Chapter 6 The second part of the leap forward years

The Great Leap Forward started from the agricultural front in 1958, but it soon led to all walks of life, and a comprehensive leap forward appeared; and the time was not limited to 1958, and there was a "continuing leap forward", especially the Lushan Mountain in 1959. After Peng Dehuai's "Right Opportunism" was criticized at the meeting, it continued to jump on and off. It was not until the occurrence of the general famine in 1960 that it was forced to stop and turned to the stage of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment, and improvement". Fudan University Leap Forward Conference site.The Great Leap Forward started in the countryside, and soon spread to all walks of life across the country, and the cultural and educational front naturally cannot lag behind.Mobilization and swearing-in at the Leap Forward Conference, the heat was extremely high, and after the meeting, they began to fight hard all night.

Fudan University is a key university and an advanced unit. During the Great Leap Forward era, it took the lead and often made some inventions, which affected the cultural and educational fronts all over the country.Although the past has only been for more than forty years, people have long forgotten it.However, history is unavoidable. If you are unwilling to seriously summarize it, it will inevitably become a kind of inertia and affect today's actions.Instead of letting history influence reality, it is better to have a positive understanding of it. Red School Debate and Digging Deep into Individualism

Slogans such as "Break the word and stand in it" and "Great criticism opens the way" were formally put forward during the "Cultural Revolution", but in fact they have been practiced for a long time.The Great Leap Forward movement across the country opened the way by criticizing the "anti-rash advance" ideology. The Great Leap Forward movement in rural areas cleared obstacles by pulling out white flags. In order to carry out the Great Leap Forward Movement in colleges and universities, in addition to pulling out a few white flags, they also comprehensively carried out the Red Specialist Movement. Great debates, digging deep into individualistic thoughts, and making preparations more fully and thoroughly.

In fact, the anti-rightist movement itself is a kind of road clearing work.As soon as Zhou Yang's "A Great Debate on the Frontier of Literature and Art" was published, the supporters came out and praised: the foundation has been cleared, the road has been opened, and thousands of troops in literature and art can gallop freely. However, as a political movement, it must concentrate its efforts on attacking key targets, and it is impossible to spread it across the board.After the anti-rightist movement won a decisive victory, the work of comprehensively digging into individualism began.

In the second half of 1957, Fudan organized young and middle-aged teachers to hold a big debate in the Red College, with the purpose of liquidating the purely professional views among teachers.Because from the perspective of leaders, this business-oriented view is bourgeois individualism.However, teachers are originally engaged in cultural and scientific professional work, and their business is not good, so why teach people?This level of meaning, no matter what, is always incomprehensible.However, in view of the experience of the Anti-Rightist Movement, everyone dare not speak clearly. Only a teacher named Xu in the Department of Mathematics, because he won a mathematics award, participated in the National Youth Activist Conference in 1956, and has some political capital, He said that university teachers must first do a good job in their professional work, and they should become top-notch talents professionally. Otherwise, they will not be able to talk about serving socialist construction; Possibly spending too much time doing political work.This theory was very popular with the teachers, but unexpectedly, it was criticized by a political teacher as a centrist view—fortunately, it was not regarded as a rightist view.According to this leftist teacher, teachers should be politically popular first, and professional knowledge second.But he never explained how a lack of expertise could serve socialism.In 1958, there was also a great debate on the Red College among the students. I heard that the debate was very heated, and of course the "red" faction had the upper hand.

I have participated in three or four such red college debates. Although I know that the correct conclusion should be both red and expert, I still can't figure out what the connotation of "red" is.Some people say that as long as you support the Communist Party and socialism, you are "red", but leftists think that this is only the basic principle of socialist citizens, and it is not enough to be "red". Even Vice Premier Chen Yi said that pilots first need skills If you are too strong, politically, as long as you don't fly to Taiwan, you will be fine, and it will not be recognized.Some people say that "red" means more participation in political work and social work, and one should not be afraid that work will delay business study. This statement is naturally targeted. The teachers in our department were extremely unwilling to take up administrative work at that time, for fear of affecting business.But political work and social work are assigned by the leadership, not anyone who wants to participate can participate, so where does the autonomy come from?

