Chapter 30 The 1930s BC (170-161 BC)

1. In winter, Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) (the fifth Wen Emperor) Wendi Liu Heng (33 years old this year) went to Ganquan (Ganquan Palace, northwest of Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province). 2. Liu Heng's uncle, Bo Zhao, killed the government envoy.Liu Heng couldn't bear the execution, so he sent senior officials (gongqing) to drink with him, suggesting that he commit suicide, but Bo Zhao refused.Liu Heng sent civil and military officials to mourn the funeral, but Bo Zhao had no choice but to commit suicide. Sima Guang said: Li Deyu, the Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty (refer to December 849), believed: "Liu Heng killed Bo Zhao and dealt with it decisively. Of course he is wise and wise, but in terms of ethics, it is not appropriate. Ying Yu sent Ji Chong'er to see his uncle If you see the sadness of your mother (Mu Gong Ying Renhao, the ninth monarch of Qin State, married Qin Ji, the daughter of Ji Guizhu, the nineteenth monarch of Jin State, and gave birth to a son Ying Yu, Qin Ji died soon. Ji Chonger is Qin Ji's brother. In the 7th century BC, Ji Chonger ran away due to internal turmoil in Jin. In 636 BC, Ying Renhao sent Ji Chonger back to Jin to become the king. Ying Yu was still the prince at that time, and sent his uncle to the south of the Weishui River. Si Niangqin could not see him. Seeing my uncle is like seeing my own mother. In 621 BC, Ying Yu succeeded to the throne and wrote a poem "Weinan", which was recorded in "The Book of Songs·Qin Feng"), not to mention that the Empress Dowager Bo is still alive, and there is only such a younger brother. How can I comfort my mother's heart?" I thought otherwise.Because the law is the public weapon of the people all over the world, wise law enforcers are as close as one, and no trouble can stop them, so the people dare not rely on their strengths to break the law.Although Bo Zhao has always been praised as a loyal elder, but as the emperor, his nephew did not choose a wise master for him, but taught him to control the military power, so that he was so proud that he dared to offend his superiors.In the end, he got out of control and killed the envoy of the central government.The reason why he dared to act so recklessly, of course, he had something to rely on.If the pardon is not guilty, what is the difference with Liu Ao (the 12th emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) and Liu Xin (the 13th emperor of the Western Han Dynasty)?Cao Pi (one of the emperors of the Cao Wei Empire) once praised Liu Heng's virtues, but he excluded the killing of Bo Zhao. He said: "The family of the uncle and the royal family should repay their kindness by supporting them, and should not be entrusted to them. Power. Once you have power, it is easy to break the law. Once you break the law, you have to deal with it." Criticizing Liu Heng for not knowing how to take precautions against Bo Zhao, this passage gets to the core of the problem.Therefore, if you want to comfort your mother's heart, you must be cautious at the very beginning.

1. In winter, in November, the emperor (five emperors of Wen) Liu Heng (34 years old this year) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) inspected Daiguo (capital Jinyang). In the spring, the first month, Liu Heng returned to Chang'an, the capital, from the kingdom of Dai. 2. In summer, in June, Liang (Huai) Wang (capital Dingtao) Liu Yi passed away without a son. Jia Yi, the master of Liang Wang, wrote to Liu Heng again, saying: "Your Majesty has not formulated a policy to enclose the country so far, and the situation has become more and more tense every day. The princes who are currently enclosing the country are only the second generation, or at most the third generation. They are already arrogant and cannot be restrained. If they continue to expand, their power will be lost The more powerful the central government's decree, I am afraid that it will no longer be respected. Your Majesty is the only one who can rely on the crown prince (Liu Qi) as a barrier, but Huaiyang State (the capital of Chen County) and Dai State (Huaiyang King Liu Wu, Dai Wang) Liu Shen is both the son of Liu Heng and the younger brother of Liu Qi). The northern part of the Dai Kingdom is bordered by the powerful Huns Khanate, and he is satisfied if he can keep himself. Compared with other vast feudal states, Huaiyang Kingdom seems to have a face It's just a mole, it can only lure others to swallow it, but it has no power to pose a threat to others.

"At present, the power is in the hands of His Majesty. It is not a clever strategy to make the son's feudal state (Huaiyang State, Dai State) a tempting bait for annexation. Therefore, I suggest that Huainan State (capital Shouchun) be completely designated. Return to Huaiyang Kingdom. Then choose the successor for Liang Wang Liuyi, and then assign two or three important towns in the east and north of Huaiyang Kingdom, together with Dongjun (southwest of Puyang City, Henan Province) to Liang Kingdom. If your Majesty thinks Inappropriate, then, I suggest that Liu Shen, the acting king, be transferred to Suiyang (Shangqiu County, Henan Province) to be the king of Liang (the capital of Liang State was originally in Dingtao, and it is suggested to move the capital here). Yang) land, starting from Xinqi (north of Taihe County, Anhui Province) in the south and extending to the Yellow River in the north. The land of Huaiyang State includes Chen County (Huaiyang County, Henan Province) and extending to the Yangtze River in the south. Thoughts, will also be frightened by this situation.

"Liang State (capital Suiyang) is enough to resist Qi State (capital Linzi) and Zhao State (capital Handan), Huaiyang State is enough to ban Wu State (capital Guangling) and Chu State (capital Pengcheng), your majesty can put pillows Get a good night's sleep, and don't have to worry about what will happen to Shandong (to the east of Xiaoshan). In the end, your majesty and the crown prince (Liu Qi) will be safe for at least two generations. "The reason why the whole country is peaceful today is that the princes of the countries are still young. However, after a few years, His Majesty will see what happens with his own eyes. The Kingdom of Qin is working hard day and night, trying to eradicate the six countries. Your Majesty has Absolute power, control the world, you can make decisions at will according to your own wishes, but do nothing to cause new disasters for the six countries, it cannot be said to be wisdom. Even if you are your majesty, there is no change, but you have planted the seeds of disaster. The situation is so obvious, if you don't decide on a countermeasure, if your Majesty dies, it will leave your mother (Empress Bo) and weak son (Liu Qi) with turmoil, which cannot be called kindness."

