Chapter 29 The 20th century BC (180-171 BC)

1. In winter, on October 16th, Liu Hong, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (the capital of Chang’an) (the fourth emperor after the young emperor), was granted the title of King Lu (the capital of Dongping Mausoleum) Lu Tai’s son, Dongpinghou Lv Tong as the King of Yan (the capital of Jixian) , Lu Tong's younger brother Lu Zhuang was granted the title of Marquis of Dongping. 2. In spring and March, Empress Dowager Lu Zhi went to Bashang (on the bank of the Dongba River in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) to preside over the great ceremony of praying for blessings and warding off disasters. , King Yingying of Qin, who surrendered to Liu Bang here), saw something, like a green-haired dog, rushing straight to Lu Zhi's armpit like a shooting star, and suddenly disappeared in a daze.Lu Zhi ordered the sorcerer to do divination, and the sorcerer said: "That is the wronged soul of Liu Ruyi, king of Zhao!"

3. Lu Zhi was worried about his grandson, King Lu (the capital of Lu County), Zhang Yan, who was young and weak. In summer, on April 15, the two sons born to Zhang Ao (Zhang Yan's father) Ji concubine were granted: Zhang Huo was the Marquis of Xindu, Zhang Shou was the Marquis of Lechang, and Zhang Yan was assisted by envoys.Zhang Shi, the chief protocol officer of the court (the one who visited Zhongda), was also granted the title of Marquis of Jianling, as a reward for his suggestion to make Lu the king. 4. The Yangtze River and Western Han River (Jialing River) flooded, drowning and washing away more than 10,000 homes.

5. In autumn and July, Lu Pheasant was seriously ill, so he appointed King Zhao (capital Handan) Lu Lu (nephew of Lu Pheasant) as general to command the Northern Army (field army): ordered Liang King (capital Dingtao) Lu Chan (Lv Chan) Pheasant nephew) commanded the Southern Army (security force. The garrison in Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, was divided into "North" and "South" armies based on the camp. The Northern Army was under the commander of the capital Chang'an Garrison, and the Southern Army was under the Imperial City Security Commander. The army is a field army with strong combat effectiveness, at least 30,000 people. Liu Bang often dispatches "lieutenants" to go out, that is, the northern army. The southern army is responsible for public security, and its combat effectiveness is weak, so its status is not important. It is always with the Northern Army, if the Northern Army does not respond, nothing will happen).Lu Zhi warned Lu Lu and Lu Chan, saying: "The surname is Lu, and the important officials are not convinced. After my death, the emperor (Liu Hong) is young, so be careful of the betrayal of important officials. You must stay in the barracks. Guard the palace closely, don't give me a funeral, once you leave the barracks, if there is any change, you have nothing to rely on, and you will fall into the hands of the enemy."

On July 30, Lu Zhi passed away.The imperial decree amnesty the world, appointing Lu Chan as the prime minister (xiangguo), and Lu Lu's daughter as the queen.After Lu's pheasant was buried, Prime Minister Zuo Shiqi was appointed as the royal master (taifu). 6. The family surnamed Lu was preparing to launch a coup, but they were afraid of Zhou Bo, Guan Ying, etc., and dared not act.The wife of Zhu Xuhou and Liu Zhang is Lu Lu's daughter. She has a female heart and keeps revealing news, and the conspiracy gradually leaks.Liu Zhang secretly sent someone to tell his elder brother Qi Wang (the capital of Linzi) Liu Xiang to ask Liu Xiang to march to Chang'an. Liu Zhang and his younger brother Dongmouhou Liu Xingju lived in Chang'an as internal support. After killing the Lu family, they supported Liu Xiang's succession emperor.

Liu Xiang conspired to mobilize with his uncle Si Jun, the commander of the palace guard (Lang Zhong Ling) Zhu Wu, and the commander (lieutenant) Wei Bo of the capital Linzi Garrison District, and only the prime minister (National Prime Minister) summoned Ping to absolutely cooperate. On August 26, Liu Xiang planned to send someone to kill Zhaoping. Zhaoping got the news and mobilized troops to surround the palace.Wei Bo told Zhao Ping: "Your Majesty (Liu Xiang) intends to send troops, but he has not received an order from the central government. It is obviously illegal. You use force to stop him with good intentions. I am willing to lead troops into the palace for you and arrest Your Majesty (Liu Xiang). ) under house arrest." Zhao Ping believed it and handed over the military power to him.After Wei Bo gained military power, he surrounded the prime minister's mansion instead. Zhao Ping regretted it and had to commit suicide.Therefore, Liu Xiang appointed Si Jun as the prime minister (country minister), Wei Bo as the general, and Zhu Wu as the secretary-general (internal history) to mobilize the whole country of Qi.

Liu Xiang sent Zhu Wujin to pay a visit to Liu Ze, the king of Langya (the capital of Langya), and said: "The family surnamed Lu is in rebellion, and my king (Liu Xiang) is going to send troops to crusade. He knows that he is still young and does not understand military affairs, so he is willing to take Qi The country was entrusted to the king (Liu Ze). The king was a general when he was Emperor Gao (Liu Bang), so I taught you to invite the king to come to Linzi (the capital of the state of Qi · East Linzi Town, Zibo City, Shandong Province) to discuss and jointly raise important events .” Liu Ze believed his words and went to Linzi.When he arrived in Linzi, Liu Xiang turned his back on him, detained him, and sent Zhu Wuzheng to mobilize all the militiamen of Langya to merge with the Qi army.Liu Ze said to Liu Xiang: "The king (Liu Xiang) is the eldest grandson of Emperor Gao (Liu Bang), and the throne of the emperor belongs to you. Now the important officials are still hesitating and have not made a decision. I am in the royal family surnamed Liu. I have the longest share (Liu Ze is Liu Bang's cousin and Liu Xiang's cousin), and I may be waiting for my opinion. Keeping me in Linzi will do you no good, so let me go to the capital and act according to your own circumstances." Liu Xiang agreed , sent a grand motorcade to send Liu Ze west.

After Liu Ze left, the Qi army aggressively attacked Jinan State (that is, Jichuan State; Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province), issued a proclamation, accused the Lu family of crimes, and demanded that the whole world join forces to crusade.The Prime Minister (Xiangguo) Lu Chan and others received the report and sent Yingyin Hou Guanying to lead an army to meet him.Guan Ying's army arrived in Xingyang (Xingyang County, Henan Province) and conspired with his cronies, saying: "The Lu family has placed heavy troops in Guanzhong (central part of Shaanxi Province), and is preparing to overthrow the regime of the Liu family and become emperor themselves. If I defeat Qi The army, go back and make contributions, increasing the capital of the Lu family." So he stationed in Xingyang and stopped advancing.Send people to notify Qi Wang Liu Xiang and other feudal states to seek reconciliation, and wait for the Lu family to take action before allied forces attack.Liu Xiang agreed and withdrew the army back to the territory and waited for news.

