Chapter 7 The second part is to go to the countryside to take the main class of class struggle

The "Four Cleanups" movement is an important measure to implement the theory of class struggle after the Tenth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Its official name is the Rural Socialist Education Movement, and it is called the "Four Cleanups" movement because it includes four aspects: clean politics, clean economy, clean organization, and clean thought. In February 1963, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed to carry out the "Four Cleans" movement in the countryside, and at the same time decided to carry out the "Five Antis" movement in the cities.Some factories and streets have already been activated, and the cultural and educational system has been piloted at Peking University, and some cadres have been transferred from Fudan to join the working group.The meaning of the above was originally planned to be rolled out in all universities across the country after gaining experience in the pilot project at Peking University. Fudan was afraid of falling behind and being passive in the future, so it conducted two small pilot projects in the Department of Physics and Biology in advance. A large number of teachers and cadres were gathered to investigate the situation so that the working group could respond when it came.The reason why it didn’t continue later was that before the “Four Cleans-Up” movement was fully pushed back, the more intense “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” movement had already been mobilized.

As for the rural areas, starting from 1963, the "Four Clean-ups" campaign was carried out in batches.Fudan teachers and students also joined the "Four Cleansing" work teams in stages and in batches, going deep into the front line of class struggle.As far as our Chinese Department is concerned, we have participated in a total of three campaigns: the first phase of the small "Four Clean-ups", from the end of 1963 to the beginning of 1964, in several communes such as Gucun and Liuhang in Baoshan County, for a period of 50 days; Qing Dynasty, the first period was from November 1964 to May 1965, in several communes such as Huqiao and Shengqiao in Fengxian County, for a period of about 7 months, and the second period was from July 1965 to June 1966 After the "Cultural Revolution" began, it lasted for nearly a year, in several communes such as Luodian and Luojing in Baoshan County.Of course, the number of sessions that everyone participates in is not the same. Some people participate in one session, some participate in two sessions, and some participate in three sessions in succession.After I participated in the first phase of the small "Four Cleanups" and the first phase of the "Four Cleanups", a deputy secretary of the General Branch of the Chinese Department, Mrs. Fat, told me frankly when she informed me that I would participate in the second phase of the "Four Cleanups". Said: "People like you should go to the countryside more to receive reform." Her straightforward words pierced the wrapping paper made up of those beautiful words, and revealed the essence of the problem: participating in the "Four Cleansing" task force , itself has the nature of thought remolding, and it also publicly expressed discrimination against me in the leadership.

Since the Anti-Rightist Movement in 1957, although it has become commonplace for university teachers and students to go to the countryside to work, in addition to the longer time for cadres to work, they generally participate in three-summer and three-autumn labor for about two weeks, and the longest does not exceed three. Zhou, moreover, decentralization of cadres is limited to teaching staff, students are not counted, and now students in the third, fourth, and fifth grades have to go to the countryside for a long time, and of course there are many ideological problems.The most important thing is that many people have some concerns about going to the countryside for a long time and delaying their studies.On this point, the leader answered very clearly: "When we go to the countryside to carry out the 'four clean-ups', we are going to take the main course of class struggle. This is the most important study! Book knowledge is secondary." Although everyone thinks It may not be true, but in this way, no one dares to make irresponsible remarks, otherwise, they will make political mistakes.

Probably because of this kind of ideological dynamics, after I went to the countryside, I took very strict precautions against studying.When I first came to Fengxian to participate in the first phase of the "Four Cleanups", I first stayed in different areas, because the rural people used to go to bed early, and the staff had to follow the custom. At that time, I dared not bring business books, and of course I was reading Marxist-Leninist works, but unexpectedly, this move hit the gunpoint. The secretary of the general branch led by the team brought it up at the meeting as a typical example, and severely criticized it, saying that someone When he went to the countryside to carry out the "Four Clean-ups", he still couldn't forget his business, read at night by candlelight, and insisted on following the road of vain education.His purpose is to catch a typical example and educate the masses, but typical creation often requires artistic processing, so he refused to truthfully say that I read Marxist-Leninist works, so as not to weaken the power of criticism, and also to prevent others from retaliation , which is very old fashioned.But because the criticism was not named, it is not easy for me to stand up and defend myself.Not criticizing by name also means that he is right about things and not about people. His purpose is only to educate everyone. When he goes to the countryside, he should stop holding on to books.This criticism was really effective. From now on, when everyone is free, they would rather play poker and brag than pick up books to read. This has become a normal life instead. ——Of course, after the dispersal of accommodation, there are still people who secretly read books. Yes, but it's not easy for others to know, and as long as you don't report it, you'll be fine.

