Chapter 6 3. The Three Rebellions of Shouchun

With the strong support of the experienced Prime Minister Cao Cao, the Eastern Han Dynasty government finally stabilized.However, after Cao Cao's death, his son Cao Pi usurped power and established the Cao Wei Empire in the Central Plains; Liu Bei, a Miao descendant of the Eastern Han Dynasty, established the Shu Han Empire in Sichuan Province;The colorful "Three Kingdoms Era" appeared in this century. However, the "Three Kingdoms Era" lasted only sixty-one years. After the 1980s, the Jin Dynasty unified China, and in the 1990s, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" occurred, and the royal family was fratricide; the Chinese once again fell into pain—— — and more painful than ever.

Zhuge Liang left Qishan for the second time and died of illness in Wuzhangyuan.Soochow beheaded the cruel official Lu Yi. Roman Emperor Alexander defeated Persia and was assassinated shortly thereafter (235).Maximinus succeeded to the throne, tyrannical and brutal. 1. In spring, the Soochow Empire (capital Jianye) casts big coins, one coin is worth five hundred coins (the upper cast is "Daquan five hundred", weighing twelve baht). 2. In March, General Wu of the Eastern Wu Empire and Louhou Zhang Zhao passed away at the age of eighty-one.Zhang Zhao has a serious appearance and a dignified manner.From the Eastern Wu Emperor (the first great emperor) Sun Quan (55 years old this year), everyone has been in awe of him.

3. In summer, in April, Liu Chan (the second term) emperor of the Shuhan Empire (the capital of Chengdu) went to Jian County (Songpan County, Sichuan Province. Jian, sound jian) and boarded Guanban (Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province) City), inspected the source of Wenshui (Minjiang River), and returned after more than ten days. (Hu Sansheng's original note: After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan wandered around, and no one could stop him.) 4. Fu Jian, chief of the Di ethnic tribe in Wudu County (Cheng County, Gansu Province) of the Cao Wei Empire (the capital Luoyang), asked to surrender to the Shu Han Empire; his younger brother (Fu Shuang) disagreed, and led 400 families to defect to the Cao Wei Empire.

5. On May 13, Dong Zhao, Prime Minister of the Cao Wei Empire (Situ) and Le Pinghou (Dinghou) passed away (81 years old). 6. In winter, on October 10th, Emperor Cao Wei (the second Ming Emperor) Cao Rui (33 years old this year) returns to Luoyang Palace. 7. On the 15th day of the 10th month, the Bo star appeared next to the Dachen star; the Bo star also appeared in the eastern sky. The Commander of the Imperial Guard (Guang Luxun) Gao Tanglong wrote: "Whether the emperor moves the capital or builds a city, he must be respectful and respectful. , also have to build the royal temple first, then build stables, warehouses, and finally build houses. Today, Yuanqiu (the round altar for worshiping the sky in the southern suburbs of the capital), Fangze (the square altar for worshiping the ground in the northern suburbs of the capital) and the royal family The Great Hall (Mingtang), Sheji ("she" is the god of earth, "ji" is the god of agriculture), and various gods have not yet been placed. The royal temple has not been well planned in accordance with traditional etiquette. However, your majesty is building palaces wantonly , so that the people cannot engage in their normal production (once the farmers are recruited as invaluable labor, there will be no one to plow the fields). People outside think: "The cost of the beauties in the palace is almost equal to the total national budget." The people can no longer afford it. Full of resentment and anger. "The Book of Books" says: "Heaven is smart, but the people are smart; the sky is majestic, but the people are majestic." , I am Mingwei.") Pointing out that the rewards and punishments of heaven are completely based on the will of the people, that is, they conform to the will of the people. It is Yi Qi Fangxun ( Tang), Yao Chonghua (Yu), and Si Wenming (Da Yu) established a beautiful style that will last forever. It is Si Lugui (Xia Gui) and Zishouxin (Shang Xin) who use beautiful jade to build high platforms and decorate houses. ) committed evil deeds that offended the emperor. Now, the excessive construction of the palace makes the comet shine clearly in the sky. This is the earnest admonition of the benevolent heavenly father. Your Majesty should do his best to accept the duty of a filial son and should not ignore it , provoking Heaven to become even more angry."

Gao Tanglong spoke out to the emperor many times, and Cao Rui was very unhappy.Lu Yujin, a senior consultant (attendant), said: "I once heard that if the leader is sage, the cadres are upright. The ancient sage kings were afraid that they would not hear their mistakes. This is exactly where I am not as good as Gao Tanglong." Cao Rui was angry. Meaning is resolved.Lu Yu was the son of Lu Zhi (Lu Zhi, refer to June 168). 8. On December 24th, Chen Qun, the supreme supervisor (Sikong) and Yingyinhou (Jinghou) of the Cao Wei Empire passed away.Chen Qun wrote many times before and after, making suggestions on the gains and losses of current affairs.Every time, the "Qin Qi Mi Zou" (Fengshi) is used, and the original manuscript is destroyed.People at that time, even his children, did not know.Public opinion then thought that he was mediocre and doing nothing.In the 1940s, the emperor (the third emperor Cao Fang) ordered the collection of memorials submitted by officials and compiled them into a book called "Memorials of Famous Officials". Only then did everyone discover Chen Qun's suggestion and sighed in admiration.

Yuan Hong said: Someone said: "Isn't Yang Fu, the Minister of Supply of the court (the Shaofu), a true loyal minister? When he sees the king doing something wrong, he immediately makes strong criticisms. When talking to others, he does not hide his criticisms." But I But he thinks: "People with benevolence love others. If the person they love is the king, it is called 'loyalty'. If the person they love is their parents, it is called 'filial piety'. , criticize his mistakes with all his strength, and spread his mistakes. This kind of person can be said to be a "direct minister", but not a "loyal minister". The deceased Supreme Supervisor Chen Qun was not like this. In the evening, there was not a single word about the leader's mistakes, and dozens of persuasive suggestions were made, but outsiders didn't know it, and the gentlemen and gentlemen unanimously affirmed that Chen Qun is the elder."

Bo Yang said: Yuan Hong's works include "Records of the Later Han Dynasty" and "Ode to Famous Officials of the Three Kingdoms". He is one of the famous historians in ancient times.After reading his evaluation of Yang Fu and Chen Qun, the expression of a sycophant who stared at the owner's face jumped out of the paper.With Yang Fu's contribution, he used blood, blood and tears to restore the country's lost land (see August 213), but he was accused of not being a loyal minister just because he revealed to others that he had accused the leader of his fault.The "loyalty" of the tail wagging system has a special definition in traditional culture, that is: a subordinate must cover up the leader's mistakes, just because the leader is as sacred as his mother's ass, and must not be touched; Never say.Loyalty is a kind of noble morality, but in the past dynasties of our country, it must be maintained in such a way by means of concealing evil people and practices, and the face of a leader with real power must be used as the standard. This kind of noble morality has completely changed its quality. Out of shape, it has degenerated into officialdom's promotion technique, official technique or philosophy of self-preservation.Yuan Hongzhi denounced Yang Fu and respected Chen Qun based on this law of officialdom.