7. Lu Lu and Lu Chan planned a coup d'etat, but they feared Zhou Bo and Liu Zhang internally, and Qi State (capital Linzi) and Chu State (capital Pengcheng) externally. Only after the confrontation did they dare to launch in Chang'an, so they have been hesitant.At this time, King Jichuan (capital Dongpingling) Liu Tai, Huaiyang King (capital Chen County) Liu Wu, Hengshan King (capital Zhending) Liu Chao (all sons of the second Huidi Liu Ying), and Lu Wang (The capital of Lu County) Zhang Yan, because he was too young, did not go to their feudal country, and stayed in Chang'an.In addition, King Zhao (the capital of Handan) Lu Lu and King Liang (the capital of Dingtao) Lu Chan commanded the northern and southern armies respectively, and they were all partisans of the Lu family.All marquises and all senior government officials are in danger, and they don't know when turmoil will break out.

Zhou Bo, the commander-in-chief (taiwei) of the national armed forces, has no military power in his hands.When everyone was anxious, they pinned their hopes on an aging Qu Zhouhou Li Shang (Li Shiqi's younger brother). Li Shang was old and sick, and his son Li Ji had a deep friendship with Lu Lu like siblings.Zhou Bo discussed with Prime Minister Chen Ping, sent people to hold Li Shang hostage and threatened, and taught Li Shang to instigate his son Li Ji to participate in the conspiracy.Therefore, Li Ji told Lu Lu, saying: "Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) and the Empress Dowager (Lu Pheasant) jointly started a business. Nine people with the surname Liu were crowned kings (Liu Bang's younger brother, King Liu Jiao of Chu. Long. Liu Bang's nephew Wu Wang Liu Bi. Liu Bang's cousin Langxie King Liu Ze. Liu Bang's grandson Qi Wang Liu Xiang. Liu Yingzi Hengshan King Liu Chao, Huaiyang King Liu Wu, Jichuan King Liu Tai), and three people named Lu were named kings (Liang Wang Lu Chan, Zhao Wang Lu Lu , Yan Wang Lu Tong), all out of high-level officials' public discussion, the government officially announced it, the world recognized it, and all the feudal countries thought it should be so. Now the empress dowager (Lu Zhi) has passed away, the emperor (Liu Hong) is young, you It is not a wise decision to wear Zhao Wang's seal and not return to your feudal country immediately, but to serve as a general, lead a large army, and stay in the capital (Chang'an) without arousing their suspicion. Return the seal and hand over the military power to the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces (Zhou Bo). Liang Wang (Lu Chan) should also return the prime minister's seal, and make an oath with high-level officials to return to his Liang State (capital Dingtao). If this is the case, the army of Qi State (the capital Linzi) will come out of nowhere and will stop, and the high-level officials can also feel at ease. My brother can sit back and relax, and be your Taiping King on a land thousands of miles away. This is the benefit of descendants and will be passed on to all generations " Lu Lu thought that there was nothing wrong with the old friend's words, so he had to hand over the military power, and sent someone to report this decision to Lu Chan and the elders of the Lu family.

Lu Lu trusted Li Ji, and the two often went hunting.Once, when passing by the house of my aunt Lu Wei (the younger sister of Lu Pheasant), Lu Wei saw her nephew like this, and she was filled with grief and indignation. The utensils were taken to the hall, distributed to the followers, and sighed: "I don't guard these things for others!" 8. In the early morning of September 10th, Pingyang Hou and Acting Chief Inspector (acting as a royal doctor) Cao Yu, met with Prime Minister Lu Chan to discuss business matters.At the same time, Jia Shou, the commander of the palace guard (Lang Zhongling), came back from his envoy to the state of Qi, and reprimanded Lu Chan, saying: "Your Majesty (Lu Chan) will not return to your feudal country sooner, and you will go back tomorrow. You can still go back." ?" He made a briefing on Guan Ying's conspiracy with Qi and Chu to return to the army to kill the Lu family, and urged Lu Chan to enter the palace as soon as possible.Cao Yu vaguely heard it from the side seat, hurriedly withdrew, and reported to Chen Ping and Zhou Bo.

Fearing that something would change, Zhou Bo immediately rushed to the Northern Army (Field Army).The gates of the northern barracks are tightly guarded and cannot enter.At this time, Xiangping Hou Jitong served as the custodian of the palace talisman festival (Shang Fujie), and sent people to "hold the festival" to falsely preach the imperial decree and allow Zhou Bo to take over the northern army by order of the emperor (Liu Hong).In advance, Zhou Bo taught Li Ji and Liu Jie, the director of reception for foreign officials and civilians (Dianke), to warn Lu Lu: "The emperor has sent Zhou Bo to take over the northern army and wants you to return to China. You'd better hand over your general seal and resign and leave. Otherwise, the great Disaster is imminent." Lu Lu and Li Ji were life-and-death friends, and he believed that he would never deceive himself, so he handed the seal of the general to Liu Jie and the military power to Zhou Bo. When Zhou Bo entered the Northern Army, Lu Lu had handed over his seal and left empty-handed.Zhou Bo ascended the hall and ordered: "Those who are loyal to the Lu family should show their right arms, and those who are loyal to the Liu family should show their left arms." The soldiers all showed their left arms, and Zhou Bo completely controlled the Northern Army. However, the southern army (security force) was still in the hands of the Lu family, and Chen Ping, the right prime minister, ordered Zhu Xuhou Liu Zhang to assist Zhou Bo. Wei), to prevent Prime Minister Lu Chan from entering the palace gate.Lu Chan didn't know that Lu Lu had left the Northern Army, so he went all the way to