Chapter 16 7. Five random Chinese

The "Eight Princes Rebellion" ended at the beginning of this century, the situation was out of control, and the "Era of Great Split (304-589)" came. The "Great Split Era" is divided into two periods, the early period is the "Five Husbands and the Nineteen Kingdoms Period (304-439)", and the later period is the "Northern and Southern Dynasties Period (439-589)".This century (the fourth century) is the century of the Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms. The chiefs of the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, and Qiang nationalities, as well as the heroes of the Han nationality, rose up against the chaotic tyranny caused by the "Eight Kings Rebellion".The two emperors of the Jin Dynasty were captured alive and killed by them.The Jin Dynasty had no choice but to retreat to the south of the Huaihe River, moved its capital to Jiankang (Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province), and became a regional local government (known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history).The whole of China was caught in a large-scale and fierce civil war that had never been seen in history. Human lives were not as good as pigs and dogs, which made people cry.

1. In spring, the first month, Emperor Liu Yao of the Han Zhao Empire (capital Chang’an) (the fifth term) personally conquered Chencang (East Chencang Town, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), and the Jin Empire (capital Jiankang) Jin Wang Sima Baobu General Wang Lian was killed in battle. The other general Yang Man fled to Nandi (Qiu Chi, south of Xihe County, Gansu Province).Liu Yao captured Caobi (suspected to be in the east of Lingtai County, Gansu Province), and Lu Songduo, the leader of the massacred tribes, fled to Longcheng (Zhangjiachuan County, Gansu Province).Liu Yao captured Yinmi (southwest of Lingtai County, Gansu Province) again.Jin King Sima Baoda of the Jin Empire panicked and withdrew from Shangying (the county where Qinzhou Prefecture Government is located, Tianshui City, Gansu Province) to Sangcheng (south of Lintao County, Gansu Province).

Liu Yao returned to the capital Chang'an and appointed Liu Ya as the prime minister (Da Situ). Sima Bao’s general Zhang Chun planned to serve Sima Bao and defected to Liangzhou (the state government set up Guzang). Zhang Shi, the full-power governor (mu) of Liangzhou (central and western Gansu Province), sent his general Yinjian to lead the army to welcome him, declaring strict Protection, in fact, is to use force to prevent him from going. 2. Duan Moting (sound pei), Duke of Liaoxi (Capital Lingzhi) of the Jin Empire attacked Duan Pidun, Governor of Youzhou (Ci Shi) (Duan Pidun defected to Jizhou Governor Shao Xushi, refer to April last year), and broke Duan Pidun's army .Duan Pidun said to Shao Xu: "I am originally from the Yi nationality (Duan Pidun is from Xianbei). Because of my love for righteousness, my family was ruined and my family was destroyed. If you do not forget the old oath, we should join forces to attack Duan Moteng." Shao Xu continued Promised, he attacked Duan Mo's army and defeated Duan Mo's army.Duan Pidun and his younger brother Duan Wenyang took advantage of the victory to attack Jicheng (Beijing. When Duan Pidun abandoned the city and defected to Shao Xu, Jicheng was occupied by the Later Zhao Empire).The leader of the Later Zhao Empire (the capital of Xiangguo) (one Ming emperor), Zhao Wang Shile (47 years old this year), after discovering that Duan Pidun had gone north, knew that Shao Xuli was alone and alone, and ordered the monkey Shihu to lead his army to surround Yanci ( Southeast of Yangxin County, Shandong Province), and another general, Kong Chang, attacked Shaoxu's other strongholds, and captured eleven camps in a row.

In February, Shao Xu personally led the army out of the city to counterattack Shi Hu. Shi Hu used cavalry to cut off Shao Xu's retreat and captured Shao Xu alive.Shi Hu took Shao Xu to the city of Yanci and asked Shao Xu to call the defenders to surrender.Shao Xu told the defending generals and his nephew Shao Zhu, "I am determined to serve the country, but I never expected to end up like this. You must do your best to appoint Duan Pidun as the leader, and don't be half-hearted." Duan Pidun returned to the army from Jicheng, but had not yet arrived in Yanci. When he heard that Shao Xu had been captured, the army was frightened and fled in all directions.But Qiantu was intercepted by Shihu's army again, and hundreds of Duan Wenyang's pro-army fought to the death, finally protecting Duan Pidun and entering the city.So he stood up together with Shao Xu's son Shao Ji, nephews Shao Cun, Shao Zhu and others.Shi Hu sent Shao Xu to Xiangguo. Shi Le thought that Shao Xu was a loyal minister, ordered him to be released, paid homage to him, and appointed him as a staff officer (in charge of Zhonglang).Therefore, it was ordered: "From now on, to defeat the enemy, the captured scholar-bureaucrats (senior intellectuals, current officials or retired gentry) cannot be killed casually, and their lives must be preserved."

Liu Yin, assistant to the civil affairs department of the Civil Affairs Department of the State Council of the Jin Empire (Libu Lang), heard the news that Shao Xu was besieged, and said to Jin Emperor Sima Rui: "All the officials in the north have been wiped out, and only Shao Xu is left. If they are wiped out again by the stone tiger, it will chill the hearts of the righteous and cut off their thoughts of returning to the motherland. I mean, we should send troops to rescue them." Sima Rui (45 years old this year) cannot accept it.When news of Shao Xu's capture came, he issued an edict ordering Shao Xu's son, Shao Ji, to succeed his father as governor of Jizhou.

3. The four corps of the Han and Zhao Empires, Yin An, Song Shi, Song Shu, and Zhao Shen, stationed in Luoyang (East of Dongbaima Temple, Luoyang City, Henan Province), rebelled at the same time, and surrendered to the Zhao Empire.Later Zhao general Shi Sheng led the army to meet him, but Yin An and other four people suddenly changed their minds and surrendered to Li Ju, the governor of Sizhou (central part of Henan Province) in the Jin Empire (then stationed in Xinzheng).Li Ju ordered Guo Mo, the governor of Yingchuan County (to the east of Xuchang City, Henan Province), to lead his army into Luoyang to assist in the defense.Shi Sheng launched a surprise attack, captured Song Shi and his regiment, and crossed the Yellow River north to return.Residents on the south bank of the Yellow River took refuge in Li Ju one after another, and Luoyang became an empty city.

4. In March, Pei Yi, the envoy of Da Shanyu of the Xianbei tribe (the city of spines set up by the royal court) and the general of the Jin Empire, Murong Xing, arrived in Jiankang and strongly recommended Murong Xing's prestige and kindness; he pointed out that all virtuous people are happy to accept Murong It was only when the central government of the Jin Empire began to attach importance to Murong Xin.Jin Emperor Sima Rui said to Pei Yi: "You were originally a well-known senior official in China (Pei Yi served as the governor of Changli County, refer to April 313), you should stay in the central government, and I should issue another edict to Murong Xin to order He sent you back to your family." Pei Yi said: "I have been favored by the state since I was a child, and I have been in and out of the court (Pei Yi was the chief legislator of the Legislative Yuan and the consultant of the Forbidden Palace in the Luoyang era), if I can serve your majesty again, it is me The greatest glory. However, the old capital (Luoyang) fell and the royal tomb was destroyed. Even the famous ministers and generals could not be humiliated. Only Murongxin is still loyal to the Zao family and determined to eradicate the murderer and traitor, so he sent I have traveled thousands of miles to show my sincerity. If I don’t go back, Murongxin will definitely think that the central government thinks he is remote and vulgar, so he will abandon him, make him return to righteousness, and be hit. Laziness; and this is what I cherish the most, so I dare not forget the country's great plan for one's own self-interest." Sima Rui said: "You are right!" He sent envoys to accompany Pei Yi back to the north, and appointed Murong Xing as Dang'an General Bei, Governor of Pingzhou (Liaoning Province).