Liang Qichao said: "I am bound by slavishness, but I intend to incite the slavishness of future generations." Yuan Hong is such a living animal that makes us vigilant. 9. On December 26, Cao Wei Emperor Cao Rui went to Xuchang (to the east of Xuchang City, Henan Province). 10. Cao Wei Emperor Cao Rui issued an edict ordering the Sangongs and ministerial-level senior officials to recommend one person with "both talents and virtues".Sima Yi, the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces (Taiwei), recommended Wang Chang (sound chang) from Taiyuan County (Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province), the governor (inspector) of Yanzhou (western Shandong Province).

Wang Chang was cautious and honest, named his nephews Wang Mo and Wang Shen, and his sons Wang Hun and Wang Shen; he wrote to warn them, "The reason why I gave you this name is to let you follow the meaning of the name and not violate it. If a thing grows very fast, it must perish very quickly; only those things that accumulate over time and achieve success will have good results. The grass that blooms with beautiful flowers in the morning will wither in the evening. The lush pine and cypress trees, Even in the severe winter, it does not decline, so gentlemen take the image of "Que Dang boy" eager to climb up as a warning. (Que Dang, also known as Que Li, is the place where Confucius lived. "The Analects of Confucius Xianwen" : There is a young man in the Que Party who will be appointed as an official. Someone asked Confucius: "Is he very motivated?" Kong Qiu said: "I have seen his work attitude and his attitude towards his predecessors. He is not a person who seeks to make progress, but a person who seeks quick results.") If a person can take grievances as elation, resignation as gains, and his weakness as strength, he will rarely fail to achieve his goals. Slander and praise are the source of love and hatred, as well as the opportunity of disaster and blessing. Confucius said: "I never slander or praise others!" , let alone mediocre people, how can they slander or praise others rashly? If someone attacks yourself, you should take a step back and examine yourself. If you have behaviors that deserve to be attacked, others' attacks are justified; if you do not deserve to be attacked The behavior of others, the attack of others, is vain. If his attack is just, he should not be blamed; if his attack is vain, and he does no harm to himself, why should he retaliate? The proverb says: "The best way to prevent the cold is to wear a fur; The best way to prevent slander is self-reflection and self-education.' This sentence can be believed." (Hu Sanxing's original note: Wang Chang encouraged his son and nephew to do so. But the fourth emperor Cao Mao was killed, Wang Chen became a traitor; the elimination of Soochow During the empire, Wang Hun competed with Wang Jun for merit. Ma Yuan wrote to his nephew thousands of miles away to warn his nephew, what good would it do for his nephew?)

Cao Wei·Qinglong Five Years Jingchu First Year Shu Han·Jianxing Fifteen Years Dongwu Jiahe Sixth Years 1. In spring, on Renchen day of the first month (Jihaishuo of the first month, there is no Renchen), the county government of Shanchi (southeast of Changqing County, Shandong Province) of the Cao Wei Empire (capital Luoyang) made a report saying: "I saw the yellow dragon." Commander (Guang Luxun) Gao Tanglong believes: "The Cao Wei Empire is the fate of 'earth', so the yellow auspicious dragon appears (earth is yellow), the position of New Year's Day (Zheng Shuo) should be changed, and the color of clothes should be changed. Report to the gods, and the next It will refresh the eyes of all people." Cao Weidi (the second emperor of Ming Dynasty) Cao Rui (34 years old this year) agreed.

In March, Cao Rui issued an edict to change the year name (before it was the fifth year of Qinglong, and then the first year of Jingchu), changed March to summer April (New Year's Day was placed on December 1st), and changed the official uniform to yellow , The animals used for sacrifices are all white, and all follow the calendar of the Shang Dynasty (Dizheng), and the "Taihe Calendar" is changed to "Jingchu Calendar". 2. On May 2, Cao Wei Emperor Cao Rui returned to the capital Luoyang. 3. On May 22, the Cao Wei Empire amnesty. 4. On June 3, the Cao Wei Empire promoted the Director of Administrative Affairs (Shang Shuling) Chen Jiao to be the Prime Minister (Situ), and the Zuo Executive Director (Zuo Pushe) Wei Zhen to be the Chief Inspector (Sikong). 5. On June 12, the capital of the Cao Wei Empire (Luoyang) suffered an earthquake. 6. The report of the competent unit of the Cao Wei Empire: Cao Cao (Emperor Wu) is honored as Taizu, Cao Pi (Emperor Wen) is named Gaozu, and the current emperor Cao Rui is named Liezu.The temples of these three "ancestors" will not be demolished for thousands of years. Sun Sheng said: The posthumous posthumous law reflects the behavior, and the sacrifice temple maintains the appearance in life.No king, when he was in power, violated the laws of his fathers; before he died, he predated himself to honor and glorify himself.The officials in charge of the Cao Wei Empire lost their normality in this matter. Bo Yang said: One of the most ostentatious word games played by the Confucian school in feudal politics is the "posthumous posthumous law".A great person—whether he is an emperor, aristocrat, or a minister, after his death, according to his achievements and deeds during his lifetime, give him an appropriate posthumous title to express his extraordinary character. Small people are not qualified to enjoy the posthumous honor. Some intellectuals When he couldn't bear it anymore, he would occasionally give a posthumous title to someone he respected, but it could only be called "private posthumous posthumous title". Not all