Liu Heng adopted Jia Yi's suggestion this time, and changed his title to Liu Wudang, King of Huaiyang (the capital Suiyang), and the land extends from Mount Tai (north of Tai'an City, Shandong Province) to Gaoyang (Gaoyang Town, southwest of Qixian County, Henan Province) in the north and Gaoyang Town in the west. There are more than forty big cities in it. After more than a year, Jia Yi passed away at the age of thirty-three. 3. Liu Heng changed the title of Chengyang King (capital Juxian) Liu Xi (son of Liu Zhang) to Huainan King (capital Shouchun). 4. The Xiongnu Khanate (the royal court was located in Harhelin City, Mongolia) attacked Didao (Lintao County, Gansu Province).

At that time, the Huns continued to attack along the border.Chao (pronounced Chao) Cuo, the administrator of the Prince's inner house (Prince's Jialing), a native of Yingchuan (Yuzhou City, Henan Province), wrote to Liu Heng to make suggestions on military measures: ""The Art of War" says: 'There are only invincible generals, but no invincible people.' Therefore, maintaining border security and establishing a great reputation lies in having excellent generals, and we must choose carefully. "I also heard that there are three most urgent tasks when fighting on the battlefield: 1. Occupy favorable terrain. 2. Have well-trained soldiers. 3. Sharp weapons. "Art of War": infantry, cavalry, chariot troops, bows and arrows Troops, long spears, short spears, swords and iron shields can only exert their power on suitable terrain. If the terrain is not suitable, ten people can't defeat one person. Troops are usually not trained, and soldiers have not developed the inertia of obedience; camps are rough, disbanded or assembled When attacking in victory, they are afraid of falling behind; when retreating in defeat, they are afraid of running too fast. The front team has entered the battlefield, but the rear team is in disarray. Commanding the army's Mingjin (retreat) and drumming (advance) orders are completely meaningless. It is because of lack of strict training that one hundred men cannot beat ten men. Poor weapons are no different from bare hands. Poor armor is no different from bare backs. Bows and arrows can’t shoot far, just like short knives. They can’t hit A target is the same as not shooting. A shot that fails to cause damage is the same as having no arrow. This is the negligence of the general, and five men cannot beat one.

"That's why "The Art of War" said: 'If a weapon is not good, it is giving the hands of the warrior to the enemy. A soldier cannot fight, but he is giving the hands of the general to the enemy. If the general does not fulfill his responsibilities, he is giving the hands of the commander to the enemy. The king chooses The wrong general is to hand over the country to the enemy. These four items—sharp weapons, excellent fighters, responsible generals, and selection of generals by the king—are the most important key to military operations.’ I also heard that different sizes, different situations, Different strengths, different responses, different mountains and plains, different preparations and vigilance. Self-restraint, serving the powerful is the way of a small country. United small countries to attack big countries is a confrontational situation. Using barbarians to attack barbarians is the traditional policy of the Central Plains dynasty.

"The geography and fighting methods of the Xiongnu Khanate are different from those of the Central Plains. The horses of the Central Plains are not as good as the Xiongnu when they climb mountains and rivers and jump across rivers. On dangerous roads, galloping and shooting arrows at the same time, the cavalry of the Central Plains are not as good as the Xiongnu. Stormy storms They suffer from hunger and thirst, and still fight hard. The army in the Central Plains is not as good as the Xiongnu. This is the advantage of the Xiongnu. But on the plains, the chariots make a surprise attack, and the cavalry rushes to attack. No matter how large the Huns are, they can also be destroyed. Strong Bows and spears can cause damage at a long distance, and the Huns' bow and arrow troops cannot resist. Our soldiers wear solid armor and use various weapons. Once they meet, the cavalry will sweep the formation. The soldiers will be in groups of five or ten. , advancing and retreating together, the main force of the Huns cannot resist. After the sharpshooter ambushed, he suddenly launched, and the arrows concentrated on the target. The armor made of animal skins and wooden shields of the Huns could not resist. Dismounting and fighting on foot, swords and guns Swords and halberds, short-handed soldiers charging, and physical combat, the Huns' infantry cannot resist, this is China's advantage.

"From this point of view, the Xiongnu are good at three things, and China is good at five things. If Your Majesty mobilizes 100,000 troops to deal with the Xiongnu army with only a few tens of thousands of people, in terms of proportion, it will be a tactic of one out of ten strikes. Although, Military is a kind of evil. War is a kind of danger. Who is big and who is small, who is strong and who is weak, is decided in the blink of an eye. Use life and death to fight for victory. Once you fall, you can’t get back up, and it’s too late to regret. "Emperors must consider everything when dealing with state affairs. At present, thousands of Hu people (generally referring to the northern minorities), Yiqu (generally referring to the western minorities), and barbarians (generally referring to the eastern and southern minorities) have surrendered to the imperial court. People, their living habits are the same as those of the Huns. If you give them armor, cotton clothes, strong bows, and sharp arrows, and then allocate them to the frontier horses, choose a general who understands their living habits and wins their trust. Under the leadership, form a foreign corps. Send them to attack in dangerous areas; in plain areas, the original chariot troops and archery troops will attack. The two armies support each other and use their own specialties. In addition, we have a large number of people. It should be a safe bet.”

Liu Heng appreciated his suggestion very much, and wrote a reply letter expressing his joy. So Chao Cuo wrote another letter, saying: "The government of the Qin Dynasty dispatched a large army to attack the Hu people in the north and the Baiyue (the general guide minority) in the south. It was not to defend the country and save the people, but to expand the territory just for greed. So the meritorious service has not been established yet. The world is already in chaos. I only know about military operations, but I don’t know how to control the overall situation. If you attack, you will be captured, but if you retreat, you will inevitably die. Because the Hu people and the raccoon people (raccoon, sound mo, Korean nationality, scattered in the eastern part of Jilin Province at that time) can adapt Cold. Yangyue people (Yangzhou, one of the ancient Kyushu islands in the legend, the land includes Nanyue, so Nanyue is also called Yangyue. This refers to the ethnic minorities in Fujian Province, Zhejiang Province and Guangdong Province). They can adapt to the extreme heat. The Qin Dynasty government dispatched The soldiers on the frontier were unable to adapt to the local conditions, those who were stationed died on the frontier, and those who marched fell in the middle of the march. The people received the call-up order, as if they were driven to the execution ground and beheaded.