5. In the third month of leap, the Jin imperial government appointed Zhou Wei (Yi) as the left executive director of the State Council (Shangshu Zuo Pushe). 6. Zhang Chun and Yang Ci, the generals of Sima Bao, King of Jin in the Jin Empire, broke up with Yang Tao; Zhang Chun and Yang Ci persuaded Sima Bao to kill Yang Tao, and then persuaded Sima Bao to attack Chen An. Sima Baodu do not listen. In summer, in May, Zhang Chun and Yang Ci instead imprisoned Sima Bao and executed him (at the age of twenty-seven). Sima Bao was overweight and weighed eight hundred catties. He liked to sleep and read books.However, he was weak, ignorant, and incapable of making decisions, so he was finally killed.Sima Bao had no son, so Zhang Chun supported Sima Zhan, a son of the royal family, as the son (legal heir) and called the supreme commander (general).Sima Bao died, and his followers broke up. More than 10,000 people fled to Liangzhou.

Chen An, governor of Qinzhou (southern Gansu Province) in the Han Zhao Empire, asked Emperor Liu Yao of Han Zhao to crusade against Sima Zhan and others.Liu Yao appointed Chen An as the supreme commander, launched an attack, and killed Sima Zhan.Zhang Chun fled to Fuhan (pronounced fuhan, Linxia City, Gansu Province); Chen An captured Yang Ci alive, beheaded the decree in front of Sima Bao's coffin, and sacrificed with his head.With the grand ceremony of burying the emperor, Sima Bao was buried in Shangyu, and he was given the posthumous title of King Yuan. 7. General Yang Jian of the Jin Empire attacked Xu Kan (Xu Kan, the governor of Taishan County, rebelled, refer to April last year). After the army arrived at Xiapi (Beigupi Town, Suining County, Jiangsu Province), they dared not advance.Xuzhou governor Cai Bao (based in Biancheng) defeated Xu Kan in Tanqiu (Pingyi County, Shandong Province).Xu Kan asked for help from the Later Zhao Empire, and Later Zhao Wang Shile sent his general Wang Fudu to support him, and also sent his general Zhang Jing to lead the army as a reserve force.However, Shi Le kept making demands on Xu Kan, and Wang Fudu was so lewd and violent that Xu Kan couldn't stand it (Wang Fudu even raped Xu Kan's wife).When Zhang Jing's army arrived in Dongping County (northwest of Dongping County, Shandong Province), Xu Kan was even more suspicious of attacking him, so he beheaded Wang Fudu and more than 300 people, and then surrendered to the Jin Empire.Shi Le was furious, and ordered Zhang Jing to hold back the danger and wait for it (when Xu Kan was exhausted).Jin Emperor Sima Rui also hated Xu Kan's capriciousness and refused to accept his surrender; he ordered Yang Jian and Cai Bao to seize the opportunity to march.But Yang Jian was still frightened and dared not move forward.Diao Xie, Premier of the State Council (Shang Shuling), impeached Yang Jian.Sima Rui issued an edict: Yang Jian was exempted from the death penalty, deprived of political rights (expelled), and ordered Cai Bao to take over Yang Jian's troops.Chief Legislator (Zhongshujian) Wang Dao asked for relegation because he did not recommend suitable talents (see June last year), but Sima Rui refused.

8. In June, Kong Chang, a general of the Later Zhao Empire, attacked Duan Pidun (times later), relying on continuous victories and lax guard.Duan Wenyang launched an attack and smashed Kong Chang's army. 9. Liu Hongke, a native of Jingzhao County (Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province), lived in Tianti Mountain, Liangzhou (Lenglongling, 50 kilometers southwest of Wuwei City, Gansu Province), and used black magic to confuse the people; more than a thousand people followed him and accepted his domination people.The plenipotentiary governor (Mu) of Liangzhou in the Jin Empire, and the left and right cronies of Xiping Gong (Yuan Gong) Zhang Shi were all disciples of Liu Hong.Yan She, the combat officer (under the tent), and Zhao Ang, the camp gate officer (Yamen), are even Liu Hong's fellow villagers.Liu Hong told them, "God gave me a sacred mission and taught me to be the king in Liangzhou." Be a leader.Zhang Mao, Zhang Shi's younger brother, got the news and asked Zhang Shi to kill Liu Hong.Zhang Shi sent the camp gate officer Shi Chu to arrest him, but Shi Chu hadn't arrived yet, but Yan She and others had already entered the room with a sharp knife in their hands, and beheaded Zhang Shi (50 years old) in the living room.

Seeing Shi Chu rushing in, Liu Hong said to Shi Chu, "The governor (Zhang Shi) is dead, what's the use of killing me?" On the street, he was tortured to death by cracking a car, and hundreds of his accomplices were killed.Zuo Junzheng (Zuo Sima) Yin Yuan, because Zhang Shi's son Zhang Jun was still young (he was 14 years old this year), so Zhang Mao (44 years old this year) was elected Governor of Liangzhou and Duke of Xiping; he pardoned the territory Criminals, appointed Zhang Jun as the general of Fujun. (There are two ways for a local regime to transform into an independent regime: one is to cut gold and iron, and break with the central government, just like the later Zhao Empire separated from the Han and Zhao Empire; The government still maintains traditional relations, but it no longer accepts interference in internal affairs; however, it still has epoch-making signals, one is the pardon of criminals, one is the surrender of subordinates, and the other is the establishment of its own reign. Therefore, in this year, five The fourth kingdom of the Hu Nineteen Kingdom was quietly established, which we call the Qianliang Kingdom. On the territory of China, five kingdoms stand side by side: the Jin Empire, the Cheng Han Empire, the Han Zhao Empire, the Later Zhao Empire, and the Qianliang Kingdom.) 