Chapter 31 5. Reign of Huang Lao

The Western Han Dynasty revived China from the chaos of war, and the Huns Khanate in the north rose. This behemoth continued to invade the north and west of China.In order to resist this aggression, the Western Han government launched many defensive attack wars. In the 1960s of this century (the first 2nd century), the government of the Western Han Dynasty determined that Confucianism was the only correct thought, and its influence on the Chinese people did not stop until the 20th century AD, for two thousand years. 1. In summer, on April 30, a solar eclipse. 2. In May, the government of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) pardoned the world.

3. Liu Heng (43 years old), the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (the fifth emperor of Wen Dynasty), went to Yong County (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province). 1. In spring, the first lunar month, Liu Heng (the fifth Emperor Wen) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) traveled to Longxi (Lintao County, Gansu Province). In March, Liu Heng returned to Yong County (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province). In autumn, in July, Liu Heng went to Dai State (the capital Jinyang). 1. In winter, the Xiongnu Khanate (the king’s court was located in Harhelin City, Mongolia) made a large-scale southward attack. 30,000 people invaded Shangjun (Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang’an), and 30,000 people invaded Yunzhong (Toke, Inner Mongolia). Tuo County), massacred and looted, suffered heavy losses, the war went straight to Ganquan (northwest of Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province), and the capital Chang'an (Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) was shaken. (Beacon towers are ancient man-made satellites, which are specially used to transmit military emergencies. They are radiated from the capital and lead to the frontiers or various countries respectively. At intervals of ten kilometers or fifteen kilometers, tall bunkers are built. On the bunkers In addition to soldiers taking turns to look around day and night, they also stock firewood and wolf dung. When firewood is lit at night, it is called a beacon fire; when wolf dung is lit during the day, it is called wolf smoke. It is said that the smoke of wolf dung is more cohesive and goes straight The sky is not easy to be blown away by the wind. If the enemy launches an attack, the beacon tower will ignite the beacon fire, and the news will quickly spread to the capital, and the central government can send troops to help. If the capital is in trouble, all the countries can also get the news immediately. Raise troops to serve the king.)

Emperor Liu Heng (forty-five years old) of the Western Han Dynasty (five emperors of Wen Dynasty) appointed Ling (surname) Mian, a senior state official (Chinese doctor), as a chariot general and stationed in Feihu (south of Laiyuan County, Hebei Province).Therefore, Su Yi, the prime minister (prime minister) of the state of Chu (Pengcheng, the capital), served as a general and stationed in Juzhu (25 kilometers northwest of Dai County, Shanxi Province).General Zhang Wu was stationed in Beidi (Maling Town, northwest of Qingyang, Gansu Province).Zhou Yafu, the prefect (prefect) of Hanoi County (Wuzhi County, Henan Province), also served as a general, and stationed in Xiliu (southwest of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province).Liu Li, Minister of Royal Affairs (Zongzheng), also served as a general and was stationed in Bashang (on the bank of the Dongba River in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province).Zhu Zihou Xu Li, who was also a general, was stationed at the Thorn Gate (the first gate in the west of the north of Chang'an City), and he was on strict guard.

Liu Heng Yujia personally labored the army. He first went to Bashang and Thorny Gate. As soon as the commander heard that the emperor had arrived, he immediately opened the gate and led the officers and soldiers to greet him.Liu Heng and his entourage of royal guards walked through the barracks like they were in a desert.Then, we arrived at Xiliu, the Xiliu camp. The guards were heavily guarded. The officers were wearing armor and the soldiers were fully armed. The bows were stringed and the knives were unsheathed. There was no sound.The captain of the guard of honor said: "The emperor is here!" The militia commander (Captain Du) replied: "The general (Zhou Yafu) has an order:'The army only obeys the general's order, not the edict of the emperor (Emperor Liu Heng).'" After a while , Liu Heng arrived, but still could not move forward.So he sent someone to "chijie" to tell the commander-in-chief Zhou Yafu: "I am going to work in the camp." Zhou Yafu then sent an order to open the gate.The head of the Yuanmen guard asked the royal guard: "The general has an order that you are not allowed to gallop in the barracks." So Liu Heng held the saddle and walked forward slowly.When he was about to arrive at the barracks, Zhou Yafu held a weapon in his hand, and made a bow to Liu Heng (bow, straight arms, clasped hands, moving up and down, is a kind of etiquette for treating each other as equals), and said: "A warrior in armor is not It is convenient for you to kneel down, please allow me to use the military salute to see." Liu Hengzhi was moved, his face could not help but change his seriousness, he put his hand on the front rail of the carriage, bowed slightly, and sent a message of apology, saying: "The emperor respectfully condolences the general. "Farewell after completing the ceremony.

After Yu Jia left the camp, the accompanying officials never thought that a general would dare to receive the emperor with such an attitude, and they were terrified, thinking that Liu Heng might have a severe reaction.Unexpectedly, Liu Heng said: "God, this is the real general! The armies like Bashang and Thorny Gate are just child's play. If the enemy launches a surprise attack, those generals will be captured alive. As for Zhou Yafu, who can touch him?" I can't stop admiring.More than a month later, when the Han army arrived at the frontier fortress, the Xiongnu army left early, and the Han army immediately retreated.

Liu Heng appointed Zhou Yafu as the commander (lieutenant) of the capital Chang'an Garrison. 2. In summer and April, there is severe drought and locusts are infested.Liu Heng ordered all the countries to suspend tribute, remove the ban on mountains, forests and rivers, and the people can hunt, fish, and chop firewood at any time.And reiterated the previous order: the people can buy officials and titles with grain. 1. In summer, on June 1st, Liu Heng (the fifth Emperor of Wen) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) died in Weiyang Palace.The edict said: "I heard that since everything in the world has life, it must die. Death is the natural principle of heaven and earth and the natural destination of all things. What is there to be sad? In today's world, people are happy to live and hate death, so that funerals It has become a serious extravagance and waste. People often ruin their family property in order to have a rich funeral (thick burial). In order to stay in mourning for too long (the Confucian system insists: when parents die, children have to mourn for three years, and they can only mourn every day. I can’t do any work), and my whole family’s life will be hurt. I don’t agree with this kind of practice. I lack kindness and can’t help the people. Now that I am dead, I teach the people to treat me like this. I offend the season of extreme heat and cold. Trapped in mourning and elders in pain. Food and drink are restricted during the mourning period, and even ghosts and gods are not allowed to sacrifice. This will increase my sins. How can I be worthy of the world?

"I was allowed to undertake the responsibility of protecting the ancestor worship temple (ancestral temple). With a small body, I lived above the kings of the world for more than 20 years. Thanks to the gods and gods, the country is blessed, and there is no war in the territory. Although I am not smart , but I am always afraid that my actions, or faults, will tarnish the grand kindness of the late emperor (Liu Bang). I am also afraid that my life will be too long and I will live up to this heart. Now, fortunately, I can enjoy my life and follow the spirit of the late emperor. What is there to be worth? Grief?

