Chapter 27 4. Rise of the Huns

The Western Han Dynasty revived China from the chaos of war, and the Huns Khanate in the north rose. This behemoth continued to invade the north and west of China.In order to resist this aggression, the Western Han government launched many defensive attack wars. In the 1960s of this century (the first 2nd century), the government of the Western Han Dynasty determined that Confucianism was the only correct thought, and its influence on the Chinese people did not stop until the 20th century AD, for two thousand years. 1. In winter, in October, the Changle Palace of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Liyang) was completed (located in the western suburbs of Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province. The construction started in 202 BC and was completed this year. At that time, the Weiyang Palace had not yet broken ground, and Changle Palace was the only palace , became the center of the government, and the court meetings or imperial meetings were held there. Later, Xiao He built Weiyang Palace on the west side of Changle Palace. The place where Empress Dowager Lu Zhi issued orders, also known as "Eastern Dynasty").All the princes, monarchs and senior officials came to congratulate him.It was not yet clear, and the royal protocol officer (the guest) came to the scene to preside over the ceremony, and guided everyone to enter the gate of the palace according to the order, and stood in the hatchback, facing east and west.The guards and military officers set up posts along the steps and stood guard in the courtyard, holding weapons and waving flags. After everything was ready, a warning came from the front: the emperor was coming.Soon, Liu Bang (57 years old), the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (one of the great ancestors), came slowly in a royal chariot (a small cart drawn by human power specially used for kings and queens).The royal protocol officer guides the prince below the title of king, up to the chief-level officials of the central government with an annual salary of 600 shi (sound dan, 103.55 liters per shi). 2,000 stones for the second grade, 1,000 stones for the third grade, 600 stones for the fourth grade, 400 stones for the 5th grade, 300 stones for the 6th grade, 200 stones for the 7th grade, 100 stones for the 8th grade). Go forward in order and salute Liu Bang.The atmosphere was solemn and solemn, and everyone was frightened, tense and fearful.At the end of the pilgrimage, a banquet was set up to bless Liu Bang. Everyone sat upright in the hall, bowed their heads and did not dare to look up. Still according to their titles and official positions, they stood up and offered blessing wine to Liu Bang. After nine times, the Royal Protocol Officer announced that the ceremony was completed. .At this time, the censor (censor) proposed impeachment, accusing several officials of unlawful behavior and immediately expelled from the Golden Palace.From the beginning to the end, no one dared to make loud noises or behave rudely.So Liu Bang was so happy that he slapped his thigh and said, "I didn't know that being an emperor is so fucking enjoyable until today!" He promoted Shusun Tong to be the Minister of Sacrifice (Feng Chang), and rewarded him with five hundred catties of gold.

Bo Yang said: The king of any country has an audience ceremony, but none of them have the grotesqueness of China.The most prominent point is "kneeling".Kneeling is an ancient ritual that is the most honorable to others and the most humiliating to oneself.In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and the era of Shusun Tong's "Zhao Chao Yi", kneeling was still a simple movement. Everyone's buttocks sat on the calf, and it was completed as long as they stood up a little.Three centuries later, the "bed" of barbarian tribes was introduced to China. Although the Chinese no longer sit on the floor, "kneeling" is not abandoned. It has become an embarrassing burden and a wart in Chinese culture. On the one hand, it hinders the normal operation of the blood, and on the other hand, it cultivates slavish growth until the twentieth century.

What Shusun Tong did is the skill of Confucianism. The original meaning of "Confucianism" is "ceremony expert", so competent and happy.Under the principle of the superiority of the emperor and the inferiority of the ministers, the king stayed away from the crowd, and the good times of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period when the monarchs and ministers talked with each other - like Ying Ji and Fan Ju whispering to each other, are gone forever.There is a gap of "ethics" between the emperor and his subjects. With the development of the times, this gap becomes deeper, wider, and more insurmountable.Initially, a few special officials could still sit beside the emperor.But in the eleventh century, when Sima Guang compiled it, the prime minister had no seat and had to stand there.In the end, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was impossible for the prime ministers to stand in a row. Like ordinary people, they had to kneel in front of the emperor (and they had to be prepared to be thrown to the ground at any time and tortured).What the Chinese have fallen into is this deformed tradition that the smaller the official, the less dignity, and the common people have no dignity at all.

For an autocratic regime, the court rituals formulated by Shusun Tong are a humiliating agent.Seriously trampled on human rights and democracy. 2. In the beginning, the Qin Dynasty unified the world, synthesized the etiquette of the six kingdoms, and selected the parts that made the king noble and the officials humble, and specially preserved them.Shusun Tong formulated the court rituals, which generally inherited the rules of the Qin Dynasty, from the title of the emperor to the title of the official position and the name of the palace.The etiquette regulations formulated later were bound together with legal books and kept by the judiciary, but the judges refused to spread them to the outside world, so other officials and civilians did not know their contents.

Sima Guang said: The function of etiquette is too great, and it is applied to individuals: no matter dynamic or static, there are certain rules that can be followed; all behaviors can achieve perfection.Used in the family: able to distinguish between internal and external, harmonious nine clans.Where it is used: the seniority, the seniority, and the customs and habits will all change from ugly to beautiful.It is used in the country (Chinese people have always been confused about the concept of "country" and "world". Sometimes they are two in one, and sometimes they are completely different. It is probably like this: when "country" refers to "sealing the country", "Tianxia" refers to "China". Sometimes, "Tianxia" also refers to "the world". The ancients were limited by knowledge and believed that "Tianxia" was only so big): Kings and officials have a certain sequence, which can smoothly promote administration and governance people.When used in the world: the country is subject to obedience and strict discipline; it only keeps small movements on the table and in the door from falling into chaos.

With Liu Bang's intelligence and understanding, he immediately accepted Lu Jia's suggestion (Lu Jia wrote "Xinyu", pointing out that military aggression will surely perish, and advocating ethics will surely prosper. Every time an article is submitted and read, Liu Bang will praise it once. Refer to the first nine Six years); seeing Shusun Tong's etiquette, he sighed and appreciated it.However, Liu Bang could not be ranked with the three generations of kings (three generations of kings: Si Wenming, the first emperor of the Xia Dynasty, Tianyi, the first emperor of the Shang Dynasty, and Jifa, the first king of the Zhou Dynasty), because of his lack of knowledge.At the beginning of the founding of the country, if he could get a Confucian school giant (Daru) as his assistant, his achievements would not stop there.

It's a pity that Shusun Tong's ambition was too small, and he only stole a little dregs of etiquette. In order to meet the requirements of the world and seek the favor of the king, he made the etiquette of the previous kings (Si, Zi, Ji) sink forever and could not be revived; Today, it hurts.So Yang Xiong ridiculed Shusun Tong and said: "Once upon a time, there was a minister in the State of Lu, but his name was not recorded in the history books. Someone asked: 'How can it be considered "big"?" The answer was: "Shusun Tong is going to formulate government etiquette. The state of Lu went to invite teachers, but only two could not be found.' The man said: 'The original intention of Confucius traveling around the world, isn't that?' He replied: 'The purpose of Confucius traveling around the world is to impart his knowledge and contribute to society. If you give up your own position, submit to others, and follow the custom, how can you compare with Confucius? Even if there are rites and rules, how can you use them?’” Yang Xiong’s words were to the point.How can the giants of the Confucian school (great Confucians) be willing to destroy the rules of etiquette and only pursue temporary performance?