Although I really wanted to be both popular and professional, I was always considered a professional but not popular person, and I was quite depressed at the time.Later, a senior said something heartfelt to me in private. He said: "Your problem is that you like writing articles too much. If you publish too many articles, it will naturally attract people's envy; of course, if you don't write articles, you will be looked down upon. You Look at me, after I have published two articles, I will not publish them again, so that others will not dare to say that I can’t write articles, and I will not attract too much attention, and I have been safe and sound.” This is experience, very There is some truth to this.But a leader came to talk to me and said: "Writing articles is not necessarily a vain way, it depends on how to write." After he talked about the truth in a cloud, he concluded: "We can cooperate to write articles." I know his experience of collaborating with others, that is, he has an idea, someone else writes, and then he signs the name of the first author.I didn't like to do this, so I rejected it on the spot, so I became a typical example of the Baizhuan way and was criticized.This is something.

I don't know whether the debate on the relationship between the Red College and the Chinese Academy of Sciences had the desired effect, but soon the double-reverse campaign was launched, and it directly turned to the criticism of bourgeois individualism. "People's Daily" published an editorial on April 13, 1958: "Stinking Bourgeois Individualism". On May 8, the newspaper published an article by Feng Ding, a famous party theorist: "Intellectuals in the Great Leap Forward", which pointed out: "The most common manifestation of individualism is the thought of fame and fortune. Among the intellectuals, it is both deep and penetrating, and it is really to the bone.” This made the point of attack very clear.

In order to dig deep into the root of individualism, another climax of posting big-character posters was set off.Fudan once stipulated that each person had to paste one hundred sheets per day to complete the task. Everyone had to cut the big-character newspapers into small ones, one by two, two by four, four by eight... Finally, the big-character posters became small-character posters.Not only is it plastered all over the corridor, but it is also plastered all over the bedroom, even on the bed frame and bookcase.This time it is not helping the Communist Party to rectify the movement, but a mass self-rectification and "confession to the Party", that is, mutual criticism between teachers and classmates, students' criticism of teachers, and individual self-criticism. Self-criticism is called "self-portrait", that is, to draw an ugly image of oneself.The content is mainly to dig deep into the idea of ​​becoming famous and getting married and the concept of fame and fortune, besides the phenomenon of hedonism and love and romance.Although falling in love was not illegal at the time, and many leftists were also pursuing girls, but when girls fell in love with others, they were considered petty bourgeois and lost their revolutionary fighting spirit. Therefore, there was a girl who was very revolutionary. She had made an appointment before, but when her boyfriend came to find her, she pretended to be very busy at work and left him alone.At that time, I was still working in Fengxi Township, so I escaped the movement, but Gao Yun was criticized for falling in love, and he also made self-criticism and painted a self-portrait, which of course involved me.Fortunately, almost everyone passed the test at that time, so it didn't stand out.There was a boy with the word "Buddha" pasted on his bed, which was a typical example of escaping from the revolution; a girl had a biscuit jar next to her pillow, and sometimes ate small snacks, which was a manifestation of hedonism, and they were all posted on big-character posters.In short, there was no personal space at all at that time. Everyone observed others with a magnifying glass, and at the same time, they were forced to expose themselves, competing to get online, trying to uglify themselves and others. This is called "self-burning" and " Mutual burning" in order to stink and burn individualistic thoughts.Fudan's approach was praised by its superiors, and the "People's Daily" also reported that Fudan University held a self-portrait exhibition criticizing bourgeois individualism.