10. On June 23, Xie Hu, the general of the Han and Zhao Empires, Yin Che, the commander of the Foreign Corps (Changshui Colonel), and Ju Xu and She Peng (She, Last name. Sound she) and other combinations, conspiracy to betray, things leaked.Xie Hu and Yin Che were all executed.Liu Yao, Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, imprisoned more than 50 people, including Gou Xu and She Peng, in Afang (the former site of Afang Palace in the Qin Dynasty, west of Chang'an City), and planned to kill them.You Ziyuan, a special state official (doctor Guanglu), dissuaded him and said: "Sage kings use punishment only for their leaders, and they shouldn't shed too much blood." Angry, thinking that he was sheltering a traitor, he was immediately arrested and thrown into prison.Juxu, Shepeng, etc. were all executed, and their bodies were dragged to the downtown market, displayed publicly for ten days, and then thrown into the Weishui River.So all the tribes of the Di ethnic group in Basil County rebelled, elected the chief Gou Quzhi as the leader, called themselves the Great Qin Kingdom, and changed the year name to Ping Zhao (Ping Han Zhao Empire).All the Di and Qiang peoples in the four mountains, as well as the ethnic minority tribes in Brazil County, and the Jie tribes responded in groups, with more than 100,000 people (four mountains, should refer to the four passes: Donghangu Pass, Nanwu Pass, Xixiao Pass , Beijinsuoguan).Guanzhong (that is, among the above-mentioned four passes and the central part of Shaanxi Province) was in chaos, and the city gates were tightly closed during the day. You Ziyuan wrote a letter to make suggestions in prison. Liu Yao tore up his memorial and roared: "This son of a bitch's slave of Dali (a tribe of ethnic minorities) will not worry about dying soon! How dare you talk nonsense again , Don’t you think it’s too late to die?” He ordered to be executed immediately.King Liu Ya of Zhongshan, General Guo Si, Prime Minister (Situ) Zhu Ji, and Chief Inspector (Sikong) Hu Yanyan said: "You Ziyuan was imprisoned in prison, and the catastrophe was unpredictable, but he still did not forget to speak to His Majesty. , has reached the peak. Even if His Majesty does not accept his opinion, why do you want to kill him? The wanderer died in the morning, we should die in the evening, to show His Majesty's fault. Everyone in the world abandons His Majesty and flies away. Who will His Majesty follow? Together?" Liu Yao's anger calmed down a little, and he ordered You Ziyuan to be released. Liu Yao issued an edict to impose martial law inside and outside, and he will personally lead the army to crusade against Gou Quzhi.You Ziyuan said: "If your Majesty can adopt my strategy, the rebellion can be put down within a month, and you don't have to conquer yourself." Liu Yao said, "Maybe tell me what you can do?" He is not a person with great ambitions. He intends to proclaim himself emperor, and he has unreasonable hopes. He is just afraid of His Majesty's execution, and escapes to save his life. It is best for His Majesty to be magnanimous, to pardon the world, and to give them a chance to be a new person. , Yin Che implicated, the old and young family members who were not sent to the servant management and training office (Xi Guan) should be released, so that they can attract each other and resume their daily life. Since there is a way out, why refuse to surrender? If someone knows that the crime is serious, For those who stay together, please give me 5,000 old, weak and remnant soldiers, and I will definitely be able to flatten your majesty. Otherwise, the number of traitors is now all over the mountains and plains. Even if your majesty imposes the majesty of the emperor on them, I am afraid it will not be a few months or a few years. It can be solved!" Liu Yao was overjoyed and issued an edict of amnesty.Appoint You Ziyuan as the general of chariots and riders, the third division of Kaifu Yitong (prime minister level), and the commander-in-chief of the Yongqin military region (the governor of Yongqin's conquest of all military forces). You Ziyuan marched into Yongcheng (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), and more than 100,000 people surrendered.Then marched to Anding County (Southeast Shuguang Township, Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province), all the rebellious tribes surrendered, and there were more than 5,000 families with only one surname, sticking to their secrets.You Ziyuan attacked and destroyed the resistance: then he led his army into the west of Longshan. In the past, more than 100,000 tents of the Di and Qiang peoples were entrenched in dangerous places and refused to surrender. The chief Xu Chu Quanqu (Xu Chu, double surname) claimed to be the king of Qin.You Ziyuan led the army to approach their position, Xu Chu Quanqu sent troops to fight, five battles and five defeats, Xu Chu Quanqu planned to surrender, his son Xu Chu Yiyu declared in front of everyone: "Once upon a time, Liu Yao came in person, We are all helpless, not to mention You Ziyuan is no more than a small army, how can you give in to him?" Leading an elite force of 50,000 people, they crushed You Ziyuan's army gate in the early hours of the morning.The generals of the Han and Zhao Empires were about to attack. You Yuyuan said: "Xu Qu Yi is brave and good at fighting. There is no opponent today, and the army he leads is worse than ours. Moreover, his father has just failed, and the anger of revenge is full of power. It is unstoppable. How about Delay for a while, and wait for their strength to fail, and then enter the mountain." So he stood firm and did not react.Xu Chu Yiyu's face showed pride, the wanderer took advantage of the opponent's unpreparedness, prepared for the battle at night, and ate breakfast at his post.At dawn, a strong wind suddenly blew up, dust flew, and the land returned to darkness. You Ziyuan attacked with his whole army, captured Xu Yiyu alive, and captured all the fighting troops of 50,000 people.Xu Chu Quanqu was terrified, his hair disheveled, and he cut his face with a knife ("was sent to the