure in the evolution of Chinese history.