Smearing "bourgeois individualism" and severely criticizing the "idea of ​​fame and fortune" among intellectuals is to deprive intellectuals of their last bit of capital - the capital of professional expertise, cut off the way for young students to develop in this area, and make intellectuals The income obtained by mental labor is higher than that of manual labor, which is said to be a legal and unreasonable "bourgeois legal right".Mao Zedong was considering abolishing the wage system and restoring the supply system.It was against this background that Zhang Chunqiao's article "Abolishing the Legal Thoughts of the Bourgeoisie" came out.This article won the appreciation of Mao Zedong, and after it was reprinted in the "People's Daily", it had a nationwide influence, and Zhang Chunqiao began to flourish from then on.It was also at this time that some old activists in the literary and art circles put forward the request to reduce the manuscript fee, lowered the originally low manuscript fee standard by a lot, and abolished the royalty system.Yao Wenyuan also criticized Fu Lei as a fierce fighter who asked for royalties, while Fu Lei was a freelance translator who lived on royalties without salary.

The most incomprehensible thing is that colleges and universities should train all kinds of experts, and the training directions set by each department also have regulations for training specialized talents in their own disciplines, and the construction of the country also needs all kinds of experts. The thought of forming a family means no longer cultivating experts, let alone famous ones. Doesn’t this contradict the purpose of running a school? After the Anti-Rightist Movement, there were many debates on the issue of red colleges, constantly criticizing the path of white colleges, and asking teachers and students to establish the idea of ​​being both red and college students.The picture shows Fudan professors are drawing up plans for the Red College. Probably in order to resolve this apparent contradiction, the issue of training direction was then rediscussed.I don't know how to adjust other departments. In our Chinese department, after repeated discussions, we proposed a plan to run the department in the spirit of running a party school.That is to say, the Chinese Department no longer trains professionals in language and literature, but trains party and government cadres who can actively implement the various policies and tasks of the Communist Party.This plan has been affirmed by the school party committee, and the Chinese Department has also become an advanced unit, introducing the experience to the whole school. To adapt to the new situation, corresponding adjustments have been made in the curriculum.For example, "Introduction to Literature" was considered to be too focused on introducing basic knowledge of literary theory, and was not very political, so it was replaced by two courses, "Mao Zedong's Literary Thought" and "Criticism of Revisionist Literary Thought". Published a book "On Revisionist Literary and Art Thoughts" that criticized many right-wing and quasi-right writers. Criticizing revisionist literary and artistic thoughts is an extremely fashionable topic.At the same time, the two majors of language and literature also selected their own targets to criticize bourgeois academic thought.At the beginning, the target of the criticism of the linguistics major was Mr. Zhang Shilu, who said that what he promoted was the bourgeois linguistic thought of Gao Benhan.The literature major chose Mr. Liu Dajie, and focused on criticizing his "History of Chinese Literature Development", and published a collection of essays specifically criticizing this book.Later, in the field of literature, Mr. Jiang Kongyang was added, saying that he had a view of literature and art that transcended class and was a revisionist literary thought.In the spring and summer of 1960, at the 49-day conference on criticizing bourgeois literary and artistic thought planned by the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and hosted by the Shanghai Branch of the Chinese Writers Association, Mr. Jiang Kongyang was criticized as one of the three major points—the other The two key targets of criticism are Mr. Qian Gurong from East China Normal University and Mr. Ren Jun from Shanghai Normal University. It was not until the period of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment, and improvement" in 1961 that the general party branch of the Chinese Department was ordered to apologize to the three critics, and readjust the training plan of the Chinese Department to be close to the original track.In other words, instead of running departments in the spirit of running a party school, it is still necessary to train professionals.However, after the anti-dumping movement, after key criticisms, and the situation was repeated shortly afterwards, the Chinese Department introduced new typical characters of the Baizhuan path to criticize. How can we not teach people to be vigilant!As a result, many young teachers