"Therefore, the Qin government simply recruited prisoners to serve as soldiers, which was called 'exile' (exile). Firstly, low-level officials who committed crimes, poor 'zuo-in-law' (men with the wife's surname), and businessmen (the first Tier 1). After all these people have been conscripted and transferred, the family background of the people will be investigated. Although they are no longer son-in-laws or businessmen, those who have been son-in-laws and businessmen in the past will also be forced to serve as soldiers (second level). The people are recruited and transferred, and then three generations are traced. Grandparents, parents, who have been sons-in-law and businessmen, are also forced to serve as soldiers (the third echelon). Four echelons. Chen Sheng raised troops, and the Qin Dynasty later recruited neighbors on the right. Refer to 209 BC). Of course, it is difficult to implement the outrageous decrees. The return of money. Even if you die in battle, you will not be exempted from paying taxes. People in the world can see clearly that the fire will burn themselves one day. So Chen Sheng escorted these people to Daze (Anhui Province Southeast of Suzhou City), the first to attack, the people of the world followed him like running water. This is the abuse of the Qin Dynasty's government relying solely on power and oppression. "Hu people wear what they eat and don't rely on the land (wear sheepskins and eat animal meat). As the trend of the times, it is easy to disturb the border, move around, come and go when they want, this is their characteristic, so that our people can't Not far from the farmland. Now the Hu people are gradually invading southward, hunting behind the frontier, secretly watching, and waiting for the number of defenders to be too small, they will attack immediately. If His Majesty does not send troops to rescue, the border people are desperate, and they will have a mentality of surrendering when the enemy comes. If Your Majesty sends troops to rescue, small troops will not be enough to resist, and large troops will not be easy to assemble. The civilian soldiers from the farther counties finally arrive, but the Hu people have already left. If the assembled troops are not demobilized, the cost will be huge and unaffordable. If demobilized , the Hu people will enter the fortress again. After a few years, the country's treasury will be empty, and the people will suffer unspeakably. "Your Majesty is worried about the border, sending generals, recruiting soldiers, and building fortresses. These are all important measures. However, the current regulations are that the militiamen in distant places guard the frontier fortresses, and they are rotated every year. They come and go in a hurry. They cannot do anything to the Huns Khanate. In-depth understanding. Therefore, I suggest: it is better to encourage everyone to immigrate to settle in the frontier, start a family and start a business, buy land and buy land, and make long-term plans so that they are familiar with the enemy's situation as a precaution. Then, according to the geographical situation, at key points, rivers and rivers In the place of the ferry, build a tall castle and deepen the moat around it. The number of households in each city should be more than a thousand. The government will first build houses in the city, prepare farming tools, and then encourage immigrants. The guilty forgive his sins, and the innocent Reward him with official titles, exempt from all taxes, and distribute winter and summer clothing and food until they can support themselves. "If the residents of the frontier fortress do not have rich interests, it is impossible for them to live in a dangerous place for a long time. Therefore, when the barbarian invades, if someone can stop the plundered cattle and sheep, half of the cattle and sheep will be given as a reward, and the government will Give half of the price of the cattle and sheep to the owner. The same applies to the looted population. In this way, the neighbors in the village will help each other and attack the Hu people. They will risk their lives. It is not because of their high moral character, Rather, they protect their relatives, are greedy for wealth, and are not familiar with the geographical environment and are afraid of militiamen from other counties and counties recruited. The possibility of success will be more than ten thousand times. "While His Majesty is in power, emigrate to the frontier, so that the distant counties will no longer have to suffer from recruitment, and the residents of the frontier can protect their father and son, and will not be ravaged by barbarians. The benefits can be passed on to future generations, and the holy name will shine even more across the world. .Compared with the Qin Dynasty government’s method of enmity with the people, it’s not the same.” Liu Heng adopted this suggestion and ordered the recruitment of immigrants to settle in the frontier fortress. Chao Cuo wrote another letter, saying: "Your Majesty's recruitment of people to serve the border has reduced the number of military operations and transportation costs. This is a blessing for the country. If officials at the grassroots level can understand His Majesty's morality and follow the laws and regulations, they will take care of the elderly among immigrants. People and children, treat their younger generation well, comfort and condolences, and never bully or harass. Make the first come safe and happy, and no longer miss their hometown, and the poor people will be very envious, and they will