face", sound li. A performance of submission or mourning for ethnic minorities), begging to surrender.You Ziyuan went to play Liu Yao, Liu Yao then appointed Xu Chuquan Qu as the general who conquered the West, granted the title of Xi Rong Gong, and forcibly moved the Xu Chu Yiyu brothers and more than 200,000 people of their tribes to the capital Chang'an.Then appoint You Ziyuan as prime minister, in charge of government secrets (recording Shang Shushi). Bo Yang said: From ancient times to the 20th century, almost all of China was a regime that came out of the barrel of a gun.Historians of the Confucian school have always believed that this kind of regime that comes out of the barrel of a gun is legitimate.Over the past 5,000 years, there have been only two methods of transferring power, one is peaceful means, and the other is bloodshed.Confucianism denounced the peaceful transfer of Gan as "usurpation", and praised it as "the most righteous country" when it comes to the regime that emerges from the barrel of a gun.This phenomenon is sad, but it has always been like this in the long years before the introduction of Western democratic political systems into China. The problem is that the regime that emerges from the barrel of a gun is of course under the control of those who play with the barrel of a gun, and military affairs and politics are completely different. When Wells, the author of "Outline of World History", commented on the German Emperor Wilhelm II, he said: "Politics is too complicated for a soldier to understand." Omnipotent, for any resistance force, it only knows how to suppress it, but does not know how to resolve it, and even if it knows how to resolve it, it does not know the root cause of the disease.They only see the people rebelling, but they cannot see the reasons for the people rebelling.So Confucian historians pointed out the reason for the king, thinking that it was the restlessness of a small group of troublemakers and traitors.After the tyrant has this theoretical basis, he becomes even more ferocious. We can see Xiang Yu's ghost in Liu Yao. He regards political issues as military issues, so there is no other way except violent suppression.But Liu Yao's luck is better than Xiang Yu's. Liu Yao meets a loyal, wise and brave wanderer Yuan.However, judging from the fact that the wanderer is tossing on the edge of life and death, how difficult it is to make people accept a new political concept. Liu Yao established a national university in Chang'an, the capital, and selected 1,500 young people who were smart and outstanding and could receive education from the people to study; he appointed Confucian intellectuals and officials as teachers.He also built Ming Temple (view, high platform) and West Palace: built Lingxiao Terrace in Gechi (that is, Gaochi, southwest of Chang'an City), and built his own tomb in the southwest of Baling (east of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) ( Shouling).Qiao Yu and He Bao, senior consultants, wrote letters to dissuade them, saying: "Wei ruin in the Spring and Autumn Period, inheriting the country's major damage and decline, frugal expenditure, caring for the people, and running palaces are all suitable for the system at that time, so it can revive the ancestor Ji Feng (Wei Dynasty) The great cause of the first monarch of the country, Uncle Kang, extended the national line for nine hundred years (in the 740s BC, Wei Chi, the nineteenth monarch of Weiguo, loved cranes more than people. 660 years ago , the Beidi tribe captured the state of Wei, beheaded Wei Chi, cut off his body and devoured it, his cousin Wei Shen succeeded to the throne and moved his capital to Caoyi, and died of illness within a month; his younger brother Wei Hui succeeded to the throne and moved his capital to Chuqiu; , wear a burlap hat, promote farming and industry, encourage people to do business and trade, appoint and authorize talented officials, estimate the ability at that time, build cities, streets, palaces, and houses, the people are happy, the country is prosperous, and it is revived. The Kingdom of Wei was established in the first two years and ended in the second year of the year 209 (the founding of the country in 904 years). Some time ago, an imperial edict was issued to build the Ming Temple. The common people in the streets and alleys ridiculed its extravagance, saying: "use The funds and labor of this concept are enough to pacify Liangzhou (the former Liang Kingdom).' Now it is necessary to imitate Afang Palace and build the West Palace; imitate Qiongtai and build Lingxiao Terrace. There are hundreds of millions of viewers. If it is used in military affairs, it can simply annex Wu (Jin Empire), Shu (Chenghan Empire), and cut Pingqi (Cao Yi) and Wei (Later Zhao Empire). I also heard that the planned cemetery for His Majesty will be built , four miles around, and as deep as thirty-five feet, the coffin (outer coffin) is made of brass, and the outside is plated with a layer of gold. The expenditure is so huge, I am afraid that the whole empire will not be able to afford it. Yingzheng (Qin The first emperor of the dynasty) blocked the spring water underground and used it as a tomb. As a result, the soil was excavated before it was dry. Since ancient times, there is no country that will not perish, and there is no tomb that will not be excavated. Therefore, the sage kings insisted on frugal funeral expenses. It is really a kind of far-sightedness. Why did your Majesty do the thing of subjugating the country when the empire was in the midst of prosperity!" Liu Yao issued an edict and said: "The two senior consultants are sincere and upright, with the demeanor of the ancients. They can be said to be the pillars of the country. Now start , all civil engineering projects are stopped. My planned cemetery is completely in accordance with Baling (the cemetery of Liu Heng, the