Chapter 15 The first decade of the 2nd century (100-09)

The government is an organism, and the Eastern Han Dynasty has gone from prosperity to decline in the past hundred years of this century.The decadent model, without exception, is: first, the central government starts to rot.The relatives of the emperor fought for power, and the eunuchs took advantage of the situation to seize power. The first era of eunuchs in China came, which aroused widespread civil uprisings.The eunuchs clashed with the civil service again, Dong Zhuo, one of the warlords, launched an unprecedented massacre, the country fell into chaos again, and the people suffered another misfortune.At the end of this century, Cao Cao, one of the heroes, saved the Eastern Han government, but could not restore the Eastern Han government to its original state.

1. In summer, on April 16, a landslide occurred in Zigui (Zigui County, Hubei Province). 2. Autumn, July 1st, solar eclipse. 3. On September 9th, the commander-in-chief (Taiwei) of the national armed forces of the Eastern Han Dynasty (the capital Luoyang) Zhang Xing was dismissed. 4. On September 17, Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (Da Sinong) Zhang Yu was promoted to be the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces. 5. Since Mi Tang, the chief of the Shaodang tribe of the Western Qiang (Da and Dayugu), went to the capital Luoyang to meet, the number of his remaining tribesmen was less than 2,000. They were hungry and poor, unable to survive, and all of them moved to Jincheng County (northwest of Yongjing County, Gansu Province) .Emperor Liu Zhao (22 years old this year) of the Eastern Han Dynasty issued an edict ordering Mitang to lead his tribe to return to the Yugu Valley (west of Jianzha County, Qinghai Province) that they had hoped to occupy in the past.However, the situation has changed. Mi Tang believes that the Eastern Han Dynasty has built the Fengliu Bridge on the northern border of Little Elm Valley (refer to 1993), and the Han army can enter the Great Elm Valley at any time.So he excused that his followers were hungry and unable to travel long distances (Jincheng County is 170 kilometers away from Xiaoyugu Airline, separated by thousands of mountains).

Wu Zhi, the security commander of Xiqiang (huqiang school lieutenant), rewarded Mi Tang with a lot of money and cloth, ordered him to buy grain, fodder and livestock, and urged him to leave the fortress as soon as possible.But doing so only aroused suspicion and panic. This year, Mi Tang rebelled again, threatening the Hu tribe in Huangzhong (northeast of Qinghai Province), looting wantonly, and leaving the fortress.Wang Xin, Geng Tan, and Wu Zhi were all transferred back to the capital Luoyang. 1. In autumn, on August 25th, a fire broke out at the gate of the Imperial Kitchen Pavilion (Shengyan Gate) of the Northern Palace of the Eastern Han Dynasty (the capital Luoyang).

2. Xiqiang burned the tribal chief Mitang, and then returned to Cizhi Hequ (the bend of the Yellow River in the southeast of Gonghe County, Qinghai Province) to block the external traffic of the frontier fortress.The Security Commander of the Western Qiang (Lieutenant Hu Qiang) Zhou Tuan, together with Hou Ba, the Governor of Jincheng County (northwest of Yongjing County, Gansu Province), led the militias of the various counties, and 30,000 people including Qiang and Hu people in the immigrant areas (subject countries) (including The Xiaoyuezhi tribe living in Huangzhong and the Laoqiang tribe living in Longxi County) formed a mixed corps, went out to attack, and arrived at Yunchuan (west of Guide County, Qinghai Province).

Hou Ba launched a general attack, destroyed the Burning Tribe, and the Burning Tribe disintegrated. More than 6,000 people surrendered. The Eastern Han government resettled them in Hanyang County (Gangu County, Gansu Province), Anding County (Guyuan County, Ningxia Province), and Longxi County (Gansu Province). Lintao County).The Shaodang tribe who had not yet surrendered was weak, so they had to give up Cizhi Hequ and escape westward, and defected to the Faqiang tribe (central and western Qinghai Province. Hu Sansheng's original note: "Some people think that Tubo in the Tang Dynasty is the descendant of Faqiang." Then the Tibetans in the 20th century were descendants of Tubo again).A long time later, Mi Tang died of illness, and his son led his troops to the Eastern Han Dynasty, leaving only dozens of households.

3. Heavy rain in Jingzhou (Hubei Province and Hunan Province) did not stop. 4. In winter, on November 14th, Emperor Liu Zhao (23 years old) of the Eastern Han Dynasty issued an edict: "Youzhou (northern Hebei Province and Liaoning Province), Bingzhou (Shanxi Province and the Yellow River) Hetao area), Liangzhou (Gansu Province), with few households (at that time, the largest county in Youzhou had 100,000 households, but Xuantu County had only 1,524 households. Bingzhou County had only more than 30,000 households, There are less than 2,000 households in a small county. Less than 30,000 households in a large county in Liangzhou, and fewer than 748 households in Dunhuang County than in Xuantu County). To appease foreign countries, people are needed. It is now stipulated that counties with more than 100,000 people in the frontier will elect a "Xiaolian" person every year. Counties with less than 100,000 people will elect a "Xiaolian" person every two years. In the year, one person was elected as 'Xiaolian'."

5. The Xianbei tribe (central and northern parts of eastern Inner Mongolia) attacked Youbeiping County (Fengrun County, Hebei Province) and entered Yuyang County (Miyun County, Beijing).The governor of Yuyang fought and defeated the Xianbei tribe. 6. On November 26, Prime Minister (Situ) Lu Gai retired due to old age and sickness. 7. Xu Sheng, the barbarian chieftain of Wu County (Wushan County, Chongqing City), rebelled because of the unfair taxation of the county government.On Xinmao Day in November (November Guimaoshuo, there is no Xinmao), attack Nanjun (Jiangling County, Hubei Province).

1. In spring, the Shaohe tribe of the Qiang people in Anding County (Guyuan County, Ningxia Province), which had long been attached to the Eastern Han Dynasty (the capital Luoyang), rebelled and was defeated by the militiamen of the county government. At this time, the area of ​​Xihai (Qinghai Lake) and Daxiaoyugu (west of Jianzha County, Qinghai Province) were peaceful.Cao Feng (隃米, a marquis fief) is the prime minister of the Mi country (Qianyang County, Shaanxi Province). The king's fief is called "kingdom", and the marquis fief is called "houguo". Whenever a country is sealed off, the central government will set up a prime minister , instead of the king or marquis to govern the people), wrote:

"Since the 1930s of the last century (first century), when the Xiqiang people broke the law and rebelled, the Shaodang tribe (Yuzhong area) has been in a leading position. Therefore, because the Shaodang tribe settled in the Yugu Valley, the land is fertile, and they own the West Sea The benefits of fishing and salt production. The Yellow River runs across the north as a barrier. At the same time, its geographical location makes it easy to collude with other Hu people and Qiang people in our country, and do evil. It is difficult for the Eastern Han government to deal with them. They gradually become stronger, The strength far exceeds that of other tribes, so they use this strength to recruit Qiang and Hu people to make themselves stronger.