encourage each other to go together. "When immigrating in ancient times, officials must first pray for good weather, and then taste the taste of river water or spring water, build castles, delineate the boundaries of villages and residential areas, build houses and houses, and purchase household and farm appliances. If you have a home to live in, you can start working immediately. That’s why people can easily leave their hometowns and go to new cities. The government should hire doctors and wizards to treat immigrants and worship ancestors and ghosts. Intermarriage should be encouraged. They should be celebrated and paid for. Then, the graves will be connected, the trees planted will grow, and the family houses will be repaired to perfection. This must be done so that the immigrants will love their new neighborhood and live in it for a long time. "In ancient times, castles were built on the border to defend against the enemy, and immigrants had military formations. Five families formed one army, and every five had a leader. Ten five formed one li, and there was a li chief (false person). Four li formed a company. , there are neighbor leaders (false five hundred). Ten links form a village (eup), and the village has a village head (false), who are selected by the villagers who are talented, have the ability to protect the villagers, are familiar with the geographical situation, and have a deep understanding of the wishes of the people. In ordinary times, they train villagers to ride horses and shoot arrows, and in wartime they lead militiamen to confront the enemy. Soldiers are well-trained in peacetime, and they can serve in wartime. After forming a habit, don’t teach them to change their profession. When they were young, everyone was playmates. Playing together. After growing up, they work together again. Fighting at night, you can know who it is when you hear the sound, and you can rescue each other. Fighting during the day, everyone can see it, and you have your own emotional support. Friendship, wish to live and die together Then, the government should issue heavy rewards and strictly enforce punishments. Then, although the people in the front are killed, the people behind will continue to advance bravely and will not flee because of fear. If the immigrants are not healthy young people, they will waste their clothes and food in vain , can not be practical. Even if you are a healthy young man, if you don't have wise officials, you can't receive merit. "Your Majesty rejected the Hun Khanate's request for reconciliation. I thought they might invade us in the winter of next year (168 years ago). After the successful immigration, they will be hit head-on at that time. A heavy blow is enough to make them depressed for life. To establish To be majestic, you must take timely action. If the Xiongnu came to attack, if they could not receive a fatal blow, but left with a full load, it would not be easy to surrender in the future." Chao Cuo was a man with a severe and harsh temperament, no selfishness, and quick eloquence. He was favored by the prince Liu Qi, and the prince's family called him a "brain tank". 1. In winter, in December, the Yellow River bursts in Suanzao (Yanjin County, Henan Province), the flood peak bursts eastward, and Jindi (also known as Qianlidi·South of Puyang City, Henan Province) collapses.Dongjun (southwest of Puyang City, Henan Province) mobilized a large number of military industries to fill in. 2. In spring and March, the government of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) issued an order: no need to use a pass to enter and exit checkpoints in the future. 3. Chao Cuo wrote a letter to the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (the fifth Emperor Wen) Liu Heng (35 years old this year): "A sage emperor rules from above, and the people do not suffer from hunger or cold. It is not that the monarch can plow the fields for him to eat and weave cloth for him to wear, but to open up the country's resources and wealth for the people. Yiqi Fangxun (Yao) sometimes Nine years of floods, Zitianyi (tang) had seven years of severe drought, and the country did not abandon a single patient. Gai had enough savings and sufficient preparations (nine years of floods, seven years of severe drought, even the patients were not affected, With a flick of a pen, you can tell a big lie without any effort. Now the whole world is one family, the land is so big, and the people are so numerous, the same as Zi Tianyi (Tang) and Si Wenming (Yu). The country has no savings due to long-term floods and droughts. What is the reason? The land has not been fully developed, the people's resources have not been fully invested, the arable land that can produce food has not been cultivated, and the treasures of mountains, forests and waters have not been fully utilized. People (referring to workers and businessmen), not all are engaged in farming. "When you are cold, you need clothes, just keep warm, it doesn't have to be gorgeous. When you are hungry, you need food, just feed it, it doesn't have to be delicious. Once you are hungry and cold, you will lose your shame. If you don't eat a second meal within a day, you will definitely be hungry. Within a year, if you never sew clothes, you will be cold. If you are hungry, you will not get food. If your skin is cold, you will not be able to get clothes. No matter how loving your father is, you will not be able to keep your children. What can the king do to keep his The people? A wise leader knows this truth, so he teaches the people to plow the fields, grow