fifth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty). Feng Qiaoyu is appointed as the Viscount of Anchang, Fang Bao is the Viscount of Pingyu, and concurrently serves as a commentator ( Advise the doctor). And announce it to the world, let the people know that our small empire is eager to hear about the fault." He also revoked the royal fishing area of ​​​​Xiaoshui and opened it to fishing for the poor. 11. Han Qian, the governor of Yuzhou of the Jin Empire (the state government is located in Qiao County), Han Qian, the governor of the Jin Empire, and Tao Bao, the general of the Zhao Empire, respectively guarded the Pengguan where Chen Chuan used to be (south of Kaifeng City, Henan Province. Chen Chuan rebelled against Jin, and his troops All the people moved to Xiangguo; refer to April last year) Taobao stationed in the west city of Tuen, and Han Qian stationed in the east city; Taobao entered and exited through the south gate, and Han Qian entered and exited through the east gate. The two armies stalemate for forty days.Zu Ti put the soil into a cloth bag, pretending it was rice, and escorted more than a thousand people into Han Qian's camp; he taught a few transporters who were carrying real rice to stay behind on purpose and stop to rest by the road.The Peach Leopard Army attacked and chased, and the transporter fled in despair.Taobao's soldiers had been hungry for a long time, and they were very happy to get rice, but they were immediately aware of the abundant food and fodder of the Jin Empire, and their soldiers were full of horses and manure, which suddenly turned into fear.General Liu Yetang of the Later Zhao Empire led a team of donkeys under armed protection to deliver food and fodder to Taobao; Zu Ti ordered Han Qian and another general Feng Tie to snipe on the north bank of Bianshui and captured them all.Taobao couldn't support him, so he fled by night and stationed in Tundong Yancheng (northeast of Yanjin County, Henan Province).Zu Ti ordered Han Qian to advance to Fengqiu (Fengqiu County, Henan Province) to put pressure on Taobao.Feng Tie was stationed at Ertai (namely Pengguan), and Zu Ti was stationed at Fengqiu and Yongqiu (Qi County, Henan Province), constantly attacking the Zhao Empire.All the strongholds along the border of the Later Zhao Empire returned to Zuti one after another; the territory of the Later Zhao Empire shrank day by day. Previously, the generals in the Central Plains of the Jin Empire: Zhao Gu, Governor of Henan County (to the east of Dongbaima Temple, Luoyang City, Henan Province), Shangguansi, the former King of the East China Sea, Li Ju, Governor of Sizhou, and Guo Mo, Governor of Yingchuan County ( When he was stationed in Huai County), the internal fighting was fierce and they attacked each other. Zu Ti sent envoys to mediate and explain the truth of misfortune and fortune. In the end, everyone was willing to accept Zu Ti's restraint. In autumn and July, Sima Ruijia, the emperor of Jin, conferred on Zu Ti the general of Zhenxi.In the military camp, Zu Ti shared the joys and sorrows with the soldiers, restrained himself, tried his best to promote kindness, urged the farmers to plant mulberry and plow the fields, and accepted and comforted the newly joined tribesmen, even if they were alienated or humble, he treated them with courtesy and kindness.The self-defense fortresses of the people on both sides of the Yellow River used to send hostages to the Later Zhao Empire. Zu Ti allowed them to attach themselves to both sides, and from time to time sent troops to launch fake attacks and plunder on them to prove that they had not surrendered to the Jin Empire ( To protect the safety of the hostages), the leader of the fortress was very grateful to Zuti.When the Later Zhao Empire had special operations, they would always notify them secretly. Therefore, the direction of Zu Ti's army was often able to spread good news.In places south of the Yellow River, many cities and villages rebelled from the Zhao Empire and returned to the Jin Empire. Zu Ti strengthened military training, stored grain and fodder, and prepared everything for the military action to attack the north of the Yellow River.Later Zhao Wang Shile was worried, so he ordered the Youzhou government to renovate the tombs of Zu Ti's ancestors and father (Zu Ti was from Fanyang County, Fanyang County, Youzhou); and appointed two residents to be responsible for guarding the ancestral cemetery The family no longer pays grain and tax to the government, but pays the grain tax as a sacrifice for tomb sweeping).Shi Le wrote to Zu Ti, requesting to send envoys and trade with each other.Zu Ti did not write a reply, but acquiesced to the two sides' commerce and trade; the tax income alone was ten times more than the land tax. Zu Ti's battalion gate official Tong Jian beheaded Xincai County (Xincai County, Henan Province) Jun Yu (Internal History) Zhou Mi, and surrendered to the Zhao Empire.Shi Le beheaded Tong Jian, gave his head to Zu Ti, and said, "I hate rebel officials and run away from generals. What the general hates is also what I hate." Zu Ti was deeply grateful.From then on, Zu Ti refused to take in those who betrayed and returned to the Later Zhao Empire. He ordered the generals along the border not to invade and rob the residents of the Later Zhao Empire; 12. On the day of Xinwei in August (August Guijishuo, there is no Xinwei), Zhou Fang, the governor of Liangzhou (the state government is located in Xiangyang) of the Jin Empire, died (at the age of 61). Zhou Fang treated the soldiers with kindness and trust, and all the troops were willing to die for him.Zhou Fang knew that Wang Dun, the supreme commander and plenipotentiary governor of Jiangzhou (the state government is located in Wuchang), conspired to betray the central government. He often gritted his teeth and hated him secretly. Dare to act rashly.After Zhou Fang's death, Wang Dun sent the staff commander (in charge of