Weiyang Palace, preparing for a coup.When I arrived at the entrance of the hall (there are halls in the palace, and each hall has a door), the door of the hall was closed tightly, and I couldn't go in. I wandered around, at a loss.Cao Yu didn't dare to act, so he flew to report to Zhou Bo.At this time, Zhou Bo was still afraid that he would not be able to completely defeat the Lu family, so he did not dare to publicly announce that he would take action against the Lu family. He only told Liu Zhang, "Quickly enter the palace to protect the emperor (Liu Hong)." More than a thousand people.Liu Zhang led his army into Weiyang Palace, saw Lu Chan in the courtyard, and surrounded him.The stalemate lasted until evening, Liu Zhang attacked, Lu Chan fled, and suddenly a strong wind blew, Lu Chan's guards and officials were in a mess and could not resist.Lu Chan fled to the toilet of the Imperial Guard Headquarters (Langzhong's Mansion), where Liu Zhang beheaded Lu Chan. After Liu Zhang cut off Lu Chan's head, Liu Hong, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (the fourth emperor after the young emperor), ordered the royal protocol officer (the guest) to "hold the festival" to comfort Liu Zhang.Liu Zhang wanted to seize the talisman, but the royal concierge refused, so Liu Zhang forced him to get in the car together, ran around to surrender, beheaded Lu Gengshi, the security officer of Changle Palace (Changle Weiwei), and went straight to the Northern Army on the way home to report back to Zhou Bo.Zhou Bo stood up solemnly, kowtowed to Liu Zhang, and said: "We are only worried about Lu Chan, and now he is killed, and the world is settled." So they sent troops to search for the Lu family, regardless of men, women, old or young, and killed them all. The next day, September 11th, Lu Lu was captured and executed; because he hated Lu Mi, he beat her to death with a cane.Then send people to kill Yan Wang Lu Tong and depose Lu Wang Zhang Yan. On September 18, the title of King Jichuan (capital Dongpingling) was changed to Liu Taidang King Liang (capital Dingtao).Send Liu Zhang to the state of Qi to report the coup to Liu Xiang, the king of Qi, and order the Qi army to demobilize. 9. In Xingyang, Guan Ying, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (Great General), heard that Wei Bo, the Commander-in-Chief of the Qi Army, was the one who persuaded King Qi (the capital of Linzi) Liu Xiang to raise troops.Wei Bo replied: "When there is a fire at home, how can you tell your parents first before you go to fight the fire?" He stood aside, his legs trembling, and he was too scared to speak.Guan Ying asked him again, and he still said the same thing.Guan Ying looked at him, laughed and said, "People say that Wei Bo is a hero, it's nonsense, but he's just a mediocre person, what can he do?" He ordered Wei Bo to go back.Guan Ying is also a teacher from Xingyang. Bo Yang said: Some people have been famous for a long time, and in ordinary days, they have many faces and faces, just like characters.Once the situation is different, if you continue to pat your chest and perform, you will be killed, and you may really be killed.So I saw immediate results, and my legs trembled immediately.However, with 60 years of experience, Mr. Bo Yang can predict that when Wei Bo returns to Qi State, when he reports to Qi Wang Liu Xiang or lectures his subordinates, he will definitely describe this "Xingyang Meeting" as a rationale. After struggling hard, Guan Ying was finally persuaded by him, treated him with full respect, and treated him like a guest.Maybe Wei Bo will publish a memoir or something in the media, saying that Guan Ying still knelt down to him, begging his forgiveness. Among the high-ranking officials and dignitaries, most of them are Wei Bo, as you can tell after a long time. Ban Gu said: When Liu Heng (the fifth Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty) was on the throne, people all over the world believed that Li Ji was betraying his friends, and that he would forget righteousness for profit.However, Li Ji's father (Li Shang) was a hero who founded the country and was held hostage by force, so destroying Lu Lu, stabilizing the country, saving his father, and saving the emperor are just enough. Bo Yang said: According to the known historical data, there is no evidence that Lu's family wanted to seize power surnamed Liu, and Lu's pheasant was just a fierce shrew, the same as Wang Xifeng in the middle.There are smarts and vicious hearts, but no crazy ambitions.Compared with the only female emperor of China, Wu Yan (sound zhao), who appeared in the seventh century, Lu Zhi is like an idiot.Lv Zhi's greatest wish is to make her natal family king and make her beautiful.After the fierce reaction to the title of the king, she had to insist on the policy of sealing the king to protect the safety of her family and her weak grandson.Watching Liu You starve to death, she was just venting her anger for her natal daughter.To poison Liu Fei to death, but to sit on her son's table for him is not the act of a person with great ambitions.Lu Lu and Lu Chan, a pair of young and old lotus flowers, and they are not political figures, if they intend to rebel, how can they be persuaded by their three-inch tongue and rashly surrender their military power?The news of the coup in Lu's class mainly came from Liu Zhang. Since the escape incident, the opposing positions of the two sides are very obvious.Liu Zhang is young and impetuous, using his wife's status to create intelligence that cannot be verified but caters to people's hearts, and it is only to gain political profits. The coup led by Chen Ping and Zhou Bo was actually a struggle to seize power, so the magic weapon of "framing for rebellion" must be used.Li Ji was accused at that time, it can be seen that even in the atmosphere of terror that Lu Jiaban was affirmed as treason, justice is still in the hearts of the people.Ban Gu defended him with the following reasons: 1. Dad is a hero, and 2. Dad was held hostage.Can the son of a hero be able to harm the world?This idea can be described as extremely strange.And we don't believe that his father was really kidnapped. The military power is in the hands of Lu Jiaban, and the kidnapping for too long will expose the conspiracy. Li Ji sells his friends to seek glory and forgets righteousness at the sight of profit, and the case is solid, but Ban Gu beautifies him to be loyal and righteous for thousands of years.If the lu family class is successful, how will you evaluate Li Ji's behavior?At that time, there was a public opinion, but historians of later generations justified Li Ji. However, in any case, I don't want Li Ji to be such a "good enough" character among my friends, God bless! 