mulberry, reduce taxes, raise more livestock, and make sure to keep the warehouse full to prevent floods and droughts. In this case, the father can keep his Sons and daughters, the king can keep his people. Whether the people do good or evil depends on how the officials educate and influence them. The people pursue profit and wealth, just like water flows to low places, and does not choose the direction of flow. "Pearls, precious jade, gold and silver, cannot be eaten when hungry, cannot be worn as clothes when cold, but they are very valuable because people in high positions buy them. They are small in size and light in weight, so they are very easy to store. They can be held in the With one hand, you can travel around the world without worrying about hunger and cold. They can prompt officials to betray the king and tempt the people to abandon their hometown easily. Thieves are attracted by it, and it is very light for fugitives to carry. Millet (small yellow grains, called "millet" in the north), Rice (large white grains, called "rice" in the south and "rice" in the north), cloth, and silk satin are all planted from the land, grown on time, and can only be harvested after a lot of manpower is invested. It can be obtained in a day. The weight exceeds a few stones (sound dan), an ordinary man can’t move it. If you don’t engage in treacherous activities, if you don’t harvest for a day, you will be hungry and cold. Therefore, wise kings value grains and grains and despise gold, silver and treasures. "A farmer's family of five has no less than two persons engaged in labor, and the ability to plow the field does not exceed one hundred mu, and the harvest of one hundred mu is no more than one hundred stones. Sow in spring, weed in summer, and harvest in autumn. , Store in winter. Cut firewood, deal with the government office, and then act as a man for the government. You can’t escape the dust in spring, the heat in summer, the wind and rain in autumn, and the severe cold in winter. There are three hundred and sixty-five days a year without a day off Between families and villages, they have to be sent to and greeted, mourning and inquiring about illnesses, and raising orphaned children so that they can grow up. To this extent, they have to work so hard, and they have to face sudden floods and droughts. Expropriation. When the farmland is busy, the labor is collected; when the farms are not harvested, the grain is collected. The government orders in the morning and revises it in the evening. Those who have savings have to sell them at half the price; Some people had to sell their fields, houses, wives and children to repay their debts. Among the merchants, the big merchants specialize in lending usury, while the small merchants sat in the shops or bought or sold to earn profits, and then wandered in the market to enjoy themselves. Taking advantage of people's distress, they trade at double prices. Their men don't plow the fields, and their women don't raise silkworms and weave. They wear silk and satin, but eat the best rice and meat. There is no farmer's hard work. , and there are farmers’ income, because they have rich property, so that they can make friends with princes and princes, their power exceeds that of ordinary officials, and they collude with each other to become interest groups. Thousands of miles away, visit each other, and look at each other (officials have specific luxury vehicles and Special official hats, indicating that powerful people flock to the road), riding a solid cart, riding a fat horse, wearing silk shoes and boots, and wearing exquisite clothes. This is the merger of merchants and farmers, and farmers Reasons for Displacement. "The most important thing today is to encourage the people to farm. If you want the people to farm, you must increase the price of grain. The best way to raise the price of grain is to use grain as a tool for rewards and punishments. Therefore, I suggest that all people donate grain If it is given to the government, the government will give him a title and exempt him from criminal punishment. In this way, rich peasants have titles, poor peasants have money, and grain will not be hoarded. Those who can pay for grain in exchange for titles must have surplus grain. Use the surplus grain to supply the government , the taxation of the poor peasants can be reduced, just as the saying goes: "If there is more than damage, make up for what is not enough." As soon as the order is issued, the people will immediately benefit. "Now, if the people donate a car and a horse, three people will be exempted from official labor. Because vehicles and horses are weapons of war, they can be exempted from official labor. Shennong said: 'The city wall is ten feet high (one foot is four meters), The moat is 100 steps wide, and the armed forces are one million, but they can’t defend without food.’ From this we can see that food is the treasure of the country and the foundation of the government. Now the people pay food and seal him as the fifth official (civilian twelfth official) Level) and above, it is only exempting a person from official labor, which is far from the treatment of paying for vehicles and horses. The title of a person is the monopoly of the monarch. As long as you open your mouth, you can seal whatever you want. And food is the production of the people. , Planted on the fields, there will be no shortage. It is the people's wish to obtain noble titles and exempt from punishment. If you order to teach the people to transport grain directly to the frontier, you can be granted a title and exempt from crime. I judge that within three years, the frontier Grain must be stored in large quantities." Liu Heng accepted this suggestion and ordered the people to transport grain directly to the frontier fortress, and determined the rank of title according to the amount of grain transported (the Western Han Dynasty followed the Qin Dynasty official rank, the highest rank was the highest, and the lowest rank was 20, refer to the first 359 years According to the regulations of the Western Han Dynasty, if you pay 600 shi for grain, you will be awarded the 19th rank. After that, you will gradually increase to 4,000 shi for the grain, and you will be awarded the 12th rank. If you pay 12,000 shi for the grain, you will be awarded the 3rd rank: the third rank is already a high-level official. , with the same status as the minister general). Chao Cuo wrote another letter, saying: "Your Majesty decided to send food to the frontier fortress and reward it with titles. After five years of use, it can be stopped. And the farmers are taught to transport the paid grain to the county government and county government to which they belong. When the county government and the county government have saved enough for one year's use, they can order at any time to exempt farmers from land taxes. In this way, kindness and virtue will be spread to all people, and the more diligent the people are in farming, the richer and happier they will be." Liu Heng accepted this suggestion again, and issued an edict saying: "To persuade the people is to start from the root. I personally led the farmers all over the country and engaged in farming. It has been ten years today, and there are still many wastelands that have not been reclaimed, and there has never been a year. Great bumper harvest, people still look hungry, this is because there are too few farmers and the leadership of officials is not effective. How many times have I issued edicts to advise people to plant mulberry and hemp, but it has no effect. The imperial edict has not been complied with, nor has it worked hard to assist. Our peasants live in misery, but the officials don’t care, how can we encourage them? Now, half of the peasants’ land tax will be exempted this year.” 1. In spring, on February 16th, the emperor (five emperors) of the Western Han Dynasty (the capital of Chang’an) Liu Heng (36 years old this year) issued an edict: "I will personally set an example for the world, go to the farmland to cultivate, and use the royal private Harvesting from fields is used as a gift for sacrifices. The queen also personally picks mulberry and feeds silkworms, and sews clothes for sacrifices. 2. At the beginning, during the Qin Dynasty, the officials who served as sacrifices had a highly secret spell called "secret blessing".In the event of a disaster, the sacrificial officer prayed to God in a very secret place, so that the sins could be transferred from the emperor to his officials, and the officials would bear the punishment from heaven. In summer, Liu Heng issued an edict saying: "The way of heaven is reincarnated. Disasters come because of resentment. Happiness comes because of kindness. Civil and military officials made mistakes. Because I was the emperor's leadership, the officials in charge of sacrifices put Transferring the fault to the subordinate officials just shows that my character is not enough. I don't want to do this, so it should be abolished." 3. Chunyu Yi (Chunyu, double surname), the manager of the royal warehouse (Taicang Order) of Qi State (capital Linzi), should be punished for crimes.The central government arrested him and escorted him to the capital Chang'an.His youngest daughter, Chunyu Tiying, wrote to Liu Heng to intercede, saying: "My father was an official, and everyone in Qi State praised him for his integrity and justice. Now he breaks the law and faces punishment. The sad thing is that the dead can't live again. The severed limbs cannot be reattached. Although I want to rehabilitate myself, I can no longer do so. I am willing to be imprisoned in the government office as a slave and maidservant to atone for my father so that he can continue to serve the country." Liu Heng was deeply moved when he saw it. . In May, Liu Heng issued an edict and said: "There is a saying: 'You are the parents of the people, kind sir!' Nowadays, the people have made mistakes, and they have not educated them, and the criminal law has been imposed on them. There is no way to change behavior and focus on goodness. I am very sympathetic. There are clauses in punishments such as cutting off limbs (such as cutting) and cutting skin (such as tattooing), which cannot be recovered for life. It is so cruel and immoral. Is it the original intention of being the parents of the people? From now on, all corporal punishments will be abolished, and all punishments will be replaced by imprisonment. According to the severity of the crime committed by the prisoner, as long as he does not flee, he will be released upon the expiration of the prison term. This edict is the law." Prime Minister (Prime Minister) Zhang Cang and Supreme Inspector General (Yushi Dafu) Feng Jing reported the "Draft Criminal Law", saying: "Whoever should shave their hair (髡) should be punished with hard labor (Chengdan) for men, and for women. Pounding rice (pounding) for those who should be tattooed on the face (tattoo punishment), the punishment should be shaved head, wearing iron chains around the neck, the men will be forced to do hard labor, and the women will be punished for pounding rice. Those