Zhonglang) Guo Shu to Xiangyang to serve as the supervisor (supervisor) of all troops in Liangzhou.Jin Emperor Sima Rui appointed Gan Zhuo, the governor of Xiangzhou (the state government is located in Linxiang), to replace the governor of Liangzhou who visited Zhou and the commander of the Mianbei Military Region (supervising all the military forces in Mianbei) to guard Xiangyang.After Gan Zhuo took office, Guo Shu returned to Wangdun Camp.Sima Rui recruited Guo Shu to the capital to be the Secretary-General of the State Council (You Cheng), but Wang Dun kept Guo Shu and forbade him to take up the post. 13. Shi Le, King of Hou Zhao (capital Xiangguo), sent Zhongshan Gong Shihu to lead 40,000 infantry and cavalry to attack Xu Kan, who claimed to be the governor of Yanzhou (then stationed in Taishan County). Xu Kan was frightened and sent his wife to Shihu as a hostage , asked to surrender; Shi Le accepted.Cai Bao, governor of Xuzhou in the Jin Empire, was stationed in Biancheng. Shihu attacked Cai Bao, and Cai Bao retreated to Xiapi, where he was defeated by Xu Kan.After Shi Hu led the army to build Fengqiu city, he moved 300 households of Shangda Furen's family to Chongrenli (intellectuals' residential area) in Xiangguo, the capital, and set up the director of Xueyuan District (public doctor) to take charge of management. 14. Later Zhao Wang Shile enforced the law strictly, especially the word "Hu" was taboo, and no one was allowed to export it ("Hu" is a general term for all ethnic groups in the north and west in ancient China. For example, if the Huns are called "Hu", the east The ancestors of Wuhuan and Xianbei were called "East Hu", and all ethnic groups in the Western Regions were called "West Hu".After the completion of the palace, the access control began to be strict. A drunk barbarian rode his horse and broke into the car door.Shi Le was furious, and scolded Feng Zhu (sound zhu), the junior law enforcement officer of the palace gate. Come on, I tried my best to stop him, but it was hard to explain it to him.” Shi Le laughed and said, “It was difficult for a barbarian to explain it to him.” Forgive him for not punishing him. Shi Le ordered Zhang Bin to establish the civil service system of the empire. At first, the civil service level was set at the fifth rank (fifth rank), which was later revised to the ninth rank (ninth rank).Order Sangong and officials above the ministerial level, as well as the state and county governments, to recommend a "scholar", "filial piety", "integrity", "virtuous", "outspoken" and "wuyong" talents each year. 15. Zhang Mao, the leader of the former Liang Kingdom (one became king), and Xiping Gong, appointed Zhang Jun, the son of his elder brother Zhang Shi, as the heir (legal heir). 16. Cai Bao, the governor of Xuzhou in the Jin Empire (who was stationed in Xiapi at the time), was defeated by Xu Kan, and was about to return to the capital Jiankang to plead guilty; Wang Shu, the commander of the north wing guard palace (North Zhonglang general), prevented him from advancing.Jin Emperor Sima Rui got the news of Cai Bao's retreat and sent envoys to arrest him.Wang Shusui surrounded Cai Bao's army at night. Cai Bao mistook it for an enemy surprise attack and led his troops to fight back. Later, he found out the truth and heard that it was an imperial edict, so he stopped his actions.Wang Shu escorted Cai Bao to the capital. In winter, on October 25th, kill Cai Bao (year 52). Bo Yang said: When Cai Bao was the governor of Xuzhou, he comforted the soldiers internally and called on the troops externally to respect him from far and near.For such an official to be kidnapped and beheaded at the execution ground, according to the information presented in the history books, it is certain that it was another unjust prison.If it is said that because he attacked government troops, his crime is unforgivable, but it was a misunderstanding, and he obeyed immediately after clarifying the misunderstanding.Moreover, as soon as Sima Rui heard that Cai Bao was defeated, he immediately ordered his arrest!Since the founding of the Jin Empire, there have been as many generals who fled the battle, wiped out the entire army, and lost their cities and lands. Who has ever been punished?Cai Bao is only a crime of defeat, how can it be so severe! Observing Sima Rui's quick reaction, one can feel his eagerness for revenge: "This time, your little braid can be regarded as my hand!" Although the existing historical data cannot explain the reason for this unjust imprisonment, it is enough to show it. It was an unjust prison, and the murderer was Sima Rui. 17. The supreme commander of the Jin Empire and the plenipotentiary governor of Jiangzhou (Jiangxi Province and Fujian Province) Wang Dunzhan Xiang Shuo, the governor of Wuling County (Changde City, Hunan Province). At the beginning, when Jin Emperor Sima Rui was guarding Jiangdong (Taihu Lake Basin in southern Jiangsu Province) (refer to July 307), Wang Dun and his cousin Wang Dao assisted and supported them together, and Sima Rui also confidantly to them.Wang Dun was in charge of military affairs, conquering from east to west (defeating rebel generals Hua Yi, Du Tao, Wang Ji, and Du Zeng successively); Wang Dao was in charge of politics (in charge of government secrets); Xianguan; someone described it at the time: "The Wang family and the Sima family share the world." Later, relying on his own merits and the strength of the family, Wang Dun gradually became arrogant and presumptuous.Sima Rui feared and loathed him, so he cited Liu Kui and Diao Xie as his confidantes, and slightly suppressed the power of the Wang family, and Wang Dao was gradually rejected and alienated.Kong Yu, chief legislator of the Legislative Yuan (Zhong Shulang), reminded Sima Rui: Dao Wang is loyal and capable, and he should be trusted if he has helped him ascend the throne.Sima Rui couldn't listen to it, so he expelled