Bo Yang said: Sima Guang's comments lead people into Wuli Yunwu. I don't know what he said?I don't know where he is aiming?What he said against Shu Suntong was especially eye-catching.Sima Guang said that it would be great if there were "great Confucians" at that time, and they could help Liu Bang establish an immortal feat.Hey, in the era of the Three Kings (Si, Zi, Ji), there were so many "great Confucians", where is the meritorious deeds of all ages?That is to say, in terms of the length of the existence of the regime, the Xia Dynasty lasted for 440 years, including the so-called "usurped" by Hou Yi and Han Yun for 67 years.In the 662nd year of the Shang Dynasty, the capital kept moving, like a refugee camp.The Zhou Dynasty was eight hundred and seventy-nine years old, and in the last two or three hundred years, it was not even as good as a feudal state.The Western Han Dynasty established by Liu Bang, together with the Eastern Han Dynasty that continued later, although there was no "great Confucianism", it was still 411 years old, not inferior to the "Three Kings".From the perspective of the Confucian system, the "great Confucianism" is really a living treasure. As long as he appears, he will prolong his life and prolong his life.In fact, the "great Confucianism" does not exist in the human world, but only in the books of Confucianism.Judging from the situation, the two guys who refused to go with Yang Xiong's praise must be "great Confucians".If so, the image of "great Confucianism" is really disgusting.They believe that music etiquette must accumulate noble morals for a hundred years before it can be formulated.Since etiquette is so important, wouldn't it be a vacuum in the past hundred years?Without ethics, how can there be noble morals?If it is said that without ethics, one can still cultivate noble morals, then wouldn’t ethics be the ears of the deaf, which have become superfluous, so why do we need them?

Shusun Tong once criticized the two: "Rotten Confucianism, I don't know that the times are constantly changing!" After hearing these two sentences, Sima Guang and Yang Xiong still had to take their seats. Why they are so stubborn is hard to understand. 3. Liu Bang personally led the army to go north to crusade against Han Xin (the capital of Jinyang) Han Xin, and fought in Tongda (south of Qinxian County, Shanxi Province). Hal and Lynn, USA).People from Baitu (Xiyao Town, Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province), Manqiuchen (Manqiu, double surname), Wang Huang, etc., supported Zhao Li, a descendant of the royal family of the former Kingdom of Zhao (Handan, the capital), as King Zhao, and assembled the defeated generals of King Han Xin , Allied with Han Wang Han Xin and the Huns Khanate, ready to attack Liu Bang.

The Xiongnu Khanate sent left and right wise kings (the head of the Xiongnu Khanate under Shan Yu, set up "Left Wise King" and "Right Wise King", whose power and status are second only to Shan Yu and above ordinary princes), leading 10,000 Yu cavalry, together with Wang Huang's Zhao Corps, set up positions in the area from Guangwu (Yangmingbao Town, southwest of Dai County, Shanxi Province) to Jinyang (Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province).When the Western Han army launched an attack, the Xiongnu cavalry could not resist and retreated, but immediately gathered together again to continue to obstruct the Western Han army's advance.The Western Han army attacked again, and the Xiongnu cavalry retreated again. The Western Han army did not allow the enemy to gather again, drove the army, pursued and fought fiercely, trying to wipe out the main force of the Left and Right King's field army in one fell swoop, and the battlefield quickly advanced northward.In the middle of winter in the north, the weather is extremely cold (in winter in northern Shanxi Province, the outdoor low temperature reaches minus 20 degrees Celsius, which is a terrible landscape that people living in the subtropical zone cannot imagine). This was exactly the dilemma Napoleon faced in Moscow).

Still, Liu Bang, who was in the warm and spring-like Jinyang Palace, underestimated this disaster.He got information that Shanyu (the second term) of the Huns Khanate was stationed in Daigu (Yu County, Hebei Province).Decided to launch a large-scale offensive to solve the northern frontier problem once and for all (maybe planning to capture Maodu alive), so he sent a special envoy to reconnaissance.Mao Dun knew the mission of the special envoy of the Western Han government, so he hid all the elite troops and fat cattle and horses long ago, so that the special envoy of the Western Han government only saw old, weak and remnant soldiers and barren livestock.Liu Bang sent ten special envoys, and all ten special envoys reported what they had seen, and judged that the Huns Khanate was vulnerable.Liu Bang was still worried, so he sent Lou Jing to make a final observation. Lou Jing has not returned yet, Liu Bang believes that this opportunity must not be missed, and he can't wait to order all the troops, a huge army of 320,000 people, to advance northward.Just after Qianfeng crossed Juzhu (25 kilometers northwest of Daixian County, Shanxi Province), Lou Jing came back and warned Liu Bang: "My opinion is exactly the opposite of that of the previous ten special envoys. Once the two countries break apart, the enemy will definitely exaggerate it. It is powerful and shows its advantages. However, what I saw at the Huns were all old and weak