"I have issued an order to the officials and the people of the world: when the edict is promulgated, weeping is limited to three days, and after three days, take off the mourning clothes. The people must not be prohibited from marrying wives and daughters, and the people should not be prohibited from offering sacrifices, drinking alcohol, or eating meat. Those who cry at the sacrifice do not need to go barefoot (barefoot in ancient times means mourning). The length of the hemp scarf tied on the head and the hemp rope tied around the feet should not exceed three inches. When going out for the funeral, do not send out convoys and troops, and do not mobilize the people to Weeping in the palace. Relatives or officials who should go to the palace to cry, in groups of fifteen in the morning and evening, only cry when offering sacrifices. After the sacrifice, it should stop. Unless it is a specified time in the morning and evening, no one is allowed to cry at the altar without authorization.

"After the burial, those who should wear mourning clothes for nine months (Dagong) should wear them for fifteen days. Those who should wear mourning clothes for five months (Xiaogong) should wear them for fourteen days. Those who should wear mourning clothes for three months (Jianma) , change it to seven days, and take it off at the end of the period. (The funeral is the most important ceremony of the Confucian school. Its complexity and precision can be compared with the latest space technology. Only one mourning dress is full of tricks. Scholars and experts have studied it for three years and it is not necessarily clear. It is roughly: according to the blood relationship, it is divided into five classes, and the fifth class mourning clothes are called "five clothes". Be the king, the wife is the husband, the king of the country is the emperor, wear raw linen mourning clothes, do not sew the hem, and keep the mourning for three years. The second level is the most important, "Qi Decay", grandchildren are grandparents, husbands are wives, and married daughters are parents , wear cooked linen mourning clothes, hemming, mourning for three years and March respectively. The third intermediate level, "Great Gong", for cousins, cousins, and married daughters as uncles and uncles, wearing plain coarse white mourning clothes, mourning for September. The fourth grade is the lightest, "Xiao Gong", for great-grandparents, uncles, and great-uncles, wearing ordinary fine white mourning clothes, and mourning in May. Fine-quality white cloth mourning clothes, mourning in March. Refer to 574). If there is no clear regulation in this edict, it will be handled in accordance with the clear regulations, and it will be announced to the world so that the people know my decision. Baling (Xi'an, Shaanxi Province East of the city, where Liu Heng’s tomb is located. Refer to 178 BC) Mountains and Rivers, remain the same, don’t change. My concubines, from ‘Madame’ to ‘Shaoshi’, will be sent back to their natal homes.” (Ex. At the beginning of the second century, in the era of Liu Heng and Liu Qi, the court concubines of the Western Han Dynasty were compiled and divided into seven levels: the first level "madam", compared to the prime minister, compared to the prince. The second level "beauty", compared to Shangqing, compared to the noble Liehou. The third level of "good man", the rank is two thousand stones higher than that of the middle, and the rank is higher than that of Guanneihou. The fourth level is "eight sons", the rank is two thousand stones higher than the real one, and the rank is higher than the grand master. The fifth level is "seven sons", The position is higher than that of two thousand stones, and the rank is higher than that of the young master. The sixth level of "long envoy" is higher than that of a thousand stones, and the rank of a noble is higher than that of the middle. It’s not limited to one person, depending on the emperor’s pleasure, you can have as many as you want.)

On June 7th, Liu Heng was buried in Ba Ling. During the twenty-three years of Liu Heng's reign, there was no addition to the palace, gardens, chariots, or clothing.If it is necessary to build and supplement it, it is better to let it be abandoned than to disturb the people.Once he planned to build a terrace and taught the engineers to estimate the price. He needed 2,400 taels of gold. Liu Heng was surprised and said: "This amount is the property of ten middle-class families. I inherited the palace of the late emperor (Liu Bang) and often I don’t think it’s worthy, why do you want a terrace?” Usually she only wears black silk.The most beloved Mrs. Shen, the length of the clothes never dragged to the ground, and there was never embroidery on the bed curtain.Use a simple life to set an example for the world.In the construction of the Baling tomb, all the buried objects are pottery products, and gold, silver, copper, tin and the like are not allowed.Follow the shape of the hills, dig holes, and don't increase the height.Liu Bi, king of Wu (capital Guangling), pretended to be ill and did not come to court, so Liu Heng gave him a coffee table and a walking stick.Senior officials such as Yuan An often spoke bluntly without mercy, and Liu Heng always adopted them.When the bribery case of Zhang Wu and others happened, Liu Heng added extra rewards, which made him feel guilty.Concentrate on educating the people with kindness, so the world is peaceful, every family is prosperous, and everyone is rich. Few kings in later generations can compare with him.