10. The senior officials discussed together and decided: "The emperor (Liu Hong), Liu Tai, king of Liang, Liu Wu, king of Huaiyang, and Liu Chao, king of Hengshan, are not the real biological sons of Emperor Hui (the second emperor Liu Ying), but the empress dowager (Lv Pheasant) snatched other people's sons, killed their mothers, sent them to the palace to be raised, taught Emperor Hui (Liu Ying) to accept them as his own sons, and established them as crown princes; Power. Today, all the Lu family members are slaughtered, and whether the emperor or the prince grows up day by day, once we gain power, we will have to pay the price. Instead of taking this risk, it is better to be under the Gao Emperor (the first Emperor Liu Bang) Among the group of sons, choose a virtuous relative, and invite him to be the emperor." Everyone fully agreed.Someone suggested: Qi Wang Liu Xiang is the eldest grandson of Liu Bang and is the most qualified.Important senior officials objected, saying: "The family surnamed Lu is too powerful. When they became the emperor, they almost overthrew the government and displaced the heroes. Liu Xiang's uncle, Si Jun, is domineering in the feudal state, like a tiger wearing a hat. When Liu Xiang becomes emperor, the second Lu family will be on stage again. Only Dai Wang (Liu Heng) is the oldest son of Emperor Gao (Liu Bang), and he is very filial and generous. Mother Bo Ji's family has always been prudent and kind, and will become a royal family in the future so as not to cause disasters. The acting king is the existing eldest son, inheriting the father's throne, and his name is justified, not to mention that he has a good reputation known to all the world?" So he secretly sent envoys. , went to Jinyang (capital of Dai State Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) to meet Liu Heng. Twenty-three-year-old Liu Heng was both delighted and surprised by the arrival of Hongfu. He asked for opinions from the left and right. The generals of the Liu Bang era were proficient in battle formations and good at strategy. They would not be satisfied with their current titles, but feared the prestige of the high emperor and empress dowager, and dared not do anything. Now, they have slaughtered the Lu family and killed the capital. Killing like hemp, stepping on blood). Coming to meet the king at this time, you cannot be easily accepted. I suggest that you claim to be sick and cannot leave, and calmly observe the development of the situation." Song Chang, commander (lieutenant) of the Jinyang Garrison District of the capital, He said: "Everyone's judgment is specious. At the beginning, the government of the Qin Dynasty lost control, and the descendants of the royal families and heroes of the six countries were surging. There were tens of thousands of people. They all thought that they could seize the world. However, the world finally belonged to Liu. The surname, everyone has already despaired, this is one. Emperor Gao has entrusted his children to various places, intertwined, restraining each other, and has become as stable as a rock, and no one can rise up against it. This is the second. Since the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, the abolition of the Qin Dynasty The tyranny of the country, the laws and regulations are simple, the people are in peace, and any incitement is not easy to resonate. The third. With the sternness of the Empress Dowager Lu, he forced the surname Lu to be king and acted arbitrarily. Once Zhou Bo "holds the festival" Entering the Northern Army, as soon as they climbed up, the soldiers showed their left arms and were willing to fight for Liu. The Lu family will eventually be wiped out. This is God's will, and it cannot be done by ordinary manpower. Even if you want to launch a coup, the people will not listen , Can he do it with a small group of party members? Today, in the capital Chang'an, there are Zhu Xuhou Liu Zhang and Dong Mou Hou Liu Xingju who are royal blood relatives. Outside the capital Chang'an, there are King Wu (capital Guangling) Liu Bi, King Chu (capital Liu Jiao of Pengcheng, Liu Chang of Huainan (capital of Shouchun), Liu Ze of Langxie (capital of Langye), Liu Xiang of Qi (capital of Linzi), and our Dai State (capital of Jinyang), all made them fear. Among Emperor Gao's sons, there are only Da Wang and Liu Chang, but Da Wang is the elder brother, and people know that Da Wang is kind and loyal, and the high-level officials of the central government follow the people's hearts and welcome Da Wang to the throne, please don't doubt it." Liu Heng reported to his mother, Empress Dowager Bo (the mother of the king of Fengguo, also known as Queen Mother), that Empress Dowager Bo did not dare to decide whether Chang'an would support her. "Horizontal" (in ancient times, the turtle's carapace was baked with fire, and the displayed lines were observed to identify the future. If the carapace is full of horizontal cracks, it is called "big horizontal"). The hexagram says: "The horizontal lines are so clear / I will Became the king of heaven/the second emperor of the Xia