Visit the poor and ask the poor, take root in series Why did the work teams not go directly to the villages and live in the peasants' homes during the first phase of the "Four Cleanups", but did they have to live in groups first? This is related to the estimation of the situation of class struggle in rural areas. Before we went to the countryside, we first studied two central documents: "Decisions on Several Issues in Current Rural Work (Draft)" and "Regulations on Some Specific Policies in the Rural Socialist Education Movement (Draft)". "The First Ten Articles", the latter document is called the "Second Ten Articles", collectively called the "Double Ten Articles". At the same time, I also listened to the reading of Wang Guangmei's "Taoyuan Experience" speech transcript.The general impression is that the situation of class struggle in the countryside is very severe, a large number of rural cadres have rotted away, and it is said that one-third of the grassroots political power is no longer in the hands of the Communist Party.In this way, who to rely on, whom to unite with, and whom to attack after entering the village has become a big problem, and the boundary between friends and enemies has always been regarded as the primary issue of the revolution.According to Wang Guangmei's approach in the Taoyuan Brigade in Hebei Province, it is necessary to visit the poor and ask the poor, take root and connect with each other, and reorganize the class team.We live in separate areas to avoid living in the wrong house and causing passiveness.

At that time, the "Siqing" work team was like an imperial envoy with a sword in his hand, superior to the local cadres, and took a completely antagonistic attitude towards the cadres of the communes and production teams. The method of taking root in series and reorganizing the class ranks.Its style is a bit like the armed forces behind enemy lines and land reform working groups written in novels and movies.Every morning and afternoon, we went to the designated production team to participate in labor, and at night, we went to the poor and lower-middle peasants’ homes to connect with each other, inquired about the situation during the labor and connection, and then returned to the residence for analysis and research.After a few weeks of groping in this way, we finally determined the dependents, organized the Poor and Lower-Middle Peasant Association, and we moved to live in the production team——of course, living in the dependents' homes.

But relying on the object does not seem to be pure.It was only later that I found out that a pair of brothers who were active members of the Poor Association in our production team, their father was originally a salt policeman, because he liked to gamble, his family fortune had long been ruined, and he died early. He lost his family property, so he became a poor peasant.The elder brother appears to be very incompetent and not good at making a living, while the younger brother likes to drink, likes to brag, and is a bit sloppy. He is very active when exposing the captain, but he is a bit unreliable when he does serious things.I don't know why they were chosen as the objects of dependence at the time, probably because there was not much choice.In fact, society is constantly changing. The ancients said that "a gentleman will be killed in five generations." It can be seen that all kinds of people in society are ups and downs. It is normal to intercept a period of living status and freeze it. Immutable, but a bit metaphysical.Later, it was proposed that three generations of poor peasants should be regarded as having good roots and seedlings, probably to make up for the lack of this aspect, but it went even more extreme.Moreover, it is even more difficult to find such a person.

I said that I didn’t know about the selection of people to rely on, because although our teachers and students in Fudan University were also members of the “Four Cleanups” work team, they were actually interns, and the real decision-making power was the cadres drawn from the party and government agencies.In the brigade next door, there was Zeng Xisheng, former Secretary of the Anhui Provincial Party Committee and then third secretary of the East China Bureau. The backbone of the "Four Cleansing" work team in our Dragon King Brigade was mostly from the Public Security Bureau and the Higher People's Court, and the Shanghai Higher People's Court was at the helm. The dean is a Long March cadre; the team leader of the same production team as me is a public security pre-examiner.But this was only learned later.At the beginning, even the original identities of the team members had to be kept secret, so our teachers and students also called Lao Wu and Xiao Wang, and we were not allowed to call them teachers anymore.My landlord judged that I was a small office worker with a junior high school education. I asked him why he said I was a junior high school student?He said, "I guessed from your level of 'stupidity'. I have a relative who is a high school student who is stupid. You are also a little bit stupid, but you are a little bit better than him, so you are probably only at junior high school level. "It's an interesting new measure of knowledge."But the farmers were also inquiring about our situation, and later found out that many people in the work team were college students, and found it very novel.Once, a student from our department came to me and blurted out to call me "Teacher Wu" inadvertently, which surprised my landlord and said, "So you are a university teacher, don't look like you." In his opinion, a university teacher You have to be silly.

When the work team entered the village, they focused on cleaning up the economy, and the first to bear the brunt were the production team leader and accountant.However, our team did not find any major problems after checking the accounts, but there were some doubts about the captain's lost work allowance, and there was an account that was unclear. The team leader specially sent me to a place called Jinsi Niangqiao in Zhejiang Province. I went to the town to investigate, but I couldn't find anything famous.I am very worried. I can't find any problems in the accounts. How will the "four cleanups" progress?The work team leader asked me to talk to the production team leader and mobilize him to confess.I used the method of heart-to-heart talks, first to explain the general principles, and then to understand the policy, but the production team leader insisted that he had no financial problems, and could not discuss any results.After the conversation, the team leader came out from the next room and said, "You are so polite, how can you knock something out!" Two days later, he went out to talk to the production team leader himself, which was a completely different scene.As soon as he came up, he scolded the production team leader sternly, and pointed out in a very positive tone that the team leader had made four unclear mistakes, and he seemed to have grasped the real information, and it would depend on whether the other party would take the initiative to confess.After going back and forth like this, he was so frightened that his face changed color, and he hesitated to explain some problems.However, further examination of these issues failed to be implemented.I thought it was because our working team leader had been a pre-examiner for a long time and was used to interrogating criminals, so he would be so aggressive. Later, I asked the students in other teams in private and said that he treated cadres like this severe.The problem, then, may not lie in professional habits, but in assessing the situation of the rural class struggle.Because at the stage of studying the documents, I had preconceived ideas that most of the rural cadres were rotten, so I made a presumption of guilt at the beginning, thinking that they must have unclear problems, so I tried every means to extract confessions.I also learned to play karate, but the truth is false, so I am suspicious.It's just that you don't learn well, and the effect is very small.After the conversation, I also felt very funny, as if I was acting.But after this experience, I became the target of censorship during the "Cultural Revolution". When others used this method to deal with me, I immediately saw that they were also playing karate, so there was nothing to fear.