Bo Yang said: In Chinese history, Liu Heng belongs to the first-rate kings.Long-term turmoil and massacres one after another, in the hands of Liu Heng, the dust settled and the people finally got peace.And his simple life is indeed the best example for the contemporary generation.The thick burial has been deeply rooted since ancient times, and Liu Heng has made a breakthrough measure that has been appreciated by all people.He asked for a thin burial and shortened the mourning time.Just because the death of an emperor is much more serious than the death of a pig, apart from related relatives and officials, even civilians have to suffer bad luck.The emperor's funeral is called "national mourning". During the national mourning period, the people are not allowed to act, drink, get married, get a haircut, or even smile. .If you dare to refuse, you will provoke a hornet, and you will either die or be injured. From Liu Heng's will, it can be found that there are not many people who are single-minded in mourning and crying. In order to support the scene, the government had to force civilians to "spontaneously" cry in the palace.Ethics and power force people to cheat, and Liu Heng forbids them one by one.However, in the long history that followed, the old problems of the ruling class continued to break out. Although there were people who advocated light burials, the result was still heavy burials. The sentiment of worshiping ancestors made sons feel that it would be unfilial if they did not stay in mourning for a long time; Some people think that if they don't make a lot of noise, they are disloyal.As a result, there were a lot of jokes, and the funeral became a funny drama with drums and drums, neither serious nor sad. 2. On June 9th, Crown Prince Liu Qi (32 years old this year) succeeded to the throne (sixth Emperor Jing), honored Empress Dowager Ms. Bo became Empress Dowager, and Empress Dou became Empress Dowager. 3. In September, the star Porpoise appears in the western sky. 4. This year (157 years ago) Wu Zhu, the king of Changsha (the capital Linxiang), died without a son, and the feudal state was abolished. At the beginning, Liu Bang (Gaozu) deeply respected Wu Rui, the king of Changsha (Wen Wang), and issued an edict to the supervisor (censor): "The king of Changsha is loyal and loyal, and he is authorized to maintain the kingship, and it is clearly announced." (Western Han Dynasty non-surname It is a special phenomenon that Liu's can't be named king, but Wu's surname can be named king.) When Liu Ying (the second Emperor Hui), Liu Gong (the third former Shaodi), and Liu Hong (the fourth later Shaodi), Wu Rui's two concubine sons were made marquises, and the throne was passed on for several generations, and only the first sons were extinct. 1. In winter, in October, Shen Tujia, the Prime Minister (Prime Minister) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an), said: "There is no greater contribution than Emperor Gao (Liu Bang), and more grace than Emperor Xiaowen (Liu Heng). Therefore, it is recommended that Emperor Gao sacrifice The name of the temple is 'Taizu', and the name of the temple worshiped by Emperor Xiaowen is 'Taizong'. The son of heaven should sacrifice to 'Taizu' from generation to generation, and the heads of all feudal states and localities should worship 'Taizong'." The regime is called "Zong". But the emperor who has made great contributions to the temple is sometimes called "Zu".) Emperor (Emperor Jing) Liu Qi (33 years old this year) commented: "Yes." 2. In summer, on April 22, forgive the world. 3. The government of the Western Han Dynasty sent Tao Qing, the chief inspector (censor doctor), to Daijun (Yuxian County, Hebei Province) to contact the Huns Khanate (the royal court was located in Harhelin City, Mongolia) to seek reconciliation. In 4 and May, the collection of half of the people's land tax was resumed (in the first 168 years, the collection was reduced by half. In the first 167 years, all were exempted), and the ordinary tax rate was set at one-thirtieth. 5. At the beginning, Emperor Wen Liu Heng abolished corporal punishment (refer to 167 years ago), on the surface, it seemed to reduce the punishment, but in essence it was more cruel, not only could not save people, but killed people.Whoever should have his right toe cut off shall surely be put to death.If the left toe should be cut off, five hundred canes should be used instead.Those whose noses should be cut off shall be whipped three hundred times with canes instead.No one can bear it anymore, the whipping is not over, and the person has died.This year (156 years ago), Liu Qi issued an edict: "There is no difference between whipping and death penalty. Fortunately, he did not die. He has been disabled and cannot move for life. Now it is stipulated that those who should be beaten with 500 lashes should be reduced to 300 lashes." .Those who deserve three hundred lashes shall be reduced to two hundred lashes." 6. Appoint Zhou Ren, a middle-level state official (Taizhong doctor), as the commander of the palace guard (Lang Zhongling), and Zhang Ou as the minister of justice (Ting Wei).Liu Li, the son of Liu Jiao, the king of Chu (Yuan) (capital Pengcheng), served as the Minister of Royal Affairs (Zong Zheng).The senior state official (Zhong Dafu) Chao (pronounced chao) made a mistake and became the special mayor (internal history) of Chang'an, the capital. When Liu Qi was the crown prince, Zhou Ren served as an attendant of the crown prince (Prince Sheren). He was honest and prudent, and was deeply loved by Liu Qi.Zhang Ou is also working in the uterus. Although he is proficient in laws and regulations, he is loyal.Liu Qi also respected them very much and promoted them to ministerial level (Jiuqing) senior officials.When Zhang Ou was a judge, he had never tortured anyone. He was sincere and magnanimous in his official position. His subordinates also regarded him as a honest elder and dared not do big deceptions. 