"Now, the Shaodang tribe is declining and impoverished, and foreign aid has been cut off (the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Xiqiang Biography" states that at this time, there are only a few hundred soldiers left in the Shaodang tribe), and they are fleeing to the west, relying on the Faqiang tribe (Tibet) I foolishly believe that Xihai County should be restored at this time (Wang Mang, the great Sima of the Western Han Dynasty, established Xihai County, refer to four years). Control the big and small Yugu, expand the reclamation of wasteland, and cut off the Qianghu in our country and the Qianghu outside the Great Wall. Transportation channels, to put an end to the coveted hearts of crazy careerists. Then develop agriculture along the border, make the frontier rich, save the cost of transportation from the interior to the frontier, so that the government will no longer worry about the West.”

Emperor Liu Zhao (24 years old this year) of the Eastern Han Dynasty (fourth Hedi) approved it.So he began to renovate the old castle pavilions of Xihai County, and moved the garrison commander (duwei) of the western immigrant area (subject country) of Jincheng County (northwest of Yongjing County, Gansu Province) from Jincheng to Xihai County.Cao Feng was appointed as the commander of the militia in the west of Jincheng County (the captain of the west of Jincheng) to garrison Longqi (that is, the old city of Xihai County · Haiyan County, Qinghai Province).Expand the area of ​​farmland, sandwich the Yellow River, build a series of castles, there are as many as 34 districts, and the great work is about to be completed. Unexpectedly, during the sixth An Emperor, the Western Qiang rebelled on a large scale, so they abandoned it halfway. 2. On March 27th, Liu Zhao personally went to the National University (Piyong) to hold a banquet and shooting ceremony.Forgive the world. 3. In summer and April, envoys of the Eastern Han Dynasty urged more than 10,000 troops from Jingzhou (Hubei Province and Hunan Province) to divide the army into several groups, and crusade against the barbarian chief Xu Sheng in Wu County (Wushan County, Chongqing City), etc., and defeated the rebels. Xu Sheng surrendered.All the barbarians were moved to Jiangxia County (Xinzhou County, Hubei Province). 4. Liu Zhaozheng's wife, Empress Yin, was particularly jealous. Liu Zhao's love for her gradually declined, while Empress Yin was even more jealous, angry, resentful, and unable to control herself.Ms. Deng Zhu, the grandmother of Empress Yin, often went to and from the court. Therefore, someone accused: Ms. Deng Zhu and Empress Yin used witchcraft together (the "witchcraft" murder case of Liu Che, the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, reappeared today).Liu Zhao ordered Zhang Shen, the eunuch (zhongchangshi), and Chen Bao, the court secretary (shangshu), to serve in the dormitory. They were in charge of investigation and interrogation. The two proposed impeachment for "big treason".Ms. Deng Zhu's two sons, Deng Feng and Deng Yi, and Yin Fu, the younger brother of Empress Yin, were tortured to death in prison. On June 22, Empress Yin was deposed and placed under house arrest in Tong Palace, worrying about death.The father was "specially advanced" (below the Sangong during the court meeting) and committed suicide.The family members of Queen Yin's other two brothers, Yin Yi, Yin Chang, and Ms. Deng Zhu, were all exiled to Rinan County (Donghe County, Vietnam) and Bijing County (Zhenghe Estuary, Vietnam). 5. In autumn, on the 13th day of the seventh month, Changshan (Shang) Wang (Capital Yuanshi) Liu Fang passed away without a son.His older brother Fangzi Hou Liuzhang succeeded him as King Changshan. 6. Flooding occurred in three states. 7. Ban Chao, the governor (general protector) of the Western Regions, has been in the desperate region for a long time. He is old and misses his hometown (Ban Chao led 36 people to the Western Regions in 1973, and it has been a full 30 years this year).I wrote a letter requesting to return to the country: "I dare not hope to go to Jiuquan County (Jiuquan City, Gansu Province), but only hope to die and enter Yumen Pass (northwest of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. Yumen Pass is a fortress on the border between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions. Entering Yumen Pass is the Han Dynasty. The mainland. Jiuquan County is 400 kilometers away from the southeast of Yumen Pass). Now I send my son Ban Yong to enter the fortress with the tribute mission of the Parthian Kingdom (Iran). While I am still alive, I will teach the children to see it with their own eyes. to the homeland." The Eastern Han government put it on hold and did not answer. Ban Chao’s younger sister Ban Zhao (Cao Da Da) pleaded for his brother’s life and wrote a letter saying: “The character of a barbarian is an insult to the elderly. Ban Chao will die at any time, and the government has not sent someone to replace him. I’m afraid Open up the source of barbarian treachery, giving birth to the idea of ​​​​rebellion. Senior government officials regard Ban Chao's position as an ordinary position, and they need to make overall plans, but they do not make long-term considerations for the country. In case of changes, Ban Chao will be aging and unable to do what he wants. Right, All the achievements of the country for many generations will be discarded; to the next, the achievements created by the heroes will also be destroyed. It is really a pity! Ban Chao is thousands of miles away, expressing his sincerity to the central government and stating the difficulties. Stretching his neck and looking up, it has been three years. I have not received any instructions. I have heard that in ancient times, when one joined the army at the age of 15 and was discharged at the age of 60, there was still a day of rest, so that he