But relying on karate to extract a confession, after all, it is difficult to settle the case.After the climax of explaining the problem has passed, we are in a stalemate.When we were in a difficult situation, the task force suddenly summoned us to study a new central document: "Some Issues Presently Raised in the Rural Socialist Education Movement", commonly known as the "Twenty-Three Articles".This document has a new formulation, saying that it is the focus of this movement, which is to rectify those in power within the party who are taking the capitalist road.At that time, we still didn't know the real meaning of this formulation, and it was not until the "Cultural Revolution" movement that the mystery was revealed.However, the document believes that the majority of the cadres are good and relatively good, and that they should adopt a serious, positive, and enthusiastic attitude towards them, prevent simple and rude practices, strictly prohibit extortion of confessions, and say that those who commit minor "four unclear "Wrong, or there are many problems but good explanations, and they should be liberated as soon as possible. These have played a corrective role in the "four clean-ups" movement, and the policy has become much more relaxed.Soon, most of the cadres washed their hands and took a shower, went downstairs and led production again.Our team members are sorting out the case materials while participating in the daily labor in the countryside.

Writing work such as sorting out materials, of course, requires a lot of work for university teachers and students.This work is not as difficult as digging materials, and it is not complicated in itself, but it is also difficult to grasp in certain policy boundaries.Our brigade used to run a small factory, which was quite profitable.Of course, work belongs to manual labor, which is not a problem, but to set up a factory must have purchase and sales, and it belongs to the field of circulation, so it is inevitable to be suspected of taking the road of capitalism.Coupled with the fact that the people in charge of purchasing and selling are from rich peasant families, this involves the issue of class line.The reason for the brigade cadre is: Although this person has a bad family background, he is very good at marketing and can help the team make money. This is not something that just anyone can do well.But at that time, the class line was above all else, and this reason of course cannot be established.Fortunately, the cadres of the brigade are not up to the level of those in power taking the capitalist road. They can only be regarded as a mistake of unclear class line.In addition, it has been discussed for a while whether the products on the private plots are sold on the market, and more livestock and poultry are raised for sale, etc., whether they are taking the road of capitalism.It can be seen that social enterprises and commodity economy have long appeared in the suburbs of Shanghai, but they have been suppressed in previous campaigns. The weather gradually heats up, and new troubles are encountered in life.Fengxian is located in Piye, and there are many snakes in the countryside. When we leveled the cemetery in winter, we often dug out groups of tangled white snakes. The farmer killed them, and after the stinging of stings, these reptiles were dispatched.When some students were busy sorting out the materials, the snake would swim to his side. A female student put down her pen and stood up, stepped on the snake, and screamed in fright.Once I was arranging materials on the peasant’s dining table. I raised my head to look at the window and adjusted my eyes, but saw a flower snake hanging upside down from the window frame, looking at me with its head up.I hurriedly dodged to avoid it, trying to find an iron pole to hit, but it swam away quickly, and in a blink of an eye, it swam to the water bank by the house. There are snakes in the house, and there are even more snakes in the field.I usually walk on the road and by the side of the canal, and there are often snakes in it.Sometimes when I punted with the farmers to the town, there would be snakes hanging upside down from the treetops by the water, which was very scary.Fortunately, there are farmers together, they are used to it, and they have ways to deal with it.But it is a bit dangerous when you go out to a meeting or drop by alone at night.Many of us bought Jidesheng Snake Medicine to take with us just in case. There are medicines to prevent snakes, but schistosomes are hard to prevent. Fengxian was still an area infested with schistosomiasis at that time, but the living habits of farmers were not very hygienic.It is located by the sea, and the groundwater level is very high. It should be easy to drill wells, but there are very few wells in the countryside. Even if there are a few wells, they are not used much.Each of their families has a water