soldiers, and their intentions were very obvious. They wanted to lure us to attack, and then ambushes. I think: against the Huns Khanate, military action must never be taken ’” At this time the army was advancing and could not stop.Liu Bang's eyes sparkled, and he roared: "Damn it, you, a death row prisoner in Qi State (the capital Linzi), became a high-ranking official with two lips Standing here again, talking nonsense, damaging morale, disturbing the morale of the army, and spreading failure thoughts, you will not be tolerated!" Ordered Lou Jing to be imprisoned in Guangwu Prison, and put in full shackles. Liu Bang went to Pingcheng (Datong City, Shanxi Province) first, and the main force was still behind.Mao Dun poured out the country's elite - 400,000 cavalry, when Liu Bang was inspecting Baideng (northeast of Datong City, Shanxi Province), he surrounded Baideng, and there was no way to get through.For seven days and seven nights, the Western Han Army was completely isolated.Without contact in and out of the city, no news, no rescue, the fall is imminent.In the end, Liu Bang adopted Chen Ping's trick and sent secret envoys to find the camp of the Huns Khanate from a small road, and met the queen (Que family) and gave them valuable gifts (of course there is a touching speech).The Queen (Que's family) said to Suo Modun: "The kings of the two countries should not besiege each other. In fact, the Chinese land we have invaded cannot be lived for a long time, and the Chinese emperor is protected by gods. Please consider it!" Suoda Maodun originally agreed with Wang Huang and Zhao Wang Zhaoli on a date to join forces, but the time has come, but Zhao Jun did not arrive.Suo Dan Mao Dun suspected that there might be a collusion between the Zhao army and the Western Han army, so he took this opportunity and ordered to rescue a corner of the city.It happened that there was heavy fog in the sky, and the envoys of the Western Han Dynasty came and went without anyone noticing.Chen Ping ordered the guards to use a strong bow with an extra arrow on the string, facing the Xiongnu, protecting Liu Bang from the corner of the siege, and sneaked out quietly.After escaping from the encirclement, Liu Bang was about to run wildly. Minister of Communications (Private Servant) Teng Gong Xia Houying insisted on walking slowly (maybe he was afraid that the sound of running would alarm the enemy). When Liu Bang returned to Pingcheng, the main force of the Western Han army also arrived one after another, and the Xiongnu Corps completely broke through and retreated back home.After this setback, the Western Han army was unable to fight any more, and they also followed the squadron, leaving only Fan Kuai, and led the army to quell the civil uprising in Daijun (Yuxian County, Hebei Province).Liu Bang returned to Guangwu, pardoned Lou Jing, and said to Lou Jing: "I didn't listen to Mr., and was trapped in Pingcheng (Baideng is just a small town near Pingcheng, people are used to using big bags and small ones). The ten blind special envoys of the Qing Dynasty will all be beheaded!" Feng Loujing two thousand households, promoted to Marquis of Guannei, titled Marquis of Jianxin (Marquis of Guannei, is a quasi-Marquis, has no title, and no fief). On the way back, Liu Bang passed by Quni (Shunping County, Hebei Province), and exclaimed: "It's such a big city. I've traveled all over the world. Only Luoyang can compare with this place." People, all as fiefs.Chen Ping fought with Liu Bang in the east and west, and contributed six strange tricks, each time increasing his benefice. (Six tricks: 1. Please allocate a huge amount of money to sow discord within the Western Chu Kingdom. 2. Treat Xiang Yu's envoys with simple dishes and meals. 3. Send a woman to pretend to be an armed force at night, so that Liu Bang can escape from Xingyang. 4. Kick Liu Bang, please designate Han Xin as the king of Qi. Fifth, design a disguised trip to Yunmeng to lure Han Xin. Sixth, solve the siege of Baideng.) Bo Yang said: What method did Chen Ping use to make Tongda Maodun break the siege of a corner of Baidengyu Wall, which is a great secret through the ages.The passage recorded in the history books by the Queen of the Huns Khanate (Yanshi) has no persuasive power at all.And Zhao Jun broke the contract, even if he colluded with the Western Han Army, it would not affect the advantage of the Huns.If the advantage of the Xiongnu Corps is affected and the siege of a corner of the city wall is untied, can the advantage be restored?Hu Sansheng said: "Those who make secret plans do not pass on the secret because they lose the courtesy of China." The "gift"?Although we don't know the content of the secret plan, we can be sure that the secret plan must seriously hurt Liu Bang's dignity and shame his descendants and Chinese people.Otherwise, the Xiongnu would not make an exception. However, Liu Bang is still one of the greatest kings in Chinese history.After the Battle of Baideng, knowing that his strength was limited, he was not in a hurry to seek revenge, so he apologized to Lou Jing face to face and rewarded him generously.Compared with what later history shows, after Yang Guang lost face in the frontier, he immediately sought to regain face, bringing death to the people of the whole country and to his dynasty (see 614).Like Yuan Shao, when Tian Feng advised him not to attack the enemy, he imprisoned Tian Feng just like Liu Bang imprisoned Lou Jing. However, after the defeat, Yuan Shao became angry and executed Tian Feng (refer to 200).Liu Bang, a solid generation of heroes, makes people applaud. 