Dynasty, Siqi/brilliance and development." ("Daheng Genggeng, Yu is the king of heaven, Xia Qi Yiguang.") Liu Heng said: "I am already a king, what else should I be a king? The wizard said: "The King of Heaven is not an ordinary prince. In the Zhou Dynasty, the King of Heaven was the Son of Heaven. In the Western Han Dynasty, the King of Heaven was the Emperor." Liu Heng and his cronies were still worried, so they invited Bo Zhao, the younger brother of Empress Dowager Bo and Liu Heng's uncle, to the capital Chang'an to meet Zhou Bo, the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces (Taiwei).Zhou Bo and others briefed Bo Zhao on the decision-making process.When Bo Zhao returned to Jinyang, he promised, "It's completely out of sincerity, you can believe it." Liu Heng was overjoyed, smiled and said to Song Chang, "It's exactly the same as your judgment." So Liu Heng set off and ordered Song Chang to accompany him in the car. (The ancients took a car, the distinguished person sat on the left, the driver was in the middle, and the right was accompanied by a person of equal value. The accompanying person was called "Chencheng". Because it was on the right edge, it was also called "right horse". ) Zhang Wu and other six people took a government stagecoach and followed them to Gaoling (Gaoling County, Shaanxi Province) to rest. Liu Heng ordered Song Chang to go to inquire about the news again and walked to the Weihe Bridge. The whole team has come to welcome.Song Chang couldn't see any fraud, so he came back to report, and Liu Heng continued to move forward.After arriving at the Weihe Bridge, senior officials paid homage, calling themselves "Chen" (meaning recognition of the other party's throne), and Liu Heng got out of the car to salute.Zhou Bo went forward and said, "Please have an audience alone." Song Chang said, "If you are talking about official business, please report it in public. If you are talking about private business, the emperor has nothing private." Zhou Bo then knelt down and presented the Emperor's Jade Seal Talisman Festival .Liu Heng declined and said, "We will discuss further when I arrive at the Dai State Guesthouse (Dai Mansion)." On the evening of September 29th, Liu Heng entered Chang'an and stayed at the Daiguo Guesthouse. He was not born to Emperor Xiaohui (Liu Ying), so he should not inherit the throne. But the king is the eldest son of Emperor Gao, so he should be enthroned, and please ascend the throne immediately." Liu Heng repeatedly declined on the seat facing the west, and then turned to the south. (Sitting in the East Chamber and bowing to the West is still the courtesy of the guest and host to the ministers. Later, sitting in the North Chamber and bowing to the South has become a monarch and minister).In the end, he officially ascended the throne (this year, Liu Heng was twenty-three years old), as Emperor Xiaowen (fifth term).The ministers serve the left and right in order of respect. Dong Mouhou Liu Xingju said: "I have no credit for killing the family surnamed Lu. Now, I am responsible for clearing the palace." He entered the palace with Minister of Communications (Private Servant) Ruyinhou Xia Houying, and treated the current emperor (fourth emperor Shaodi) Liu Hong said: "You are not the son of Liu, so you should not be emperor." Tell the royal armed guards to put down their weapons and leave.Several loyal royal armed guards refused, and Zhang Shi, the chief eunuch (eunuch order), taught them to obey, and everyone had to go away (Zhang Shi is a senior royal protocol officer, a feudal mausoleum marquis, who was originally an eunuch, so he also served as a court official).Xia Houying then taught to prepare a chariot (the emperor's special car) and send Liu Hong out of the palace.Liu Hong was afraid and said: "Teach me where to go?" Xia Houying said: "Go out and live, just live in the Palace Supply Department (Shaofu)." Then, the high-level officials sent out the emperor's special ceremonial ceremonies (the emperor's ceremonial guards, there are "big driver", "law driver" and "small driver". Big driver: the prince, ministers and officials lead the way, the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces accompanied the emperor in the car, and the guards Eighty-one convoys, legal drivers: there are no princes and ministers, but the mayor of the capital, the commander of the capital garrison, and the county magistrate of Chang'an will lead the way; the imperial entourage will accompany the emperor in the car, and the guard convoy is thirty-six. Small drivers: not specified According to the regulations, but it can be inferred that the momentum will decrease again), he went to Daiguo Hotel to meet Liu Heng, and reported: "The imperial palace has been cleared." That night, Liu Heng went to Weiyang Palace.The ten royal concierge officers (visitors) of Weiyang Palace were fully armed at Duanmen (the gate of the front hall of Weiyang Palace, which is also the main entrance of Weiyang Palace), and ordered to stop, saying: "The emperor is in the palace, what's the matter with you?" Heng told Zhou Bo, Zhou Bo personally explained, ten people put down their weapons and left, and Liu Heng went in.That night, Song Chang was appointed as the commander of the capital garrison (General Wei) to lead the northern and southern armies (security forces and field troops).Appoint Zhang Wudang, commander of the court guard officer (Lang Zhongling), to be responsible for the safety of the palace. Relevant officials killed Liang Wang Liu Tai, Huaiyang King Liu Wu, Hengshan King Liu Chao and the fourth emperor Liu Hong. Liu Heng (the fifth Emperor Wen) officially boarded the Jinluan Palace, and issued an imperial edict overnight to amnesty the world. Bo Yang said: Liu Ying ascended the throne at the age of sixteen and died at the age of twenty-three.In seven years, it is a young and strong man, the possibility of having a son is far greater