would not be allowed to die on the post. Therefore, I dared to risk the heavy punishment of the death penalty to represent Ban Chao begged, please take advantage of Ban Chao's remaining years, so that he can return to the country alive and see the royal court again. Also, the country will not have distant worries, and the Western Regions will not have an urgent crisis. Ban Chao can also bear the burden of Ji Chang (King Wen of Zhou) burying his bones En (Ji Chang built an observatory and dug up the bones of the dead. Ji Chang ordered them to be buried separately. The officials said: "They are ownerless things." Ji Chang said: "I am his owner, why bother to ask?") , Tian Zifang pityed the old horse's benevolence (Tian Zifang, the master of Wei Si, the first king of Wei State, found that Wei Si had abandoned his old horse. What people with a heart do.” So he adopted the old horse).” Liu Zhao was moved and ordered Ban Chao to be recalled. In August, Ban Chao returned to Luoyang, the capital, and was appointed as the commander of the shooting corps (Lieutenant Shesheng). In September, Ban Chao passed away. Ban Chao was summoned, and the Eastern Han government promoted Ren Shang, commander of Wuji (Wuji Xiaowei), to take over as governor.Ren Shang asked Ban Chao for advice, and said: "You have been abroad for more than 30 years, and I will continue the work you handed over. The task is heavy and my ability is shallow. Please give me advice." Ban Chao said: "I am old and wise. It’s not enough. And you have repeatedly acted alone and served as a high-ranking official. How can I compare? If I have to make suggestions, I will contribute my ignorant insights. That is, the government officials here are not filial and law-abiding. Almost all of them broke the law and were relegated to outside the Great Wall because of their faults. Countries in the Western Regions (Xinjiang and eastern Central Asia) have different people's hearts, just like a group of birds and beasts. It is difficult to unite them, but it is easy to coax them away. Scattered. Your temperament is serious and eager. You must know that there are no big fish when the water is clear. The management method of discerning the details will definitely lose people's hearts. It is best to relax the scale and strive for simplicity. Don't ask about small programs and don't use small tricks. Forgive their mistakes , only the outline is enough.” After Ban Chao resigned, Ren Shang told his cronies, "I thought Ban Chao had some tricks? What he said was extremely ordinary." Ren Shang finally brought the Western Regions into chaos, just as Ban Chao predicted. *Fan Ye said: When the world is peaceful, the civil servants are in power; the military officials have nothing to do with their abilities.Therefore, some people in the Han Dynasty stood up angrily and used their flesh and blood to deal with the barbarians in order to gain fame. There are too many such things.Sacrifice and Geng Bing dealt a major blow to the Xiongnu.Ban Chao and Liang Qi made great strides in the Western Regions.Finally, the meritorious deeds are achieved, the reputation is established, enjoy the title of knighthood, and present it to the ancestor temple.Great achievements, handed down to future generations.Honesty is a man of lofty ideals. 8. In the beginning, the royal master (taifu) Deng Yu once told others: "I have commanded an army of millions, and I have never killed a single innocent person. There must be descendants among the descendants." His son Xiqiang Baoan Deng Xun, the Commander (Chief Guard of Qiang), has a daughter, Deng Sui, who is filial and friendly, and loves ancient books. She often learns weaving and embroidery during the day and reads Confucian classics at night. Her family calls her a "female student".Uncle Deng Xun said: "I heard that those who save a thousand people will be granted titles by their descendants. My brother Deng Xun was the royal protocol officer (visitor), and he renovated the Shijiu River (refer to 1978). He saved lives every year. Thousands of people, the way of heaven can be trusted, and the family will be blessed." Deng Sui was later selected into the imperial palace as Liu Zhao's concubine (nobility), she was humble and careful, and followed the rules in every move.The superiors served Liu Zhaozheng's wife, Empress Yin, while the inferiors received other concubines. They often suffered for themselves in order to please the other party.Even the lowly maids and servants are friendly and treat them more favorably.Liu Zhao was very happy and praised her often.Once, when Deng Sui was ill, Liu Zhao specially ordered her to teach her mother and brothers to enter the palace to take care of medicine, and she could stay for a long time without limiting the number of days.Deng Sui refused to accept it, saying: "The palace is an important forbidden place. If people outside the palace live for a long time, the superior will attract selfish ridicule for your majesty, and the inferior will attract dissatisfied attacks for me. Both the upper and lower will be hurt. I don't want to do that. "Liu Zhao said: "Others regard the continuous entry of family members into the palace as a kind of honor and honor, but unexpectedly it caused you to worry." Every time there is a banquet, the wives compete with each other to make up and compete for beauty, only Deng Sui is plain and unpretentious, and the clothes are the same color as Queen Yin, and they change immediately.If he and Queen Yin were to meet at the same time, Deng Sui would not dare to sit side by side with the queen, or stand side by side, and slightly bend his upper body when walking to show his humble status.If Liu Zhao asked something, Deng Sui would deliberately delay, not daring to answer before Queen Yin. Empress Yin is short in stature, and her behavior is sometimes inappropriate. The attendants on the left and right can't help laughing.Only