1. In winter, in December, there will be a star in the southwest sky. 2. Emperor (Emperor Jing) Liu Qi (34 years old) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) ordered that all men in the world should start to serve hard labor and serve as government servants when they reach the age of 20. (It was originally stipulated that men did not start to perform hard labor and become officials until they were 23 years old, but now it is earlier.) 3. In spring, on March 26th, Liu Qifeng's prince Liu De became the king of Hejian (the capital Lecheng), Liu Yan became the king of Linjiang (the capital Jiangling), Liu Yu became the king of Huaiyang (the capital Chenxian), and Liu Yu became the king of Huaiyang (the capital Chenxian). Fei was the king of Runan (the capital of Pingyu), Liu Pengzu was the king of Guangchuan (the capital of Xindu), and Liu Fa was the king of Changsha (the capital of Linxiang). 4. In summer, on April 25th, Ms. Bo, the Empress Dowager, passed away. 5. In June, Prime Minister (Prime Minister) Shen Tujia passed away. At that time, Chao Cuo, the special mayor (internal historian) of Chang'an, the capital, often asked the emperor to summon him alone, but Liu Qi did not allow it.Favored and honored, more than nine ministers (nine ministers in the early Western Han Dynasty: 1. Minister of Sacrifice, 2. Commander of the Palace Guard, 3. Commander of Imperial City Security, 4. Minister of Communications, 5. Minister of Justice, 6. Director of Foreign Officials and People's Reception , Seven, the Minister of Royal Affairs, Eight, the Minister of Food, Nine, the Minister of Court Supplies), the decree is constantly changing.Shen Tujia was dwarfed by comparison, and Liu Qi didn't adopt any of his suggestions, so he hated Chao Cuo deeply.It just so happened that Chao Cuo was the special mayor of Chang'an, the capital, and he had to make a detour from his home to the city hall after leaving the gate.Chao Cuo opened another door on the south wall, but outside the wall is the room outside the wall of Liu Bang's (Gaozu) father Liu Zhijia's sacrificial temple (Taishang Huang Temple).The opportunity for revenge came, and Shen Tujia impeached Chao Cuo for "passing through the wall of the Supreme Emperor's Temple" and demanded that he be executed.Before he could act, the news leaked out, and Chao Cuo broke into a cold sweat, and went to the palace overnight to see Liu Qi and surrendered himself.In the early morning of the next day, Shen Tujia presented a memorial, please kill Chao Cuo.Liu Qi said: "What Chao Cuo wears is not really the wall (temple wall) of the Taishanghuang (Liu Zhijia)'s temple, but the space outside the wall (ridge wall). It doesn't matter if some idle officials live there. Moreover, this is my What you ordered him to do has nothing to do with him." Shen Tujia took a sap and apologized to Liu Qi.After the early court, Shen Tujia said to his secretary-general (Chang Shi): "I regret that I didn't kill Chao Cuo first, and then report to him. I jumped into his trap." rise.And Chao Cuo became more noble because of this. 6. In autumn, the Han Dynasty reconciled with the Huns Khanate again. 7. On August 1st (the original text is "Ding Wei", there is no Ding Wei in August, however, the incident happened two days ago, of course it was one day), Liu Qizheng was promoted to the Supreme Supervisor (Censor Doctor) Kaifeng Hou Taoqing succeeded as Prime Minister (Prime Minister). On August 2, Chao Cuo, the special mayor of Chang'an, the capital, was promoted to be the chief supervisor (doctor Yushi). 8. A comet appeared in the northeast sky. 9. In autumn, hailstones fell from the sky on Mount Heng (Huoshan, southwest of Huoshan County, Anhui Province). The hail was as big as five inches and penetrated two feet into the ground. 10. Celestial phenomena: Mars (Yinghuo) suddenly moves in the opposite direction, approaching the North Star (Beichen); the moon appears around the North Star.Jupiter (year star) moves in the opposite direction and enters the Taiwei constellation. (Ancient Chinese astrologers believed that Polaris and Taiwei Star symbolized the throne of the king on the earth, and his dignity was inviolable. If other stars approached, passed through or entered, it would indicate that there would be incidents of rebellion. But we don’t know how to pass through or Enter, pending instructions from the astronomer.) 11. Liu Wu, King of Liang (Xiao) (capital Suiyang), is especially favored because he is the youngest son of Empress Dowager Dou.Liang State (capital Suiyang) governs more than forty counties and has the most fertile farmland in the world.The rewards given to him by the central government are too numerous to count.There are tens of millions of money in the warehouse, and there are more jewels and treasures than the emperor's brother Liu Qi.In the country, the East Garden (Dongyuan) was built, with a radius of more than three hundred miles, and the capital Suiyang City was expanded to a radius of seventy miles.Palaces and double-deck roads were built extensively, connecting the platforms from the palace (10 kilometers east of Suiyang City, Liu Wu's palace), which is more than 30 miles long.Widely invite heroes from all directions, such as Mei Cheng and Yan Ji from Wu State (capital Guangling), Yang Sheng, Gongsun Gui, and Zou Yang from Qi State (capital Linzi), and Sima Xiangru from Shu County (Chengdu City, Sichuan Province) All of them are his guests. Every time Liu Wu visited Chang'an, Liu Qi sent envoys "Chijie" to Hangu Pass (northeast of Lingbao County, Henan Province) to greet him with the emperor's vehicle guards.After arriving in Chang'an, I was very lucky.When he entered the palace to meet the emperor, he and Liu Qi rode in a chariot; when he went out of the palace to go hunting in the Royal Garden (Shanglin Garden), he rode in a chariot with Liu Qi.Therefore, he asked to stay in Chang'an for half a year.Liang's royal attendants (servants), imperial guards (langs), and royal concierges (visitors) entered and left the palace, and they were no different from officials of the same position in the central government. 