4. In December, on Liu Bang's return journey, he passed by Handan, the capital of Zhao State (Handan City, Hebei Province). Zhao Wang Zhang Ao (the son of Zhang Er, the son-in-law of Liu Bang, and the husband of Princess Lu Yuan) received him with the etiquette of a son-in-law and was very respectful.Liu Bang, on the other hand, sat there like a dustpan (legs spread out, knees slightly bent, which is a rude posture of arrogance and contempt), swearing at every turn.Prime Ministers Guan Gao and Zhao Wu of the State of Zhao were unbearable to be humiliated, and said: "Our king (Zhang Ao) is a coward!" He said to Zhang Ao: "At the beginning, the world was in chaos, heroes and heroes rose one after another, and capable people Now, the king is so obedient to the emperor (Liu Bang), but he thinks he is great, arrogant, and does not treat people as human beings. We will do great things for you and kill him." Zhang Ao clenched his teeth Finger, biting blood, said: "You are wrong, my father (Zhang Er) lost his country, and it was only thanks to the emperor's grace that he was able to recover. Every plant, every tree, every bit of it is bestowed by the emperor, children and grandchildren, I am always grateful; such words cannot be spoken in the future.” Guan Gao, Zhao Wu and others discussed among themselves: “Our mistake was to tell the king. The king is a kind elder and does not forget the kindness of others. Humiliation, as a subject, I would rather die. The emperor humiliated our king, and we are determined to kill him. Why do you involve the king? If things succeed, the blessings will be enjoyed by the king; if things fail, disasters will be borne by us." 5. The Huns Khanate attacked Daijun (Wei County, Hebei Province), and Daiwang (the capital of Daixian County) Liu Xi (the elder brother of Liu Bang. After Han Wang Hanxin surrendered to the Huns, Liu Bang named Liu Xi the current king and governed the old Han Wang Hanxin Territory) absconded.Liu Bang was very upset and demoted Liu Xi as Marquis of Heyang. 6. On Xinmao Day in December (December Xinhai Shuo, there is no Xinmao), Liu Bang named his youngest son Liu Ruyi (the son of Qi Ji) the contemporary king (the capital is Daixian). 7. In spring, in February, Liu Bang returned to Chang'an (Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province).The Weiyang Palace built by Xiao He (Weiyang Palace is located to the west of Changle Palace, one mile apart, with a radius of 4 kilometers) was completed, magnificent and luxurious.Liu Bang lost his temper and said to Xiao He: "The world is in turmoil, and it has not been settled. I have been fighting for so many years, and I still don't know whether the outcome will be success or failure, but you build such a luxurious palace?" (Liu Bang has always felt insecure, It is the psychological state of murdering heroes.) Xiao He said: "When the world is not peaceful, the palace is a little crude, but it can be done. Now, the emperor takes the four seas as his home. If it is not magnificent and luxurious, it cannot show majesty. The meaning is to make future generations feel that there is no need to increase anything, and it can save people's resources." Liu Bangcai became happy. Sima Guang said: For a sage king, benevolence and righteousness are magnificence, and morality is majesty. I have never heard of a majestic palace to conquer the world.The world is still not peaceful, so we should save the people from their haste, but we should be the first to build the palace. How do you know the priority?In the past, Si Wenming (Yu) had a simple residence, but Si Lugui (Jie) built a palace.When the ancestors started their businesses, they practiced frugality and used it as a lesson to their descendants. Later, the descendants are still extravagant and promiscuous, let alone excessive extravagance at the beginning?But it is absurd to say that it is impossible for future generations to add more.When it came to Liu Che (the seventh Emperor Wu), the people were finally exhausted because of the Daxing palace, not necessarily because of the beginning of Xiao He! Bo Yang said: Immediately after the chaos, a luxurious palace was built for the king, which was embarrassing.However, an ordinary civilian lives a little decently, and still needs to buy a new house and furnish it.It is human nature for the emperor to hold great power and expand his residence.Traditional intellectuals are very sensitive to the emperor's building of palaces, and the history books frequently record opposing remarks. Although the purpose is to reduce the burden on the people, it also shows that it is too impractical.Too unrealistic idea, no value. For some reason, the Confucian school always opposes the pursuit of "living".It is a crime to think that a little comfort is a crime.Although the kings of the past dynasties did not listen to this set, they tried their best to cover them; but they would put on a face to others, so they restricted the height and the number of rooms, and stipulated what kind of bricks and tiles a person with a certain official position can use, and a person with a certain official position can use them. What kind of rafters to use, what color can be used by a person with a certain official position, and the common people have to live in shabby houses forever.The result is a simple, dark building that still crowds every corner today. We are of course against the ruling class enslaving the people for his dwellings, but we praise architecture.Sima Guang often made mistakes in proof: Liu Che made the people of the whole country impoverished because of his outward expansion policy, not because he built palaces. 