posthumous names are good names, but some are bad names.I hope that those in power will be afraid of the bad name after death, and not dare to do evil.However, the result turned out to be a big surprise. The deceased made the villain three levels higher. After his son ascended the throne, who would dare to raise a bad name?Liu Che is an example. Xia Housheng was arrested and imprisoned after only mild opposition (see May 1972).Therefore, there are only beautiful posthumous titles that are not worthy of the name, but no bad posthumous posthumous titles that are not worthy of the name-of course, those kings who have subjugated the country have to be at the mercy of the victors and those who have succeeded in the revolution. Because Cao Rui had no son, he was not only afraid of the bad posthumous posthumous title, but also feared that his temple would be dismantled by later generations because of his "death of relatives". Relocation, can be described as a pioneering work, completely lost the original meaning of the posthumous posthumous method, and became a purely boring self-entertainment, which cannot be concealed.Sun Sheng reproached and said: "The official in charge has lost his way in this matter!" Does this have anything to do with the official in charge?If Cao Rui hadn't done it himself, the officials in charge would have had the guts to raise the issue. 7. In autumn, on July 2nd, Chen Jiao, the prime minister of the Cao Wei Empire, Dongxiang Gong (Zheng Gong), died. 8. Gongsun Yuan, who lives in Liaodong (Liaoning Province) and was named the Duke of Le Lang by the Cao Wei Empire, constantly attacked Cao Wei Emperor Cao Rui in front of his guests, with arrogant words.Cao Rui planned to send troops to crusade, so he recruited the governor (inspector) of Jingzhou (the state government of Shewan County) Wuqiu Jian (Wuqiu, the surname was restored) to be the governor of Youzhou (the state government of Jixian County).Guanqiu Jian wrote: "Since your Majesty ascended the throne, there has been no great achievements worthy of historical records. Wu (Eastern Wu Empire) and Shu (Shu Han Empire) cannot be flattened immediately due to the dangerous geographical situation. You might as well use Youzhou (Northern Hebei Province and Liaoning Province) The army that has no combat mission now, pacify Liaodong." Wei Zhen, a special state official (Doctor Guanglu), objected, saying: "The suggestions made by Guanqiu Jian are all trivial matters in the Warring States Period. It is not the great cause of the emperor. Wu Guo attacked us year after year, disrupting the border, but we still did not move, rested our soldiers, and did not send out a large army to attack, because the people were exhausted and could no longer afford it. Gongsun Yuan was born by the sea and has been passed down to the third generation Du, the second generation Gongsun Kang, Gongsun Gong, and the third generation Gongsun Yuan), appease the barbarians on the outside, and enrich the war preparations on the inside. However, Guanqiu Jian planned to use a lone army to drive straight in, arrive in the morning, and sweep it all in the evening. It is so rash to draw conclusions, It can be seen that he is just talking big." Cao Rui ignored it.He ordered Wuqiu Jian to lead various armies, the Xianbei tribe (in the middle and north of eastern Inner Mongolia), and the Wuhuan tribe (in the northern part of Hebei Province) to station in the southeastern border of Liaodong. Then, Cao Rui issued an edict to conscript Gongsun Yuan to the capital, and Gongsun Yuan immediately rebelled and sent troops to meet Wuqiu Jian, making contact in Liao Tunnel (northwest of Haicheng City, Liaoning Province).It happened that the heavy rain continued for more than ten days, and the Liaohe River swelled. Wu Qiujian's attack was frustrated and he had to withdraw to Youbeiping County (Fengrun County, Hebei Province). Gongsun Yuan then declared independence, proclaimed himself King Yan, changed his name to Shaohan, set up civil and military officials, and sent envoys to send envoys to the chief of the Xianbei tribe "Shanyu" to seal the letter, and to the heroes and heroes along the border, he was appointed as an official or a knight, and combined with the Xianbei tribe , invaded and harassed the north of the Cao Wei Empire. 9. Queen Ms. Zhang (daughter of Zhang Fei) of the Shuhan Empire (capital Chengdu) passed away. 10. In September, Jizhou (southern central Hebei Province), Yanzhou (western Shandong Province), Xuzhou (northern Jiangsu Province), and Yuzhou (Henan Province) of the Cao Wei Empire were flooded. 11. Emperor Cao Wei Cao Rui loved Mrs. Guo from Xiping County (Xining City, Qinghai Province), and his love for Queen Mao gradually disappeared.Cao Rui wandered around the back garden, listened to music and sang, and had a carnival. Mrs. Guo asked to invite Queen Mao to participate, but Cao Rui refused, and ordered her left and right, not to let Queen Mao know;The next day, Empress Mao saw Cao Rui and said, "Was the banquet in Beiyuan (the back garden of the palace in the north of Luoyang) yesterday happy or not?" , all of them were killed, and suddenly added fuel to the fire, furious. On September 16, Empress Mao was ordered to commit suicide.However, the posthumous title of Empress Mao was still given, and she was called the Empress of Mourning. In winter, on October 19th (the original text is "Guichou", modified according to "Three Kingdoms · Wei Shu · Ming Emperor Ji"), Empress Mao was buried in Minling Mausoleum.Mao Zeng, the younger brother who was promoted to Empress Mao, was a Sanqi attendant (Sanqi Changshi). Bo Yang said: Empress Mao is the daughter of a worker. Her father, Mao Jia, is illiterate and has no background. By some chance, her daughter was selected as a maid in the palace of Cao Rui, who was still King Pingyuan at that time.Her beauty and intelligence