1. In winter, in October, Liu Wu, King Liang (Xiao) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) (capital Suiyang) made a pilgrimage to the capital Chang'an.At this time, Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty (Emperor Jing) Liu Qi (35 years old this year) had not yet appointed a prince.One day, when the two brothers had a banquet, Liu Qi calmly said, "After I die, I will pass on the throne to you." Liu Wu hastily declined. Although he knew that the words were not serious, he was secretly happy. secretly happy.Dou Ying, the head of the empress palace (Zhan Shi), punished Liu Qi with a glass of wine, and said: "The world belongs to Gaozu (Liu Bang). According to the regulations, it must be passed on from father to son. This is the law of the Western Han Dynasty. How can your majesty have the right to pass the throne to Liang?" King (Liu Wu)?" Empress Dowager Dou hated Dou Ying because of this, and declared that Dou Ying was sick, removed him from office, revoked his qualifications (door registration) to enter and leave the palace, and was not allowed to make pilgrimage.This made Liu Wu even more proud. 2. In spring, on the twenty-second day of the first lunar month, the sentence was commuted. 3. The long star (a kind of comet, symbolizing war) appeared in the western sky. 4. The East Palace (the palace built by Liu Bang) in Luoyang (to the east of Dongbaima Temple, Luoyang City, Henan Province) caught fire. 5. At the beginning, when Liu Heng, the fifth emperor (Emperor Wen), was in power, Liu Xian, the prince of Wu (Guangling, the capital), came to Chang'an to meet.He ate wine and gambled with Liu Qi, who was still the prince at the time.Liu Xian competed for victory at the gambling table, with bad words and a bad attitude. Liu Qi picked up the gambling board and threw it at Liu Xian. Liu Xian died on the spot.The central government sent his coffin back for burial. When the coffin arrived in Wu, King Liu Bi of Wu said angrily, "Our surname Liu is all one family. If we die in Chang'an, we will be buried in Chang'an. Why bother?" The coffin was sent back and buried in Chang'an. After that, Liu Bi began to disobey the etiquette that should be observed in the feudal state, claiming to be sick, and never went to Chang'an to see him.The central government knew the reason, and immediately arrested Wu's envoys and confirmed the interrogation. Liu Bi was frightened, so he raised the intention of rebellion.Later, Liu Bi sent envoys to Chang'an to meet with him in autumn on his behalf.Liu Heng personally checked, and the envoy of Wu State said: "My king is not actually sick. It is only because the central government arrested and interrogated the envoys of Wu State several times. The king was afraid and had to pretend to be sick. However, the proverb says: 'Smart enough to It is not a good thing to be able to see the fish in the deep sea.' (metaphor that the emperor should not explore the privacy of his subjects, otherwise the subjects will be overly fearful and will surely change.) I beg Your Majesty to forgive his past mistakes so that he can start over." So Liu Heng pardoned all the captured envoys of Wu State, sent them back, and gave Liu Bi a coffee table and walking stick.Considering his old age, he is specially allowed not to perform Hajj.Since the king of Wu was free from condemnation, the plot was suspended. However, in Liu Bi's feudal country, the common people did not pay any taxes because they owned copper mines that could be used to make money and salt that was necessary for people's livelihood.All those recruited to serve in the frontier will be paid by the Wu government. (Western Han dynasty system: Those who do not want to serve as soldiers can pay to hire someone to replace them, or pay the money to the government to be recruited by the government. In order to win the hearts of the people, Liu Bi, for those who serve as soldiers, whether they serve themselves or serve on behalf of others, Fees are paid.) During festivals (Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, etc.), there are condolences for domestic talents, and rewards for ordinary neighbors.Liu Bi blatantly refused when other security personnel from other feudal states or other counties came to Wu to hunt down fugitives.This situation has been going on for more than forty years. Chao Cuo repeatedly wrote letters, advising Liu Heng to take advantage of Liu Bi's continuous crimes and reduce the size of the small Wu State.Liu Heng was lenient and couldn't bear to do this, so Wu Guo became even more arrogant. When Liu Qi came to the throne, Chao Cuo made another suggestion, saying: "At the beginning, Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) pacified the world. Because there were too few brothers and his sons were young, when he enfeoffed his relatives, he enfeoffed a large country. Qi State (the capital of Linzi) ) more than 70 counties (under the jurisdiction of Linzi County, Jibei County, Boyang County, Chengyang County, Jiaodong County, Jiaoxi County, and Langye County), Chu State (capital Pengcheng) more than 40 counties (under the jurisdiction of Pengcheng County, Donghai County, Xue County), more than 50 counties in Wu State (jurisdiction over Dongyang County, Wu County, and Zhang County). The monarchs of these three feudal states were either bastards or Shu clans, but half of the world was divided. Now Liu Bi hates him because of his title. According to the ancient law, the death of his son, pretending to be sick and not coming to court, should be executed. The first emperor (Liu Heng) could not bear to do that, but instead rewarded him with a tea table and a walking stick. His kindness is too generous. It is reasonable for him to reflect on himself and reform himself. New, unexpectedly, it made him even more arrogant. He opened mines to make money, boiled sea water to make salt, lured desperadoes from all over the world, and conspired to rebel. Of course he rebelled against reducing his land; even if his land was not reduced, he would rebel. Now If he acts now, he will react quickly, but the disaster will be small; if he does not act now, he will be late, but the disaster will be great." Liu Qi ordered high-level officials (gongqing), marquises, and royal families (clan) to participate in the discussion. No one dared to oppose Chao Cuo's suggestion. Only Dou Ying thought it was not the case, and Jian refused to agree. There is a grudge. 