port. They wash vegetables, wash rice, wash clothes, and clean toilets. They all use this port. The water for cooking and washing dishes is also pumped here. If you are not careful, the dirty things in the bottom of the water will be thrown Turn up, its pollution can be imagined.In order to save firewood, the pickles they often eat are not cooked, they are only washed in the water, cut out and eaten raw, which is even more suspicious.But according to the principle of "three sames" (eating, living, and working together) when going to the countryside, we can only follow suit, and we can't propose improvements, let alone start from scratch, so we have been biting the bullet and sticking to it.After the beginning of spring, the city will carry out schistosomiasis prevention and control work here. In addition to mobilizing manpower to eliminate snails, it also mobilizes every household in each village to clean up. The washing water is separated.Since it is a leadership requirement, we can actively implement it.However, it is difficult to change the long-term habits of farmers. They always find it troublesome to dig wells.When we are here, we can also supervise it. I heard that after we left, we will soon return to the original state. Our brigade is very close to the seaside. When I transferred to Jinsiniang Bridge, the car drove along the seaside, and the scenery along the way was really intoxicating.But usually, none of us dared to go to the beach to enjoy the beautiful scenery, for fear of being criticized as petty bourgeoisie. At that time, that was something that needed to be reformed and overcome.But two days before the end, we really couldn't stand the temptation. A few teachers and students met to go to the beach to play. At first, we took a walk on the beach. Later, we simply took off our shoes and socks, walked barefoot into the sea, and relaxed. After playing for a long time, I feel quite happy.It seems that more than half a year of rural class struggle education has not changed our original life sentiment, which shows the difficulty of ideological remolding.Fortunately, we are going back to school soon, and the leaders have no time to criticize and help us.After returning to school, many people went to a new place to carry out the second phase of the "Four Cleansing" movement. incompetent secretary In the second phase of the "Four Cleanups", I was sent to the Jinxing Brigade of Luodian Commune in Baoshan County.Because of the experience of the first phase of the "Four Cleanups", and after the "Twenty-Three Articles" was issued, there were also adjustments in policies, so it was not so mysterious, and the cadres of the communes and production teams did not In an opposing position, a student and I were also arranged to have dinner with an accountant. But this time I did not leave the production team, but stayed in the brigade as a secretary. Together with a student from the department, I was responsible for sorting out materials, writing reports, and writing summaries.Jinxing Brigade is where Zheng Ziwen, deputy secretary of the Fudan Party Committee, stays. The team leader is also the director of Fudan’s principal’s office. He is a secretary himself, so he has very high requirements for materials. He has produced a lot of useful and useless materials. It is better to prepare than to use, and can't wait until the leader wants it and it is too late to prepare. After working with that classmate for a few weeks, I felt that these materials were really meaningless and could not explain the actual situation of the brigade. What we did was useless, so I suggested to the group leader that the writing of materials should also be streamlined and streamlined.But the team leader was very disapproving and still insisted on his cumbersome philosophy.At that time, we were advocating the study of Chairman Mao's works, but we studied them very seriously and connected them with reality. We felt that the war summaries and combat policies written by him were very concise and clear, without nonsense, and very practical.We also imitated his method of writing, using clichés such as "under the correct leadership of Chairman Mao, the Party Central Committee and the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, and under the guidance of the spirit of the "Twenty-Three Articles"", as well as editorials from the "People's Daily" I discarded all the general theories copied from above, and only wrote a few practical things, which can quite explain the actual situation of the brigade.But the team leader read it, frowned, and denied it. He still believed in the stylized summary report full of nonsense.We really couldn't bear it, so we excerpted a passage from the fourth volume of "Selected Works of Mao" "On the Establishment of a Reporting System" as a weapon of resistance.This quote says: All bureaus and sub-bureaus of the Central Committee are in charge of the secretary (do it yourself, no secretary will do it for you), and make a comprehensive report to the Central Committee and the Chairman of the Central Committee every two months.The content of the report includes the dynamics of military, political, land reform, party consolidation, economics, propaganda and cultural activities in the region, problems and tendencies that occurred during the activities, and solutions to these problems and tendencies.The report text shall be limited to about 1,000 words each time, and shall not exceed 2,000 words at most except in special circumstances.If you cannot write all the questions at once, write them in two.Or focus on rewriting a few questions at a time, and don't focus on rewriting the rest of the questions, but only a few strokes; another time, focus on rewriting the rest of the questions, and only add a few strokes to the ones that were rewritten last time.The content of the comprehensive report should be concise, the text should be concise, and the problem or controversy should be pointed out. ... I really appreciate the multiple meanings expressed in this quotation: one is that the secretary should write the report himself, and the secretary does not need to do it for him; Don't be mean; third, when writing a report, the content must be concise and concise, and the number of words must be specified, with a limit of 1,000 words, so that many clichés and empty words can be eliminated.We put the quote under the glass of the task force leader's desk, hoping to get his attention, if not an argument.But this expectation was in vain.Although the study of Chairman Mao's works was put at the top of every task at that time, the leaders didn't take it seriously, they just used this call as a cliché. What you do is superficial.What they value is still the requirements of their immediate superiors, and what they follow are the customary work procedures in the officialdom.Our team leader is very well-educated. After reading this quotation, he just smiled at us to show that he understood. He neither accepts opinions nor refute them. He still assigns us to do what he thinks to be done, but in fact it is useless. The writing work makes you almost helpless. Soon, Zheng Ziwen came to catch the stage summary report.For this reason, I consulted the materials of all the subordinate production teams of this brigade, and also went to each production team to conduct on-the-spot investigations, and wrote a report very carefully.But after Zheng Ziwen read it, he completely denied it, because it was not in line with the spirit of the above.I said that I wrote it according to the actual situation of the brigade after investigation and research; he said that the summary report should be written in accordance with the spirit above, and you can't just write what you see.So, according to the spirit of his superiors, he dictated an outline and asked me to rewrite it.But after I re-wrote the summary report according to his outline, he denied it again.However, Zheng Ziwen is still reasonable. He is not as arrogant as the member of the general branch when he was engaged in the small "four cleanups". Material.Zheng Ziwen said: "According to the request I made last time, your summary report is acceptable. But the situation is different now. Comrade Xiguang's stay in Xidu has summed up. We have to follow Comrade Xiguang's conclusions. Let me write this question.” I said, “The Xidu Commune where Comrade Yang Xiguang stayed is in Fengxian, and the situation is different from our Luodian, so how can we apply it?” Zheng Ziwen said impatiently: “Comrade Xiguang is We are the person in charge of the city’s “Four Cleanups” task force, what can we do if we don’t follow his spirit!” He casually threw a briefing sheet of the Shanghai Social Education Movement to me, on which was the summary report of the Xidu Commune.Of course I just follow suit.It is actually a very simple job to follow the example, but what is the use of the summary report drawn in this way, can we see the actual situation in the local area?It turns out that the situation reports and summary reports in various places are all written in this way based on the experience of the leaders staying in places. Probably my secretary is too incompetent. I can’t write well what the leaders require, but I often have to make my own decisions and write things that don’t meet the requirements. So after a few months, I was removed from the secretary position (the official name seems to be called material. member) and sent me to a remote production team.As for myself, I felt that I was a bit out of tune with this kind of "officialism", and it was difficult to adapt to the secretarial work, so I was happy to leave. The production team I went to was called Aijiazhai, but most of the residents were not surnamed Ai, probably because of historical changes.The Luodian area was the place where the Japanese soldiers