enabled her to defeat the noble concubine Ms. Yu and become the queen (see December 227). Cao Rui loves her obsessively, which can be seen from his attitude towards her family members.His father, Mao Jia, was a lumberjack, and he was promoted to Marquis of Boping Township, and served as a special state official (Doctor Guanglu); his younger brother, Mao Zeng, was also the director of the imperial horse (the son-in-law captain).Of course, everyone looked down on this wealthy father-in-law. Xia Houxuan even refused to sit with Mao Jia, so Cao Rui specially ordered all civil and military officials to visit Mao's house for a feast, and promoted Mao Jia to "Special Advancement" (the position was only in Sangong during the court meeting. and posthumously named Empress Mao's late mother, Ms. Xia, as the wild king (male is named Marquis, and female is named King). However, "the color declines and the love relaxes", a woman who relies on her beauty for a living must end up like this in the end.Of course, there is another possibility, the beauty looks the same, but the man is getting tired of it.No matter what the situation is, when Empress Mao thought the world was settled, her rival, Mrs. Guo, rose up beside her pillow. Mrs. Guo was younger, more beautiful, and fresher than her. However, Cao Ruizhi's sudden killing intent is still surprising.If the "leaking of secrets" was held accountable, Queen Mao herself did not leak the secrets; if she was accused of practicing witchcraft, Queen Mao was not charged in this regard; why was there such a ruthless massacre?In retrospect, Cao Rui couldn't bear to shoot the deer, how kind it was (refer to the first month of 226), why did he show his hideous face today?There are too many variables in human nature, and power and money make this variable a geometric progression, which is sad. 12. In October, Cao Wei Emperor Cao Rui adopted Gao Tanglong's suggestion and built a circular mound in the south of the capital Luoyang City (three kilometers south of Luoyang City).In order to explain this action, Cao Rui issued an edict and said: "In the past, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, just after the catastrophe of burning books and burying scholars in the Qin Dynasty, we collected incomplete and scattered documents and used them as sacrifices to heaven and earth in the suburbs. However, for four hundred years,' "禘礼" (ceremony to offer sacrifices to the ancestors of heaven and earth) has been abandoned. Our surname Cao is a descendant of Yao Chonghua (Emperor Yushun, the seventh emperor of the Yellow Emperor Dynasty). Now, on the circular mound, "Emperor Emperor Tian" is worshiped. Yao Chonghua's share; on the square mound, worship the "Emperor Queen's Land", please share it with the wife of the first ancestor Yao Chonghua, Ms. Yi Qi (the daughter of Yi Qi Fangxun). In the southern suburbs of Luoyang, the capital, worship the "God of the Emperor's Sky", please share it with Emperor Wu (Cao Cao) , in the northern suburbs of Luoyang, the capital, to worship the 'God of the Emperor's Land', please share with Empress Wuxuan (Ms. Bian, wife of Cao Cao)." 13. Lv Xi, chief secretary of the county government of Lujiang County (southwest of Shouxian County, Anhui Province) affiliated to the Cao Wei Empire, secretly colluded with the Soochow Empire (capital Jianye) to send troops, preparing to open the city gate and cooperate with the outside.Eastern Wu Emperor (first emperor) Sun Quan (56 years old this year) sent Wei General Quan Cong, Tongqian General Zhu Huan and others to march.However, when the army arrived at the city, things leaked, and the Soochow army had to retreat. 14. Zhuge Ke, the governor of Danyang County (Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province) of the Eastern Wu Empire, arrived at the county government to take over the affairs, and notified the county chiefs of the four adjacent counties (Wu County, Lujiang County, Poyang County, and Xindu County) with official documents , Ask them to seal off the border, strictly guard, and all naturalized Shanyue (Jiangnan natives living in mountainous areas) will live together.Then, each general was ordered to lead the army to guard the dangerous area, only to build fortifications, and not to fight against Shanyue.When the rice was ripe, Zhuge Ke ordered all the soldiers to go out to harvest without leaving a single seedling.After the grain stored in Shanyue was exhausted, there was no new grain to be harvested, and the farmers on the flat land lived in groups in the walled cities protected by armed forces, and could not loot anything.So, under the pressure of the great famine, Sangoshi fled the valley and surrendered to the government.Zhuge Ke then ordered: "As long as the mountain people (Shanyue) correct their past mistakes and accept enlightenment, they should be appeased and comforted and moved to other counties. They should not be regarded as criminals and arrested casually." County Magistrate of Jiuyang (unknown today) Mrs. Hu found out that Zhou Yi was one of the descendants. He was a bully who was starved and impoverished, so he temporarily surrendered.Hu Kang tied up Zhou Yi and sent it to the county government for legal action.Zhuge Ke believed that Mrs. Hu disobeyed the order and beheaded Mrs. Hu. When Shanyue heard that Mrs. Hu was killed because of random arrest, he realized that the government's purpose was to drive them away from the mountains, not to massacre them.One year later, the number of people counted was the same as Zhuge Ke expected (refer to August 234).Zhuge Ke recruited young men, commanded 10,000 people himself, and handed over the rest to other generals. Sun Quan, Emperor of the Eastern Wu Dynasty, commended Zhuge Ke for his merits, promoted him to be the general of Weibei, granted him the title of Marquis of the capital, and moved him to Wankou, Lujiang County (Anqing City, Anhui Province). 