Kong Yu from the central government and became Secretary-General Zuo of the Prime Minister's Mansion (Situ Zuo Changshi).Wang Dao complied with the political situation at that time, strictly guarded the boundaries, and did not care about it indifferently. People with knowledge praised him for his ability to be high and low, and to be able to bend and stretch.But Wang Dun was very angry, and the rift between him and Sima Rui deepened. At the beginning, Wang Dun hired Shen from Wuxing County (Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province) as a military counselor (to join the army). Shen Chong recommended Qian Feng from the same county to Wang Dun, and Wang Dun appointed Qian Feng as an ordnance military counselor. .Both Shen Chong and Qian Feng were good at flattery, but they had fierce and cunning personalities. Knowing that Wang Dun had the idea of ​​betraying the central government, they secretly agreed and planned in secret.Wang Dun loved and trusted the two very much, and the power of the two surpassed other officials inside and outside.Wang Dun wrote to Sima Rui, defending the grievance and discrimination suffered by Director Wang, with words full of resentment and a tough attitude.After Wang Dao saw it, he returned the memorial to Wang Dun in its original form, and Wang Dun sent someone to present it.General Zuo Qiao Wang Sima Cheng is loyal and ambitious, and Sima Rui trusts him very much.At night, Sima Rui summoned Sima Cheng, showed him Wang Dun's memorial, and said: "Wang Dun has made great achievements over the years, but his official position is high enough, and he keeps asking for it, and his words are so bad. What should we do?" Sima Cheng said, "Your Majesty didn't punish him early to get to where he is today. I think Wang Dun is a disaster for himself." The mayor of Jiankang (Danyang Yin) Liu Kui, the mayor of the capital Jiankang, designed for Sima Rui, and sent confidant officials to various prefectures and counties to guard.Coincidentally, Wang Dun wrote a letter to promote Shen Chong, the governor of Xuancheng County (Xuanzhou City, Anhui Province) to replace Gan Zhuo as the governor of Xiangzhou (Hunan Province).Sima Rui said to Sima Cheng: "The signs of Wang Dun's rebellion have been obvious. I will become Emperor Hui (the second and fourth Emperor Sima Zhong) in the near future. Xiangzhou is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The situation is important. Three states (Jingzhou, Jiaozhou, Guangzhou) throat, I would like to ask my uncle (Sima Cheng is Sima Rui's cousin) to guard it, what do you think?" Sima Cheng said: "I accept the order and do my best, how dare I refuse! But, Xiangzhou has been ravaged by the refugee riots in Bashu (Chongqing City, Sichuan Province) (referring to Du Tao, refer to the first month of 311), all industries have withered, and the people are destitute. If they can take office, I am afraid it will take at least three years to rectify , to be able to go to war. If you don’t have three years, even if you are smashed to pieces, it won’t help the overall situation.” In December, Sima Rui issued an edict: "Since the establishment of the empire, the local officials (Fang Zhen) who have been in charge of their own affairs have been used simultaneously by the royal family and social talents. Now, Sima, the king of Qiao, is appointed as the governor of Xiangzhou." Changsha County ( The county government and the state government are both located in Linxiang) Deng Qian, the county government secretary (master book), heard such an arrangement in personnel affairs, and sighed: "The disaster in Xiangzhou probably lies here." Sima Cheng passed by Wuchang on his way to take office. (The city where the Jiangzhou government is located), Wang Dun held a welcome banquet and said to Sima Cheng: "Your Majesty has always been an elegant person, and I am afraid he is not a proper general." Sima Cheng said: "Your Excellency doesn't know me very well. Doesn't the knife have the function of cutting!" Wang Dun said to Qian Feng: "He doesn't know the seriousness of the situation, and he can only imitate the big words of the ancients ("a lead knife cuts", Ban Chao's language), which is enough to prove that he has no strategy and is powerless. " Then let him go to the office.At that time, Xiangzhou was barren, and the public and private were impoverished. Sima Cheng practiced frugality, devoted himself to attracting and appeasing the residents, and had a reputation of being "competent". 18. The army of the Goguryeo Kingdom (Jian City, Jilin Province, the capital city) attacked Liaodong County (Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province). Violation of Murong Ren's jurisdiction. 1. In spring and February, Xu Kan, Governor of Yanzhou (inspector) Xu Kan (who was in Taishan County) in the Later Zhao Empire (capital Xiangguo) returned to the Jin Empire (capital Jiankang). 2. Zhang Mao (forty-five years old this year), the leader of the former Liang Kingdom (the capital of Guzang) and Xipinggong Zhang Mao (45 years old this year), built the Lingjun Terrace. The foundation alone is as high as 72 feet.Yan Zeng, a native of Wuling County (Changde City, Hunan Province), knocked on the gate of the Duke's Mansion late at night, shouting: "Wu Gong (Zhang Gui's posthumous title) sent me to ask you: 'Why are the working people building high platforms!'" The relevant units If you think this is a demonic talk, please kill Yan Zeng. Zhang Mao said: "I am a laborer. Yan Zeng said it was my father's order, so he advised me, how can it be called a demonic talk!" He ordered to stop the construction. Bo Yang said: “妖言”“忠言”，只看从哪个角度了解，用哪种心理评估。专制封建社会里无法诉诸公道，完全由一个人或一小圈人决定，假如他们有私人恩怨，假如他们的层次太低，“是”和“非”就恰恰相反，“妖言”会成为“忠言”，“忠言”也会成为“妖言”。大分裂时代中这种恰恰相反的现象尤其严重，但也正因为严重，才造成大分裂时代。 3、三月四日，太阳中发现黑子。晋帝国国史编撰助理官（著作佐郎）河东郡（山西省夏县）人郭璞认为是晋帝（七任元帝）司马睿（本年四十六岁）用刑不当的缘故，上书说：“阴阳错乱，因为刑杀太多。对罪犯的赦免，不可经常去做。