than not having a son.The history books only say that Queen Zhang Yan has no children, not that Liu Ying has no children, and his wives can still have children.History books emphasize that Liu Gong (third term) and Liu Hong (fourth term) are "sons of others", just referring to the sons of the concubine, who were entrusted to Zhang Yan to raise.From the standpoint of Zhang Yan, although he is a "son of others", from the standpoint of Liu Ying, he is still of the Liu family blood.Because of this, Lu Zhi killed the child's mother.If it was from another family, would it be possible to let the old man go alone and not silence him?Of course, it is possible for Lu Pheasant to bring a child surnamed Lu to make up his number, but there is no such item in the crime of massacring the Lu family class.If there is such behavior, won't the anti-Lv front shake it out?Moreover, adopting one is enough, but adopting eight, the more the number, the more chances of leaking secrets.Lu Zhi is not stupid. We are sure that the eight Liu Hong brothers are all Liu Ying's own sons.Their guilt lies in the blood of a quarter of the Lu surname shed on their bodies.Senior officials are palpable in their words when they grow up to be adults.Political struggles often overwhelm the truth, and historians of the Anti-Lu Front naturally hope that future generations will believe this slander.However, at least one thing can be confirmed that during the coup, they kept saying to protect the safety of the emperor, but it was just a scam. 1. In winter, on October 1st, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang’an) (five emperors of Wen) Liu Heng (24 years old this year) changed his title to King Langya (capital Langya) Liu Ze became King Yan (capital Jixian) Last year, Liu Ze was defrauded by King Qi Liu Xiang to seize the country. He went west to Chang'an and participated in welcoming Liu Heng. The country will be taken by Liu Heng), and Liu Sui, the son of Liu You, named the former Zhao (you) king (the capital Handan) will succeed Zhao Wang (Liu You starved to death in Chang'an, refer to the first month of 181). 2. Chen Ping, the right prime minister, asked to resign. Liu Heng asked him, and he said: "When Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) was in power, Zhou Bo's credit was not as good as mine. But in this coup, my credit is not as good as Zhou Bo's. I would like to give up the position of right prime minister to Zhou Bo. " On November 2, Liu Heng transferred Chen Ping to be the prime minister on the left, and Zhou Bo, the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces (Taiwei), to be the prime minister on the right.Guan Ying, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (General) of the country, was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief (Taiwei) of the National Armed Forces.The lands captured by the Lv family in Qi State (capital Linzi) and Chu State (capital Pengcheng) were returned one by one. 3. Summarize the merits of the massacre of the Lu family class. The right prime minister Zhou Bo and below, according to the degree of credit, increase the number of fiefs and seal households, or reward gold and silver.Liu Heng respected and feared Zhou Bo at the same time. Once, when the meeting was adjourned early in the morning, Zhou Bo left with a very satisfied expression.Liu Heng was very respectful to him, and often watched him go out of court intently.Yuan An, a court guard (doctor) and a native of Anling (Yanling County, Henan Province), persuaded: "The family surnamed Lu is rebellious, and high-level officials jointly launched a counterattack. At that time, Zhou Bo happened to be the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces (Taiwei) ), he already had military power, and by chance, he became a great success. Looking at him now, he seems to be proud, but His Majesty is so humble. I don’t think it’s appropriate for the monarch and his ministers to be rude.” Liu Heng was influenced by him, and later In the early court, it became very strict, and the prime ministers began to fear. Wang Fuzhi said: Liu Heng's humility is not a lack of moral character.Respecting meritorious officials and respecting the pillars of the country is not the noble sentiment of Si Taijia (the fifth emperor Taizong of the Shang Dynasty) and Ji Song (the second king of the Zhou Dynasty).But Yuan Ang actually led him to be suspicious and harsh, that is, disloyalty.Knowing that Zhou Bo has no evil intentions, but his behavior is a little superficial, instead of persuading him, he seizes the opportunity to sow discord, but he just doesn't believe it.Yuan Ang's insidiousness, and later framed Chao Cuo (refer to 154 years ago) and seized power, which happened to Zhou Bo first.The villain is mean and so fearsome. 4. In December, Liu Heng issued an edict, saying: "Laws are the foundation of governing the country. Now that some people break the law, I don't think it is justified for the government to arrest parents, wives, brothers and sisters who did not break the law at all. From now on , to abolish the consecutive law for the arrest of relatives." 