8. Liu Bang moved his capital to Chang'an from Liyang (Lintong County, Shaanxi Province). (Liu Bang moved to the west and first lived in Liyang temporarily. After the completion of Weiyang Palace, he officially moved the government there. During the period of Chu-Han struggle for hegemony, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, which is the place where Xiao He sits, has always been in Liyang.) 9. The government of the Western Han Dynasty set up the Minister of Royal Affairs (Zong Zheng) to manage the Liu family headed by Liu Bang. 10. In summer, in April, Liu Bang went to Luoyang (east of Dongbaima Temple, Luoyang City, Henan Province). 1. In winter, the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) emperor (one great ancestor) Liu Bang (58 years old this year) led an army to attack the remnants of Han Xin (capital Jinyang) in Dongyuan (Zhengding County, Hebei Province) and passed by Bai Ren (southwest of Longyao County, Hebei Province), Prime Minister of Zhao State (Handan, the capital), Guan Gao sent killers to ambush in the wall of the bathroom, ready to attack.Liu Bang was going to stay there overnight, but suddenly felt something was wrong, and asked, "What's the name of the county?" The left and right replied: "Boren." stay overnight. In December, Liu Bang returned to the capital Chang'an from Dongyuan. In spring, in March, Liu Bang went to Luoyang (East of Dongbaima Temple, Luoyang City, Henan Province). 2. The government of the Western Han Dynasty issued an order: Merchants are not allowed to wear brocade clothes, satin clothes, gauze or fine gauze clothes, fine linen clothes, woolen clothes; no weapons, no rides, No horses allowed. (This is an express decree in Chinese history that emphasizes agriculture over business. However, commercial behavior cannot be stopped. Since businessmen cannot survive alone, there are two responses: one is the collusion between officials and businessmen, and the other is the combination of officials and businessmen and businessmen. Officials, government and business are integrated. Soon, even dignified prime ministers and local government heads started business. Using political power to forcibly interfere with economic behavior cannot change the essence, but it can prevent social progress.) 3. In autumn and September, Liu Bang returned to Chang'an from Luoyang.Huainan King (capital six counties) Yingbu, Liang King (capital Dingtao) Peng Yue, Zhao Wang (capital Handan) Zhang Ao, Chu King (capital Pengcheng) Liu Jiao, all followed to the capital. 4. Shan Yu (second term) of the Xiongnu Khanate (the royal court was located in Harhelin City, Mongolia) continued to attack the northern border of the Han Dynasty. Liu Bang was very worried and asked for Lou Jing's opinion.Lou Jing said: "The world has just been stabilized. Both the people and the soldiers are exhausted. Therefore, we must give up the idea of ​​using force to deal with them. Suo Modu killed his father and took a group of concubines as wives. This kind of person, persuade him with benevolence and righteousness. It’s also impossible. (Killing one’s father is certainly an act of beasts, but “marrying one’s mother” is a custom of the northern minorities. The legitimate son has the responsibility to marry the concubine’s mother, and the younger brother has the responsibility to marry the widow’s sister-in-law, so that they can live a stable life and concentrate on raising children. Their next generation. Those who dare to refuse this responsibility will be punished. The social structure is different, and the moral standards are also different.) Our only way is to look into the future and make the descendants of Maodun submit to the Han Dynasty But, I'm afraid Your Majesty can't do it." Liu Bang said: "Tell me and listen." Lou Jing said: "If Your Majesty can marry the eldest princess (Princess Lu Yuan, who was the wife of Zhang Ao, king of Zhao at that time) To be a wife, to send a rich and luxurious dowry, this guy has a thin eyelid, the eldest princess is the daughter of the emperor of the Han Dynasty, and has a wealthy and noble family, so I guarantee that she will be made the queen (Yanshi) Well, the son she gave birth to is of course the crown prince. His Majesty sends envoys to send envoys to send the things that the Han Dynasty had surplus but the Huns lacked during the festival every year. Teach or imply the etiquette of a son-in-law to his father-in-law. When Mao Dun was alive, he was a son-in-law. Once he died, his majesty’s grandson would succeed Shan Yu (king). Who has ever heard of a grandson who dared to fight against his grandfather? Doing so, you don’t have to After the war, the Huns Khanate will be subdued. However, I must warn that if you want to marry, you must marry the eldest princess (referring to Princess Lu Yuan). If you randomly find an ordinary royal daughter, or randomly find a girl in the palace to pretend to be Once Maudun finds out, it is useless to think that the relationship is still separated." Liu Bang said, "It's a good plan." He ordered to send Princess Lu Yuan to marry him.When Queen Lu Zhi heard the news, her heart was broken, she cried day and night, and begged: "I only have one daughter (Princess Lu Yuan) and one son (Prince Liu Ying), but you cruelly cast her into the wilderness of the Huns!" However, the