are afraid to do business in a down-to-earth manner, let alone write academic papers. Some even take few classes and are busy with social work all day long in order to paint themselves red.After the "Cultural Revolution" ended, once the work of the school turned to teaching and scientific research, some people could not keep up with the situation, because business knowledge cannot be replenished at once, and academic papers cannot be written immediately. while others, in desperation, use the labor of others to boost their own academic status. The latecomers often criticize the professional level of this generation. In fact, this is the product of the cultural policy of a specific period, and of course it is also related to the selection criteria at that time. one day equals twenty years There were so many various activities during the Great Leap Forward period, one task after another, not only unimaginable for younger generations, but also difficult for us who have experienced it to describe them one by one. Steelmaking and ironmaking were originally the work of steel factories, but now they have become the tasks of the whole people.Because Mao Zedong met with the Soviet Union at the Moscow Representative Conference of the Communist Party of Socialist Countries and the Workers’ Party in November 1957, he proposed the task of surpassing Britain and catching up with the United States, that is, within 15 years, China will surpass Britain, and the Soviet Union will catch up with the United States. , the socialist camp can defeat the capitalist camp——Later, Mao Zedong thought: "It may not take 15 years for China to catch up with Britain, but it may only take 10 or 11 years." "We will catch up with the United States in 20 years." " But when Yang Xiguang conveyed it at the Fudan Party Congress, he said: "It is not 10 years or 8 years to catch up with the United Kingdom, but 5 years! It is not more than ten years to catch up with the United States, but 8 years. year!" Of course, this is not Yang Xiguang's own creation, and it must have been conveyed from above.Because soon Mao Zedong commented in Bo Yibo's report: "Beyond the United Kingdom, it is not 15 years, nor 7 years, it only takes two to three years, and two years is possible." It can be seen that the policymakers' estimation of the economic situation is Very optimistic, so the plan indicators are mentioned again and again. At that time, the leaders of the central government thought that surpassing Britain and catching up with the United States was to surpass them in steel production, so they called on the whole party and the people to use their utmost efforts to increase steel production. In 1957, my country's steel output was 5.35 million tons. In 1958, the production target was 10.7 million tons, which doubled. Mao Zedong hoped that the steel output in 1959 would reach 25 million tons, which would double again.To achieve such a high target, the original equipment is of course not enough, so the masses were mobilized and a nationwide steel-making movement was launched.Not only steel factories have to make steel, but also small blast furnaces are built in government agencies, schools, and rural areas to make steel.Naturally, Fudan University is no exception. Small blast furnaces are also built on campus, and the flames are not extinguished day and night.What if there are no raw materials?So I mobilized my classmates to pick up scrap iron everywhere, which is called industrial drought resistance.The students of the Department of Foreign Languages ​​went all the way to Jiangwan Airport, and dug out a car shell discarded when the Kuomintang army retreated from the ruins. They were overjoyed.But there are not many such opportunities after all, and most of the picked items are small pieces.Moreover, the scrap iron around the school was limited, and they were picked up within a few days, so all kinds of detachable iron utensils were dismantled to make raw materials, all the way to the iron gate in front of Principal Chen Wangdao's house.History students also went to the railway behind the school to remove a spare section of track.As for the finished product, even the original iron gate cannot be made, let alone the rails.At this time, the purpose of large-scale iron and steel smelting is gone. It is just to complete the target and complete the target. As for the quality of the smelted steel and whether it is useful, it does not matter.In fact, this is also an old problem of our production statistics: only output is counted, regardless of sales, which completely violates the viewpoint of linking production and circulation in Marx's political economy. But at that time, there was another saying, which was: not just economic accounts, but political accounts.It is obvious that the large-scale iron and steel smelting is not worth the gain economically. Anyone can see this without having to wait for Peng Dehuai to point it out. However, the leaders think that mobilizing the masses is the biggest achievement, and losing billions of dollars is