6. Liu Wu (sound wu), the king of Chu (Pengcheng), the king of Chu, came to court in Chang'an, and Chao Cuo impeached Liu Wu: Last year (155 years ago), the empress dowager Ms. Bo passed away. During the funeral, he slept with a woman in a private house. beheaded according to the law.Liu Qi ordered the death penalty to be pardoned, but only Donghai County (Tancheng County, Shandong Province) was cut off.Therefore, Chao Cuo started a series of crackdowns, tracking down Liu Sui, the king of Zhao (the capital of Handan) the year before last (156 years ago), who made mistakes (no mistakes were pointed out), and cut off Changshan County (Zhengding County, Hebei Province).Then track down Liu Ang (sound ang), the king of Jiaoxi (capital Gaomi), who committed fraud and fraud in the event of selling officials by the executive government, and cut off six counties (later changed to Beihai County). A series of vigorous and resolute measures to reduce the land of the closed country caused shock.Central decision-making is the most obvious.In fact, the central government is also discussing how to deal with Wu.Liu Bi, king of Wu, was greatly alarmed, fearing that it would happen to him, so he plotted again.However, Liu Bi found that no one in Fengguo could discuss major issues.I heard that Liu Ang, king of Jiaoxi, was brave and resourceful, and loved the art of war. Other feudal states were a little afraid of him.Therefore, Liu Bi sent Ying Gao, a senior state official of the state of Wu (Zhong Dafu), to visit Jin.Ying Gao said to Liu Ang: "The emperor (Liu Qi) appointed treacherous evil (Chao Cuo), listened to slander, cut down the land of the feudal country, punished and punished kind and honest loyal cadres, and the scope of attack was expanding day by day. Things, after eating the chaff, we have to eat rice.' Wu (Liu Bi) and Jiaoxi (Liu Ang) are both well-known feudal states. Once we are suspected, we will no longer be free. Wu Wang (Liu Bi) Suffering from a secret disease (although the appearance is strong, but the inside is sick), he cannot go to Chang'an for pilgrimage. For more than 20 years, he has been living in suspicion and cannot defend himself. He shrugs his shoulders and dare not raise his arms; and writes Two feet, dare not take a step forward: work hard, still afraid of not being let go. I heard that the king was condemned because of his official title. As far as I know, such a small crime should not be punished so severely. Their purpose , I’m afraid it’s not just cutting your land.” Liu Ang said: "If this is possible, what should we do?" Ying Gao said: "The king of Wu has the same worries as the king. He is willing to adapt to the current situation, sacrifice his body, and eradicate disasters for the world. What is the king's plan?" Liu Ang said Terrified, his face turned pale, and he shouted: "How dare I do this? Although the emperor (Liu Qi) uses strict methods, at most he will kill me, how can he rebel?" Ying Gao said: "The supreme supervisor (doctor Yushi) Chao Cuo It was all his idea to confuse the emperor and seize the land of the feudal country! The anger of the monarchs has reached the extreme, and they all have attempts to betray. They have exhausted all methods and cannot be avoided. Moreover, comets appear, locusts are everywhere, and the hearts of the people have been shaken. The most rare opportunity in all ages. When the people complained, it was the time when the sage stepped forward. The King of Wu issued a proclamation demanding that Chao Cuo be killed, and at the same time dispatched the army to follow the king. Flying into space and protecting the world. Wherever the army goes, everything will be surrendered; when an attack is launched, everything will be reversed. At this time, who dares to refuse? If the king can really make a promise in good faith, there will be a new situation. The king of Wu should lead the king of Chu (Liu Wu) to attack Hangu Pass (northeast of Lingbao County, Henan Province). However, defending Xingyang (Xingyang County, Henan Province), capturing Ao Cang (Bei Ao Mountain Granary, Xingyang County), guarding against sneak attacks by central troops, and building and maintaining post stations must be led by the king If the king promises, the world can be annexed. Then, wouldn’t it be a great feat for the king of Wu to divide the country with the king?" Liu Ang was persuaded by him, and replied: "That's the decision." Ying Gao rewarded Liu Bi, Liu Bi Still afraid that Liu Ang would not be decisive enough, he pretended to be an envoy of the State of Wu and went to Jiaoxi (Gaomi, the capital) to visit Liu Ang in person and discuss face to face.The officials of Jiaoxi Kingdom had heard the news to some extent, and they were greatly shocked. They advised Liu Ang: "All the feudal lands add up to only two-tenths of the country's land. Once the army rebelled, it would only make the Queen Mother (Liu Ang's mother) worry." It is not the best policy. It is still so difficult to serve an emperor (Liu Qi), and even if the matter succeeds in the future, if the two masters fight, the disaster may be even greater." Liu Ang refused to obey, and sent secret envoys to Qi States, Suichuan State (capital Ju County), Jiaodong State (capital Jimo), Jinan State (capital Dongpingling), all countries agreed to launch. 