aroused father-daughter relationship has given up. Bo Yang said: Lou Jing is one of the most far-sighted politicians in Chinese history. He suggested that Chang'an should be the capital to stabilize the foundation of the country.Initiating a peace policy has more sharply observed the diplomatic situation ten or a hundred years later. "Marriage" - the marriage of a Chinese emperor's daughter to a foreign king, although it was not implemented this time, it was finally implemented later, bringing ocean-like benefits to the country. "And marriage" is a kind of ability. The Western Han Dynasty began to taste the wonderful taste of marriage. The Tang Dynasty almost relied on marriage to stabilize the frontier.In the Qing Dynasty, marriage became a secret weapon, making Inner and Outer Mongolia willing and obedient to become Chinese vassals.The Manchus fully implemented Lou Jing's strategy and married a large number of imperial daughters to Mongolian princes. The sons they gave birth lived with their mothers in the palace since childhood. or prince), cousins ​​(the next emperor or prince), playing together, reading together, that kind of strong affection made him have a closer relationship with the Qing Dynasty after he returned to Mongolia as an adult to take power. The "marriage policy" is like a network of coiled silk holes, which is unbreakable. In Mongolia, the heads of households owned by myself, my sons, brothers, and nephews are all imperial daughters of the Qing Dynasty.Over time, if you want to be independent, you can't even find someone to discuss with. Only the Song and Ming dynasties, under the pressure of Confucian rigid minds, lost their ability to make love, and considered it an insult to marry an imperial daughter to a foreign race.Wen was unwilling to get married, and Wu couldn't fight no matter what. Everyone knew the ending: the country was shrinking day by day, the people were suffering day by day, and finally fell to ruin. 1. In winter, Liu Bang (the first great ancestor) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) sought out a folk woman, declared that she was the princess, and sent her grandly to the Huns Khanate (the royal court set up the Mongolian Kingdom) Hal and Lin Shi), as the wife of Shan Yu (second term) Mu Tan Mao Dun.Send Lou Jing to escort him to conclude a peace treaty. Sima Guang said: Lou Jing fully understands the ferocity and cruelty of Mao Dun, and he cannot be influenced by benevolence and righteousness, but he advocates marrying him. Why is there such a contradiction?Only a benevolent person can know the kindness between flesh and blood, and the difference between noble and humble. How could he think of using such means to make Mao Dun submit?The ancient kings ruled the Yi and Di peoples. They used kindness and kindness when they obeyed them, and suppressed them by force when they resisted. It has never been heard that marriage was used as a means.Suo Maodun regarded his own father as a beast and shot him alive. How could he care about his father-in-law?Lou Jing's strategy is too imprecise.What's more, Princess Lu Yuan is already the queen of Zhao (Zhang Ao), how can she marry the Xiongnu Shanyu again? Bo Yang said: It is precisely because of the cruelty of the opponent that the method of marriage is used instead. How can there be conflicts?Only benevolent people know the distinction between kinship and dignity, which is the most amazing story in the world. Barbarians love their children and respect their fathers and brothers just like civilized people. Love and respect are not exclusive to a certain class of people.If Sima Guang is not ignorant, he is deliberately obliterating the facts.And Lou Jing has already made it clear: marrying an imperial daughter is not about transforming Maodun, but putting the effect on the children and grandchildren of Maodun. This is a precious foresight.But Sima Guang clung to Maodun himself and wouldn't let him go.Lou Jing is the inventor of the "marriage policy". Before him, Sima Guanggu had never heard of it, but after him, the Western Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty achieved rich results in the "marriage policy". These records are all After Sima Guang watched every word, why did he grit his teeth and swear: "I've never heard of using marriage as a means?" The Song Dynasty's wrong decision of refusing to make peace has cost China a great price.Sima Guang not only did not reflect on himself, but said brazenly: "For Yidi, treat him with kindness and kindness when he obeys, and suppress him with force when he resists." The Khitan and Xixia in the Song Dynasty have always threatened the survival of China.Sima Guang also served as a prime minister, why didn't he use kindness and gentleness, and why didn't he use force to suppress it?Enemy, if you can defeat him, defeat him, if you can't defeat him, you can only reconcile - making peace is one of the ways of reconciliation.The Song Dynasty was ruined by the muddy mud that it could neither fight nor dare to make peace.What people listen to are all impassioned, flamboyant and big words, which do a lot of harm. 2. Lou Jing escorted the "Eldest Princess" to the Xiongnu, and suggested to Liu Bang after returning: "The Baiyang tribe and Loufan tribe in Henan (south of Hetao) in the Hun Khanate are the closest to the capital Chang'an (Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) , only 700 miles away, light cavalry went south to make a surprise attack, and they could reach Qinzhong (that