attacked after they landed, and a lot of people were burned and killed, so the population changed a lot.I first lived and ate at Lao Zhu’s house, the chairman of the Poor Association. The food in his house was not bad, but the housing was tight. My bed was placed in the kitchen and living room, which was very crowded, which was very inconvenient for me and the host’s family.Soon, Lao Zhu said to me: "I see that Nong likes to read books at night, can you find a quiet place for Nong to live in?" Of course I was very happy.He said: "There is an old woman in Ni's house who has gone to live with her son in another village. She will not come back for several months. Nong can live in Yi's house and help her take care of the house." The old lady lived very well. Spacious, the two houses are divided into front and back. The front room is a large living room, but there is an empty coffin in the hall, which is her own birthday. The back room is a bedroom with a small patio in the middle. The bedroom has no door. It's very cold, no wonder others refused to live in it, so I left it for me.I knew it was an empty coffin, and I thought, if the shape was changed when it was built, wouldn't it be a big wooden box?But every night after meetings or home visits, when I passed by this coffin, I was always a little scared.At that time, I had just read Gogol's collection of novels "Evening Talks Near the Countryside by Di Kangka", one of which described a coffin flying around the wall, and I also felt that the empty coffin seemed to be flying in front of me. Yes, very scary.But after entering the bedroom, I immediately feel the benefits of living alone again. I can read freely here, and I can eat some snacks when I get hungry in the middle of the night. I am not afraid of being seen, which is also a pleasure.The second phase of the "Four Clean-ups" dragged on longer than the first phase, and it was really protracted. In fact, there was not much to do, so we could just hide here and study.But after reading it for a few months, I was transferred to another place.I don't know if the leader found out that I was studying at Aijiazhai, or it was really necessary for work, so I had no choice but to obey orders. In terms of life, Luodian is much better than Fengxian.After I went to the countryside, I often heard from farmers that there are four famous towns near Shanghai, namely: Jinluodian, Yinnanxiang, Tongjiangwan, and Tiedachang.Luodian ranks first among the four famous towns, with developed commerce and wealthy residents, it is a gold-lettered signboard.Our life is also much more convenient.Well water is used in the countryside here, and there is tap water in the town, so there will be no serious pollution, and there are no schistosomiasis in the riverside, so you can go down to the beach to take a bath in summer.When I spent the winter in Ai's house, Lao Zhu, the chairman of the Poor Association, went to the bathhouse in the town to take a bath once a week, and I followed suit. Naturally, I couldn't be regarded as divorced from the masses. We don't take a bath in winter, so we have to wait until we return to Dan when we are on vacation once a month. Although there are still regulations not to buy and eat, the enforcement is not so strict. Many people are violating the regulations. As long as they are not eating and drinking, the farmers don’t think there is anything wrong. It’s just that some cadres in the school still keep an eye on them. Take care.When I first came down, once I went to the town to do errands, and the weather was unbearably hot, so I bought a small ice cube that cost 12 cents, and ate it in a back alley. Unfortunately, I happened to be seen by a general branch member of my department passing by. I made a criticism at the meeting. In a fit of rage, I had to buy something every time I went to the street, and I had to eat on the street. Criticize again.At that time, Mr. Jiang Kongyang was also in the Jinxing Brigade, and few people interacted with him, and he was very lonely. We often smoked and chatted together, and sometimes went to restaurants together—of course we didn’t dare to order wine or food, but just ate. A bowl of vegetable noodle soup or shredded pork noodles, but I think the taste is particularly good. The rain is about to come and the wind is all over the building When we were still taking the main course of class struggle in the countryside, the main battlefield of class struggle had already shifted. On November 10, 1965, "Wen Wei Po" published Yao Wenyuan's article: "Comment on the Newly Edited Historical Drama "Hai Jui Dismissed from Office"", which opened the prelude to the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", and the situation changed drastically. At that time, we didn’t know the background of this article, but we heard Yang Xiguang say at a symposium that when this article was published, he sat in the editorial office