who should have their noses cut off (抓抓) will be beaten three hundred times instead. Whip. Anyone who should have his left toe cut off shall be given five hundred lashes instead. Anyone who should have his right toe cut off, murdered himself, corrupted the law, committed self-stealing, has already been convicted, and commits the crime of whipping again, and he shall be beheaded on the street. All the criminals will be sentenced to imprisonment, which is equivalent to the number of days, and they will be released after the expiration of the term." Liu Heng approved. At this time, Liu Heng tried his best to keep the political situation stable and did not make any more changes.Generals, prime ministers, and other high-ranking officials are all old meritorious officials from the old father Liu Bang's era. There are fewer gentlemen and more rude and heroic ones.In view of the various shortcomings of the Qin Dynasty, the discussion should be lenient and unwilling to criticize other people's mistakes.Under this kind of enlightenment, the trend of exposing other people's private affairs and criticizing them has changed greatly.Officials are satisfied with their official positions, and the people are happy to engage in their careers.Savings are increasing every year, household registration is gradually increasing, everyone is used to treating people honestly, and there are few political taboos.Criminal behavior, whether there is or is not, whether serious or minor, and when the evidence is not very clear, it will be punished with the lightest law.Criminal cases have been greatly reduced. In one year, only 400 people committed serious crimes in the whole country, and the country has abandoned the punishment. 4. In June, Liu Heng issued an edict: "Farming is the foundation of the world, and its importance is unparalleled. To encourage people to engage in farming, but to levy land tax, what is the difference with businessmen? It is not in line with the original intention of encouraging farming. Now it is stipulated: Exemption Land tax for all peasants." 1. In winter, the Hun Khanate (the king’s court was located in Harhelin City, Mongolia), the old Shang Shanyu (the third term) Conanji Porridge, led 140,000 cavalry, and captured the Northwest Fortress Chaona (west of Pengyang County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) Gucheng Township), Xiaoguan (southeast of Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), killed Sun Ang, the militia commander (Captain) of Beidi County (Xifeng City, Gansu Province), and plundered a large number of people and cattle, sheep and livestock.The vanguard arrived in Pengyang (Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province), the surprise soldiers rushed in, set fire to the Central Palace (northwest of Longxian County, Shaanxi Province), scouted and searched for troops until Yongxian County (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), Ganquan (northwest of Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province) 80 kilometers away from Chang'an Airlines), the capital Chang'an was greatly shaken.The Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang’an) Emperor (five emperors) Liu Heng (37 years old this year) appointed Zhou She, Commander (Lieutenant) of the Capital Chang’an Garrison District, and Zhang Wu, Commander of the Imperial Guard Officer (Lang Zhongling), to be commanders of the field army On this day, 1,000 chariots and 100,000 infantry and cavalry were urgently mobilized to build positions around Chang'an and deploy defenses.Then order Lu Qing, Marquis of Chang, to be Commander of the National Army of Shangjun (Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province) (General of Shangjun), Marquis Ning Wei, to be Commander of National Army of Beidi County (General of Beidi); Hou Zhouzao of Longlu, to be Commander of the National Army of Shangjun (Lintao County, Gansu Province) The commander of the national army (General Longxi) stationed troops in the three counties. Liu Heng personally went to the barracks near Chang'an to review, train and reward the soldiers, and prepared to conquer the Xiongnu himself.High-level officials persuaded, but they all refused.The empress dowager, Ms. Bo, resolutely stopped the proposal, so she canceled the proposal.So Dongyang Hou Zhang Xiangru was appointed as the supreme commander (general) of the country, Cheng Hou Dong Chi, and the special mayor of the capital Chang'an (internal history) Luan Bu were appointed as generals respectively to attack the Xiongnu.The troops of the Huns Khanate stayed in Senegal for more than a month before retreating.The Han army chased after them, and turned back immediately after leaving the fortress, without gaining any gains. 2. Wherever Liu Hengxing came, he came to the headquarters of the imperial guards (the commander of the imperial guards in the Western Han Dynasty, under the jurisdiction of the imperial guards, there are "Yi Lang", "Shi Lang" and "Lang Zhong", there is no quota, and the work is not strictly divided. Those who are over 50 years old belong to the "Five Senses Department", and those under 50 years old belong to the "Left Department" and "Right Department"). Feng Tang, the director of the office (Director Lang), asked: "Where is your old man from?" (Liu Heng Zun said he was probably over fifty years old and belonged to the "Five Senses Department"), Feng Tang said: "My grandfather was from Zhao State (the capital Handan), and my father moved to Dai State (the capital Jinyang)." Liu Heng said: "When I was in Daiguo, Gao Qu, the catering officer (Shangshijian), told me how many times Zhao Guo's general Li Qi was great. He fought in Julu (Pingxiang County, Hebei Province) Julu, refer to 207 BC), until today, I remember that event every meal and miss Julu. Does the old man know this person?" Feng Tang said: "Li Qi is far inferior to Lian Po and Li Mu." Liu Heng Patting his hips, he sighed and said, "Oh my god, I am not lucky enough to get generals like Lian Po and Li Mu. If I get such generals, would I still care about the Huns?" Feng Tang said, "Even if your majesty gets Lian Po and Li Mu, you cannot use them .” Liu Heng was furious when he was contradicted, and turned around to leave. 