Deng Sui was deeply sympathetic, and concealed it for Queen Yin, as if he had made a mistake.Liu Zhao understood Deng Sui's painstaking efforts and grievances, and sighed, "Is it really necessary to work so hard to improve virtue?" Later, Empress Yin's favor declined, and whenever Deng Sui was called to bed, he refused to go with the excuse of being ill.At that time, several of Liu Zhao's sons died in a row. Deng Sui was worried that his heirs would be weak, so he kept picking beautiful women to stay with him to make Liu Zhao happy.Faced with the pressure of Deng Sui's growing reputation, Empress Yin was jealous.Once, Liu Zhao fell ill and was in a serious condition. Empress Yin secretly told her cronies, saying: "If I become empress dowager, I will not teach the Deng family to keep a living!" Deng Sui heard this and said in tears: "I serve the empress sincerely, I can’t get forgiveness. Only after following the emperor, report the emperor’s great favor, relieve the family disaster, and don’t let Queen Yin be ridiculed by recreating the "human pig" (refer to 194 years ago)." He planned to take poison.The court lady Zhao Yu resolutely stopped her and reported false news to her, saying: "Just now I sent someone to say that the emperor has recovered from his illness." Deng Suicai stopped.The next day, Liu Zhao's condition really improved. When Empress Yin was deposed, Deng Sui interceded for Empress Yin and asked Liu Zhao to reconsider. Liu Zhao refused to listen and planned to promote Deng Sui as empress. In winter, on October 24, Liu Zhao ordered Deng Sui to be queen, but Deng Sui resigned.In the end, I had to accept it.It is forbidden for all counties and states to pay tribute (the system of the Han Dynasty, the counties and states pay tribute, except one is presented to the emperor, and the other is directly presented to the queen).Every year, I just teach them to pay tribute to paper and ink. Every time Liu Zhao wanted to make the Deng family an official title, Deng Sui begged to decline.Therefore, during Liu Zhao's reign, Deng Sui's elder brother Deng Zhi (sound zhi) was no more official than the commander of the Huben guard (General Huben Zhonglang). 9. On October 30, the Supreme Inspector General (Sikong) Chao Kan was dismissed. 10. On November 6th, Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (Da Sinong) and Xu Fang from Peiguo (Capital Xiangxian County) were promoted to be the Supreme Inspector General.Xu Fang wrote a letter, thinking: "The Han Dynasty set up fourteen research officials (doctors. When the first emperor Liu Xiu was in office, he approved the standard version of the Five Classics of Confucianism, including: Shi Yu, Meng Xi, Liang Qiuhe, and Jingfang. "Book of Books": Ouyang Gao , Xia Housheng, Xia Houjian.: Shen Pei, Yuan Gu, Han Ying. "Spring and Autumn": Yan Pengzu, Yan Anle. "Book of Rites": Dai De, Dai Sheng.) There are A and B grades, as a kind of scholar (Students taught by various research institutes are encouraged to take an exam once a year. Forty people are admitted to the first class, and they will be the palace guards; 20 people are admitted to the second class, and they are the imperial guards; , education officials of each country). "However, every time I inspected the National University (Taixue) to test students, I used my own opinions, did not respect the standards of each school, and tolerated each other in private, opening up the path of treachery. Whenever I asked them for opinions , Everyone talked a lot, you accused, I refuted, right and wrong, a mess. Confucius said: "Inheriting the will of the sages and sages, I have no original ideas." He also said: "When I was young, I saw There are many missing texts.’ (When Confucius was young, he saw missing texts in the history books, but he couldn’t see them when he was old, because they were all filled in without authorization.) Now, students don’t follow the original texts in the standard version. He thinks that the master's principles do not necessarily need to be followed, but his own original ideas are reasonable. It has become a trend to despise and insult traditional classics for a while. This is not His Majesty's original intention in selecting talents. "To change the custom of pouring water, there is no better way to advocate 'loyalty', which is the normal law of the three generations (Xia, Shang and Zhou). (Li Xian's original note: Sima Qian said: Xia Dynasty advocated loyalty, and the extreme of loyalty made small people rough. Shang Dynasty corrected It advocates reverence, and its extreme reverence made little people worship ghosts. The Zhou Dynasty corrected it, advocating etiquette, and the extreme of etiquette made all the little people hypocritical. And correcting hypocrisy is better than advocating loyalty. The three dynasties The standard of value is cyclically changing and repeated.) Concentrating and precise research on the master's theory is the top priority for Confucian scholars. I think that the research officer (doctorate) and the examination for determining the grade should be based entirely on the standard book and select fifty Ask them to answer a difficult question. The one with the most explanations is the first, and the one with the most clear quotations is the top. If you don’t follow the master’s theory, but attack each other with your own opinions, you must correct them. He must have made a mistake.” Liu Zhao approved. Bo Yang said: In 140 BC, the government of the Western Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ousted hundreds of schools of thought, and only respected Confucianism, bringing China's splendor and academic freedom in full bloom to an end.The academic world has become the world of the Confucian school. After two hundred years of long training, there was Lu Pi before (refer to 1999), and then there was Xu Fang, who suddenly appeared, refurbished, and required intellectuals—of