of Wen Wei Po all night, and he knew the origin of this article after reading the big picture in person. important.At that time, Yang Xiguang was already an alternate secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, in charge of cultural, educational and health work. As a cultural and educational secretary, he worked as a night shift editor for a newspaper, which shows that this article has a lot of background. Soon, Shanghai organized professors and scholars to discuss Yao Wenyuan's article.These scholars have a sense of justice. They stick to academic norms and criticize Yao Wenyuan's misuse of historical materials in his articles, especially his allusions to historiography.Unexpectedly, the organization of this discussion above is not really for academic contention, but a pre-planned plan, sowing bait, with the intention of luring these scholars to take the bait, hoping to catch big fish.Zhou Yutong, Zhou Gucheng, Li Pingxin and others didn't know what to do, and really criticized Yao Wenyuan's article from an academic point of view, and they were immediately caught by the hook.After these scholars took the bait, the organizers were elated, and immediately published their speeches in the newspapers, and kept them for criticism. In fact, even if you are not a person who studies history, it is very far-fetched for Yao Wenyuan's article to link Hai Rui's "retirement of the land" and "redressing the injustice" with the reality of "doing it alone" and "reversing the case".But this kind of opinion can only be discussed in private among trusted friends, and no one dares to speak out in public, which can be regarded as achieving uniformity of public opinion.What's more, the surveillance on us people has become stricter, so we need to be very careful.The state of mind at that time was a bit like the persecution maniac described by Lu Xun, always maintaining a high degree of vigilance——"Otherwise, why did the Zhao family's dog look at me twice? I am so afraid." At this time, the "Four Cleanups" movement had actually come to a halt, and we were just doing some routine work. We also devoted our energy to paying attention to the development of the situation, and learned to read articles from the cracks in the words, and guess from the wording of newspaper articles. Changes in the political situation at the top.A few years ago, I saw an article written by a doctoral student of Professor Wang Yao of Peking University to mourn his supervisor. It said that Wang Yao often spent a lot of time analyzing the political situation after the end of the "Cultural Revolution" in the 1970s and 1980s. This is quite disapproving, because these young people have not experienced the hardships of previous movements, and cannot understand the mentality of people who have come from that era. At that time, several of our teachers could talk together in private, often discussing changes in the situation. For example, from the article criticizing Tian Han and Xia Yan by name, we felt that Zhou Yang was about to be picked out; The tone of the article "Liberation Army Daily" and "Guangming Daily" published on the same day by Gao Ju and He Ming, we saw Wu Han and the people behind "Sanjiacun". It seems that Peng Zhen is about to fall .Although these big figures are far away from us, the vicissitudes of the political situation are closely related to us.We have to pay full attention to the development of the situation, and the development of the situation makes us feel at a loss.What will the school do in the future?Where is the literary world going?How to teach literature and art courses?They are all directly related to our lives, which cannot but make people worry. It was also during this period that a new literary work was grandly launched, which was Jin Jingmai's novel "The Song of Ouyang Hai" describing heroes.Marshal Chen Yi, the vice-premier in charge of culture and education, also made a special speech on this, highly recommending this book, and regarded it as a new direction of revolutionary literature.I read it carefully, but I really can't see where it is good or what is new. I asked other teachers for their opinions, and they said they couldn't see the benefits.On the car back to school, a young teacher complained that it would be easy to go to the countryside to run schools in the future, as long as he brought two sets of books, one was "Selected Works of Mao" and the other was "Songs of Ouyang Hai".Because Jin Jingmai wrote this book, he rose to prominence for a while. In the early days of the "Cultural Revolution", he became the head of the literary and art group of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, but soon he was labeled a counter-revolutionary and imprisoned. At this time, new experiments were also being carried out in terms of the direction and method of running the school.Fudan University has always been the first to gain momentum and