just paying tuition fees. That's all.Mao Zedong most admired the enthusiasm of the masses, saying that the more people discuss, the more enthusiasm there is, so no matter what you do, you must engage in mass movements.The all-people chasing sparrows is a mass movement. Although a lot of manpower was used and few sparrows were killed, the momentum for eradicating the four evils was built.Later, although some scientists rectified the name of the sparrow, removed it from the list of the four pests, and no longer encircled and suppressed it, but the tactics of crowding out the other four pests were still used.I still remember the scene of mosquito eradication in the whole school in the summer of 1959: every dusk, everyone put a layer of soapy water in the washbasin, and then went to the bushes, lawn, house corners and other places where mosquitoes haunted, and after a while, they were all gone. The bottom of the basin was stained, so I reapplied and splashed again, and the effect was really good.Mosquito extermination is of course a good thing, but why did we use so much manpower instead of spraying it with water? At that time, I thought it was a waste of time. In hindsight, I probably still had to mobilize the masses and create an atmosphere of leap forward! If there is an atmosphere of leap forward, it is impossible to follow the routine, let alone make it deserted.The leaders have repeatedly emphasized that the general line of "go all out, strive for the top, and build socialism more, faster, better and more economically". The soul of "more, faster, better, and less" is the word "fast". When Marx described the communist society, he said: "One day is equal to twenty years", so he took this sentence as a slogan for action and resounded all over the country. Since it is necessary to be fast, everything should be fast, even sports performance is no exception.At that time, a kind of labor and health system was implemented for physical training, referred to as the labor and health system. There were high targets for various sports performances.But at that time, each class had to pass it within a time limit, and of course many extraordinary measures had to be taken.For example, when learning to drive a motorcycle, one must first know how to ride a bicycle, be able to balance the body on a two-wheeled vehicle, and then master the performance of the motorcycle, and learn to drive slowly. However, it takes too long to learn step by step and does not conform to the spirit of leaping forward , So some people who don't know how to ride a bicycle just stepped on the motorcycle and galloped up, and hit the basketball pillar all of a sudden, not to mention that their heads were broken, and some people even knocked out their front teeth. Riding to school in the stadium is even more dangerous if you ride on the road.There are also new measures for running 100 meters: pull those who are not good at running to the bridge head and run down, using the momentum of the slope to increase the speed. They eat, and it is said that eating pig tails can help increase speed——so a cartoon appeared at the entrance of the big cafeteria, drawing Zhu Bajie facing a group of pigs without tails, and accompanied by a dialogue, Zhu Bajie asked: "Children, Where did your tails go?" The group of pigs replied, "It went to the cafeteria of Fudan University." But some people also suggested that the pig tails were always served because someone in the catering department was corrupt and used cheap pig tails as meat. Here comes the supply.The school also investigated this for a while, and later sent a transfer student from the Chinese Department to be the head of the catering department. Of course, these are not the main achievements of Fudan.The leaders of Fudan University understand very well that, just as agriculture must focus on food production and industry must focus on steel production, education must also have its own major achievements in order to stand firm. This is teaching and scientific research.And Fudan has jumped to the leading position in the country in these two aspects. Before 1957, the teaching work at Fudan University had always been dominated by old professors, supplemented by middle-aged teachers. Take the 53rd grade of our Chinese Department as an example, the teachers of the professional courses were: Introduction to Literature and Art - Lecturer Jiang Kongyang; ——Professor Wu Wenqi; Selected works of modern literature——Lecturer Bao Zhenghu and professors Yu Shangyuan and Fang Lingru; Ancient Chinese——Professors Zhang Shilu and Zheng Quanzhong; Modern Chinese——Professor Le Sibing and lecturer Hu Yushu; writing practice——Pu Zhizhen, Wang Yunxi, Lecturer Du Yuecun; History of Literature in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties—Professor Jiang Tianshu; History of Literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties—Professors Liu Dajie and Wang Xinfu; History of Literature in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties—Professors Zhu Dongrun and Zhao Jingshen; History