course, knowledge of the Confucian school. Molecules, not only cannot jump out of the big circle of Confucianism, but also can't jump out of the small circle of "master inheritance". Ever since the Confucian school devoted itself to politics and cooperated with the ruling class, gangs have flourished.Only because of the Confucian classics, you must have some special insights to gain a leg in politics.The relationship between the master and the students is not only an educational relationship, but also an interest group. In the Han Dynasty, the Confucian school studied the Five Classics, and the family law was the most important. The knowledge imparted by the master became a symbol. sect.In the end, the Eastern Han government approved fourteen standard theories as legal norms of knowledge, and theories other than the fourteen were all heresies. However, in that narrow world, scholars can still make small differences, so that the dying Confucian school can still breathe weakly.Unexpectedly, Lu Pi and Xu Fang suffocated even their weak breathing with a blow.From then on, scholars of the Confucian school were not allowed to have imagination or creativity.Imagination, which in the twentieth century was regarded as a soul treasure, was regarded by Confucianism as an evil and priceless creativity, but it was regarded as a contempt and insult to orthodoxy.The only thing Confucian scholars can do is to imitate Mr. Kong Qiu's "telling but not writing".Use the classics of the sages to explain the classics of the sages, and use the words of the ancients to prove the words of the ancients.Winning with "the amount of holy words" has everyone's opinions, except your own.If you have your own opinion, even if it is correct, it is still wrong. Dong Zhongshu is the chief culprit in strangling China's academic freedom, while Lu Pi and Xu Fang are the murderers in strangling the recovery of Chinese intellectuals.From then on, Chinese intellectuals didn't need to think, because the sages and ancients had already thought very carefully. Year after year, the thinking ability of the Chinese people became completely rigid.Until the end of the Qing Dynasty in the 18th century, the so-called "eight-legged writing" was handed down in one continuous line, and every word was a dead body. This spirit is fully expressed in the most popular martial arts novels in Chinese society. What the heroes of the rivers and lakes are obsessed with is to seek martial arts from the "cheat books" of the ancients, and seldom invent martial arts by themselves.Moreover, no matter how powerful the disciple's martial arts are, they will never be as strong as the master.If you think about it in reverse, the situation is very serious.That is, the Chinese people have been doomed: one generation is not as good as the previous generation, the essence lies in the "ancient", and the more modern the less powerful.This kind of development violates the principle of evolution. If the ancestor can jump three feet, the last disciple will probably not be able to jump an inch, because the disciple cannot beat the master.Therefore, "respecting the teacher" is equal to "respecting the way", and "teacher" and "father" are united as one. Anyone who has original ideas or attempts to break through is "betraying the teacher's school" and will be cast aside and punished. Confucianism has this kind of structure. The difference is that knights use swords, Confucian scholars use pens, knights use blood to block, and Confucian scholars borrow political power.Plato's noble and challenging spirit of "I love my teacher, I love the truth more", until the 20th century, in the Chinese academic circles, not only could not find it, but raised it in groups of "nursing animals". From teacher to teacher, there is no truth.Therefore, one of the most diligent things for senior Confucian intellectuals is to recruit students and recruit disciples.These disciples not only became the propagandists who spread his knowledge, but also became guards protecting his glory. Traitors of the nation are disgusting, but traitors in academia are the torches that make academia shine brightly.I have been spinning and tossing in the "teacher's succession", but they are just maggots that will finally settle at the bottom of the sauce jar. 11. This year, Zheng Zhong, the head of the Queen's Palace (Da Changqiu), was made an exception as the Marquis of the Township. (The eunuch conferred the title of marquis, which is a start, and rewards him for his meritorious service in killing Dou Xian.) 1. In summer, on April 30, a solar eclipse. At that time, the Eastern Han Dynasty (capital Luoyang) emperor (fourth and emperor) Liu Zhao (25 years old this year) followed the example of his father's third emperor (Zhangdi) Liu Da, and left all his brothers in the capital (capital Luoyang).The relevant units believed that the solar eclipse symbolized too much Yin Qi (officials), and asked to send them to their respective countries.Liu Zhao issued an edict and said: "The celestial phenomenon on April 30th is the responsibility of me alone. Princes, if you are still young, if you leave too early, lose care, and cannot raise them to adulthood, "Liao E" will often arise. Sorrow ("Book of Songs Liao'e", is a poem in memory of parents: "The tender grass that has grown up / is no longer tender grass / has become a wild grass / poor parents / gave birth to me and raised me / worked so hard. "is a poem about thinking about mother: "The gentle south wind / warms the weak little heart / the weak little heart is so beautiful / just makes the mother a hard life."). I can't bear to send them away , knowing that they violated the laws of the state, but still temporarily keep them." 2. In autumn, on September 20th, Liu Zhao went to the south for inspection, with Liu Qing, king of Qinghe (capital Qingyang), Liu Shou, king of Jibei (capital Luxian), and Liu Kai, king of Hejian (capital Lecheng), accompanying him. 3. Heavy rain continued in four states. 