5. In spring and the first month, the officials in charge suggested that a prince should be established as soon as possible.Liu Heng said: "I am weak in morality. I can neither seek out the world's sages and people of high moral character, and give him the right to rule. On the contrary, I want to set up a prince, which will increase my anxiety. Let's wait for a while." The official in charge said : "The purpose of appointing the prince in advance is to respect the ancestors and worship the temple, defend the country, and not forget the weight of the world's entrustment." Liu Heng said: "Liu Jiao, the king of Chu (the capital of Pengcheng), is my uncle; Liu Jiao, the king of Wu (the capital of Guangling), Bi, is my elder brother; Liu Chang, the king of Huainan (the capital of Shouchun), is my younger brother; how can we not let them participate? I will not choose among them, but must appoint my son. People will criticize me for rejecting the virtuous A talented person only thinks of his own flesh and blood, and this is not a responsible attitude to the world.” The official in charge insisted, saying: “The ancient Shang and Zhou dynasties lasted more than a thousand years (in fact, the Shang Dynasty was in 662, Zhou Dynasty Dynasty 879), it was because of the early establishment of the prince that the country was not in chaos. The legal heir must be his own son. This is the rule since ancient times and has a long history. The succession of children and grandchildren will last forever. If you abandon your parents and children and appoint a member of the royal family, it is not the will of Emperor Gao, so please don't think about it. Among the sons of His Majesty, Liu Qi is the oldest, and he is kind, please designate He will be the prince." Liu Heng agreed. 6. In March, Prince Liu Qi's mother, Ms. Dou (unknown name), was made queen.Empress Dou was born in Guanjin County (Wuyi County, Hebei Province) in Qinghe County (Qinghe County, Hebei Province).Younger brother Dou Guangguo, whose name is Shaojun, was robbed and sold by others when Dou Guangguo was a child. He resold more than ten houses. Hearing that his sister became a queen, he wrote a letter describing his life experience.Empress Dou summoned him and interrogated him to find out the truth, so he generously rewarded him with land and house money, and settled down in Chang'an with his elder brother Dou Changjun.Right Prime Minister Zhou Bo, Commander-in-Chief of the National Armed Forces (Taiwei) Guan Ying and others said: "Our lives are in the hands of these two people. They came from humble backgrounds, and we must properly select teachers and guests for them. Otherwise, if To follow in the footsteps of the Lü family is a matter of great concern to the country." So he looked for people of high moral character and integrity to live with them.Dou Changjun and Dou Shaojun became humble men, and they did not dare to use their noble status to be arrogant to others. Bo Yang said: Empress Dou and Dou Guangguo are from Guanjin, and they have a desolate life experience and a legendary meeting of siblings.If their experience is written as a reportage, it will definitely be considered fictional, but historical facts are all there. In the miserable world, occasional comedy scenes are enough to inspire people. Empress Dou was poor since she was a child, and was forced into the palace by Lv Zhi.Once, Lu Zhi rewarded each prince with five court ladies, and Ms. Dou was on the list.Because her family was close to Handan, the capital of Zhao State, she begged the eunuch who presided over the matter to send her to Zhao State.The eunuch agreed, but immediately forgot that he would not take the words of a poor little court lady to heart.So when she left, Ms. Dou found out that she had been sent to Daiguo (the capital of Jinyang), crying sadly and refusing to go on the road, but how could the palace allow a little maid to resist?Unexpectedly, after arriving in the Dai Kingdom, he was favored by the Dai Wang Liu Heng, gave birth to a daughter Liu Piao, and gave birth to a son Liu Qi.Later Liu Heng became the emperor, Liu Qi was named the crown prince, and she was honored as the empress. A strange accident brought her to the top.At the beginning, if it was distributed to the Zhao country as expected, it would still be a speck of dust. When his younger brother Dou Guangguo was four or five years old, he was kidnapped and sold. He resold more than ten houses in a row, and finally sold to Yiyang (Yiyang County, Henan Province) to cut wood and burn charcoal in the deep mountains for his master. Of the others, only Dou Guangguo narrowly escaped death and followed his master to Chang'an.I heard that Empress Xinli, whose surname is Dou, is also from Guanjin.Although Dou Guangguo left his hometown when he was four or five years old, he still vaguely remembers the name of the county and the appearance of his elder sister. He also remembers that once he climbed up a tree with his elder sister to pick mulberry leaves, and fell down. He used this past event to write a letter to the queen. , asking for recognition. Empress Dou was shocked by this past event that only the siblings knew. She immediately summoned Dou Guangguo, asked her again, and then asked, "Do you remember other childhood events?" as a verification.Dou Guangguo said: "When my sister was forced into the palace, she bid farewell to me in the hotel. She asked for a basin of water to wash my hair. After washing my hair, she fed me food. After the meal, my sister left." The younger brother was hugged into his arms, weeping uncontrollably.The entourage and officials serving on the left and right all prostrated themselves on the ground and wept with them. Behind this legend lies the fate of the Chinese people. Even in the so-called "Han and Tang Dynasty" Western Han Dynasty, boys were plundered as slaves and girls were forced into the palace, and the people had no way to tell.上帝特别用窦家蛆弟二人的舞台式喜剧，显示人间悲剧的无穷。 7、刘恒下诏，命各级政府贷款给无妻的男子（鳏）、无夫的妇人（寡）、年少而无父母（孤）、年老而无子女（独）等穷困的人，或免除他们的赋税。又下令：“年八十岁以上，由政府每月赠送食米、酒、肉。年九十以上，加赏布匹棉絮、稀饭（粥）。由县长亲自察看，主任秘书（丞）或警察官（尉）亲自致送。年不满九十岁，由乡村事务官（啬夫）或县政府的低级官员（令史，一百石以下）致送。各郡郡长（二千石）派视察官（都吏）巡视考察，对办事不力的官员，依法处分。” 8、楚（元）王刘交逝世。 9、夏季，四月，齐国、楚国地震，二十九座山同一天崩塌，大水从地下涌出。 10、有人呈献千里马，刘恒说：“天子的大旗（鸾旗）在前，卫士的车队在后，有急事时，每天走五十里，平常时候，每天走三十里。只我一个人骑千里马，教我跑到哪里去？”把马发还当事人，发给他路费送回，下诏说：“我不接受呈献，通令四方，不要寻觅稀宝珍兽。” 11、刘恒既呈现出他的品德，各封国跟四境邻邦，远近称道，人心安定。于是，检讨从代国出发前后贡献，封宋昌当壮武侯。 12、刘恒逐渐了解国家大事，并追求更多的了解。一天，在早朝时问右宰相周勃说：“政府一年之间，有多少案件判决？”周勃不知道。刘恒又问：“政府每年收支多少？”周勃又不知道，惶恐惭愧，大汗如雨。刘恒又问左宰相陈平，陈平说：“主管官员知道。”刘恒说：“主管官员是谁？”陈平说：“陛下如问司法审理，应问司法部长（廷尉）。如问钱粮，应问粮食部长（治粟内史）。”刘恒说：“既然各有主管官员，像你宰相，又主管什么？”陈平道歉说：“陛下不知道我像劣马一样的庸碌无能，而使我担任宰相。宰相的职责是：对上辅佐天子，协调歧见，顺应潮流，推动政令。对下安排人事，调停运转。对外镇抚四方蛮夷跟所有封国，对内亲近安抚人民，使各级政府官员，都能称职任事。”刘恒认为好极。