15. This year, the Cao Wei Empire set up the giant bell and the hanging bell frame (Zhongzhu), the bronze camel (bronze camel), the bronze man, and the Chenglu plate (the seven emperors of the Western Han Dynasty) that were originally installed in Chang'an (Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province). Liu Che, made a bronze "Dew Bearing Plate" at Bailiang Terrace, twenty feet high and ten circumferences, with fairy palms cast on it, referring to the spring of 115 years ago. The magician vowed to use the dew on the fairy palms to stir the beautiful jade powder, drink it to keep you alive), all were transported to Luoyang.The Chenglu plate was broken in the middle, and the sound was heard dozens of miles away (causing casualties).However, the bronze figures were too heavy to be transported to Bacheng (northeast of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), and could not be transported any more, so they had to stay there. Cao Rui ordered to search all the bronze mines in the world, and cast two bronze statues, named "Weng Zhong", and placed them outside the Sima Gate of the Imperial Palace in Luoyang, the capital.Then cast a yellow dragon and a phoenix. The yellow dragon is four feet high, and the phoenix is ​​more than three feet high, and they are placed in front of the inner hall of the palace.In the northwest corner of Fanglin Garden in Jingyang Mountain (the third emperor Cao Fang was renamed Hualin Garden after he ascended the throne), a mountain of earth was piled up, and all senior officials were ordered to move the earth and plant pine trees, bamboos, miscellaneous trees, and beautiful flowers and plants on it. ; Catch birds and strange beasts in the mountains and send them to the forest to raise them. Dong Xun, the military secretary of the prime minister's office (Situ Junyi) wrote a letter to dissuade him: "I have heard that in ancient times, upright officials reported everything they should say to the king, without fear of the king's execution. Therefore, Zhou Chang compared Liu Bang to Si Lugui (Jie) and Zi Shouxin (Zhou); Fu compares Zhao Feiyan to a maidservant. (When Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhou Chang entered the palace to report something, Liu Bang was holding Qi Yi. Zhou Chang hurriedly withdrew, Liu Bang chased him out, grabbed him, rode on Zhou Chang's neck, and asked: " What kind of king am I?" Zhou Chang raised his head and said, "You are a king like Si Lugui and Zi Shouxin." Liu Bang laughed. When Liu Ao, the twelfth emperor, wanted to promote Zhao Feiyan as queen, Liu Fu wrote a letter saying: "Rotten A broken log cannot be a beam and a pillar, and a lowly maidservant cannot be a hostess." (Refer to April 16, 16) They are loyal and upright in nature, and they are not afraid even though there are sharp knives and white blades and a huge boiling pot in front of them. It was just for the king at that time, to cherish his regime. "Since the 1990s to the present (forty years), wars have continued. The people or their families have died, or their families have been wiped out. Even if there are people alive, they are only old, weak and widowed. It is necessary to expand, and we should also take advantage of the appropriate time that does not hinder farming, not to mention things that are more unnecessary than expanding the palace? 'Yellow Dragon', 'Phoenix', 'Nine Dragons', and 'Chenglu Pan' are all things that a wise king is unwilling to build. The manpower and material resources needed are three times that of building a palace. Since Your Majesty respects your subordinates, let him wear official hats, wear embroidered clothes, and walk in cars and sedan chairs, which is completely different from treating some civilians. However, suddenly you are taught They dug the soil, and then carried the soil to the rockery, exposed to the wind and sun, their faces were black and dirty, official hats and Chinese clothes were tattered, and they lost the face of the country, just to decorate the forest that is of no benefit to the country Garden, it is impossible. "Confucius said: 'The king should be polite to his subjects, and the subjects should be loyal to the king.' How can a country exist if the king is not polite to his subjects, and the subjects are not loyal to the king? I know that once I say this, I will definitely die. However, I am just a hair on the body of Jiuniu. Life is of no benefit to the country, and death is not harmful to the country. I have already passed away before writing and weeping. I have eight sons. Your Majesty will take care of you." On the eve of submitting the memorial, Dong Xunzuo took a bath and waited for the emperor's response.Sure enough, Cao Rui said: "Dong Xun is really not afraid of death?" When the officials in charge heard this, they immediately proposed impeachment and demanded the arrest of Dong Xun; Cao Rui commented: "No need." Gao Tanglong wrote: "Some superficial people in modern times always exaggerate the extravagant and obscene life of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, confuse your majesty's sacred heart, and seek to move those things that are enough to make people lose their hearts camels, bronze figures, dew trays), the people are laboring, money is wasted, and it harms good governance. This is not a good way to promote etiquette, make sacred music, and make the country peaceful and blessed by the gods." Cao Rui ignored it.Gao Tanglong played again and said: "Once upon a time, the flood broke out and the waves were raging. It lasted for 22 years (Si Gun governed the water for nine years, and Si Wenming governed the water for 13 years). King Yiqi Fangxun (Yao) and his minister Yao Chonghua (Shun) still faced the south. , sitting safely, and did not go to the construction site to operate. Now, the situation is not as urgent