可是，公孙侨（子产）明知道把刑法条文铸在鼎上并不是美好的政治措施，而仍然把它铸在鼎上，目的只在挽救流弊（《左传》：“郑国把刑法条文铸到鼎上，羊舌肸写信警告公孙侨说：'人民知道法律，便不再害怕权贵，将生出竞争之心。法律明白公布，即令可以任意解释，政府也不能大有作为，人民既敢跟权贵竞争，势将放弃礼仪，处处以法律作为依据。'公孙侨回答说：'我没有你那么有才干，想到保护子孙的利益，我只想挽救当前流弊。'”）。现在应该再行一次大赦，道理跟公孙侨的相同。” 4、后赵帝国中山公石虎，攻击晋帝国幽州州长段匹磾驻地厌次（山东省阳信县东南）。大将孔苌攻击段匹磾所属各县城池，一扫而光，全部夺取。段文鸯对段匹磾说：“我以勇冠三军，闻名于世，所以受到人民的敬重。而今，亲眼看到人民被抢劫掳掠却不去营救，是一种明显的胆怯，人民一旦失望，谁还为我们效死！”遂率敢死队数十人迎战，格杀很多后赵军，不料所乘战马筋疲力尽，倒地不起。石虎呼唤他说：“老哥，你跟我都是夷狄之人，很久以来，一直盼望我们成为一家人。今天愿望总算达到，教我们在此地相见，为什么还要战斗？请放下武器！”段文鸯诟骂说：“你当强盗，就该死。我家老哥不听我的话，才使你到了今天（段文鸯曾建议段疾陆眷拒绝媾和，参考三一二年十二月），我宁愿战死，绝不屈服。”遂徒步格斗，铁槊（长达一丈八尺铁矛）折断，换用短刀，由早晨苦斗到下午，解下战马身上的护甲铠障，用来自卫，后赵兵团四面八方包围，步步进逼，定要生擒。段文鸯力量枯竭，遂被俘虏。厌次城内，士气低落。 段匹磾打算单人匹马，奔回中央（建康·江苏省南京市）；可是军心已变，邵续的老弟、乐安郡（山东省邹平县东北苑城乡）郡长（内史）邵洎（音ji），下令戒严，不准他离开。邵洎还要逮捕中央政府派来的使节王英，送给石虎。段匹磾严肃的责备邵洎说：“你不能遵守老哥的志愿，阻止我回归中央，已经过分。而更打算逮捕天子的钦差大臣，我虽然是夷狄之人，却从没有听说过。”但已无法挽回。邵洎跟侄儿邵缉（邵续的儿子）、邵竺（邵续的侄儿）等，抬着棺木，出城投降。段匹殚看到石虎，说：“我身受晋王朝大恩，立志消灭你，不幸落到如此下场，我不能向你叩拜。”后赵首领（一任明帝）、赵王石勒（本年四十八岁）和石虎曾跟段匹磾结拜为异姓兄弟，石虎即起身向段匹磾叩拜（石勒与段家部落交好，参考三一二年十二月）。石勒任命段匹磾当冠军将军，段文鸯当左翼警卫指挥官（左中郎将），把逃亡到厌次的各地难民三万余家分别送到各地，命他们恢复本来的行业，任命郡长、县长，予以安抚。于是幽州（河北省北部）、冀州（河北省中部南部）、并州（山西省中部）三州，全纳入后赵帝国版图。 段匹磾对石勒态度强硬，经常穿着晋帝国的官服，手拿晋帝国皇帝所颁给的符节。最后，跟段文鸯、邵续都被后赵帝国诛杀。 5、夏季，五月二日，晋帝国皇帝司马睿下诏：凡是中州的良家子弟逃亡扬州（安徽省中南部及浙江省），沦落到各郡充当奴隶的难民，一律解放，恢复自由人身份，准备征召入伍当兵。这是国务院总理（尚书令）刁协的建议，于是，众人对刁协更为怨恨（一道诏令，刹夺多少特权阶级的财产）。 6、汉赵帝国首都长安（陕西省西安市）南方的终南山崩裂。 7、秋季，七月十七日，晋帝国政府派国务院执行长（尚书仆射）戴渊当征西将军、司兖豫并雍冀军区司令长官（都督司兖豫并雍冀六州诸军事），兼司州（河南省中部）州长，镇守合肥（安徽省合肥市）。首都建康市长（丹阳尹）刘隗当镇北将军、青徐幽平军区司令长官（都督青徐幽平四州诸军事）、青州（山东省北部）州长，镇守淮阴（江苏省淮阴市）。全都“假节”（三级权力），直接统率战斗部队，名义上是讨伐胡人，实际上是防备王敦。 刘隗虽然远在外地，可是中央政府机要人事以及人事上的任免，晋帝司马睿都跟他磋商。最高统帅（大将军）王敦当然了解，写信给刘隗说：“圣上（司马睿）重用阁下，而强大的贼寇（指后赵帝国及汉赵帝国）还没有消灭，中原像滚水一样沸腾：我盼望跟阁下以及周顗之辈，效忠皇家，同心合力，平定海内。如果能够顺利，皇家福祉可以兴隆；如果不顺利，天下便再没有希望。”刘隗回答说：“'鱼在湖海之中，互相看不见对方。人在正义的道路上，也会互相看不见对方。'（《庄子·大宗师》：“鱼相忘于江湖，人相忘于道术”）'竭尽双臂双腿的力量，忠贞不变。'（《左传》〈前六五一年〉晋国国务官苟息语）这就是我的志向。”王敦看到回书，十分愤怒（傲慢的措辞只能使强敌反击，不能使强敌畏惧）。 七月二十五日，司马睿任命骠骑将军王导当高级咨询官（侍中）、最高监察长（司空）、“假节”，主管政府机要（录尚书事），兼总立法长（中书监）。司马睿因王敦的缘故，同时对王导也加疏远（免除骠骑将军，是剥夺军权；官位虽然更高，已无实力）。总监察官（御史中丞）周嵩上书，认为：“王导一向忠心，辅佐陛下完成帝王大业。不应该听信少数臣属的话，被似是而非的说法迷惑，放逐旧日亲信，使忠良跟奸佞同在一个行列。过去的恩义如果不能有始有终，徒招致将来不可预测的后患。”司马睿感触醒悟，王导因此得以保住性命。 8、八月，后赵帝国常山（即恒山·河北省曲阳县北）崩裂。 9、晋帝国豫州州长祖逖，因戴渊是南方人（戴渊原藉广陵郡，参考三〇—年六月），虽然有才干、有声望，但没有恢弘志向和远大眼光。而且，自己披荆斩棘，身经百余战，好不容易收复黄河以南疆土，戴渊却不费吹灰之力，大摇大摆，成为自己的顶头上司，受他的控制，心里怅然若失，十分不满（戴渊刚任司兖豫并雍冀军区司令长官，豫州是其军区属州之一）。而又听说王敦跟刘隗、刁协之间，仇恨已无法化解，内部势将爆发灾难。知道反攻复国的大业，已无法完成，感慨激动，一病不起。 九月壬寅日（九月丁已朔，没有壬寅），祖逖在雍丘（河南省杞县）逝世（年五十六岁）。豫州男女老幼，好像死了父母，至为悲痛。谯郡（安徽省毫州市）、梁国（河南省商丘县）一带人民很多为他建立庙宇祭祀。王敦早就打算背叛中央，得到祖逖逝世消息，越发没有顾忌。 冬季，十月壬午日（十月丙戌朔，没有壬午），晋帝国政府任命祖逖的老弟祖约当平西将军、豫州州长，统御祖逖的部众。祖约没有统御能力，部众开始对他疏远。 最初，范阳郡（河北省涿州市）人李产，逃难南下，投靠祖逖（李产、祖逖是同郡人）。现在看到祖约的志向旨趣跟过去大不一样，对他的米友说：“我因为北方战乱，才离乡背井，远道到此，只希望保全家族。而今看祖约所作所为，有难以预测的目的。我在名义上跟祖家有姻亲关系，更应该早作打算，不要使自己陷于不义的漩涡之中，你们不可以贪图目前的安乐小利而忘了未来的危险。”遂率子弟十余人，从小路返回故乡。 10、十一月，晋帝国皇孙司马衍降生。 11、后赵王石勒把武乡（山西省榆社县）乡里父老旧友全召请到首都襄国，摆下盛大筵席，一起欢乐饮酒。 石勒还是穷苦贫民时，跟邻居李阳为了争夺沤麻的池塘，曾经互相殴打（山西省榆社县有三台岭，岭上有李阳墓，有麻池），所以只有李阳心怀恐惧，不敢前来。石勒说：“李阳是一个壮土。争夺沤麻池塘，是平民时的仇恨。我正要包容天下，怎能不包容一个匹夫！”召见李阳，大摆筵席，握住李阳的手臂说：“我从前曾饱你以老拳，你也把我揍了个够。”任命李阳当参议司令官（参军都尉）。把武乡比做刘邦（西汉王朝一任帝）的丰县（江苏省丰县）、沛县（江苏省沛县），免除三世田赋捐税（刘邦免除沛县世世代代赋税，参考前一九五年十月。东汉王朝一任帝刘秀也免除乡里世世代代的田赋捐税，参考三〇年正月。石勒也一开口便是三世）。 石勒因为人民刚刚恢复生产，资金和储备都十分缺乏，于是用严刑制止酿酒。南北郊祭祀天地以及皇家祭庙典礼时，都用甜酒。推行数年，酿酒绝迹。 12、十二月，晋帝国政府任命慕容廆当幽平以及东夷军区司令长官（都督幽平二州、东夷诸军事）、车骑将军、平州（辽宁省）全权州长，封辽东公，仍担任单于（王庭仍设棘城）。中央派皇家礼宾官（谒者）前往颁发印信，授权慕容廆代表皇帝发号施令（承制），设立官府，任命州郡首长。 慕容廆遂正式任命官员：裴嶷、游邃当秘书长（长史），裴开当军政官（司马），韩寿当总务官（别驾），阳耽当参谋主任（军咨祭酒），崔焘任秘书（长簿），黄泓、郑林当军事参议官（参军事）。慕容廆指定儿子慕容皝当世子。兴建学校，命平原郡（山东省平原县）人刘赞当校长（祭酒），教慕容皝跟其他的年轻子弟都到学校读书；慕容廆闲暇时候，也亲自到学校听讲。 慕容皝雄壮强健，又多谋略，喜爱儒家学派经典，国人对他一致赞扬。慕容廆命慕容翰镇守辽东郡（辽宁省辽阳市），慕容仁镇守平郭（辽宁省盖州市）。慕容翰安抚汉人和少数民族，有威望恩德；慕容仁仅次于慕容翰。 13、晋帝国所封代国（首府盛乐）政变。 拓跋猗妻惟女士，对代王拓跋郁律的强大深为忌惮，恐怕对自己儿子不利（惟女士是拓跋普根的娘亲，拓跋普根逝世，幼子继位，又逝世，国人立拓跋郁律。参考三一六年十二月）。于是，击杀拓跋郁律，扶立她的儿子拓跋贺傉（拓跋普根老弟）继任代王，各重要酋长（大人）死亡的达数十人。拓跋郁律的儿子拓跋什翼犍，还抱在怀中，娘亲王女士把他藏在裤子里，在政变大屠杀时，王女士祷告说：“上天如果要你活下去，千万不要哭！”很久他都没有哭，竟逃出一命。惟女士控制政府，派人前往后赵帝国报聘，后赵帝国称之为“女国”使节。 1、春季，正月，晋帝国（首都建康）国史编撰助理官（著作佐郎）郭璞再上书晋帝司马睿（本年四十七岁），请借着生皇孙（参考去年十一月），颁布赦令。司马睿接受。 正月一日，大赦，改年号（永昌）。 最高统帅（大将军）王敦，延聘郭璞当记录军事参议官（记室参军）。郭璞精于算命占卜，知道王敦一定背叛中央，而自己一定受害，心情十分忧虑。最高统帅府秘书（大将军掾）颍川郡（河南省许昌市东）人陈述逝世，郭璞哭悼，十分哀痛，说：“陈述，怎么知道不是你有福气！” 王敦既跟中央冲突，遂把中央有名望的人士都软硬兼施的延聘到自己幕府。任命羊曼跟陈国（河南省淮阳县）人谢鲲当秘书长（长史）。羊曼，是羊祜老哥的孙儿（羊祜，参考二七八年十一月）。羊曼、谢鲲每天沉醉，人事不省，所以王敦也不教他们负实际行政责任（只是利用他们穷嚼蛆的声望）。王敦将对中央采取军事行动，询问谢鲲的意见，说：“刘隗是个奸邪，将危害国家安全，我打算铲除君王身旁的恶徒，如何？”谢鲲说：“刘隗诚然是祸首，然而，他却好像城墙上挖洞的狐狸、祭坛上挖洞的老鼠。”（城墙里藏匿狐狸，不可以用水灌，用水灌将使城墙倾颓。祭坛藏匿老鼠，不可以用烟熏，恐怕引起火灾，使祭坛焚毁。）王敦咆哮说：“你不过一个蠢材，怎么知道天下大势。”把谢鲲外放出去当豫章郡（江西省南昌市）郡长，但又留住他，不准他上任。 正月十四日，事变爆发，王敦在武昌（江州州政府所在县·湖北省鄂州市）动员誓师，上奏章给皇帝司马睿，指控刘隗罪状，宣称：“刘隗奸佞邪恶，用谗言残害忠良，作威作福，想干什么就干什么，随意制造事端，调发人民差役，骚扰人民生活，赋税和劳役十分沉重，怨声载道。我身居宰相级辅佐高位，不可以漠不关心，坐在那里眼看国家败坏。现在，东下讨伐，刘隗的人头早上悬挂高竿，大军晚上即行撤退。从前，子太甲（商王朝五任帝太宗）生活放纵，荒唐过度，幸而有宰相伊尹的忠心，商王朝得以复兴（根据传说，伊尹把子大甲放逐到桐邑，子大甲悔过，伊尹再教他复位）。但愿陛下再三考虑，则四海平安，国家巩固。”沈充也在吴兴郡（浙江省湖州市）起兵叛变，响应王敦。王敦任命沈充当总司令官（大都督）、东吴（江东·江苏省南部太湖流域）军区司令长官（督护东吴诸军事）。王敦抵达芜湖（安徽省芜湖市），又上书指控刁协罪状。司马睿大怒。 正月二十一日，司马睿下诏：“王敦仗恃我对他的宠爱，竟敢犯上作乱，把我比做子太甲，打算囚禁。这种行为如果可以忍受，什么行为不可以忍受？现在，我亲率天子六军，扑灭这个叛徒。有斩杀王敦的，封五千户人家侯爵。”王敦的老哥、宫廷禁卫官司令（光禄勋）王含，搭乘轻便快艇，投奔王敦。 太子宫顾问官（太子中庶子）温峤对国务院执行长（仆射）周顗说：“最高统帅（王敦）这次行动，似乎只在清除君侧，不是叛变。”周顗说：“不然，君王不可能每一个都是伊祁放勋（尧）、姚重华（舜），怎能没有过失？作一个臣属，岂可发兵要挟！举动如此明显，难道不是叛变！王敦狼子野心，目无长上，他的企图哪里有满足之时。” 王敦大军初动时，派使节通知梁州（州政府设襄阳）州长（刺史）甘卓，邀请他同时出军，甘卓承诺。等到王敦已登上战舰，甘卓军队却没有如期到达，反而派军事参议官（参军）孙双到武昌（湖北省鄂州市）向王敦劝阻。王敦震惊说：“甘先生前些时跟我说的什么话？却忽然变卦！不过是担心我会颠覆中央政府罢了。我的目的只限于铲除奸邪元凶，如果事情成功，我会建议封甘先生公爵。”孙双回去报告，甘卓心中狐疑，不敢决定。有人建议：“不妨假装答应，等王敦抵达京师（首都建康）时，你再发兵讨伐他。”甘卓说：“从前，陈敏之乱，我先跟他合作，后来阵前起义（参考三〇五年十二月、三〇七年二月），舆论批评我见风转舵，一逼就变，心常感惭愧。而今又是如此，怎么能表白自己！”甘卓派人把王敦的意思告诉顺阳郡（河南省淅川县东南）郡长魏该，魏该说：“我们所以聚众起兵，抗拒胡人盗匪，只是为了效忠皇家。王敦攻击天子，我们不应该参与。”甘卓遂跟王敦断绝关系。 王敦派军事参议官桓罴（音pi）前往游说湘州（州政府设临湘）州长、谯王司马承，请司马承当参谋长（军司）。司马承叹息说：“我死定了，土地荒凉，人民贫苦，势力孤单，援军断绝，如何才能渡过难关？然而，为了忠义而死，还有什么遗憾！”司马承征召长沙郡（湖南省长沙市）人虞悝当秘书长（长史），正巧，虞悝的娘亲去世，司马承前往吊丧，说：“我打算讨伐王敦，可是兵马既少，粮秣又缺，而且我刚刚到任，恩德信誉，还没有建立。你们兄弟是湘州的豪杰，皇家正陷于危险，古人遇到国家战争之时，都不再守三年之丧，你对我有什么指教！”虞悝说：“大王不认为我们兄弟地位卑微，性情愚劣，亲自前来舍下，敢不为大王效死。然而，湘州荒芜，实在没有力量出动军队讨伐。只有集结所有部众，固守城池，把军令传告四方，号召勤王。王敦的兵力一定分散，等他分散之后，再作进一步的打算，才有战胜的可能。”司马承遂囚禁桓罴，任命虞悝当秘书长，虞悝的老弟虞望当军政官（司马），统御各路兵马，协同零陵郡（湖南省永州市）郡长尹奉，建昌郡（湖北省通城县）郡长、长沙郡人王循，衡阳郡（湖南省湘潭市西南古城乡）郡长、淮陵郡（安徽省明光市东北）人刘翼，舂陵（湖南省宁远县）县长、长沙郡人易雄；同时动员，起兵讨伐王敦。易雄发布文告，传布远近，控诉王敦的罪状，于是湘州全州都支持司马承。只有湘东郡（湖南省衡阳市湘水东岸