is, Guanzhong) in one day and one night. After the war in Qinzhong, it was desolate and sparsely populated, and it was impossible to stop foreign aggression, but the land was fertile and could accommodate a large number of immigrants. The population should increase rapidly. At the beginning, the people who had the strongest appeal against the tyranny of the Qin government were the Tian family in the Qi Kingdom, and the Zhao, Qu, and Jing families in the Chu Kingdom. If they hadn’t responded, it would have been impossible to succeed Now, although His Majesty established his capital in Guanzhong (central part of Shaanxi Province), the land is vast and sparsely populated. And if the remaining powerful families of the six countries in the East (east of Hangu Pass) rebel, His Majesty may not be able to sleep in bed. I suggest: Force the descendants of the royal families of the six countries, as well as local heroes and famous people, to emigrate to Guanzhong. In this way, the world will be peaceful and can resist the invasion of the northern minority (Hu). In the central government, there can also be enough soldiers to attack aggressively. This is a way to make the foundation strong and the branches weak." Liu Bang said: "Excellent." In November, Liu Bang ordered the Zhao family, the Qu family, the Jing family, the Huai family, and the Tian family in the Qi-Chu area—the five major families, to immigrate to Guanzhong with local heroes and heroes, and to give them good land and beautiful houses so that they can live and work in peace and contentment. .In this operation, more than 100,000 people were immigrated. 3. In December, Liu Bang traveled from Chang'an (Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) to Luoyang (East of Dongbaima Temple, Luoyang City, Henan Province). 4. The prime minister of Zhao State (Handan, the capital)'s conspiracy to assassinate Liu Bang was leaked, and Guan Gao's enemies lodged a report after getting the inside information.Liu Bang exploded like a firecracker, and ordered the arrest of Zhao Wang, Zhang Ao and all the people on the blacklist.Zhao Wu and more than a dozen people rushed to kill themselves when they heard the news.Guan Gao was furious, and scolded: "Who taught you to do that kind of thing? The king (Zhang Ao) obviously did not participate in the conspiracy, and now he is also arrested, and you are all killed. Who else can prove his innocence?" The sealed prison van transported Zhang Ao and Guan Gao to Chang'an.During the interrogation, Guan Gao confessed: "Our subordinates acted alone, and the king (Zhang Ao) didn't know about it." The interrogator insisted that he admit that Zhang Ao had also participated in torture, tortured him, and used whips and wooden sticks Thumping thousands of times, and stabbing with iron awls, cruel and brutal, his whole body was festered, and he couldn't find a piece of intact skin to attack, but he gritted his teeth to bear it, and vowed not to change his words. Bo Yang said: In judicial cases, China has always adopted "confessionism".Because the Chinese ruling class, including the emperor, all have a compassionate angelic heart, unless the suspect himself admits guilt, he will never be sentenced.Therefore, in order to get the suspect to confess his guilt, he had to resort to torture until he "confessed" and "confessed automatically".Guan Gao is the first-class strange person in the world, and he is also the man who "mighty and unyielding" praised by Meng Ke, and torture is more terrifying than mighty.As long as he can't stand it for a while, he nods his head amidst the wailing, and Zhang Ao's whole family will turn into a ball of pus and blood. It is a traditional feature of ancient Chinese justice that only attaches importance to oral confessions, not to evidence, and even less to procedures.In the 20th century, under the influence of Western human rights concepts, although they also claimed to have progressed to "evidenceism", in essence confession still comes first.After the confession was obtained under torture, the evidence was fabricated.As a result, there are many unjust prisons.张敖幸而是皇帝（刘邦）的女婿，有丈母娘皇后吕雉暗中保护，否则，把加到贯高身上的苦刑十分之一加到他身上，他早“坦承不讳”、“自动招认”了。 口供主义，是中国人的灾难之一。 5、皇后吕雉，屡次向刘邦解释，张敖的妻子是刘家的女儿——公主，怎么会有二心？刘邦诟骂说：“死婆娘，假使张敖当了皇帝，他还在乎你的屁女儿。” 司法部长（廷尉）把贯高的口供报告刘邦，刘邦赞扬说：“好一条汉子，谁认识他？去拜访一下，动以私情，套出实话。”高级国务官（中大夫）泄公（名不详）说：“我跟贯高同县，很知道他的为人，他在赵国（张敖）豪气千秋，一把硬骨，守信重义。”刘邦教泄公手拿皇家符节（表示皇帝亲临），到已被拷打得倒地不起的贯高身旁，先谈论家世，互相叙述别后情况，好像朋友平常日子相见时把臂言欢，最后探询赵王张敖到底参与了没有？贯高说：“人之常情，谁不爱他的父母妻子。而今，我的三族（父族、母族、妻族）都全部处死，我爱大王（张敖）岂超过我的亲属？只因为大王确实没有谋反，谋反的事全是我们单独行事。”他把行动过程，叙述一遍，说明张敖确不知情。泄公回宫，报告刘邦。 春季，正月，刘邦下令释放张敖，撤销王爵，贬作宣平侯。改封代王（首府代县）刘如意当赵王（首府邯郸）。 刘邦欣赏贯高的侠义担当，派泄公通知他：“张敖已经出狱。”下令特赦贯高。贯高喜不自胜，说：“大王真的出狱了？”泄公说：“当然，难道皇上还骗你？”又说：“皇上敬重你的为人，所以特别赦免。”贯高说：“我全身脓血，而不肯死，只为了要证明大王无辜。而今大王既然已经出狱，我已尽到我的责任，死而无憾。而且人臣已背上篡弑的名声，还有什么面目再侍奉君王，即令皇上不杀我，我也会内愧于心。”说罢，把头部猛烈后仰，颈骨折断，遂告死亡。 荀悦曰： 贯高领导谋反，是一个弑君的凶手。虽然为他的国王（张敖）洗刷清白，小的忠心，不能弥补大逆不道，私人的品德，不能抵消法律上的罪行。《春秋》昭示的大义是：要光明正大。他的罪不应赦免。 Sima Guang said: 刘邦因骄傲的缘故，臣僚背叛。贯高因凶恶逆戾，使他的君王丧失国家。然而，促使贯高谋反，是刘邦的过失。促使张敖丧失国家，是贯高的过失。 Bo Yang said: 贯高贫贱不能移，他不在乎刘邦。富贵不能淫，他不在乎宰相高位。威武不能屈，他不在乎苦刑拷打。当刘邦破口大骂，百般侮辱张敖时，不会仅限于张敖，所有赵国臣僚，恐怕都难逃诟詈，这正是典型的“不把人当人”场面，一个有自尊、有人性的人，自然不能忍受。贯高没有淖齿（参考前二八四年）的能力，把刘邦吊起来剥皮抽筋，他唯一的反击方法只有暗杀。 荀悦却认为贯高应该全部忍受，奴才嘴脸，刘邦地下有知，一定大为欣赏：“有权有势真好，对无权无势的小民，想杀就杀，想砍就砍，想骂就骂，想怎么侮辱就怎么侮辱。自有学问冲天的无耻之徒，帮腔帮拳。” 专制封建的头目，有时还有天良，像刘邦竟然下令释放贯高。倒是帮凶往往比主凶更为恶毒，荀悦之流却要求杀之无赦。两千年来，中国人就在这种《春秋》大义教育下，人性被消磨殆尽，中国进步历程，遂十分艰难。 6、西汉政府下令，十月二十七日以前犯罪，死刑以下的囚犯，全部赦免。 7、二月，刘邦从洛阳返回长安。 8、最初，逮捕赵王张敖时，刘邦下令，赵国（首府邯郸）的臣僚、宾客，胆敢跟随张敖到首都的，屠杀全族。但王宫禁卫官（郎中）田叔、孟舒，都自己剃光头发，用铁链锁住脖子，伪装是张敖的家奴，在左右侍奉。