周勃十分惭愧，既出朝门，抱怨陈平说：“你平常怎么不教导我？”陈平笑说：“你坐在宰相座位上，怎么不知道宰相是干什么的？假如皇上忽然问长安有多少小偷，你难道也要勉强回答？”周勃这才明白，他的能力，远不如陈平。 不久之后，有人警告周勃说：“你诛杀吕姓家族，又迎立代王（刘恒）当皇帝，威名震动天下，而你也受到厚重的回报，居于高位。富贵如果太久，可能为你招来大祸。”周勃自己也感觉到功臣没有好下场的危机，就声称有病，请求辞职。刘恒批准。秋季，八月二十七日，周勃离职。西汉政府不再设左右宰相，由陈平专任宰相。 13、最初（参考前一八一年九月），太皇太后吕雉，派隆虑侯周灶，攻击南越帝国（首都番禺），正逢盛夏，天气潮湿，军中发生瘟疫，无法越过五岭（大庾岭）。一年以后，吕雉逝世，周灶遂即撤退。南越武帝赵佗乘胜利余威，用贵重礼物送给闽越王国（首都东冶）、西瓯王国（首都郁林）以及骆越王国（首都交趾），把他们置于控制之下。于是南越帝国领土倍增，东西有万余里，南越武帝赵佗用黄绫作为车盖（这种车称“黄屋”，皇帝专用），左边竖起大旗（皇帝车队前方有旗，谓“左纛”），跟汉朝皇帝的排场一模一样，与汉朝对抗。 西汉帝刘恒决定放弃武力，用政治手段解决。赵佗祖籍真定（河北省正定县），刘恒下令整修赵佗父母的坟墓，特别设立守墓官员，负责洒扫祭祀。征召赵佗的亲人兄弟，任命他们当官，再重重赏赐，给他们荣耀。估计这些消息由赵家传给赵佗之后，刘恒派陆贾再次出使南越（陆贾第一次出使南越，参考前一九六年五月），携带刘恒写给赵佗的信件，信上说：“我，高皇帝（刘邦）姬妾的儿子，放逐到首都之外，在北方建立代国。道路遥远，而我又愚鲁朴实，见闻有限，所以没有叫你修书问候。自高皇帝逝世，孝惠皇帝（刘盈）即位，太皇太后（吕雉）主持大事，不幸身体患病，吕姓家族企图颠覆政府，幸赖功臣们的力量，把他们扑灭。我因为王侯们跟高级官员们坚持，不准推辞，不得不继承帝位，现在已正式就职。不久之前，接到报告说：你派将领送信给隆虑侯周灶，要求遣送你的亲人兄弟前往南越，并要求撤退驻扎长沙国（首府临湘）的两支部队（前一八三年，赵佗攻长沙，西汉政府派遣两位将领率军进驻长沙戒备），我已依照你信上的吩咐，调回博阳侯陈濞跟他所统率的两军。你在故乡的亲人兄弟，也派人照料，并整修你祖先们的坟墓。前几天，又接到报告说，你再度发兵出击，在边界造成灾难。长沙国受害很重，南方各郡，尤其悲惨。问题是，难道你的国家，却反而得到好处？战争一旦发动，无论士兵将领，一定会有死伤。使人的妻子成为寡妇，使人的儿女成为孤儿，使人的父母无依无靠。收获一分而丧失十分，我不忍心做这种事情，我准备重新划定两国边界，调整犬牙交错不规则的分割，曾询问主管官员，主管官员说：'这是高皇帝厘定的界线。'我不敢擅自变动。事实上，汉朝得到贵国土地，并大不了多少，夺取贵国的财货，也不会使我们更为富有。但愿五岭山脉以南地区，贵国自行治理，汉朝绝不干预。不过，你称'皇帝'，世界之上，就有了两个皇帝，而又缺少一位使节来往，这才发生争执。只知道争执而不知道让步，不是有爱心的人的行为。我建议我们同时抛弃以前的怨恨，从今天起，恢复往日友谊，互相派遣使节。” 陆贾到了南越，赵佗恐惧，叩头表示知罪，愿接受汉朝的管辖，永远作为藩属，按期进贡。下令国内：“我了解，两雄不并立，两贤不并存，中国皇帝（刘恒）是一位贤明的天子，从现在开始，我不再称皇帝，并撤销黄绫车盖（黄屋）跟左侧大旗（左纛）。”遂写回信给刘恒，自称：“蛮夷酋长、老夫、臣赵佗，冒着被处死的危险，叩头再叩头。”又说：“我，故秦王朝南海郡（广东省广州市）一个官员，蒙高皇帝赐给印信，封我南越王。后来孝惠皇帝即位，在道义上，不忍舍弃，赏赐给我的礼物，十分贵重。可是等到吕太后当权，跟邻国蛮夷，划清界线，下令说：'不可以把下列东西卖给他们：金、铁、耕田用具、马、牛、羊。即令卖给他们，也只准卖给他们雄的，不准卖给他们雌的。'我所处之地，非常荒僻，马牛羊都要老了。我以为是我祭祀不周，神明降罚，是我的罪过，曾先后派遣秘书长（内史）藩（姓不详）、首府番禺警备区司令（中尉）高（姓不详）、监察官（御史）平（姓不详），三次到长安，上书请求宽恕，想不到全被扣留，不准他们回国。接着听说我父母的坟墓被破坏削平，亲人兄弟，全被屠杀。我的官员们商议决定：'既然西汉政府这么待我们，我们就不必依靠他，提升到跟他一样高的地位，别别苗头。'这才自称皇帝。只不过对内使用，并不敢伤害汉朝。可是吕太后却大发脾气，撤除南越王封号，断绝使节，阻塞交通。我疑心长沙王吴臣从中挑拨，所以才出兵骚扰他的边疆。我在南越四十九年，于今已有了孙儿。然而凌晨即起，深夜才睡。卧不能安枕，食不知滋味，眼不看女人的美色，耳不听欢娱的音乐，只为了不能侍奉汉朝。而今陛下哀怜我，恢复南越王的封号，又准许交通来往，我已如愿以偿，即令今天死亡，名声不灭，已除去帝号，不敢再称帝了。” 14、齐（哀）王刘襄逝世。 15、刘恒听说河南郡（河南省洛阳市东白马寺东）郡长（守）吴公（名不详）政绩全国第一，于是调他到中央政府，担任司法部长（廷尉）。 吴公推荐洛阳人贾谊，刘恒召见，命他担任研究官（博士）。是时，贾谊才二十余岁，刘恒喜爱他文辞优雅和博学多闻。一年之中，超越常规的把贾谊提升到中级国务官（太中大夫。博士属四级官，太中大夫属三级官，依照规定，非经考绩不能升迁。刘恒之擢升贾谊，是一种破坏法规的举动）。贾谊雄心万丈，建议刘恒更改正朔（十月作为一年的第一个月，是秦政府所定，贾谊认为西汉政府应定正月为一年的第一个月），变换衣服颜色（依照玄而又玄的“五德”“五行”学说，西汉政府官民人等，应以黄色为正宗，但迄今仍用红色，所以要求改变），重新制定官名（西汉政府一直沿用秦政府的官制跟称号），修订秦政府的法令，建立西汉政府特有的礼仪乐章（叔孙通参考秦王朝的规矩，制定朝仪，也以秦王朝皇家祖庙的乐章为基础，制定新谱）。刘恒谦让，不敢接受。 1、冬季，十月，西汉王朝（首都长安）曲逆侯（献侯）、宰相陈平逝世。 2、西汉帝（五任文帝）刘恒（本年二十五岁）下令：侯爵一律回他自己的封国（侯国采邑）。凡在中央政府担任官职，或皇帝特别允许留在首都长安的，则遣送嫡长子回国。 3、十一月二日，刘恒再任命周勃当宰相（丞相）。 4、十一月三十日，傍晚，日食。刘恒下诏给文武百官说：“请大家检讨我的过失和我见解不成熟之处，一一告知。并请推荐贤良、方正，以及直言无隐可以极力规劝我的人，来补救我的疏忽。”下令各尽职责，减少赋税劳役，使人民获得休养。撤除首都卫戍司令（卫将军），交通部（太仆）仅留够用的马匹，多余的拨给驿站。 5、颍阴侯灌婴的骑兵将领贾山，上书给刘恒，陈述治乱之道，说：“雷霆摧击，当之者无不折断。万钧之重压下来（十五公斤为一钧），受之者无不粉碎。皇帝的威严，不仅雷霆而已。权势的重量，又岂止万钧？广开言路，征求规劝，和颜悦色的接受，采纳他的建议，更赏赐给他荣耀，人们还心怀恐惧，不敢畅所欲言。何况凶暴任性，拒绝谈论自己的过失？如果用威严去震撼，用权势去压制，即令有伊祁放勋（尧·黄帝王朝六任帝）、姚重华（舜·黄帝王朝七任帝）的智慧、孟贲（秦王朝勇士）的勇敢，也没有不被折断粉碎之理。领袖将永远不知道自己的错误，国家将陷于危境。 “从前，周王朝建立一千八百个封国，用九州岛人民的财力（上古三代之际，全国分为九州岛：豫州、徐州、青州、兖州、冀州、雍州、梁州、扬州、荆州），奉养一千八百个封国国君。领袖有多余的财富，人民有多余的力量，因而歌颂的声音兴起。秦一任帝嬴政，用一千八百个封国的人民土地，奉养自己，民力丧失罄尽，而仍不能满足他的需要。君王不过一人而已，追求的也不过打猎出游之类，竟然刮尽了天下财富，仍不够供应。嬴政计算他的功德，认为后世将传到无穷无尽，想不到身死之后才几个月，英雄豪杰从四面八方发动攻击，秦政府遂即消灭。嬴政身在危境之中而竟然不知道，什么原因？在于没有人敢告诉他！为什么没有人敢告诉他？因为没有尊敬老成的习惯和没有辅佐的人才。嬴政认为直言就是诽谤，予以排斥，对指出他错误的人，一律诛杀。自然的，拍马摇尾、胁肩谄笑、迎合意旨、苟且偷安之辈，充满政府。众口一词咬定他的品德比伊祁放勋、姚重华都贤，他的功业比子天乙（商王朝一任帝）、姬发（周王朝一任王）都大。政府已经崩溃，仍没有人对他说出真相。 “而今，陛下下令推荐贤良方正之士，全国人心鼓舞，认为：'伊祁放勋、姚重华之道，将要复兴，姒文命、子天乙、姬发的功业，将要再现。'天下知识分子，都在充实学问，砥砺品德。问题是，现在贤良方正之士，都集中政府，陛下遴选其中更为贤能的人才，任命他们担任可以进宫侍奉皇上，或掌有监察职责的官吏。如果只为了要他们陪同游宴射猎，一天奔驰两三次，政府仍免不了松弛，官员更免不了误事。陛下自即位以来，勉励自己，厚待部属，节俭用度，爱护人民，司法公正，刑罚宽大，天下欢欣。我听说，山东（崤山以东）地方官员传布诏令时，残弱疾病的老人，都拄着手杖，前往恭听。但愿迟一会再死，只求见到教化的成果。而今，大业终于稳定，声名传播，四方奉行。可是，陛下却率同英雄豪杰、贤良方正，跟他们每天出猎，追逐野兔，搏击狐狸，似乎伤害国家的大事，杜绝天下的盼望，我内心觉得悲哀。 “古时候，国家重要的高级官员，不准参与领袖的宴会游戏。在于培养廉洁，提高尊严。大家不敢不诚意修身，尽心他的工作。一个有道德的高级知识分子，在自己家里培养出的好品德，却在天子的宫廷中败坏，情况至为可悯。因此我建议，陛下应分别看待：跟普通官员去游玩作乐，而跟重要官员和贤良方正人士，磋商政府事务。二者既分，在游玩时，陛下可以纵情欢乐。在公开场合，陛下可以保持严肃。在会议时，陛下可以冷静思考。在政治运转的轨道上，这是一件大的决定。” 刘恒嘉奖贾山的见解。 刘恒每次上朝途中，无论宫廷禁卫官（郎）或其他随从官员，上书言事，总教辇车停下来接受。不可以采纳的，放到一旁；可以采纳的，都会赞扬。 6、刘恒从霸陵（陕西省西安市东北）回宫，打算纵马驰下一个陡坡，皇家警卫指挥官（中郎将）袁盎，跑上去紧傍车辆，拉住缰绳，跟随着一同飞奔。刘恒说：“你这位将军，可是胆怯得很呀。”袁盎说：“俗话说：'千金之子，坐不垂堂。'（有身价的人，不坐在房檐底下，怕瓦掉下来砸破脑袋），君王不冒危险，去求侥幸平安。陛下御车有六匹骏马，六匹马同时狂奔下坡，万一马受了惊恐，御车翻覆，陛下纵然不在意，怎么对得起高皇帝（刘邦）、皇太后（薄女士）？”刘恒遂命停止。 刘恒宠爱他的小老婆慎夫人（名不详），皇宫之内，常常跟窦皇后同席而坐（小老婆群无论什么封号，“夫人”也好，“贵妃”也好，见了皇后，都要下跪叩头：不教坐，不敢坐；坐也只能坐在一旁）。有一次，在皇家警卫指挥官总部（郎署，设御花园内），慎夫人又跟窦皇后坐在一起，袁盎请慎夫人移到侧席，慎夫人羞辱难当，面红耳赤，不肯接受。刘恒也勃然大怒，站起来下令回宫。袁盎追随而入，解释说：“我听说：尊贵的跟卑贱的，有一定的秩序。严守这个秩序，上下才能相亲相爱。陛下既然已有了皇后（窦皇后），慎夫人就是姬妾，姬妾岂可以跟正妻平起平坐？陛下喜欢她，只要厚待她就够了，用这种方法宠她，正足以害她。难道不记得'人彘'（参考前一九四年）的事？”刘恒醒悟，告诉慎夫人，慎夫人也醒悟，赏赐袁盎黄金五十斤。 7、贾谊上书，说： “《管子》说：'仓库充实，人民才知道礼义。衣食充足，人民才知道荣辱。'人民衣食缺乏，而天下竟然太平，从古到今，还没有听说过。古人说：'一个男人不耕田，或许就有人饥饿。一个妇女不织布，或许就有人寒冷。'万物生长，需要一定时间，如果拼命挥霍，物资必然缺乏。古时治理国家，虽细微小节，都考虑周到，所以才有丰富的积蓄，作为后盾。现在，忘掉根本，只问枝梢的人太多，所以常造成大的伤害。淫荡奢侈的风俗，每天都在增长，伤害就更严重。这种事情公开横行，没有人禁止，一旦巨舟翻覆，无法挽救。盖从事生产的人少，从事消费的人多，天下财富，如何能不枯竭？ “西汉王朝建立迄今，将近四十年（应为二十九年），政府和人民，都没有积蓄，情况使人担忧。天应降雨时而不降雨，造成旱灾，人心恐慌。庄稼歉收，人民唯有卖儿卖女。这种情形，皇上早已知道，焉有天下如此危急，大小官员竟然毫不震惊？ “农田有时丰收，有时歉收，是正常现象，本不稀奇。姒文命（禹）、子天乙（汤），都遭遇过。问题在于，万一不幸，二三千里广阔的国土上，发生大旱，政府有什么办法救济？突然间边境告急，需要数十万数百万大军抵御，政府有什么办法供应粮食？旱灾兵灾交集，社会必然陷于混乱。年轻壮士，聚集徒众党羽，四处抢掠攻击。老弱之辈，交换儿女，互相格杀吞食。行政命令，完全不能执行。远方有力量夺取政权的人，势将争先恐后而起。这时候再大惊失色，图谋挽救，岂能有效？所以，公私积蓄，关系国家命脉。假定粮食够多而财富也充足，什么不能成功？用它出击，必然攻克。用它固守，必然牢不可破。用它支持战争，必然胜利。无论怀柔面前的敌人，或安抚远方的蛮夷，怎会达不到目的？ “而今，驱使人民从事农耕，主要的是巩固根本。使人民靠自己的劳力，养活自己。至于工人商人，都是末技游民，应该强制他们改行务农。则积蓄自然充足，而人民也自然快乐安居。这是使天下平安富有的主要重点，然而陛下却一直在这上面，心怀犹豫，不肯有所作为，我为陛下感到惋惜。” 刘恒深受感动。 春季，正月十五日，刘恒下令前往皇家农场，亲自耕作，作为重农榜样。 8、三月，有关单位请封皇子们爵位。刘恒下诏，先封赵（幽）王（首府邯郸）刘友的最小儿子刘辟彊当河间王（首府乐成。去年封刘友的儿子刘遂当赵王。河间属赵国，现在划出一郡，另立河间国），封朱虚侯刘章当城阳王（首府莒县），东牟侯刘兴居当济北王（首府卢县），然后再封自己的儿子刘武当代王（首府代县），刘参当太原王（首府晋阳），刘揖当梁王（首府定陶）。 9、五月，刘恒下诏：“古人治理国家，官府前设有鼓励人民批评政府的旌旗，桥头上竖有鼓励人民批评政府的木板。目的在于建立上下交通渠道，了解民情。可是现行法律，却有'诽谤罪'和'妖言罪'，使大家不敢直言无隐，在上位的无法知道自己过失，怎么请到贤良方正？二罪应即废除。”（妖言罪，前一八七年已废除过，今再废除，可能是重申前令。） 10、九月，刘恒下诏：“农耕，是立国的根本，人民的生命。人民不去从事根本，而去追逐工商之类枝叶，生活才日益困难，我深为忧虑。是以亲率文武百官，下田耕种，表示鼓励。特别免除农家今年（前一七八年）的一半田租。” 燕（敬）王（首府蓟县）刘泽逝世。 1、冬季，十