as it was then, but senior officials such as San Gong, ministers, and state officials are taught to mix with craftsmen and servants to pick up mounds of dirt. If this incident spreads Going to the barbarians in all directions is not a good reputation; it is not a good praise to be recorded in history. The two bandit groups of Wu (Eastern Wu Empire) and Shu (Shu Han Empire) have not yet been eliminated. The little thief who robbed the village and the city is a powerful force who pretends to be the emperor and intends to compete with China (Cao Wei). "If someone reported to His Majesty: 'Sun Quan and Liu Chan are both reforming internal affairs, reducing taxes, taking every action, listening to the opinions of the elderly or talented people, and obeying the state's laws and regulations in everything.' Wouldn't Your Majesty be very shocked when he heard that, And hate them so much? I think it is more difficult to eliminate them immediately, and I am deeply worried about the country. On the contrary, if someone reports to His Majesty: "The two bandit chiefs are not on the right path, they are rampant, extravagant and lustful, and they can't restrain themselves at all; within the jurisdiction The tax is heavy, the people can't bear it, and the voice of resentment is getting louder.' After hearing this, wouldn't your majesty be happy that they are exhausted and think that it is very easy to eliminate them? If this is the case, please change your position and think about right and wrong, good and evil, It is very obvious. "Every subjugated king firmly believes that the country will not perish, but in the end it actually perishes. Every sage king is conscientious, thinking that the country will perish at any time, but in the end, the country is not subjugated. Today, the whole country is in depression. Every household does not have a stone. Dan) and above, the state treasury has not been able to maintain more than one year of savings. There are powerful enemies outside, exposing the army to poverty and wild lands, and cannot rest; internal construction is in progress, and all states and counties are in turmoil. In case In the event of an enemy attack and warnings on the frontier, I am afraid that the strong men who have devoted themselves to large-scale construction will not be able to be on the battlefield. At the same time, the salaries and salaries of officials and soldiers have gradually decreased, compared to before, to only one-fifth; For living expenses; those who were completely exempted from taxation in the past now have to pay half of it. Government revenue has more than doubled than before; the country's official military and political expenditures have decreased by one-third compared to before, and the treasury should have a rich surplus. "However, the national treasury not only has no surplus, but it is not enough every year. Even beef has to be taxed. Then, all government revenue is neither in the treasury, but must be in other places (referring to large-scale construction projects, moving giant clocks, etc.). The salaries of officials Grain, rice, and cloth are all rewards given by the kings for their hard work, and the officials depend on them for a living. Once they are abolished, their livelihood will be cut off. What they should get is ruthlessly deprived, and resentment will naturally arise. " After Cao Rui saw it, he said to the Legislative Director (Zhongshuling) and the Chief Legislator (Zhongshujian): "Seeing Gao Tanglong's memorial made me terrified!" Bo Yang said: Gao Tanglong appealed repeatedly, but the only effect was that Cao Rui slapped Cao Rui on the thigh, but this was enough to show the demeanor of the leader to accept advice. However, Gao Tanglong is worried that reducing or abolishing the salaries of officials will cut off their livelihood.Regarding this point, you can rest assured that the officials' livelihood will not be cut off, but will be bettered.In Chinese history, there were only people who starved to death, but officials who died of starvation.Because it cannot be obtained from the government, it must be obtained from the people.The low salary policy will inevitably lead to corruption—this is the iron law, and corruption is the strange hand that digs the lifeblood of the government and the country. The Executive Officer (Shang Shu) of the Government Affairs Department Wei Ke wrote a letter saying: "Most of the people who commented said something that sounded very comfortable to your majesty's ears. When it comes to politics, they insist that your majesty is Yi Qi Fangxun and Yao Chonghua; when it comes to war, they insist that Sun Quan and Liu Chan are just two mice. But I I don't think so. Within the four seas, it is divided into three countries, heroes and heroes, each contributes his own intelligence, and each is loyal to his own king. Refers to which six countries) are no different. Now, there are thousands of miles of desolation and no human habitation; the remaining people are poor and poor. If your majesty does not take care of it, the country will wither and never recover. During the reign of Emperor Wu (Cao Cao), the palace could not eat It was just a plate of meat, the clothes were not dressed in brocade, the edges of the cushions were not decorated in any way, and the utensils used did not use cinnabar paint. Because of such frugality and hard work, the world was finally pacified and blessings were left to the descendants. This is all witnessed by His Majesty. "For the current important work, Your Majesty and his ministers should be asked to work together to check the treasury, control the budget, and not make additional expenditures. It is afraid that it will not be enough to live within our means. The construction is constant, and the luxury is increasing day by day. The national finances will eventually dry up. In the past, Liu Che (the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) believed in immortals, and believed that dew from the clouds must be mixed with jade powder to drink in order to live forever. Therefore, he cast it into the palm of an immortal and stretched it into the air to withstand the clouds and dew from high places. Your Majesty is wise and wise. Liu Che wanted to get dew, but people still criticized him; His Majesty didn't want to get dew, but went to transport the dew plate and put it there, it was useless, but it cost so much manpower and material resources, these, Your Majesty should think deeply and restrain himself." At this time, Cao Rui issued an edict to investigate all beauties in the world, and those who were married but their husbands were ordinary civilians or low-level officials should remarry to soldiers on the expedition.However, if the husband's family pays a considerable amount of cattle, horses and livestock, they can also redeem their wives.And among these beauties, the most beautiful ones were selected and sent to the palace for the entertainment of the emperor.Zhang Mao, a follower of the crown prince (Prince Sheren), from Peiguo (Pei County, Jiangsu Province), wrote to persuade: "Your Majesty is the son of heaven; civilians and soldiers are the sons of your majesty. Now taking the wife of a commoner and giving it to a soldier is no different from taking a sister-in-law and giving it to a younger brother. For a parent, love is partial. Moreover, the imperial edict Said: It is allowed to replace cattle, horses and livestock with the same age, coat color, age and appearance as the wife. So the rich went bankrupt, and the poor pawned debts to buy cattle and horses at a high price to redeem their wives. Your Majesty used the reputation of betrothing soldiers To break up folk couples, in fact, they are only recruited to the inner courtyard of the palace, and the maids in the palace who were originally decrepit are released to marry soldiers. Warriors who get wives may not be happy, but commoners who lose wives must be sad. Or poor (redemption (gaining a wife, running up debts), or sorrow (losing a wife, ruining the family), everyone harbors resentment. A king who owns the world is not popular with the people, and is seldom safe from danger. "Moreover, there are hundreds of thousands of troops stationed in the wilderness, and the daily expenses are not less than a thousand catties of gold. It is not enough to treat all the land tax revenue in the country as military expenses, let alone so many beauties outside the establishment in the inner courtyard of the palace? In addition, the concubines of the empress and the mother's family of the empress dowager were randomly rewarded, wasted internally and externally, and spent more than half of the military expenditure. In the past, Liu Che (the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) dug the land, dug it into a lake (Taiye Pool), piled up soil, and built Rockery (Yingzhou, Jiantai, etc. Refer to 104 years ago). Fortunately, the world was unified at that time, and there was no opponent to fight against him. Since the world was in chaos (after the Yellow Turban Uprising), for forty or fifty years, the horse never left the saddle , people are indisarmed, and powerful enemies are eyeing the frontier, trying to destroy the royal family surnamed Cao. Your Majesty does not tremble and frugally, but devotes all his energy to pursuing a luxurious and corrupt life. The royal treasury (Zhong Shangfang) manufactures game toys, The dew tray erected in the back garden is certainly pleasant to the eyes and ears, but it is also enough to encourage the enemy's aggressive ambitions. Abandoning the frugal virtues of Yi Qi Fangxun and Yao Chonghua, and chasing Liu Che's unrestrained evil deeds, I secretly Your Majesty is sorry." Cao Rui ignored him. Gao Tanglong was seriously ill. He dictated his final proposal and presented it to the emperor, saying: "There is a saying in Zeng Shen: 'When a person is about to die, his speech is full of generosity. Passed away, loyalty can not be expressed, a piece of sincerity, please take a look at your Majesty. I have observed that after the establishment of three generations (Xia, Shang, Zhou) regimes, the wise kings were passed down from generation to generation for hundreds of years, every foot and every inch of land, All belong to him; every people is his official. However, their descendants, Si Lugui and Zi Shouxin, two villains, did whatever they wanted, and finally the emperor was furious, and the throne of the king was destroyed and turned into ruins. Si Lugui was Exiled to Mingtiao (east of Fengqiu County, Henan Province. Tianyi, the first emperor of the Shang Dynasty, defeated Silugui in Mingtiao, and exiled Silugui to Nanchao. Exiled to Mingtiao, misremembered). Zishouxin The head hangs on the white flag (Jifa, the first king of the Zhou Dynasty, captured Chaoge, fired three arrows at Zishouxin's body, then got out of the chariot, first stabbed it with a light saber, and then chopped off Zishouxin's head with a copper axe.悬挂大白旗上。又向摇尾分子恶来的嘴巴发箭解恨，再向子受辛的两位宠姬的尸体，也发三箭，用轻佩剑击刺，用铁斧砍下三人人头，悬挂小白旗上），他们所坐的天子尊位，被子天乙（汤）、姬发（武）夺取，难道姒履癸、子受辛跟普通人不同？他们固也是圣明君王的后裔！三世纪二〇年代时（曹魏帝国建立之初），上天曾发出警告，燕子巢中发现一只怪鸟，嘴部、脚爪、胸前全是赤红颜色，这是帝国最大的奇事（《晋书·五行志》：二二〇年，未央宫有燕生鹰，口爪俱赤）。应该严防猛鹰飞扬的将领在萧墙（自己院墙）之内发难。我建议：最好命所有亲王，在他的采邑封国之内设立军队，像棋子一样，分布全国重镇，维护首都所在的京畿，保卫皇家。上天不特别亲爱某一个人，而只看谁有德行。人民歌颂德政，政府寿命自然延长；人民怨恨，上天自然收回对旧王朝的宠爱，鼓励新王朝兴起。由这个观点可知：天下，是全国人民的天下，不是陛下一个人的天下。”曹叡亲手书写诏书，慰劳高堂隆。不久，高堂隆逝世。 陈寿曰： 高堂隆学识渊博，头脑清楚，一心一意，帮助君王。利用天变灾异，提出劝诫警告，发于至诚，是一位忠臣。只是主张修改元旦位置（正朔），使曹姓皇族追认姚重华（虞）是他们的始祖，岂不是对他不太了解的事物，坚持过甚！ 16、曹魏帝国皇帝（二任明帝）曹叡，对浮华不实的知识分子深恶痛绝，下诏给政务署文官司司长（吏部尚书）卢毓，说：“遴选人才，不可以根据他的知名度，'名'这个东西，好像画在地上的煎饼，中看不中吃。”卢毓回答说：“根据知名度选拔，固然不一定能够得到奇异人才，但可以得到正常人才。正常人才接受教化，羡慕善行，然后才会受到称赞。对这种人，不应该讨厌。我愚昧的既没有能力发掘奇异人才，而我的责任又是依照正常程序，任命官职；唯一的办法是，在任职后考察他的行为，是否名实相符？古代，部属们提出建议后，君王就分派他工作，考验他的能力。可是，现在考绩制度废除，官员的任命或罢黜，完全根据舆论对他的论断，有美誉的进，有恶声的退。