4. In winter, on October 17, Liu Zhao returned to Zhangling, the hometown of the royal family (south of Zaoyang City, Hubei Province). On October 27, head to Yunmeng (south of Anlu City, Hubei Province). At that time, Zhang Yu, the commander-in-chief (Taiwei) of the national armed forces, stayed in the capital (Luoyang), and heard that Liu Zhao was going to Jiangling (the county where the Nanjun County Government is located, Jiangling County, Hubei Province). The government stagecoach presented a memorial to dissuade them.Liu Zhao's imperial edict replied: "The sacrifices to the ancestral temple (Zhangling, the tomb of the first emperor Liu Xiu's father and ancestors) have been completed. I wanted to go south to visit the Yangtze River. After receiving your report, I only went to Hanshui before returning north." On November 23, return to the capital Luoyang. 5. In the south of the Lingnan (south of the Nanling Mountains), longan and lychees have always been paid tribute (both are tropical fruits, and northern China has never known what they are).For transportation, from Lingnan to the capital Luoyang (the air distance is 1,500 kilometers), a post station (set) is set up every ten miles, and a horse-changing booth (waiting) is set up every five miles, and the transmission is non-stop day and night.Tang Qiang, county magistrate of Linwu (Linwu County, Hunan Province) and a native of Runan (Northwest Sheqiao Township, Pingyu County, Henan Province), wrote to complain: "I have heard that people in positions of power do not think that enjoying delicious food is It is a virtue, and people in lower positions will not think it is a credit to present delicious taste. I saw that the seven counties (Nanhai County, Cangwu County, Yulin County) of Cochin Prefecture (Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Vietnam) belong to , Hepu County, Jiaozhi County, Jiuzhen County, Rinan County), tribute longan and other fruits, every time they are anxious like sparks, and the stage horses are galloping like a storm, which shocks the birds. The land in southern China is hot, with pests and beasts, along the road It’s true, everyone will die, and people cannot be resurrected after death, and they can still be saved while they are alive. Moreover, these two kinds of fruits are presented on the treasure hall, and they may not necessarily prolong their lives.” Liu Zhao issued an edict: "The delicacies of mountains and seas paid as tribute in remote areas are originally used as offerings in the royal ancestral temple. If they cause harm to the people, it is not the original intention of caring for the people. From now on, the imperial kitchen will no longer accept them." 6. This year, for the first time, an imperial edict was promulgated, ordering all counties and states to start trial for petty criminals on the summer solstice (June 21st or 22nd in the Gregorian calendar). 1. Drought in autumn and July. 2. On July 4th, Prime Minister (Situ) Lu Gong of the Eastern Han Dynasty (capital Luoyang) was dismissed. 3. On July 13th, promoted the Commander of the Imperial Guard (Guang Luxun) Zhang Xun to be prime minister.On August 22, Zhang Xing passed away. 4. In winter, on October 5th, Xu Fang, the chief inspector (Sikong), was promoted to be prime minister, and Chen Chong, the minister of vassal affairs (Da Honglu), was promoted to be the chief inspector. 5. On November 10th (the original text is "Ji Chou", modified according to "Cefu Yuangui" <Volume 112>), Liu Zhao (26 years old this year), Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (fourth Hedi) went to Gou Shi (south of Yanshi County, Henan Province), Dengbai Mountain (south of Yanshi County. 岯, sound pei). 6. The Northern Xiongnu Khanate (the king’s court is unknown at this time) sent envoys to pay tribute to the Eastern Han government, proclaimed their ministers, and asked for permission to make a marriage. ) a treaty of friendship between the two parties.Liu Zhao believed that the Northern Huns did not follow the etiquette in the past, so he refused the request.But still generously rewarded, but did not receive envoys from the Northern Huns. 1. In the spring, Gao Gong (sixth Taizu), king of the Goguryeo Kingdom (the inner city of the capital), invaded the frontier fortress of Liaodong County (Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province) of the Eastern Han Dynasty (the capital Luoyang) and robbed six counties. 2. In summer, on Gengwu day in April (Jiashenshuo in April, there is no Gengwu), forgive the world.Change the name of the year (before it was the seventeenth year of Yongyuan, and then the first year of Yuanxing.) 3. In autumn and September, Geng Kui, governor of Liaodong County (Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), attacked the Kingdom of Goguryeo and defeated the Goguryeo army. 4. In winter, on December 22, Liu Zhao (fourth Emperor He) passed away in the front hall of Zhangde (at the age of 27). In the beginning, Liu Zhao's sons died one after another, as many as a dozen.In order to save the baby's life, all the babies born later were sent to the folks for upbringing (until the 20th century, there was still a custom among the folks, who believed that giving a child a humble name could escape the capture of death, and the prince should be regarded as the son of the people. Also to avoid this danger).The matter was extremely secretive, and no official knew about it.After Liu Zhao's death, Empress Deng Suicai brought back the two princes who were fostered among the people.The eldest son, Liu Sheng, was bedridden for a long time; the youngest son, Liu Long, was born only a hundred days ago (I don't know who gave birth to him).Then Liu Long was welcomed back to the palace, and he was named the crown prince first. That night, Liu Long ascended the throne (the fifth emperor) as