后来，张敖宣告无罪，刘邦对田叔、孟舒的侠义行为，十分赞叹，召见他们，跟他们谈话，发现政府现任官员中的见解学识，没有能超过他们的，于是分别任命他们担任郡长（郡守）跟封国宰相。 9、夏季，六月三十日，日食。 10、擢升丞相萧何当相国。（“丞相”也好，“相国”也好，“国相”也好，“相”也好，以及后来到了大分裂时代之后，有“同中书门下三品”，我们通称“宰相”，使人们确然了解权力位置，不过细节上，当然互有差异，“相国"显然比“丞相”权威要重。） 1、夏季，五月，西汉王朝（首都长安）太上皇刘执嘉（刘邦的爹），在栎阳宫逝世。 秋季，七月十四日，西汉帝（一任高祖）刘邦（本年六十岁），把老爹埋葬在万年（栎阳县东半城）。楚王（首府彭城）刘交、梁王（首府定陶）彭越，都来送葬。西汉政府下令特赦栎阳（陕西省临潼县）囚犯。 2、定陶（山东省定陶县）美女戚姬（名不详。“姬”是西汉王朝初期皇宫小老婆群最高一级，也称“夫人”，位比宰相，爵比亲王，俸禄二千石，地位仅次于大老婆皇后），得到刘邦宠爱，生子刘如意，封赵王（参考前一九八年）。刘邦对太子刘盈的仁爱忠厚性格，一直不满意，认为刘如意才像自己。所以，虽然封他赵王，却不命他前往封国（赵国首府邯郸），始终留在长安。刘邦每次到关东（函谷关以东），都带着戚姬。戚姬盼望由她的儿子当帝位的合法继承人，日夜向刘邦哭泣请求。皇后吕雉这时年龄已长，甚至渐老，不复当年姿色，反而不能随行，经常留守后方，夫妻感情，更为疏远。 刘邦打算撤销刘盈的太子封号，改封刘如意，高级官员们全体极力反对，都没有用。最高监察长（御史大夫）周昌，在御前会议上，据理力争。刘邦问他什么缘故？周昌说话有点口吃，又在激愤情绪之下，不能畅言，只说：“我口不能言，然而我期期知道不可以，陛下要废太子，我期期不接受命令。”刘邦看他急愤的表情，忍不住大笑。一场严重的巨变，在笑声中暂时中止。吕雉躲在金銮殿东厢，侧着耳朵偷听。朝会完后，见到周昌，向周昌下跪叩头致谢，说：“如果没有你仗义直言，太子就完了。” 本年（前一九七年）赵王刘如意才十岁，刘邦既不能下定决心立他当太子，又忧虑自己死后戚姬母子会遭受报复（没有力量保护身后最亲爱的人，是专制魔王和独裁暴君最大的悲哀）。掌玺监察官（符玺御史）赵尧，建议给赵王刘如意设置一位强有力的宰相，这位宰相平常必须被皇后吕雉、太子刘盈以及大臣们所敬爱畏惧，才能发生保护力量。刘邦问说：“你看谁是恰当人选？”赵尧说：“周昌。”刘邦遂任命周昌当赵国（首府邯郸）宰相，擢升赵尧接任周昌当最高监察长（御史大夫）。 Bo Yang said: “夺嫡”是所有政治斗争中最凶恶的一种斗争。戚姬在毫无外援支持下，只靠自己的美色，便发动这项攻势，幸而成功，也无法保证儿子就能平安登上宝座。吕雉不是普通家庭妇女，她帮助刘邦共创大业，跟大多数军政要员，情谊深厚。戚姬孤孤单单，儿子又小，谁肯为她们母子向主流派挑战？周昌手无一兵一卒，岂有抗衡力量？赵尧不过想挤掉周昌，以求自己蹿升而已。他的计谋毫无价值，然而，除此之外，又有何法？ 3、最初，刘邦任命阳夏侯陈豨当封国宰相（相国），代表中央，监护赵国和代郡（河北省蔚县）跟匈奴汗国（王庭设蒙古国哈尔和林市）接壤地带的边防军。陈豨出发前，向淮阴侯韩信辞行。 韩信拉着他的手，屏退左右随从，在院中散步，仰天叹息，说：“我可以不可以告诉你心腹的话？”陈豨说：“请将军吩咐。”韩信说：“你驻防的地方，集结了天下最精锐的部队。而你，又是皇上（刘邦）最信任的将领。如果有人打小报告说你背叛，皇上绝对不会相信。可是，再有人打第二次小报告，皇上就可能起疑。等接到第二次小报告，他一定勃然大怒，亲自率军征讨。到时候，我为你在中央政府发动，天下大事，就在掌握之中。”陈豨素来佩服韩信，对他的话完全相信，回答说：“我接受你的指示。” 陈豨一向羡慕故魏王国（首都大梁）信陵君魏无忌（参考前二五八年）宾客盈门。后来，陈豨当上宰相，并监护强大的边防军，接事之前，先请假回家省亲，经过赵国，仅宾客们的车队，就有千余辆之多，邯郸城里政府招待所全部住满。 新到任的赵国宰相周昌，要求入朝。到长安后，向刘邦报告，指出：宾客既如此盛大，而陈豨率领大军，在边疆数年之久，恐怕发生变化。刘邦派人到前方，调查陈豨宾客们在代郡为非作歹的劣迹，每每牵连到陈豨。于是陈豨恐慌，而这时候，投奔匈奴汗国的韩王韩信，派亲信王黄、曼丘臣，向陈豨游说引诱。不久，太上皇刘执嘉逝世，刘邦派人征召陈豨。陈豨声称有病，不敢回来。 九月，陈豨跟王黄结合，公开叛变，自称代王，夺取赵国、代郡土地。刘邦亲统大军北征，到赵国首府邯郸（河北省邯郸市），一看平静无事，大为高兴，说：“陈豨这小子，不知道占领邯郸，却去据守漳水（源出山西省长子县，流经河北省邯郸市），我晓得他真是无能之辈。” 周昌建议：常山郡（恒山郡·河北省正定县）共有二十五县，竟有二十县失守，应该诛杀郡长（守）跟民兵司令（尉）。刘邦说：“郡长、民兵司令谋反了吗？”周昌说：“没有。”刘邦说：“这是他们的力量不够，有什么罪？”下令周昌选拔赵国可能当将领的壮士，召见四个人，诟骂说：“他妈的，你们这些瘪三，可想当将军？”四个人又惭又惊，伏在席垫上不敢抬头。刘邦各封他们一千户人家，任命他们带兵。侍奉在左右的官员抗议说：“自从当年到蜀郡（四川省成都市）、汉中郡（陕西省汉中市），后来又跟西楚王国（项羽）交战，陛下从没有一次赏过这么多人，今天却一下子就封了四个，他们有什么功劳？”刘邦说：“这你就不知道了，陈豨叛变，赵国、代郡，全部沦陷，我征调天下各封国的军队，没有一个人来，只能靠邯郸这些地方部队。为什么吝啬四千户人家，不用以勉励赵国子弟？”左右佩服说：“陛下想法，至善至美。” 刘邦得到情报，陈豨手下将领，都是商人出身，笑逐颜开说：“我知道怎么办了。”派人用重金行贿，陈豨所属的部将，纷纷归降。 Bo Yang said: 商人是金钱挂帅的动物，虽然当了将领，仍然可以收买，所以刘邦知道他应做什么。而那些被收买的将领，却不能想一想他们被收买后，将有何等遭遇。任何一个政府，除了少数样板，都难以容忍收买过来的变节分子。问题是，马克思说过：你买吊死资本家的绳子，只要肯出钱，资本家仍卖给你。利益是今天的，灾难是明天的。不仅资本家而已，庸碌之辈，无不只看眼前。 1、冬季，西汉王朝（首都长安）皇帝（一任高祖）刘邦（本年六十一岁）在邯郸（河北省邯郸市）。 代王（首府代县）陈豨大将侯敞，率一万余人的部队，沿着邯郸外围游击。王黄率一千余骑兵，进驻曲逆（河北省顺平县）。张春率一万余步兵，渡黄河，攻聊城（山东省聊城市）。西汉政府将领郭蒙，跟齐国将领挥军进击，大破陈豨军团。全国武装部队总司令（太尉）周勃，从太原（山西省太原市）挺进，目标直指代郡（河北省蔚县），进抵马邑（山西省朔州市），发动攻击，不能攻克。周勃大怒，再发动更猛烈的攻击，攻陷，作报复性屠城。被王黄拥护当赵王的赵利，据守东垣（河北省正定县），刘邦亲率军攻破，改名真定。刘邦悬赏黄金二十四万两，购买王黄、曼丘臣的人头。二人的部属被财帛引诱，遂斩二人呈献。陈豨大军溃败。 2、淮阴侯韩信声称有病，没有追随刘邦出征，秘密派人前往陈豨处，指示机宜。韩信准备跟他的侍卫官（家臣），乘夜假传圣旨，大赦做劳工的囚犯跟被判罪充当官府奴隶的囚徒，集结他们，攻击皇后吕雉和太子刘盈。部署已经完成，只等陈豨方面回音，恰好韩信的一位随从（舍人）得罪了韩信，韩信把他囚禁，打算杀掉。 春季，正月，那位随从（舍人）的弟弟向皇后吕雉告发韩信叛变阴谋。吕雉想召见韩信，又考虑韩信可能拒绝，跟宰相（相国）萧何磋商，于是宣称：皇帝（刘邦）派使节来，陈豨已死，侯爵们和高级官员，都到金殿祝贺。萧何告诉韩信说：“你虽然有病，也应该勉强去一趟。”韩信一进宫，吕雉立即命武士把韩信捆绑，就在长乐宫悬钟的房中处决。韩信临死时，叹息说：“我后悔不听蒯彻的话（参考前二〇三年），竟被一个女人欺骗，岂不是大意！”为了根绝后患，吕雉下令屠灭韩信三族（父族、母族、妻族）。 Sima Guang said: 世人以为，韩信首先建立功业，跟刘邦起兵汉中（陕西省汉中市），平定三秦（项羽分故秦王国为三：雍国、塞国、翟国），率领部分军队，向北挺进，消灭魏国（魏豹），夺取代国（陈馀），征服赵国（赵歇），威胁燕国（臧荼）；东击齐国（田广），而加以并吞；南攻西楚（项羽），在垓下（安徽省灵璧县东南）把它铲除。西汉王朝之所以统一天下者，泰半是韩信的功劳。看他拒绝蒯彻的煽动，亲自到陈丘（河南省淮阳县）迎接刘邦，岂有谋反的心？只不过由于失去王位，于心不服，遂陷于犯上作乱的悖逆。像卢绾这样的人，不过刘邦同乡同里的幼年玩伴，还在燕国当王。韩信反而以一个侯爵身份，在首都按时朝拜，岂不是刘邦对韩信忘恩负义？ 刘邦在陈丘用诈术逮捕韩信，说刘邦对不起韩信，确实如此。然而，韩信也有自取之道。最初，汉王国跟西楚在荥阳（河南省荥阳县）对峙，韩信已灭齐国（田广），不向刘邦报到，却自己想当齐王。之后，刘邦追击项羽，到了固陵（河南省淮阳县北），跟韩信约定会师日期，而韩信却失约不来。当时，刘邦已有制裁韩信的决心，只是力量不足，不敢动手。等到天下平定，韩信还有什么可凭恃的？乘人窘困之际而逼取大利，是小市民小商人干的勾当，论功而报答恩德，是君子士大夫的本心。韩信以小市民小商人的做法，以求一己的好处，而希望对方用君子士大夫的风度回报，那是太难了，所以司马迁说：“假如韩信了解君臣相处之道，虚怀谦让，不夸耀自己的功劳，不展示自己的才智，或许可以保全，而对于西汉王朝的贡献，也可能跟姬旦（周公）、姬奭（召公）、姜子牙（太公）媲美，后世荣华不绝，永享子孙的祭祀。不去那样做，却在天下已定之后，企图叛变，以致家族全被屠杀，岂不应该。” *Wang Fuzhi said: 韩信最初拒绝蒯彻的建议，不跟刘邦为难，只因项羽还没有消灭，所谓“三分天下，鼎足而立”，不过是蒯彻疯狂而愚昧的构想。从前韩王国（战国时代）曾用这种观点，纵横国际，最后被秦王国（战国时代）吞并，而无人援救，覆辙不远。形势很明显，韩信如果在齐国（首府临淄）叛变，西方有张耳，南方有彭越，同时反击。鼎的三脚折断一只，必然落得作为蟊贼的下场。韩信知道不可能，才不听蒯彻的话，是更深的谋略。项羽覆亡之后，刘邦筋疲力竭，返回关中（陕西省中部），这时候韩信如果发动，才可以如愿以偿。蒯彻的意见，韩信岂须臾忘记？卞庄子刺虎，小死大毙，一举两得的比喻，韩信正是如此构想，只在等待时机发动。他说：“不忍心背叛”，姑且堵蒯彻的嘴罢了。削去王位，降为侯爵，封国既小，而又无兵权，还要利用陈豨发难。何况当时拥有三齐（齐国、胶东国、济北国）的精锐部队，面向西方，虎视眈眈，还会怕谁？ Bo Yang said: 司马光以及司马迁对韩信的评估，深入问题核心，只是惋惜韩信不懂得封建专制政治的运转特质，以致丧生。韩信是英雄不是枭雄，是军事家不是政治家。他天性忠厚，信任刘邦的友情，却不知道政治上的头目，只认识利害，韩信把刘邦当成父兄，直到陈丘双手被缚，梦才初醒，以后软禁长安，在严密监视下，已插翅难飞。 王夫之的《读通鉴论》，享誉三百年之久，却篇篇使人失望，甘愿为奴、崇拜权势，使他对每件事情，都有奇异结论。他说韩信在齐国时即行叛变，张耳在西，彭越在南，双方阻击，必然失败，可谓痴人说梦。韩信一旦起兵，张耳的赵国，是韩信一手平定的，当时韩信的威望，震撼天下，张耳何以独爱刘邦，只为刘邦效命，而跟战无不胜、攻无不取的名将对抗？刘邦被困荥阳，既不能分兵，韩信又善于指挥大兵团作战，张耳即令敢对抗，又怎有力对抗？至于彭越，他跟刘邦的关系，始终游离，王夫之有什么根据，敢肯定他一定拥护刘邦？王夫之更认为项羽死后，刘邦返回关中之际，韩信发动兵变，才有把握，更是异想天开。恰恰在那时候，张耳和彭越，他们才必然阻截，因为形势比人强，大局已稳，君臣名分已定，刘邦正处巅峰。 王夫之肯定韩信早有谋反之心，这是最下流的“诛心”之论，责备人永没有止境。悲剧就发生在韩信并没有谋反之心，如果有的话就好了，刘邦自己都承认不堪韩信一击。韩信被削成侯爵，国土既小而又没有兵权，却企图谋反，正是逼出来的，没有彼一逼，焉有此一反。好像某甲痛揍某乙，某乙一口把某甲手臂咬了一口，不能证明某甲不揍某乙时，某乙一直在那里想咬他一口。是非因果，不应被如此颠倒。 更重要的是，韩信之死，是一场冤狱。就西汉政府所作的指控，看不出有具体的证据，仅凭着随从弟弟的片面之词，没有调查，不容分辩，便急吼吼暗下毒手，而所使用的又是灭口手段。表面上由吕雉主持，从“伪游云梦”那件事推断，恐怕酝酿已久，否则吕雉屠杀像韩信这样的重臣，她岂敢遽作决定。 刘邦对韩信一直有一种自卑性的恐惧。韩信不死，刘邦睡不能安。消灭对手的法宝，只有“诬以谋反”。重读蒯彻的言论，使人敬佩交集。然而，与其说韩信死于吕雉、刘邦，毋宁说死于专制封建政治。一个伟大的英雄惨遭屠灭三族，当巨变发生时，老幼妇孺，从豪华盖世的侯爵官邸，霎时间被他们效忠的政府乱刀齐下，无有遗留，哭声号声，两千年后，仍然盈耳，却没有人为他们申诉，甚至还有高级知识分子如王夫之之流，在旁帮凶，认为韩信一生下来，就是一个叛徒，刘邦杀得好、杀得妙，不禁浩叹！ 3、西汉政府大将柴武，在参合（山西省阳高县）一次军事攻击中，斩韩王韩信。 4、刘邦回洛阳，得知韩信已被屠杀三族，心中大喜，但回顾前情，又感怜惜，问吕雉说：“韩信死时，说了些什么话？”吕雉说：“他说他后悔没有采用蒯彻的计谋。”刘邦说：“我晓得蒯彻，一个能言善道的齐国