7. In the beginning, Liu Jiao, the first king (Yuan Wang) of Chu State (capital Pengcheng), loved reading. When he was young, he worshiped Fu Qiubo (Fu Qiubo) with three friends, Mr. Lu Guoshen, Mr. Mu, and Mr. Bai (both unknown). Qiu, compound surname) is a teacher and a classmate.Later, Liu Jiao made the king of Chu and appointed three senior state officials (Zhong Dafu).Mr. Mu never drank alcohol. Whenever there was a banquet, Mr. Liu Jiao would put a glass of sweet wine in front of him.After Liu Jiao's death, his son Liu Yingke succeeded to the throne (the second king of Yi), and it was still the same.After Liu Yingke's death, his grandson Liu Wu succeeded to the throne (the third current king). At first, this has always been the case, but later he forgot about it.Mr. Mu withdrew from the table and said, "You can go. If you don't serve sweet wine, it means that the king (Liu Wu) has slack off. If you don't go, he will lock me up on the street for public display." Then he claimed to be ill and was bedridden . Mr. Shen and Mr. Bai advised him not to do this, saying: "Don't we miss Liu Jiao's kindness? Liu Wu once in a while made a small disrespect, why bother to make such a fuss?" Mr. Mu said: "There is a saying: 'Seeing the opportunity The person is simply a god! Opportunity is the subconsciousness that triggers action and the omen of good or bad. A learned person makes a decision immediately once he has insight, and does not wait until it is too late. "Liu Jiao and his son respected the three of us. , It’s because the morality is still there. Liu Wu ignored it, it’s the morality has been exhausted. How can a person who has no morality get along with him for a long time? Is it just because of a small lack of etiquette?” Finally resigned and left.Mr. Shen and Mr. Bai didn't believe there would be bad consequences, so they stayed. Liu Wu was a little older, licentious and violent, and the prince's master (Teacher) Wei Meng did not dare to speak out and teach, but only dared to write poems to persuade him vaguely, but Liu Wu ignored him. As a result, Wei Meng resigned and went to Lang County (southeast of Zou County, Shandong Province) settle down.This time, because Chu State was reduced by the central government, it conspired with Wu State.Mr. Shen and Mr. Bai tried to dissuade them, but Liu Wu hadn't noticed them for a long time, so he took the opportunity to turn his face.They were ordered to do hard labor, with ropes tied around their necks and wearing earth-red coarse cloth prison clothes, and they were led to the street to pound rice.His uncle Xiuhou Liu Fu sent someone to persuade him. Liu Wu said, "If my uncle doesn't join the army, I will kill my uncle first when I raise an army." Liu Fu was frightened, took his mother and slipped away, and went to Chang'an. 8. The central government finally cut down to the state of Wu and ordered to take back the two counties of Kuaiji (Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province) and Yuzhang (should be Zhang County. Yuzhang County belonged to Lujiang State at this time). When the imperial edict arrived, Wu Wang Liu Bi rebelled and executed all officials below the county chief level (two thousand shi) sent by the central government to Wu.Jiaoxi Kingdom, Jiaodong Kingdom, Suichuan Kingdom, Jinan Kingdom, Chu Kingdom, and Zhao Kingdom, seven countries raised their troops to respond at the same time. The Prime Minister of Chu State (Prime Minister) Zhang Shang, and the Master of the Prince (Taifu) Zhao Yiwu tried their best to dissuade King Liu Wu of Chu, who beheaded them.Prime Minister Jiande (surname unknown) and Secretary-General (internal historian) Wang Han also dissuaded Zhao Wang Liu Sui, who burned them alive. 9. Liu Jianglu, king of Qi (filial piety), suddenly regretted for some unknown reason, refused to act, and ordered the city to be closed for security.However, the city wall of Jibei Kingdom (the capital of Luxian County) was ruined and was being repaired. The commander of the palace guard (Lang Zhongling) hijacked Liu Zhi, the king of Jibei, and was not allowed to respond.Liu Ang, King of Jiaoxi, and Liu Xiongqu, King of Jiaodong, acted as marshals and led the troops to assemble the troops of Suichuan and Jinan to jointly attack Qi and encircle Linzi (the capital of Qi, East Linzi Town, Zibo City, Shandong Province).Liu Sui, king of Zhao, sent troops westward to the border, waiting for the armies of Wu and Chu to attack at the same time.On the one hand, they sent envoys to the Huns Khanate (the royal court set up the city of Harhelin in Mongolia) to ask for assistance. King Liu Bi of Wu mobilized all the armed forces and issued an order: "I am sixty-two years old, and I will personally lead the army. The youngest son is only fourteen years old, and he will also take the lead. The older ones are equal to me; the younger ones are like me. People who are equal to my youngest son will all go to the battlefield." There are more than 200,000 people in total.Send envoys to Minyue Kingdom (capital Dongye) and Donghai Kingdom (capital Dongou), both kingdoms sent troops to participate in the war. The Wu army set out from the capital Guangling, crossed the Huai River westward, and joined the Chu army.Published a proclamation to the feudal states, accused Chao Cuo of crimes, and demanded that Chao Cuo be killed.The allied forces of Wu and Chu entered Liang State (the capital Suiyang), captured Jibi (northwest of Yongcheng County, Henan Province), and beheaded tens of thousands of Liang soldiers.Liu Wu, the king of Liang, sent his generals to fight, and the Wu-Chu allied forces attacked again. The Liang army was defeated again, and the soldiers broke up and could not gather.刘武急闭睢阳（梁国首府·河南省商丘县）城门，登城坚守。 10、当初，五任帝（文帝）刘恒逝世时，告诉当时还是太子的刘启说：“如果发生巨变，可任命周亚夫当统帅。”