刘恒回到皇宫，停了很久，等心情稍微平和，把冯唐找来，责备说：“当着那么多人，你为什么羞辱我？难道不能乘没人的时候讲呀？”冯唐道歉，说：“原谅我来自乡间，不知道规矩。”刘恒正忧虑匈奴，于是再问：“你怎么知道我虽然得到廉颇、李牧，也不能用？”冯唐说：“古代君王派遣大将，跪下来亲自推动车轮，吩咐：'城门以内的事，由我作主。城门以外的事，由将军做主。'军功的赏罚，爵位的升降，都由大将决定，班师回朝后，再奏报君王，这并不是传言。我祖父告诉我，李牧在赵王国（首都邯郸）当大将，防卫北方边疆，在军区内设立市场，利润和租税，都用来犒赏战士，一切由李牧决定，不再请示中央，交给他全权，只要求他完成任务。李牧这才能显示他的才能；遴选战车一千三百辆、精锐骑兵—万三千人、优良步兵十万人，于是北逐匈奴，东破东胡（内蒙古西辽河上游），西灭襜褴部落（河北省张北县一带）。再向西则力抗强大的秦王国（首都咸阳），向南则支援韩王国（首都新郑）和魏王国（首都大梁）。当那个时候，赵王国几乎称霸天下。想不到，后来赵王（五任幽缪王）赵迁继位，信任郭开的谗言，把李牧杀掉，而教颜聚代替，结果全军败溃，被秦王国消灭（参考前二二九年）。如今，我听说云中郡（内蒙古托克托县）郡长（守）魏尚，在军中也设立市场，犒赏边防军，用利润和租税，作为正饷以外的营养津贴，每五天宰杀一条牛，款待宾客和军中文职人员，以及随从谋士。匈奴这才远远逃避，不敢接近云中边塞。匈奴也曾攻进过一次，魏尚率军出击，杀伤很多。不过，将领也好、战士也好，都来自农家，离开田庄就到军营，对官府文书规定，浑然不知。只知血战杀敌，斩首追捕。一旦把功劳簿呈报到参谋本部（幕府），一句话回答得不对，文职官员就引用法令条款处罚。结果不但没有赏赐，文职官员还根据法令条款，加以处罚，而且严厉执行。我以为陛下的奖励太轻，限制太重。像云中郡长魏尚，因为他奏章上所列的斩首数目，跟实际只差六个，陛下的官员，竟削去他的官爵，更判处一年苦役。从这上面推测，陛下虽得到廉颇、李牧，也不能用。” 刘恒大喜，当天，派冯唐“持节”，赦免魏尚，命他复任云中郡长，并任命冯唐当车骑司令（西汉王朝没有车骑司令。《汉书》：刘恒任命冯唐当首都警备区总部郡国战车部队管理官。《汉纪》：刘恒任命冯唐当首都警备区总部各郡战车及骑兵管理官。那时封国部队独立自主，中央不能过问，自不会管到他们。《汉纪》才对）。 3、春季，刘恒下诏，增加祭坛上供奉的玉帛，说：“祭祀官员在祈求上苍赐福时，都要求把福降临到我身上，却忘了平民，使我惭愧。以我的品德这么欠缺而独占福分，平民不能分享，是使我的品德欠缺更多，以后祭祀官员向天致敬时，不要为我做任何祈求。” 4、本年（前一六六年），河间（文）王（首府乐成）刘辟彊逝世。 5、最初，宰相（丞相）张苍，认为水神是西汉王朝的保护神（水德），鲁县（山东省曲阜市）人公孙臣认为西汉王朝的保护神应该是土神（土德），所以推断黄龙会出现人间（现是土神当道，土是黄色，所以黄龙定会出现，显示祥瑞），张苍认为公孙臣胡说八道，拒绝采信。 1、春季，黄龙在成纪（甘肃省静宁县西南）出现。 西汉王朝（首都长安）皇帝（五任文帝）刘恒（本年三十八岁），征召公孙臣，命他当研究官（博士），他跟其他儒家学派的知识分子，重新提出土神是西汉王朝的保护神（土德），草拟改革历法，及改革法定衣服颜色草案。宰相张苍自此逐渐失势。 Bo Yang said: 水德土德，五行运转，本是连篇鬼话。问题是，鬼话只要有人相信，就是人话，相信的人如果手中掌握权柄，鬼话就更升了一级，成了真理，势不可当。 在成纪出现的那条黄龙，意义重大。“龙”这玩艺，跟“外太空人”一样，都是想象出来的动物，谁都没有见过。截至二十世纪末叶，科学家终于证明中国传说里的龙，并不存在。一个根本不存在的东西，却活蹦乱跳的在一个荒僻小县出现，可能是人们把一条大蜥蜴，硬当成龙，也可能是一次官场骗局，公孙臣跟他的伙伴，在精密的布置下，隆重演出。一则打击张苍，一则图谋自己前程。 2、夏季，四月，刘恒前往雍县（陕西省凤翔县），祭祀五色帝（秦王国在雍县建四座祭坛：白帝坛、赤帝坛、黄帝坛、青帝坛。西汉王朝一任帝刘邦又增加一个黑帝坛），大赦天下。 3、九月，刘恒下诏：命王爵、侯爵、部长级官员（公卿）跟各郡郡长，保荐直言极谏之士，刘恒亲自出题考试。结果，太子内宅管理官（太子家令）晁错，被拔擢高等，升任高级国务官（中大夫）。 晁错再上书建议削减亲王封国的面积及更改若干法令，凡三十余次奏章。刘恒虽然不完全采纳，但敬佩他是一个奇才。 4、本年（前一六五年），齐（文）王（首府临淄）刘则、河间（哀）王（首府乐成）刘福先后逝世，没有儿子，封国撤除。 5、赵国（首府邯郸）人新垣平，有神术可以望气，晋见刘恒，声称：首都长安东北方有一种神气，五种颜色。于是刘恒下令在渭水北岸，建立渭阳五色帝庙祀奉。 1、夏季，四月，西汉王朝（首都长安）皇帝（五任文帝）刘恒（本年三十九岁），到渭水北岸五色帝庙，祭祀五色帝。尊重新垣平，擢升他当特级国务官（上大夫），前后赏赐二十万两黄金之多，使他跟研究官（博士）等高级知识分子，采取“六经”中的精华（六经，儒家学派六部经书：、（书经）、《礼经》、《乐经》、、《春秋》。其中《乐经》早已失传，所以有时也称“五经”），厘定新的文官制度。还计划建议皇帝到各地亲自视察，并举行封禅（封，泰山顶上祭祀天神。禅，泰山脚下祭祀地神）。又在长门（陕西省西安市东南）道路以北，再设一个五色帝祭坛。 2、刘恒下诏：把淮南王（首府寿春）刘喜，再调回复任城阳王（首府莒县。改封城阳王刘喜当淮南王，参考前一六九年六月，本年复旧，为瓜分淮南国铺路）。 把齐国（首府临淄）分成六国。 四月十七日，封故齐王（悼惠王）刘肥现存的六个儿子，全部当王：杨虚侯刘将闾当齐王（首府临淄），安都侯刘志当济北王（首府卢县），武成侯刘贤当菑川王（首府剧县），白石侯刘雄渠当胶东王（首府即墨），平昌侯刘卬当胶西王（首府高密），扐（音le）侯刘辟光当济南王（首府东平陵）。 把淮南国（首府寿春）分成三国，封故淮南王（厉王）刘长现存的三个儿子，全部当王：阜陵侯刘安当淮南王，安阳侯刘勃当衡山王（首府邾县），阳周侯刘赐当庐江王（首府番阳）。 3、秋季，九月，新垣平教他的伙伴拿着玉杯，到皇宫呈献。事先，新垣平向刘恒报告：“皇宫门外，有一种宝玉之气。”不久，果然玉杯出现，杯上刻字：“人主延寿。” 新垣平又说：“我夜观天象，今日太阳将再度出现中天。”不久之后，天已正午，太阳果然向东方退回，然后再走向正午。刘恒大为惊佩，下令把明年（前一六三年）改称为在位的元年，特准全国平民欢宴。 Bo Yang said: 全国平民欢宴，文言文称“大酺”。西汉政府法律：三个人无缘无故在一起饮酒，罚银四两。以后专制制度日趋精密，限制更严，平民不准穿某种衣服，不准住某种房子，不准戴某种装饰，不准坐某种车辆（商人甚至根本不准坐车，但总算允许乘船，可谓皇恩浩荡，否则做生意的人只好游泳过江），积成中国传统政治中最阴暗的一面。这阴暗面一直未被发掘，以致近代知识分子相信古人过着伊甸园生活，好不自由自在，甚至有人声称中国人自由太多。连吃肉饮酒，都要政府下令特准，再请参考前一七三年刘恒宣布的禁止巨官随意逮捕小民的诏令。不禁为中国人落泪。 上一次“大酺”时间，在前二二二年。秦王国连灭五国，统一天下，秦王嬴政特别允许平民来一顿大吃大喝，以示庆祝，距今已五十八年，才遇到西汉帝刘恒再一次高兴。一些短命的朋友，恐怕一辈子不知道什么是满桌酒肉的宴会。 新垣平又说：“周王朝的一个鼎，沉没涧水（传说，秦王朝灭周之后，从洛阳把九鼎迁往咸阳，其中一鼎忽然飞起，落在泗水之中。嬴政曾派人打捞过，一无所获。参考前二一九年）。而今黄河决口，河水注入泗水，我向东北遥望，发现汾阴（山西省万荣县西南荣河镇）上空，有金宝之气，莫非周王朝的宝鼎将在那里出现？预兆既然显示，不去迎接，就不会露面。”刘恒遂下令在汾阴南方汾河之滨，兴建庙宇，准备祭祀行将出现的周王朝宝鼎。 1、冬季，十月，西汉王朝（首都长安）政府有人上书检举新垣平所作所为，都是诈伪。西汉帝（五任文帝）刘恒（本年四十岁）不能忍受被戏弄的羞辱，交付有关单位审讯，斩新垣平，屠杀全族。自此之后，刘恒对改变历法、服色以及鬼神之事，兴趣索然。渭水北岸五色帝祭坛跟长门（长安城东南）五色帝祭坛，只命祭祀官负责管理，按时祭祀，自己不再亲往。 2、春季，三月，二任帝（惠帝）刘盈的皇后张嫣逝世。 3、刘恒下诏：“近年以来，农作物歉收，又有水灾、旱灾、瘟疫之灾，深为忧心。愚昧的我，实在不明白过失的原因。莫非是我的措施不当？行为不当？或者是天道不能顺畅？地利不能开发？人事不能和睦？鬼神祭祀不够周到？否则，何至于如此？莫非官员的俸禄太少，不应该做而做的事太多？否则，民间粮食为什么这般缺乏？计算田亩的数量，并不比从前减少，而人口并未增加，以人口分配土地，比古时候所得的还要有余，却粮食不足，毛病出在哪里？莫非是人民都去从事末微小技——工商，妨碍耕种？或者大家都去制酒，大量消耗粮食？或者是六畜（马、牛、羊、鸡、狗、猪）吃得太多？错综复杂，怎么想都得不到要领。我要求宰相、侯爵、部长级官员（二千石）、研究官（博士），用心研究。只要可以帮助农民的事，请把各人的意见心得告诉我，不要隐瞒。” 1、夏季，二月，西汉王朝（首都长安）皇帝（五任文帝）刘恒（本年四十一岁），前往雍县（陕西省凤翔县）棫阳宫（棫阳宫，秦王国三任王昭襄王嬴稷兴建）。 2、六月，代（孝）王（首府晋阳）刘参（刘恒子）逝世。 3、匈奴汗国（王庭设蒙古国哈尔和林市）连年向汉朝攻击，深入边塞，屠杀俘虏中原人民，以及牛羊家畜。云中郡（内蒙古托克托县），跟辽东郡（辽宁省辽阳市）受害最重，每郡损失，都达一万人以上。 刘恒十分忧虑，又无可奈何，于是派使节前往匈奴，呈献国书。匈奴老上单于（三任）挛鞮稽粥派带兵官（当户）回报。汉朝再开始跟匈奴汗国和解。 4、八月二日（原文“戊戌”，据《史记·汉兴以来将相名臣年表》改），宰相（丞相）张苍免职。 5、刘恒知道窦皇后的弟弟窦广国贤能而有才干，打算任命他当宰相，思量说：“恐怕天下人认为我偏爱。”犹豫了很久，终于打消原意。 这时，刘邦时代的高级官员，多数都已去世，剩下来的都没有什么特别才能。最高监察长（御史大夫）申屠（复姓）嘉，年轻时以神射手追随刘邦，现在封准侯爵——关内侯。 八月四日，刘恒任命申屠嘉当宰相，晋封故安侯（准侯爵，有爵位而没有采邑，正式侯爵有采邑）。 申屠嘉为人廉洁耿直，从不在自己家中接见宾客。这时，中级国务官（太中大夫）邓通，正受刘恒宠爱，赏赐他的金钱，累积到几百万。刘恒曾经到邓通家参与宴会，这是一项无比的殊荣。 有一天，申屠嘉入朝，邓通站在刘恒身旁，小人得志，态度傲慢。申屠嘉奏事已毕，报告说：“陛下宠爱某一个人，可以赐给他富贵，但皇家礼仪，不可以不加整肃。”刘恒说：“我知道你的意思，只是有点偏爱他罢了。”等到朝会之后，申屠嘉在宰相府，正式升堂，用宰相府公文，传讯邓通。下令：如果拒绝，就在原地格杀。邓通这才发现宰相的权威，吓得魂飞魄散，急忙进宫晋见刘恒。刘恒说：“没有关系，你姑且前往，我会派人叫你回来。” 邓通赶到宰相府，脱下帽子鞋子，赤着双脚，向申屠嘉叩头认罪。申屠嘉端坐公堂，并不回礼，责备他说：“金銮宝殿，是高皇帝（刘邦）的金銮宝殿，邓通不过一个小官（太中大夫，年俸比照千石），却在那里逛荡，犯'大不敬'重罪，应当斩首！”吩咐左右说：“拉出去处决！”邓通大为恐慌，拼命叩首哀求，前额被地面撞破，鲜血流满头颈，而申屠嘉不许。刘恒揣测宰相已经给邓通足够的教训，才派人“持节”召见邓通，告诉申屠嘉说：“他是供我娱乐的弄臣，请你释放。”邓通回到皇宫，向刘恒流泪说：“宰相几乎杀了我。” 1、春季，二月，西汉王朝（首都长安）皇帝（五任文帝）刘恒（本年四十二岁）前往代国（首府晋阳）。 2、本年（前一六一年），匈奴汗国（王庭设蒙古国哈尔和林市）老上单于（三任）挛鞮稽粥逝世，子挛鞮军臣继位（四任）。