所以，真的假的混杂在一起，虚的实的更难分辨。”曹叡采纳卢毓建议，命散骑侍从官（散骑常侍）刘卲，制定《公务人员考绩条例》（考课法）。刘卲遂制定七十二条（《都官考课法》）；又厘定《公务人员考绩条例施行细则》（《说略》）一篇。曹叡交付文武百官研究讨论。 京畿总卫戍司令（司隶校尉）崔林上书说：“《周官》上的考绩办法，十分详尽。然而，自姬钊（周王朝三任王康王）以下，逐渐废弃，这说明考绩办法，全看是不是有人执行和如何执行。两汉王朝后来衰微，难道是因为他们的考绩制度不够周密？而今，我们的武装部队，十分杂乱，增多减少，没有一定常规，无法使用同一标准。而且，好像渔网，当它不能张开时，拉它的主绳就行；好像皮衣卷毛，只要拿起领子一抖便可。皋陶（古代传说中最公正的法官）在姚重华手下做事，伊尹在商王朝供职，邪恶的人自会远离。如果高级官员能尽到他的职责，作为文武百官的榜样，则谁敢不尽忠职守，何必考绩！” 禁宫咨询官（黄门侍郎）杜恕说： “公开考验官员的能力，三年作一总结，是君王最完善的制度。然而，历经六个王朝（黄帝王朝、夏王朝、商王朝、周王朝、两汉王朝），考绩法规，并不居于重要地位；通过七位圣人（伊祁放勋、姚重华、姒文命、子天乙、姬昌、姬发、姬旦），考绩细则，也从没有被当做经典，传到后世。我认为原因是，他们的方案虽然原则上可以作为依据，但无法作详细规定，使它无懈可击。俗语说：'世界上有恶人，没有恶法。'如果法治是万能的，则伊祁放勋（唐）、姚重华（虞），可以不需要姬弃（稷）、子契，作为辅佐；商王朝、周王朝也不必在乎伊尹、姜子牙（吕）作为助手。 “现在，主张对官员应加以考绩的人，引用周王朝、两汉王朝的做法，不过是用当初京房《考绩条例》（考功课吏法）作为蓝图（参考前三七年），可以说已阐明'考绩'的要义。但是，如果盼望谦让风气受到鼓励，政治和睦受到推广，我认为'考绩'办法，不是最好的办法。州郡政府举行任官考试时，应分为四类（一、儒学——儒家学派知识分子，二、文吏——深通公文程式的官吏，三、孝悌——孝顺父母跟和睦家人，四、从政——有能力从政。参考一四三年）。考试及格之后，再向上级保举推荐，由中央征召聘请，出任跟人民直接接触的地方政府首长（指县长）；以后再根据他的功劳，擢升郡长，或者仍保持他的原职，而只增加薪俸，或加封爵位，这才是最重要的考绩。我认为，经过考试而被任用的官员，应该使他们显贵，采纳他们的建议，命他们拟定一项《州郡政府官员考绩条例》，切实执行。依照规定，应赏的一定赏，应罚的一定罚。至于中央政府的三公、部长级高级官员以及在宫廷供职的大臣，也应该就他们的职务工作，检讨考核。 “古时候的三公，坐在君王身旁，谈论天下大事。在宫廷供职的大臣，是君臣之间沟通的桥梁，时时弥补君王的疏忽或错误，君王再小的善行都要记载，再小的过失都要纠举。天下是如此之大，人口是如此之多，一盏灯火，不可能使每个角落都得到光明。所以，君王是人的头颅，臣子则是四肢，显示同属一个整体，必须互相配合，才能完全。古人指称：'充当栋梁的木材，绝不是一根树枝；帝王的伟大事业，绝不能靠一个人的谋略。'从此可以了解，岂有身为大臣，整天在那里办理考绩，就可以使天下太平之理。有些人既有办法保持他的官位，又没有被免职放逐的顾虑；而又有些人虽忠心报国，却遭受猜忌。社会上没有公道，邪恶的攻讦却成一时的风气。在这种情形下，即令孔丘来主持考绩，恐怕也不能有什么效果，何况一个普通的泛泛之辈！” 最高监察府秘书（司空掾）北地郡（陕西省耀县）人傅嘏说：“设立官吏，分担职务，管理人民，是巩固国家基础的工作。依照官位职责，去考察实践；依照法令规章，去检查督促，不过是一种细枝末节。基础还没有建立，而只管细枝末节；不知道尊崇建国大业，却把对官员的考绩，当做优先工作，恐怕无法分别贤愚，显示不出是非。” 议论纷纷，一直无法作出最后决定，《公务人员考绩条例》竟不能实行。 Sima Guang said: 治理国家最重要的事是任用人才。至于谁是人才？怎么发现人才？连圣贤都感到困难。于是，只好用听到的“毁谤”和“赞誉”，作为标准。喜爱和憎恶遂主宰这个判断，善良和邪恶就混杂在一起。用考绩条例检查行政效果，一定巧诈横生，真假不明。其实，重要的是：只要大公无私，明察秋毫就够了。在上位的人至公至明，则部属有没有能力，就很清楚的摆在眼前，根本无所遁形。假如不公不明，再好的考绩办法，恰恰被利用做成全私欲、打击异己的工具。 为什么如此？因为大公无私，明察秋毫，出自内心；而考绩成效，根据的是外在行为。自己内心都不能正直，而竟去考核别人的行为，岂不太难！在上位的人，只要坚持不因为亲疏贵贱而改变心意，不因为喜怒好恶而改变立场，就很容易发现人才，并任用人才。想知道谁是饱学之士，只要他记忆的和阅读的十分渊博，谈论经典时十分精通，他就是饱学之士。想知道谁是公正法官，只要他有能力分辨真实、虚伪，使人不受冤枉，他就是公正法官。想知道谁是理财专家，只要他能使仓库充实，人民富足，他就是理财专家。想知道谁是优秀将领，只要他战必胜，攻必取，敌人害怕屈服，他就是优秀将领。至于其他文武百官，也都用这种方法考察。表面上看起来，是询问征求别人的意见，但事实上却由自己做主决定；虽然也是根据他们的外在行为，但事实上却由自己内心观察。探讨实情，斟酌形势，是一种最精密的心智活动，不可以言传，也不可以记载，怎么能够预先制定法律，而交给主管单位去办理？ 有的人因为是皇亲国戚，或权贵之家，虽然没有才能，照样身居高官。有的人因为关系疏远，出身贫贱，虽然有很高才能，照样被排斥在政府之外。当权人士所喜爱、所欣赏的，虽然是个坏官，也不能免职；但所恼怒、所讨厌的，虽然对国家建有功勋，也不录用。询问别人，或征求别人的意见，称赞他的和诋毁他的，各占一半，因而犹豫不能决定。考察他外在的行为，文件俱在，但没有实质，无法清楚。即令制定再完善的考绩条例，项目再细，档案再多，又怎么能够了解真相！ 有人说：君王治理的范围，大者是天下，小者是一国。文武官员成千上万，一一考察，或擢升，或免职，怎么能够不交给有关单位去办而自己动手？我的回答是：我当然不是这个意思。所谓在上位，不仅仅指君王，郡长主持一郡，州长主持一州，九位部长（九卿）主持他们的一部，三公统筹全国，都用同一道理，去考察升降他们的部属。君王也用同一道理去考察升降三公、部长、州长、郡长，怎么会把事情堆到一个人身上，独任烦劳？ 有人说：公务人员考绩办法，是伊祁放勋（唐）、姚重华（虞）制定，京房、刘卲不过稍加增订而已，怎么可以废止？我的回答是：伊祁放勋、姚重华时代的官员，在位的时间都很久，受到上级的信任也很坚定，而且制定的法律也很宽大，完成工作的限期也定得很远。所以，姒鲧治理洪水，九年没有完成，然后才处罚他的罪行；姒文命（禹）治理洪水，等到九州全部平定，四方土地都可以安居，然后才奖赏他的功劳。不像京房、刘卲所主张的那样，一粒盐、一粒米的斤斤计较，早上交付任务，晚上就要求成果。有些事情，名称相同，实际却不相同，不可不加分辨。所以，并不是说对公务人员的考绩可以在伊祁放勋、姚重华时代实行，却不可以在两汉王朝及曹魏帝国实行；而是由于京房、刘卲没有认清它的根本何在，只知道追求细微末节的缘故。 *Hu Sanxing said: 司马光的评论，非常恰当。可是，必须英明的君王才能实行。自西汉王朝以下，能够根据方案，追究实施成效的，没有一个君王比得上刘病已（刘询，西汉王朝十任帝宣帝）。刘病已能够做得那么好，并不是由于师傅传授，或高级辅佐大臣开导。司马光所谓“不可以言传，不可以记载！”真是万世名言。 Bo Yang said: 法治人治之争，在中国历史上至少纠缠两千年之久，到了二十世纪之后，法治胜于人治，才成定局。司马光为人治所提出的辩护，徒供后人凭吊，已没有再批判的价值，我们自不浪费笔墨。不过，有一点却十分奇怪，这么一篇严重不合逻辑，矛盾百出的议论和对政治肤浅的认识，何以被人治派奉为经典？这是不是可借以说明儒家知识分子缺乏推理能力？假如不可以这么说的话，至少可以说，传统知识分子缺乏逻辑训练。 最可惊的是司马光认为对国家公务人员的擢升或免职，是一种最精密的心智活动，不可言传，也不可记载——不可制定条文法律。这就跟京戏“审头刺汤”中的汤勤一样：“我说人头是真，它就是真；我说人头是假，它就是假。”为暴君和贪官污吏提出施暴的理论根据。而胡三省却认为它竟是万世名言，似乎又显示了一种现象：儒家知识分子，永远以当权者自居，所以只要对当权派有利的建议，都如醉如痴的赞成，永远没有想到自己是个被统治的小民，应如何保护自己的生命财产和人格尊严。 ——当然有很多对君王严厉指责的奏章，也有很多为小民呼吁的奏章，但他们的目的仍是保护君王的利益，警告他如果再继续暴虐，可能丧失政权，而不是警告他不得侵犯人民的利益。 17、最初，曹魏帝国政务署右执行长（右仆射）卫臻，主持全国官员的考试和任用，中央军事总监（中护军）蒋济写信给卫臻，说：“刘邦（西汉王朝一任帝）擢升逃犯当上将（指韩信），姬发（周王朝一任王）延聘渔夫当太师（指姜子牙），平民甚至奴仆，都封王爵公爵，为什么坚持非经过文字考试不可？”卫臻说：“不然。你如果把牧野（河南省卫辉市）大战时代（周王朝一任王姬发，在牧野摧毁商王朝末任帝子受辛最后抵抗）当做姬诵（周王朝二任王）、姬钊（周王朝三任王）承平时代，把刘邦斩蛇起兵时代当做刘恒（西汉王朝五任帝）、刘启（西汉王朝六任帝）承平时代，喜爱出乎常规的举动，鼓励奇特的才能，天下恐怕就要大乱。” 文官司司长（吏部尚书）卢毓，谈论选拔官员的原则，认为必须先考虑品德，再考虑才干。禁宫咨询官（黄门侍郎）冯翊郡（陕西省大荔县）人李丰，曾经询问卢毓，卢毓说：“才干必须用到善行上，所以大才干成就大的善行，小才干成就小的善行。如果仅有才干而不能成就善行，他的才干，就不适合做官。”李丰佩服。 1、春季，正月，曹魏帝国（首都洛阳）皇帝（二任明帝）曹叡（本年三十五岁），把最高统帅（大将军）司马懿从长安（陕西省西安市）召回首都洛阳，命他率军四万人，讨伐在辽东（辽宁省）宣布独立、自称燕王的公孙渊。参与决策的官员中，有人认为四万人太多，军费难以筹措。曹叡说：“四千里远征（首都洛阳跟襄平，航空距离一千一百千米），虽然要靠出奇制胜，但也要依靠实力，不应该计较费用。”曹叡问司马懿说：“公孙渊会有什么反应？”司马懿回答说：“公孙渊放弃根据地襄平，先行逃走，是上等策略。在辽东边界抵抗大军，是次等策略。坐在那里坚守襄平，我们会把他捕获到案。”曹叡说：“那么，公孙渊会怎么样？”司马懿回答说：“只有聪明智慧的人，知己知彼，才能够舍得放弃某些东西，公孙渊的聪明智慧都不到这种层面。”又说：“现在，他判断我们孤军远征，不可能持久；所以一定先在辽河阻击，然后退守襄平。”曹叡说：“往返需要多少天？”司马懿说：“前进一百天，攻击一百天，回程一百天，途中休息六十天。加在一起计算，不会超过一年。” 公孙渊得到消息，再一次派使节前往东吴帝国（首都建业），向东吴帝（一任大帝）孙权（本年五十七岁）称“臣”，请求救援。东吴政府打算诛杀派来的使节（报杀张弥、许晏之仇。参考二三三年十二月），羊衜说：“不可以。这正是为发泄一个市井小民的怒气，而糟蹋了图霸的良机。不如乘这个机会，对使节特别厚待，然后派出特遣部队，对公孙渊施加压力，要他归附。如果魏国（曹魏帝国）不能取胜，而我们遥远的前往赴援，足使远方蛮夷对我们感恩。我们这种救难扶危的义行，将传播万里之外。如果他们兵连祸结，胜负不能立见分晓，公孙渊的主力被吸引在心脏地区，我们就在他边陲郡县，抢劫他们的财物，掳掠他们的人民，满载而归，也足够代上天执行惩罚，雪昔日之耻！”孙权说：“好极！”下令动员，命武装部队集结待发，教公孙渊的使节先行返回，说：“请你们大王固守待援，我会照着你们的盼望出兵，一定跟老弟（公孙渊）有福同享（称“弟”，表示亲热），有祸同当。”又说：“司马懿所向无敌，我深为老弟忧虑。” 曹魏帝国皇帝曹叡问中央军事总监（护军将军）蒋济说：“孙权会不会救援公孙渊？”蒋济说：“孙权知道我们已有万全准备，不可能从中得到利益。如果派军深入，他们没有这个力量；如果仅抵达边疆，势必徒劳无功。纵然是兄弟子侄陷于危境，孙权都不会有任何反应，何况公孙渊跟他漠不相关，而从前又受过公孙渊的戏弄羞辱（参考二三三年十二月）？现在所以盛传将出动大军，只不过是欺骗公孙渊的使臣，使我们产生疑惧，一旦我们不能攻克，好使公孙渊向他臣服。然而，沓渚（辽宁省大连市西旅顺）距襄平相当遥远（两地航空距离三百二十千米），如果我们远征军前进缓慢，不能速战速决，则孙权可能对我们作骚扰性的攻击，甚至派轻装部队，发动突袭，也不一定。” 2、曹叡问文官司司长（吏部尚书）卢毓说：“谁可以担任宰相（司徒）？”卢毓推荐隐士管宁，曹叡不接受，再问还有没有别人？卢毓回答说：“敦厚诚实的有中级国务官（太中大夫）韩暨，节操清高的有京畿总卫戍司令（司隶校尉）崔林，耿直忠贞的有祭祀部长（太常）常林。” 二月十一日，曹叡任命韩暨当宰相。 3、蜀汉帝国（首都成都）皇帝（二任）刘禅（本年三十二岁），立张女士当皇后，是前任张皇后的妹妹（张飞的另一个女儿）。封王贵人的儿子刘璿当皇太子，刘瑶当安定王。 农林部长（大司农）河南郡（河南省洛阳市东白马寺东）人孟光，向皇家图书馆管理官（秘书郎）郤正（郤，姓）查问皇太子刘璿读书情形跟性格爱好倾向，郤正说：“皇太子侍奉双亲，恭敬孝顺；读书从早到晚，都不懈怠；有古代'世子'（国君合法继承人）的风范。接待臣僚部属，用心宽厚。”孟光说：“像你所形容的，民间家家户户的孩子，都会如此。我所关心的是皇太子的权术智谋如何？”郤正说：“教导太子的正道，是使他如何孝顺父母，不可以胆大妄为。权术到紧急时才会产生，智略又深藏在胸怀之内，到底有与没有，怎么可以预知？”孟光知道郤正谨慎，不敢畅所欲言，只说：“我口无遮拦，不知道忌讳，现在天下还没有定于一统，智谋自然占第一位；但智谋是先天秉性，后天是教不出来的。皇太子读书，怎么能跟我们一样，博闻强记，等待高位的人询问？好像一个普通的知识分子（博士），要对皇帝所提的问题，写出答案，以谋求一官半职？你应该在最重要的关键上用工夫！”郤正认为孟光的论点正确。郤正是郤俭的孙子（郤俭担任益州州长，被变民所杀。参