Emperor Shang.Honor Queen Deng Sui as Empress Dowager.Deng Sui came to court and presided over the government.At this time, due to the death of the emperor, the palace was in chaos for a while, and a small box of jewels suddenly disappeared in the palace.Deng Sui thought that if they were handed over to the relevant units for investigation and interrogation, many innocent people would be framed and convicted.So, I personally investigated the suspected court lady, and watched her words and demeanor, a court lady admitted at the time.In addition, Liu Zhao's favorite court lady named Ji Cheng, her servants united and insisted that Ji Cheng was engaged in witchcraft and curses.Deng Sui ordered the Chief of Palace Affairs (Yeting Order) to interrogate. The evidence was all there, and Ji Cheng also admitted it all.Deng Sui was skeptical, thinking that Ji Cheng was Liu Zhao's maid. Deng Sui was not only generous to her, but also kind. .So, he called Ji Cheng to him, questioned and checked it himself, and found out that it was Ji Cheng's servants who did the trick.Everyone was amazed.I think the empress dowager is holy. Bo Yang said: Ji Cheng's crimes are as hard as a mountain, and it is hopeless.There are witnesses: Ji Cheng's servant Zhi (surname unknown), etc., all of them accuse Ji Cheng of committing a heinous crime.There is physical evidence: a puppet engraved with the name of the Empress Dowager Deng Sui and the birth date was dug out of the ground (the heart may also have iron needles or nails inserted).As for the murderer, Ji Cheng, he both voluntarily confessed and confessed frankly. No one can doubt Ji Cheng's crime, but Deng Sui doubts it.Deng Sui speculated based on human nature that when Ji Cheng was favored, he had no complaints against the queen, but after his backer fell, he offended the queen mother. What was she pursuing?When Liu Zhao was here, he cursed the queen to death, and she still had the possibility of becoming a queen.After Liu Zhao died, the empress dowager was cursed to death, how could she sit on the throne of empress dowager? Faced with witnesses and physical evidence, Ji Cheng had to admit it, otherwise she would only be tortured. ——Besides, she has already been tortured.She was one of the luckiest defendants in the world, she had to meet Deng Sui; if it wasn't for Deng Sui, how many people would have died in the execution ground of Ji Cheng and her family! 5. The Northern Huns Khanate (unknown to the court) once again sent envoys to Dunhuang (Dunhuang City, Gansu Province) to pay tribute, apologizing and saying: The Khanate was poor and could not present more expensive gifts, and asked the Han Dynasty to send envoys to the Northern Huns, The northern Xiongnu is willing to send the prince to the Han Dynasty as a hostage.Empress Dowager Deng Sui followed Liu Zhao's decision and did not answer, but only awarded rewards. 6. Wang Huan, the county magistrate of Luoyang (the county where the capital is located), and a native of Guanghan (Zitong County, Sichuan Province), is upright, fair in handling affairs, discerning in every detail, and insight into evil.Appears to be harsh on the outside, but in fact it is full of kindness.The judicial verdict made was satisfied by everyone, and the capital (Luoyang, the capital) thought it was like being possessed by a god.This year, Wang Huan passed away while serving as the county magistrate, and even the ordinary people in the market sighed and shed tears.When Wang Huan's coffin was transported back to his hometown, he passed Hongnong (northeast of Lingbao County, Henan Province) on the way. The people knelt by the roadside and set up tables to offer sacrifices to the coffin.The officials didn't understand why this happened in other counties and other counties. When they asked why, people replied: "In the past, when we transported rice to Luoyang, we were often blackmailed and robbed by small officials in Luoyang County, and half of the loss would always be lost. Since Wang Huan County magistrate, this kind of thing has never happened, we come here to repay the favor." The people of Luoyang built a temple for Wang Huan, wrote poems, and sang these poems every time they sacrificed. Empress Dowager Deng Sui issued an edict: "Only with loyal officials can a country be governed. Although it is very urgent to find such officials, it is very difficult to find them. In order to encourage, Wang Shi, the son of Wang Huan, is now appointed as the junior guard officer (doctor) .” 1. In spring, on the 13th day of the first lunar month, the Eastern Han Dynasty (the capital Luoyang) promoted Zhang Yu, the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces (Taiwei), to be the royal master (Taifu), and the prime minister (Situ) Xu Fang to be the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces (Taiwei) ), in charge of court confidentiality (see Lu Shangshushi). Empress Dowager Deng Sui, because the emperor (the fifth emperor) Liu Long (two years old this year), is still in her arms, she plans to teach important senior officials and live in the palace.So Zhang Yu was ordered to stay in the palace as a royal master and go home every five days.Every court meeting, the master of ceremonies first reported Zhang Yu's name, and sat alone in the upper seat, not with the three princes (the prime minister, the supreme inspector general, and the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces). 2. Fenghuang's elder brother Liu Sheng Pingyuan King (Pingyuan, the capital). 3. On the twenty-fifth day of the first lunar month, Liang Tuan, the commander of the court guard (Guang Luxun), was promoted to prime minister. 4、三月七日，把前任帝（四任和帝）刘肇安葬慎陵（河南省孟津县东南平乐乡北），庙号穆宗。 5、三月九日，清河王（首府清阳）刘庆、济北王（首府卢县）刘寿、河间王（首府乐成）刘开、常山王（首府元氏）刘章，开始前往各人的封国。太后邓绥，对刘庆特别优待，赏赐跟荣耀，都超过其他亲王。 刘庆的儿子刘祜，年才十三岁。皇太后邓绥因为小皇帝幼弱，深感忧虑，为了防备意外，留下刘祜跟他的嫡母耿姬，暂住清河国设在首都的招待所。耿姬是耿况的曾孙女（耿况，参考二三年）。刘祜的亲娘，是犍为郡（四川省宜宾市）人，名左小娥。 