was ahead of the times. Two years earlier, it set up a worker expert Cai Zuquan as a model in the science department; Cai Zuquan was originally a glassware technician in a factory. He was appreciated by Zhou Tongqing for helping Professor Zhou Tongqing manufacture electric vacuum tubes. When Zhou Tongqing was transferred from Jiaotong University to Fudan University, he was transferred from the factory.As a technician, Cai Zuquan does have a high level of technology, and he also has the spirit of research, but after all, he lacks the cultivation of scientific theory and is subject to many restrictions in the creation of electric light sources.It is really not convincing to set him up as a role model for science teachers.However, the Fudan Party Committee has made a special tree of Cai Zuquan and advocated that all teachers and students in the school learn from Lao Cai. The purpose is to use him to suppress those "bourgeois intellectuals" and to find a way for the working class to conduct scientific research and run schools.In order to achieve this goal, a little deception has to be done.比如，有一种水银汞灯，其材料和制造法都是物理系一位教师帮他从俄文资料里翻译过来的，但却被说成是老蔡的创造。好在那时知识产权的意识不强，而且中苏交恶，不相来往，苏联人也不知道我们的研究情况，否则打起产权官司来，倒也麻烦。但在我们这里，此类事件是不足为奇的，就像后来种种工人注释小组，实际上都是知识分子在后面操作、把关，却必得由工人挂牌一样。 在“文化大革命”期间，我与老蔡有过一定接触，觉得这个人虽然很走红，待人接物倒还平和，他其实也是一个被政治所利用的角色，所以有一段时期搞得很被动。“文革”初期，他被党委推出来做校文化革命委员会主任，实际上是以他的工人身份来给党委做挡箭牌；党委靠边之后，又被造反派抬出来挂上一个什么头衔，随着运动的变化而翻来覆去。好在老蔡的人缘较好，别人也不愿为难他，又是工人阶级的模范人物，军宣队和工宣队也不好找他麻烦。而且，他毕竟有技在身，改革开放之后，还能成立一家蔡氏电光源照明公司，仍旧搞得相当红火。 在我们感到山雨欲来风满楼的时候，中文系未参加“四清”运动的一、二年级同学，已开赴青浦县，在农村建立教学基地了。 不久，我与别的几位教师也奉命从罗店提早回校，马上转到青浦去参加这个下乡办学的试点。 山湾办学 我们下乡办学的地方叫做山湾大队，属于朱家角公社。现在的朱家角，已经是旅游胜地。那高耸的石头拱桥，那古旧的青石板街，还有当年开风气之先的中西合璧的花园洋房，都吸引着许多游人，每当节假日，熙熙攘攘，热闹非凡。但在当时，却是一个寂寞的小镇。复旦之所以选在那附近办学，大概就因其偏僻之故。 1966年初的下乡办学，为的是要落实刘少奇关于两种教育制度的指示，打算于传统的常规学制之外，另外开创一条开门办学的路子，突出教学的实践性与应用性，强调教育的政治性与阶级性，——这也就是1958年提出来的教育必须为无产阶级政治服务，教育必须与劳动生产相结合方针的落实。 大凡有此类新举措时，北京大学和复旦大学照例是试点单位。北大是历史系在京郊搞了个教学点，复旦则抽调中文系一、二年级学生在沪郊进行办学。后来又增加了南京大学一个农村教学点，也不知是高教部主动增设的，还是南大自己争取的，但学生们似乎并不情愿，到了“文化大革命”开始时，学生们为了要求回校，就给匡亚明校长大贴大字报，那是后话。 复旦中文系一、二年级同学是1966年春节之后下去的，此时，复旦党委派副书记郑子文来兼任中文系总支书记，直接督阵，又从机关总支调来干员孙保太担任中文系总支常务副书记，下乡坐镇，而且还从哲学系、国政系、外文系和本系抽调了好些教师下去，计有李继宗、余源培、陈玉清、郁明亮、章培恒、翁世荣、吴欢章等，具有相当实力。 我从罗店“四清”工作队中调过去时，已经是五月初了。我在下乡搞“四清”之前，曾经教过现在这班二年级学生的课，——那时他们还是一年级新生，与我关系相当不错，但此次重见，却显得相当隔阂了。略住几天，我就悟到，这并非时间的暌隔使然，乃是形势变化之故。教师之中，仍有处于指导地位的，如政治指导员之类，而另一些，则处于被指导的地位，我自然是其中之一，而且还被列入另册，四周都是警惕的眼光，令人很不舒服。所以当时的心态是力求避祸，岂敢教人。 既然要开创办学新路，原来的教材当然是不适用的了，课程体系也要改变。基础课程大量压缩，教学方法也有所不同。比如写作课，写作的基础知识自然不宜于多讲，写作教师就带着学生到农家采访，准备编写社史、村史、家史，写的文章也要请农民一起来评阅，将农民请到课堂上来；文艺理论课也不讲文学的基础理论和基本常识了，而是根据上面布置下来的“战斗任务”，写“战斗文章”，如批判“中间人物论”和“现实主义深化论”之类；现代文学课则批判电影、《不夜城》、《舞台姐妹》、《早春二月》等；连外语教学也不能用原来的教材，而要强调政治性、应用性。 听说在我调去之前，他们还上过一些课，虽然不多；但自我去后，除了政治课之外，就不见他们再上别的课了。一则农忙时节已到，劳动时间加多，同时又开始建造校舍了，也得自己动手；再则，“战斗任务”也日见其多，劳动之外，大家就忙着按上面布置下来的批判专题，来写一些鼓噪式的小文章，或为上面拟订的批判计划，准备一些资料。当时正处于批判高潮之中，“战斗任务”自然很多，有时还要保密，弄得神秘兮兮的。但因为大家都住在农民家里，农家的习惯，大白天是不作兴关门的，决没有朱永嘉为姚文元准备批判《海瑞罢官》资料的那种保密条件，所以他们在搞些什么，一望便知。记得有一次，看见有几位同学忽然看起朱东润先生的《张居正大传》来了，这自然是为了批判朱老作准备。果然，“文革”初期复旦党委抛出来批判的十大“反动学术权威”中，就有朱东润先生在内，而撰写《张居正大传》，即是他的罪状之一。 这种学习方式，对于提高学生的文化水平来说，自然会造成很大的缺陷，但那时领导上认为，文化知识是次要的，主要是应提高学生的战斗能力，说这样做是培养战士的方法。而且说，培养战士还是培养院士，应提高到两种教育路线斗争的高度来看，这就使人无话可说了。 但即使要培养文化战士，在农村里也极其不便。信息闭塞，尚在其次，因为所有的战斗任务都是上面布置下来的，用不到自己去寻找和发现；而资料的欠缺，却使巧妇难为无米之炊。不过领导上却有自己的说法：资料愈少，束缚也愈少，可以在生产劳动中找立场，应该向贫下中农寻观点。这类政治性很强的话语，还要教师出来附和，实在是很使人为难，虽然学生心里未必信服，却也不敢公然反对。同时，四周的环境不利于学习，也是眼前的事实。当时大家都还住在农民的客厅里，白天农民下地干活，家里虽然比较安静，但学生也不能老是上课看书，总得安排相当的时间来劳动，晚上是休息时间，农民们热情好客，常抱着孩子来串门，如果不理不睬，只顾自己学习，则不但有脱离群众之嫌，而且也很得罪人。但没有相当的时间，是完不成战斗任务的，这很使学生们苦恼。我因为去得迟，住房条件就更差了，被安顿在村边的一间仓库里，隔壁是屠宰房，每天凌晨都要在这里杀一两口猪，那种凄厉的尖叫声实在刺耳，每次都将我从睡梦中惊醒。好在我那时睡眠状况极佳，在被猪的尖叫声吵醒之后不久，当四周复归于宁静时，仍能迅速入睡，还不至于影响白天的工作。大概同学们因这种苦恼而反映得太多了，领导上就安慰他们说，等我们自己的房子造好之后，就可以隔开一些了。可见他们自己也在无形中承认：在生活上与农民太打成一片了，是不利于学习的。 的确，我到山湾时，中文系就已经开始在离村不远处动工造房子了。当时系里没有安排我的教学任务，领导上大概想多用劳动来改造我这个“走白专道路”的知识分子，所以我的大部分时间都在建筑工地上度过。那时正在提倡工业学大庆、农业学大寨，大庆的房子因陋就简，是干打垒式的，我们领导上说，下乡办学，物质条件不宜太好，要学习大庆精神，所以也准备用干打垒的方式来造房。所谓干打垒者，即造房不用烧砖，全用干土打垒而成。这种方式在北方还可以行得通，因为那边雨水稀少，而且土质坚硬，打得结实一些，自然可以支持很久。但是江南多雨，土质松软，要靠干打垒来造房，怕是支持不了多久。这一点，中文系领导和基建处的工程师自然心里明白，但学不学大庆，是个原则问题、方向问题，这就令人十分为难了。好在孙保太极其聪明，他脑子一动，终于想出了一个折中方案，即用砖头和干打垒相间而成，向上汇报时可以说是学习了大庆经验，用的是干打垒方法，实际上则在紧要处嵌了砖头，又不至于很快倒塌。也真难为他想出这条妙计。记得当年有些地方上的领导人，为了积极响应农业学大寨的号召，在没有现实必要性的地方，硬要到处开荒，到处垒梯田，其智商与保太同志就差得远甚了。 但是，房子还未及封顶，“无产阶级文化大革命”就开始了。6月1日，《人民日报》发表社论《横扫一切牛鬼蛇神》；2日，又发表了北京大学聂元梓等人的大字报，并配发评论文章《欢呼一张革命大字报》，气氛一下子就异常紧张起来。开始，孙保太还算沉得住气，一面鼓动学生贴教师的大字报，一面还高姿态地表示，欢迎对系总支和他本人提意见。但当6月20日学生贴出了《向党委开火》的大字报，他就有点慌了手脚。开始还想利用手中的权力来控制局面，压住学生，后来很快就处于被动状态。 同学们还利用大字报的形式，纷纷要求回校参加“无产阶级文化大革命”运动，并把这种要求说得非常重要。校系领导试图劝说同学留在农村闹革命，当然不能为同学所接受，到得6月下旬，实在顶不住了，只好全部撤回学校参加运动。可见学生们对于这种下乡办学的方式，其实也并不热情，而且心有抵触，只是迫于形势，不敢公然反对罢了。现在是有了更大的政治题目，可以借此来进行反驳，别人这才无话可说，而他们自己也就撑握住了政治上的主动权。这是一种极其巧妙地借助于政治形势来达到自己目的的做法，虽然当事人也未必有非常清晰的谋略意识，但此种做法其实倒是我们生活中的一种常情。明乎此，才不至于看事过于懵懂。 那批尚未完工的房子，起先还留人看守着，准备运动结束之后回来续建。后来运动的发展大大出乎人们的意料之外，愈来愈猛烈，而且愈拖愈长久，复旦校方和中文系的领导知道不可能再回去办学了，就把这些房子送给当地公社。听说朱家角公社曾在此办过一家社办工厂，后来就不知派何用场了。 我每到朱家角游览时，总想要到山湾去看看这些房子，这里毕竟流过我们的汗水，消磨过我们的岁月，但因为都是集体行动，终于未能如愿。