等到七国发布起兵文告，刘启遂擢升首都长安警备区司令（中尉）周亚夫，当全国武装部队总司令（太尉），率领三十六位将军，迎战吴楚联军。派曲周侯郦寄（这个侯爵跟犹大的三十两纹银一样，大概是卖友求荣换来的），攻击赵军。派将军栾布，攻击齐国地区（指故齐王国土地上的胶东国、胶西国、济南国、菑川国）。征召窦婴，命他担任全国最高统帅（大将军），进驻荥阳（河南省荥阳县），监视故齐国地区（山东省）诸国跟赵国军事行动。 11、最初，晁错所更改的法令多达三十种，各封国的反应十分激动。晁错的老爹从故乡颍川（河南省禹州市）到长安，质问说：“皇上刚刚登基，你掌握大权，第一件事就是削减封国的国土，离间疏远人家的骨肉（皇帝跟各封国亲王，原是叔侄兄弟一家人），所有的怨恨，都集中在你一个人身上，你为的是什么？”晁错说：“你说得对，可是，不这样的话，中央政府没有尊严，皇家不能平安。”晁老爹说：“姓刘的平安了，姓晁的可陷入危境。我就要走了，离开你这位贵官。”回家之后，服毒自杀，临死时说：“我不愿灾祸加到我身上。”死后十余日，吴楚等七个封国，联合叛变，指名要求中央政府诛杀晁错。 刘启跟晁错磋商军事行动，晁错建议刘启御驾亲征，而自己留守长安，又建议把徐县（江苏省泗洪县南）、僮县（安徽省泗县东北）一带吴楚联军还没有攻下的地方，划归吴国。刘启大为惊骇。 晁错跟吴国宰相袁盎，互相仇视，晁错所在的地方，袁盎总是躲开；袁盎所在的地方，晁错也从不去，两人没有在一起说过话。晁错当了最高监察长（御史大夫）之后，就派人调查袁盎收受吴王刘濞贿赂的事情，证据确凿，依法应处死刑。刘启下令赦免，只把袁盎贬作平民。吴楚等七国既反，晁错准备趁机再打击袁盎，对总监察官（丞）和监察官（史）说：“袁盎收了刘濞很多的金银财宝，专门替他说话，蒙蔽皇上（刘启），誓言刘濞绝不会叛变。而今刘濞竟然叛变，我打算把袁盎定罪，相信袁盎一定参与刘濞们的阴谋。”总监察官（丞）和监察官（史）说：“叛变没有公开时，惩治袁盎，可能断绝刘濞的叛变念头。而今刘濞大军已经发动，杀掉袁盎，有什么补益？而且，袁盎只不过贪财而已，不可能参与。”晁错犹豫不决。而这时，已有人密报袁盎。 袁盎面对满门抄斩的情势，惊慌恐惧。星夜拜访窦婴，对吴国叛变的原因，做一分析，愿晋见皇帝（刘启），当面陈述。窦婴入宫向刘启报告，刘启答应。袁盎遂即入宫晋见，当时，刘启正跟晁错讨论后方勤务及军队粮秣如何调度问题。刘启问说：“而今吴楚反叛，你有什么看法？”袁盎说：“用不着忧虑！”刘启说：“刘濞有矿山可以铸钱、海水可以制盐，集结天下英雄豪杰，在头发已白时才举大事。如果没有周密的计划，岂敢发动？怎么能不忧虑？”袁盎说：“吴国诚然有铸钱、制盐的财源，可是并没有被引诱上钩的英雄豪杰。假令有英雄豪杰，一定会辅佐刘濞走上正道，就不会叛变。吴国所引诱的，不过地痞流氓、无赖亡命跟一些铸钱工人而已。”晁错认为袁盎倒向自己这一边，在旁插嘴说：“袁盎的判断正确。”刘启说：“那么，我们用什么办法对付？”袁盎说：“请求陛下屏退左右，单独听取我的意见。”刘启命左右侍卫退出正殿，只留下晁错。袁盎说：“我的报告，做臣属的不应该知道。”刘启就教晁错也退出正殿。晁错只好退到正殿东厢房，心里兴起怨恨。 晁错退出之后，刘启问袁盎的建议。袁盎说：“吴楚两国发表文告，声称：高皇帝（刘邦）封子弟们当王，各有固定的疆界。而奸臣晁错，擅自处分各国王侯，削减各国土地，所以被迫起兵。大军西上，只在诛杀晁错，恢复失土，一旦达到这两项目的，自然班师。现在唯一的办法，只有牺牲晁错，派使节赦免吴楚等七国，把原削减的土地，归还他们，不必流血，就能重获和平。”刘启听了之后，沉默不语，很久之后，说：“但不知他们是不是诚意？我不会因为爱一个人，而得罪天下所有的人。”袁盎说：“我的意见是这样，请陛下深思。”刘启遂任命袁盎当祭祀部长（奉常），秘密整装，前往吴国。 十余日后，刘启命宰相（丞相）陶青、首都长安警备区司令（中尉）嘉（姓不详）、司法部长（廷尉）张欧，联名弹劾晁错：“一切行为，不符合领袖的恩德信义，打算使领袖疏远群臣跟全国人民，又打算把城市割给吴国，失去臣属的立场，大逆不道。晁错应腰斩，父母、妻子、同母的兄弟姐妹，无论老幼，应全体绑赴街市处决。”刘启批：“可。”晁错一点消息都不知道，还在为前方军事尽力。正月二十九日，刘启命首都长安警备区司令嘉，传话晁错入宫晋见。一同乘车，穿过街市。就在街头，晁错仍穿着朝服，被武士摔下，拦腰砍断而死。刘启遂派袁盎，跟刘濞的侄儿、皇族事务部长（宗正）德侯刘通，出使吴国。 *班固曰： 晁错为国家谋取安定，锐于任事，而看不见自身的危险。只有老爹看到这种危险，先行自杀，却不能拯救全家性命。比起赵括的老娘，竟能保全宗族（参考前二六〇年），自然不如。不过，晁错虽然下场凄惨，但世人悲怜他的忠心。 Bo Yang said: 人称晁错是“智囊”，看他种种方略，确实是“智囊”；唯一的遗憾是他的胸襟太窄、器宇太小，指尖刚触到权力，便急吼吼公报私仇，要把对方满门抄斩。政治家必须有三分混沌，才能把反对力量稀释到最低限度，一定要把账算得清清楚楚，去年张三瞪了我一眼，前年李四踢了我一脚，对方为了自保，自不得不奋起反击。反击失败，不会有再大的损失；反击成功，晁错便是一个榜样。他如果不先向袁盎下手，袁盎何至狗急跳墙。政治家固然不能没有敌人，但绝不故意制造敌人。 正因晁错不是一位政治家，所以才建议皇帝出去打仗而由他自己坐镇京师，把皇帝置于险境而自己稳享太平，可谓荒唐得离谱。刘邦可以出征，而请萧何留守，但那要出自他的自愿，刘启不过一个嫩娃儿，他怎有那么大的胆量？至于忽然又要割两个城市给吴国，事属蹊跷。我认为那可能是晁错的一种谋略，而被刘启断章取义。但不管怎么吧，晁错显然临危已乱。叶公以画龙闻名于世，一旦真龙驾到，几乎把他吓死。晁错在文字上预卜吴国必反，看起来心有定见，一旦吴国真的起兵，面对那么多复杂难题，其中最可怕的一个难题是：中央军可能战败，中央政府可能崩溃。于是，方寸不安，遂掌不稳舵。高级知识分子很容易陷于这种窘境，因为说话容易，写文章容易。 然而，晁错却是忠于刘启的，为了和平而牺牲晁错，我们可以理解。但不理解的是，为什么教他死得那么悲惨？砍头也行，何至腰斩？腰斩之人，因没有伤及心脏，上体仍然在活，清王朝一位官员在腰斩之后，用手沾自己的血，在地上连写“惨惨惨惨惨惨惨”七字，闻者垂泪。晁错在刘启还是孩提时，便在身旁陪伴，以后言听计从，宠信有加。即令有过，处死已经足够，杀就一杀了之，照样可以向吴国表态，何至指定用此酷刑？甚至“无少长皆斩”？古人云：“伴君如伴虎。”事实更为严重，在极权政体下，伴君简直像坐在百步蛇的毒牙之上。 刘启从决定到执行，中间有十余天时间，仍跟晁错在一起商讨军国大计，不知道每天面对猎物时，刘启心里有什么反应。更使人毛骨悚然的，是晁家的巨变，父子夫妻兄弟姐妹，霎时一堆鲜血人头。晁错并非大奸巨恶，手握兵权，何用如此闪电手段？鼓词儿有言：“说忠良，道忠良，忠良自古无下场。”数千年传统文化，化作三句唱词，令人兴悲。 12、皇家礼宾执行官（谒者仆射）邓公（名不详），当时担任指挥官（校尉）。从前方回长安，报告军事，晋见刘启，刘启问：“你在前方应知道晁错伏诛，吴楚联军会不会撤退？”邓公说：“吴国叛变阴谋，已酝酿十有余年，削地只是导火线，杀晁错只是借口，他们并不在乎晁错死活。晁错如此结局，我恐怕天下人才，从此闭口，不敢再贡献任何意见。”刘启说：“为什么？”邓公说：“晁错忧虑封国强大，将来吋能失去控制，所以主张削减他们的土地，把全国权力，集中中央，这是皇家万世之福。想不到计划刚刚实施，竟全族屠灭。对内钳制忠臣的口，对外代替叛徒报仇，我不认为陛下恰当。”刘启叹息说：“你说得对，我也后悔。” 13、袁盎、刘通抵达吴国，吴楚联军已开始攻击梁国（首府睢阳）阵地。刘通因为是亲属的缘故，先行入见刘濞，劝刘濞接受诏书。刘濞知道袁盎也来，将要有一番说辞，笑着回答说：“我已经当了东帝（跟“西帝”刘启平分天下），还接谁的诏书？”拒绝接见袁盎，把袁盎软禁军营，打算任命他当将军，袁盎不肯。刘濞大不高兴，派人看守，准备把他杀掉。 袁盎乘守卫松懈，落荒逃走，回报刘启。全国武装部队总司令（太尉）周亚夫建议刘启说：“楚军剽悍而机动性高，将发动锐不可当的猛烈攻击，难以对抗。假如我们让梁国承当这项灾难，中央军不去救梁国，而去断绝吴楚联军的粮道，才可以制服。”刘启承诺。 周亚夫乘装甲驿车出发，准备跟大军在荥阳会合。车队到霸上（陕西省西安市东灞河畔），赵涉拦住马头，警告说：“吴国财力雄厚，很久以来，都在豢养刺客。他们知道你一定出函谷关（河南省灵宝县东北），必然在崤山、渑池（河南省渑池县西）之间的险要狭径上，埋伏杀手。兵不厌诈，将军为什么不改变路线，在此右转，穿过蓝田（陕西省蓝田县），直出武关（陕西省商南县西南），抵达洛阳，不过多一两天行程。到洛阳后，取出军械库武器，高击战鼓，各军得到消息，还以为将军从天而降。”周亚夫接受，平安抵达洛阳，大喜说：“七国叛变，我乘坐驿车，想不到能安全到此。现在以荥阳为根据地（荥阳在洛阳东航空距离八十千米），荥阳以东，不再担心。”（《史记》、《汉书》都说：“周亚夫得到剧孟，好像得到一个敌国，大喜说：'对吴楚不再担心。'”剧孟是洛阳侠士，在民间有极大影响力。儒家学派司马光則素来轻视侠义，也不相信一介平民有什么了不起，所以把剧孟的事删掉。）周亚夫派人搜索崤山、渑池之间，果然找到吴国伏兵，于是擢升赵涉当大军保护官（护军）。 14、周亚夫率大军直指昌邑（山东省金乡县西北昌邑镇）。吴楚联军猛攻睢阳（梁国首府·河南省商丘县），梁王刘武不断派使节向周亚夫求救（昌邑在睢阳东北，航空距离一百千米），周亚夫不理。刘武向皇帝刘启控告周亚夫，刘启下令周亚夫赴援，周亚夫拒绝接受诏书，只坚守营垒，而派弓高侯韩颓当（韩王韩信的儿子）等将领，率领轻骑兵部队，南下渡过淮河、泗水交流口，绕到吴楚联军之后，切断吴楚联军补给线。 梁国高级国务官（中大夫）韩安国，跟楚国宰相（相）张尚（被楚王刘戊所杀）的弟弟张羽，分别担任将军，保卫首府睢阳，竭力抵御。张羽采取攻势，韩安国则持重谨慎，使吴楚联军受到相当挫折，陷于窘境。吴楚联军打算向西推进，因睢阳挡路，不能向西，而城又不能马上攻破。于是，转向东北，直攻昌邑，准备先行歼灭周亚夫兵团。外援如果消除，睢阳自然陷落。 吴楚联军在下邑（安徽省砀山县）再集结后，立即发动猛烈攻击，周亚夫不肯出战，只严守营寨。营寨坚固，吴楚联军无法攻入。而此时，后勤补给线切断的效果，显著呈现，吴楚联军开始缺乏粮秣，更急于一决胜负。于是一连发动几次更猛烈的攻击，周亚夫兵团只固守不出；然而士兵已筋疲力尽，精神紧张。忽然发生“夜惊”（军营是肃杀之地，威重命贱，无论平时或战时，因疲倦恐惧的压力，往往在午夜时分，蓦地一声号叫，全营士卒，一跳而起，黑夜中互相斗殴，甚至残杀，处理不当，可能崩溃），官兵互相攻击，死伤狼藉，已转斗到周亚夫虎帐之前，情势危急。周亚夫假装睡得正熟，虽然侍卫人员惊恐催促，仍卧在床上不动。扰乱了一阵之后，始行平息。 吴楚联军集中力量攻击周亚夫兵团东南阵地，周亚夫下令加强西北阵地戒备，果然不久，大迂回的吴楚精锐部队，向西北阵地突袭，无法突破。这是吴楚联军最后一次攻势，失败之后，饥饿之神抓住他们，士兵很多饿死，有人开始逃亡，只好撤退。 二月，周亚夫兵团出动精锐追击，吴楚联军大败，身兼统帅的吴王刘濞，自知不能再战，遂抛弃他的大军，率领忠心卫士数千人，乘夜逃亡。楚王刘戊看大势已去，自杀。 15、吴王刘濞当初起兵时，统帅本来是田禄伯。田禄伯建议说：“集中所有部队，向西挺进，没有声援，又没有呼应，恐怕难以收到功效。我愿率领五万人，另辟战场，顺着长江、淮河，逆流而上，夺取长沙国（首府临湘）、淮南国（首府寿春），直入武关（陕西省商南县西南），跟大王（刘濞）会师关中（陕西省中部），这应是一支奇兵。”吴国太子刘驹对老爹刘濞说：“我们是以'反'作号召的，军权不可以随便给人，因为别人可能也'反'我们，那将怎么办？而且，另派奇兵，主力势将削弱，并没有益处，只会对自己伤害。”刘濞遂放弃田禄伯计划。 吴国另一位年轻将领桓将军（名不详），建议刘濞：“吴国步兵多，步兵在险地才可以发挥威力。中央军骑兵多，骑兵在平原才可以驰骋。最好的战略是：对所经过的城市，置之不理，直扑洛阳，夺取军械库跟敖仓（河南省荥阳县北敖山粮仓）粮食，依仗黄河跟崤山的险阻，号令各个封国，虽没有攻入函谷关，天下已经掌握。如果大王（刘濞）进军不够迅速，被困在坚城之下，中央骑兵部队赶到梁国跟楚国交界处的大平原地带，我们就会失败。”刘濞征求一些老将领的意见，老将们说：“这个年轻人，冲锋陷阵还可以，怎知道深谋远虑？”刘濞再放弃桓将军计划。 Bo Yang said: 桓将军的建议是一种跳蛙战术，二十世纪四〇年代、第二次世界大战末期，美国就用它直逼日本本土。桓将军在两千年前，便曾提出，可惜没有人领略，否则中国历史又是一种局面。一群老茧人物不考虑问题的实质和建议的内涵，却用“年轻”二字，打击新生代精英，是封建社会最流行的手段。老人固然有可敬的优点，但必须是优点。仅由岁月累积出来的纯老人，有时反而成为进步的阻力。年轻人的见解，固不全对，但不能仅因为年轻，就认为一无是处。世界上百分之九十以上的惊人功业，都由年轻人开创。 刘濞自任统帅，在北渡淮河之前，宾客们分别担任将领（将）、指挥官（校尉）、侦察官（候）、军政官（司马），唯独不用周丘。周丘是下邳（江苏省睢宁县北）人，在家乡犯法，逃亡到吴国，喜爱饮酒，行径无赖，刘濞轻视他，所以不给他任何职务。周丘晋见刘濞，请求说：“我因为没有能力，不被收容在行列之间。我不敢要求当将军，但求大王（刘濞）赐给我一个中央政府的'符节'（皇帝用的信物），一定有所回报。”刘濞就交给他。周丘遂“持节”，乘夜驰入下邳。当时下邳已得到吴国起兵消息，紧闭城门。周丘到驿站招待所，以中央政府使节资格，召见下邳县长（令）。下邳县长晋见，周丘命随从宣布捏造的罪状，把他格杀。然后召集他的一帮豪杰兄弟跟平常有交情的县政府官员，宣告说：“吴国叛变，大军马上就到，攻破城池，大肆屠杀，用不了吃顿饭的时间。我们必须先行迎降，才可以保护家族安全，而有才干的朋友，正好抓住这个机会，立功封侯。”大家奔走相告，决定迎降。周丘一夜之间，集结三万余人，一面派人报告刘濞，一面率军