6、夏季，四月，鲜卑部落（内蒙古东部中部及以北地区）攻击渔阳（北京市密云县），渔阳郡长张显率领数百人出塞追击，军事助理（兵马掾）严授阻止说：“塞外道路，危机四伏，鲜卑部落殿后部队的实力，难以预料。我们应安营扎寨，先派出骑兵侦察。”张显锐气正盛，对严授的持重意见，十分愤怒，几乎要用军法诛杀严授。 张显挺进，遇到鲜卑埋伏，部队瓦解，四散逃命。只剩下严授，奋力迎战，身受数十伤，亲自杀死数人，最后阵亡。郡政府主任秘书（主簿）卫福、行政官（功曹）徐咸，奔向张显营救，同时被杀。 7、四月十九日，任命虎贲警卫指挥官（虎贲中郎将）邓骘，当车骑将军，“仪同三司”（“仪同三司”官称，从邓骘开始，以后一直沿用。“三司”，就是“三公”——宰相，最高监察长，全国武装部队总司令。我们不知道为什么不称“三公”而称“三司”？“仪同三司”，指邓骘虽然不是“三公”，但他的权力、部属、派头，等等一切，跟三公完全一样。这是一个非常重要的官称）。擢升邓骘老弟禁宫侍从官（黄门侍郎）邓悝，当虎贲警卫指挥官；邓弘、邓阊，都当宫廷随从（侍中）。 8、最高监察长（司空）陈宠逝世。 9、五月十五日，赦天下。 10、五月十六日，河东郡（山西省夏县）垣县（在山西省垣曲县）山崩。 11、六月一日，擢升祭祀部长（太常）尹勤当最高监察长。 12、三十七个郡和封国大雨、水灾。 六月十三日，皇太后邓绥下诏：御厨房（太官）、食米供应室（导官）、御库房（尚方）、御衣库（内署），减少服装、用具、膳食以及精密编织、豪华富丽的各种物件。规定除非用来祭祀供奉皇家祖庙或皇帝坟墓，稻谷粱米，不准精碾，早晚只准吃一次肉。过去御厨房仅酒类开支，每年费用达二万万钱，经此次裁减，每年少数千万。各郡、各封国进贡，都减少一半以上。把御花园（上林苑）的猎鹰猎狗，全部卖掉。散布在各地的皇家离宫、别馆，所需要的粮秣薪炭，一律减少储存的数量。 14、六月二十一日，皇太后邓绥再下诏，遣散若干宫女，免除刘姓皇族因犯罪而被囚入宫廷当奴婢的处罚，都遣送回家当普通庶民（一次释放六百余人）。 15、秋季，七月十五日，下诏京畿卫戍总司令（司隶校尉）、各州州长（刺史）：“最近，各郡、各封国，有时发生水旱，妨碍秋天庄稼收割，中央追查责任，忧愁恐慌。可是，各郡、各封国，为了博取丰收的虚名，竟然隐瞒灾害，夸张开荒垦田数目。不管逃亡，只管比赛户口增加。而又掩藏强盗匪徒，使罪犯不能受到国法的惩治。任用官员，不依照法令规定，向中央推荐人才，乖张离谱。贪污横暴，悲惨恶毒，祸害加到人民身上。州长低着头，塞着耳，私情私心，包庇部下，上不畏天，下不畏人。政府宽厚相待的恩典，不可能一直仗恃。从今之后，将严重处罚。郡长级（二千石）官员，都应考查所属人民受到的灾难，免除他们的田赋租税。” 16、八月六日（原文“辛卯”，据《后汉书》改），小皇帝刘隆逝世（不满两岁）。 八月八日，灵柩暂停崇德前殿。 皇太后邓绥跟老哥车骑将军邓骘、虎贲警卫指挥官（虎贲中郎将）邓悝，在皇宫之中，秘密决定继位人选。当夜，派邓骘“持节”率领皇子和太子乘坐的“青盖车”（皇孙则乘绿盖车），到清河官邸，迎接清河王（首府清阳）刘庆的儿子刘祜，在殿中斋戒。 皇太后邓绥登崇德殿，文武百官都穿上吉服出席（前任皇帝虽死，因新君即位，所以不穿丧服）。刘祜在引导下上殿，邓绥封刘祜当长安侯。封侯后立即下诏，立刘祜当刘肇（四任和帝）的儿子。由有关官员，宣读册立文告，宣读完毕后，全国武装部队总司令徐防呈上皇帝印信，刘祜遂正式坐上宝座（六任安帝。本年，刘祜十三岁）。 皇太后邓绥仍然继续临朝听政，下诏给京畿卫戍司令（司隶校尉）、首都洛阳市长（河南尹）、南阳郡（河南省南阳市）郡长：“每看到前代皇后家族以及他们的宾客门生，横行暴虐，使国家执法官员，陷于窘境，给人民制造苦难，都因为政府执行法令不够严明，不敢处罚。而今，车骑将军邓骘等，虽然心怀恭顺，可是家族庞大，人口众多，亲戚不少，奸猾的门客，很多冒犯国家禁条。如果发现，应公开约束，不允许包容庇护。”从此，邓姓家族犯罪，毫不宽贷。 17、九月，六个州大水成灾。 18、九月一日，陨石坠落陈留郡（河南省开封市东南陈留镇）。 19、九月丙寅日（九月乙亥朔，没有丙寅），把前任帝（五任殇帝）刘隆，安葬在康陵（四任帝刘肇墓地称慎陵，刘隆坟墓就在刘肇墓道之旁）。因一连遭受两次大水，人民对兴建皇帝坟墓这项苦差，已不堪负荷。坟墓中应有的陪葬东西以及其他工程，每件事都严厉节约，只剩下十分之一。 20、下诏任命北地（宁夏吴忠市西南金积镇）人梁慬，当西域副指挥官（副校尉）。 梁慬走到河西（甘肃省中西部），正巧，西域（新疆及中亚东部）各国叛变，联合攻击驻扎疏勒国（新疆喀什市）的西域总督（都护）任尚（任尚终于把各国逼反）。任尚上书中央求救，中央命梁慬率河西走廊四个郡的羌胡混合骑兵五千人赴援（河西走廊四郡：敦煌郡、酒泉郡、张掖郡、武威郡）。 梁慬还没有抵达，任尚已经解围。东汉政府召回任尚，擢升骑兵总监（骑都尉）段禧当西域总督，西域总督府参谋长（长史）赵博当骑兵总监。段禧、赵博固守它乾城（班超当西域总督时，总督府设在龟兹国它乾城）。城垣较小，梁慬认为不够坚固，于是用诈术说服龟兹王白霸，表示愿到龟兹城，跟白霸共同据守，白霸同意。龟兹官员跟人民，坚决反对，白霸概不接受。 梁慬既进入龟兹，急派将领迎接段禧、赵博，集结军队约八九千人。龟兹全国叛离国王，跟温宿（新疆乌什县）、姑墨（新疆阿克苏市西北）两国结盟，集结数万人，包围龟兹。梁慬出战，大破联军。一连数月缠斗，联军败退。梁慬乘胜追击，杀一万余人，俘虏数千人。龟兹局势才告稳定。 21、冬季，十月，四个州水灾，降冰雹。 22、清河王刘庆病重，上书请准许埋葬在樊濯（首都洛阳城北之外）娘亲宋贵人墓旁。 十二月二十一日，刘庆逝世。 23、十二月乙酉日（十二月甲辰朔，没有乙酉），废除“鱼龙”“曼延”游戏（“鱼龙”“曼延”，参考前一〇八年注）。 24、宫廷秘书署助理、南阳（河南省南阳市）人樊准，认为儒家学派品质日益低落，必须用政治力量使它提高，于是上书说：“我曾经听说，君王不可以不学习，光武皇帝（一任帝刘秀）接受天命，使汉王朝政权中兴，东征西战，没有时间读书。然而，有时仍放下武器，讲求儒家经典，趁着战马休息的时候，讨论圣人的道理。孝明皇帝（二任帝刘庄）日理万机，每件事都经过考虑，却特别关心古书，留意儒家学派五经的学习。每次学校宴会和射击比赛礼成之后，亲自上坐，讲解经籍，学者专家，都在堂下恭听，四方欣喜。而又广为征召儒家学派学人专家，安排在政府中重要位置之上。每逢遇到宴会，讨论诘难，共同谋求政治进步，教化普及，连期门禁卫武士，羽林军官，都精通《孝经》。气质先从神圣君王身上开始变化，然后影响到蛮荒。所以讨论这件事的人，称道盛世时，都肯定一世纪六〇年代跟七〇年代初期的贡献。而今，专家学人越来越少，离京师（首都洛阳）较远的地区，尤其严重。研究官（博士）只占座位，却不讲解。儒家学派知识分子只追求表面热闹，忘了最基本的忠心，却记得谄媚阿谀的言语。我愚昧的认为，陛下应颁布诏书，明告天下，连荒村僻壤都去寻访，广为征召文雅书生。等到皇帝（刘祜）上学时，讲解经典。” 皇太后邓绥完全采纳，下诏：“三公、部长级（中二千石）官员，每人都有责任推举保荐隐士和大儒，他们必须有高贵的德行，能让晚生后进，得到刺激和勉励。在其中再用心的挑选研究官，一定可以得到适当的人选。” 1、春季，正月一日，东汉王朝（首都洛阳）赦天下。 2、蜀郡（四川省成都市）边界外西羌部落（龙桥等六个部落·四川省马尔康县邛崃山西麓一带），归附汉朝。 3、二月二十五日，分割清河国（首府清阳）一部分采邑，另设广川国（首府广川），封皇帝（六任安帝）刘祜（本年十四岁）的老弟刘常保当广川王。 4、二月二十八日，宰相（司徒）梁鲔逝世。 5、三月二日，日食。 6、三月八日，永昌郡（云南省保山市）边界外僬饶蛮夷（僬侥，音jiao jiao，古代传说中的“矮人国”“小人国”）的陆类等部落，全部归附汉朝。 7、三月十三日，把清河（孝）王（首府清阳）刘庆安葬广丘（山东省临清市，后来改名“甘陵”，也称“英陵”）。由最高监察长（司空）、皇族事务部长（宗正），负责治丧，仪式比照东海（恭）王（首府鲁县）刘彊（参考五八年。刘庆、刘彊，都是从皇太子宝座上罢黜下来的亲王。） 8、自从前任帝（四任和帝）刘肇丧事以来，邓骘兄弟常居留皇宫。邓骘认为可能受到抨击，一再请求回家居住，当妹妹的皇太后邓绥允许。 夏季，四月，皇家师傅（太傅）张禹、全国武装部队总司令（太尉）徐防、最高监察长（司空）尹勤、车骑将军邓骘、首都洛阳城防指挥官（城门校尉）邓悝、虎贲警卫指挥官（虎贲中郎将）邓弘、禁宫侍从官（黄门郎）邓阊全封侯爵（张禹封安乡侯，徐防封龙乡侯，尹勤封傅亭侯，邓骘封上蔡侯，邓悝封叶侯，邓弘封西平侯，邓阊封西华侯），采邑全是一万户人家。 邓骘因“定策”（决定皇帝人选）功勋，再增加采邑三千户人家。邓骘跟两位弟弟坚决推辞，得不到批准，三人遂躲开使节，绕道前往皇宫宫门，上书请求；一连上书五六次之后，邓绥才允许。 9、五月三日，擢升长乐宫保安官（长乐卫尉）鲁恭当宰相（司徒）。鲁恭上书建议：“依照司法传统，立秋之日（阳历每年八月八日），才开始审理轻刑罪犯，一〇三年以后，提前到夏季第一个月（四月），于是州长（刺史）、郡长，遂名正言顺的在盛夏之时，对正在田间忙碌的农民，传讯、拘捕、开庭、审问，一次又一次，拖延个没完；对上冒犯天时，对下伤害农作。按《月令》：'夏季第一个月（四月）决断轻刑'，意思是：罪行轻微，已经改过的被告，不要长期囚禁，应该立即判决。我愚昧的认为，而今应该照此实行，判决的最后期限，不能超过立秋之日。” 鲁恭又上书：“孝章皇帝（三任帝刘炟）为了发扬'三正'，光大'三微'（三正三微，参考八五年），特别制定法令，每年冬至之前，所有诉讼，都要全部结案。可是，有些奸恶的法官，不能体会政府的用心，于十一月间捕获被控死刑的被告时，不管他是不是冤枉，往往立刻诛杀。等到发现新的证据，已不能改正。因之我建议，对死刑重罪，可以延长到十一月月底判决。” 中央政府全都批准。 10、五月六日，封北海王（首府剧县）刘睦（一任帝刘秀老哥刘縯之孙）的孙儿、寿光侯刘普，继任北海王（九六年，北海王刘威自杀，王位一直空缺）。 11、九真郡（越南清化市）界外蛮夷夜郎国，归附汉朝。 12、西域（新疆及中亚东部）总督（都护）段禧等，虽然保有龟兹（新疆库车县），可是其他各国仍然抵制。困守一个据点，跟中原本土的道路，完全断绝，连一份奏章报告，都无法送出。东汉政府高级官员讨论，认为西域远在天边，又不断叛变，武装开垦荒田，费用支出，没有尽头，国家无力负担。 六月二十二日，决定撤销西域总督，派骑兵总监（骑都尉）王弘，率领关中（陕西省中部）部队，迎接段禧、梁慬、赵博，跟伊吾卢（新疆哈密县）、柳中（新疆鄯善县西南鲁克沁城）屯田战士，全部撤退回国。 Bo Yang said: 自七三年东汉政府收回西域，历时仅三十五年，到本年再次全部丧失。五百年后的七世纪，中国再返西域时，西域已是另一个面目。 任尚在班超手中接到的是一个和睦的、依赖中国如幼童依赖父母的西域，数年工夫，便把全境搞得一片混乱，使各国联合起来武装反击。史书没有交代原因何在，但可以推断：贪污、暴虐、侮辱。我们不认为各国是在叛变，而认为各国是在抗暴。一个失职的驻外官员，往往是谋杀两国邦交的凶手，任尚便是一例。 13、最初，西羌烧当部落（大小榆谷）贵族东号的儿子麻奴，随着老爹，归降汉朝（参考八九年），被安置在安定郡（宁夏固原县）。当时，归附的羌人，散布各郡各县，成为汉人欺侮的对象，郡县政府官员以及当地土豪劣绅恶霸，对羌人更征收捐税，征调民夫差役，十余年下来，羌人怨苦愤恨。 稍前，骑兵总监（骑都尉）王弘，西上迎接西域总督段禧，征调金城郡（甘肃省永靖县西北）、陇西郡（甘肃省临洮县）、汉阳郡（甘肃省甘谷县）羌民数千骑兵前往。郡县政府急如星火，强迫发遣。羌人不知道此行只是撤退，而认为可能就留在西域开荒垦田，不再回乡。不但怨恨，而且恐惧。行军到酒泉郡（甘肃省酒泉市）时，已有不少羌人背叛逃亡。对逃亡士兵的处分是残忍的，各郡派出部队，沿途拦截，甚至追查到所属的部落，整个部落都被铲平。于是，勒姐、当煎等部落（皆在渭水上游一带）酋长东岸等，越发惊恐，遂同时拔营，涌向塞外。麻奴兄弟就在大狂奔中，随着他的部落出塞。 出塞后，各部落谋求团结。先零部落一个支派的酋长滇零跟另一个支派的酋长钟羌等，大肆烧杀劫掠，陇坻（甘肃省张家川县）道路，完全断绝。这时，因为羌人归附已久，没有武器，有的拿着竹竿、树枝，代替铁枪、铁矛，有的拿着桌面，当做盾牌，有的拿着妇女化妆用的铜镜（当时没有玻璃，镜子都用铜制），映着日光，假装是杀人刀锋。各郡县在逼反了羌人之后，心惊胆战，束手无策。 六月二十七日，东汉政府下诏赦免羌人联合结党、谋反叛乱之罪。 14、秋季，九月一日，全国武装部队总司令（太尉）徐防，因天灾及民变免职。三公因灾异免职，从徐防开始。 九月二日，最高监察长（司空）尹勤，因大雨水灾免职。 仲长统《昌言》曰： 刘秀对西汉王朝皇帝一连数世都失去权柄的现象，深怀愤恨；对强悍的高级官员控制政府，同样愤懑。为了补救过去的失策，他做出了过火的改正，东汉王朝的权力，掌握在皇帝之手。虽然名义上有三公的设立，但真正负实际责任的，却是宫廷秘书署（尚书），三公也者，不过摆样充数。然而，国家发生灾乱时，却谴责三公。 三公既没有实权，实权遂转移到皇后家族，受到宠爱信任的，也只限于皇帝身旁一些宦官奴仆。这些人再引进他们的亲戚朋友，成为他们的私党。在内充满京师（首都洛阳），在外遍布州郡。贤能和愚恶，恰恰颠倒。把向中央政府推荐人才的工作，当做交易。用最恶劣的人才，治理国家，结果是贪污残暴，逼迫人民，触怒四方蛮夷，引起叛变，招致瘫痪。怨愤之气，一时迸发，阴阳三光（日月星），全都失去秩序，怪异的事情，不断出现。害虫吃庄稼，水旱成灾难。这都是皇后家族、宦官之类引起的警告，反而把罪状罩到三公头上，杀掉他（指西汉十二任帝刘骜杀宰相翟方进，参考七年）或免掉他。使人呼叫苍天，举首号啕，痛哭失声。 从西汉王朝中叶开始，选任三公时，都专门找些谨慎小心，循规蹈矩，熟悉文章典故的人。这不过是女子们的美德，大街小巷，村落城市中多的是这种平凡之辈，怎么能居于那么重要的高位？形势如彼（三公无权），人选如此（尽属庸庸碌碌），却盼望三公为国家建立勋业，为人民谋求福利，岂不是距离太远？ 过去，西汉