of Chinese Literary Criticism—Professor Guo Shaoyu; History of Chinese——Professor Wu Wenqi; Russian and Soviet Literature——Professor Jia Zhifang, the former teacher was arrested for the Hu Feng case, and professor Yang Lie from the Department of Foreign Languages ​​was invited to teach; Western Literature——Professor Wu Lifu from the Department of Foreign Languages; History of Modern Chinese Literature—this course Due to being in the fourth grade, the original teachers had a great change in personnel. In addition to the arrest of Professor Jia Zhifang, Professor Yu Shangyuan was also arrested for the case of Pan Hannian and Yang Fan. Professor Fang Lingru was busy attending various meetings, and Associate Professor Bao Zhenghu was arrested. Sent to Egypt and the Soviet Union to give lectures, there was no one to attend the class for a while, so two professors Xu Jie and Xu Zhongyu from East China Normal University were invited to give two lectures each.In the course of these four years, except for the history of modern Chinese literature, which is not systematically taught, there is a slight lack. Generally speaking, the teaching staff is quite strong.But in 1958, with the launch of the movement to pull the white flag, many old professors were laid off, and young teachers were on the front line. There was a strict set of procedures for the young teachers in Fudan University to go to the lecture hall: first, they would tutor the old teachers for a few years, then write the lectures, and the lecturers would review them, and then they would give some lectures. Classes are held independently.As far as job titles are concerned, lecturers are always needed to give lectures. As the name suggests, they are the teachers who give lectures.This set of procedures was originally set up to ensure the quality of teaching, but in the era of the Great Leap Forward, it was a way to reduce the cost of delays, and a breakthrough must be made.So at that time, without giving a little preparation time, a group of young teachers—many of whom were teaching assistants—were pushed onto the podium at once, and the euphemistic name was: learn by doing, grow in battle.And this practice is also introduced to the outside world as a kind of experience in training young teachers. I don't know how other young teachers felt, but I was very embarrassed myself. Probably because I was not popular (the white road hat was not given to me at the time), I spent a lot of time exercising in the countryside.Many science teachers were transferred after only half a year, and most of the liberal arts teachers were only transferred for one year. I worked in the countryside for nearly a year and a half before being transferred back to the Chinese department.After I came back, the head of the department informed me that a new teaching and research section of literature and art theory had been established in the department, and my list had been assigned to this teaching and research section.I stayed as a modern literature teaching assistant, and I was not interested in literary theory, but at that time, everything had to be subject to organizational arrangements, and I could not talk about my personal interests, and there was no room for bargaining, so I had to obey.And when I hadn't adjusted my feelings, the head of the department informed me that I would teach "Introduction to Literature" to the students of the Department of Foreign Languages. Although I felt very difficult, I had no choice but to obey.I made a little request: to give some lesson preparation time, but I couldn't get it. Speaking of it, young people nowadays can hardly imagine that we were holding meetings or writing posters almost every day, three shifts in the morning, noon and evening, and there was no shortage in one shift.During the meeting, everyone takes turns to speak, and no one is missing.Of course it is impossible not to speak, too short a speech is also a problem with attitude, so everyone has practiced a long-winded stereotyped accent, and can make long-winded speeches without borders.A senior fell asleep when he heard it. The team leader suddenly called his name and asked him to speak. He opened his sleepy eyes and could talk for half an hour without going off topic, because there were many clichés. It can be used at any meeting.This kind of meeting is of course meaningless. Talking is tantamount to not speaking, and listening is tantamount to not listening, but it is impossible not to attend.Even if there is a class the next day, they cannot go home to prepare lessons. At most, they can only be allowed to leave early in the evening and go home to prepare lessons after having an overnight snack.At this time, it was almost midnight, and my body was already exhausted. Where could I seriously prepare for the lesson, I had to piece together a lecture outline and play it on the spot in class the next day.Fortunately, the students were also very tired at that time, and some of them were still dozing off in class. They didn't understand what I was talking about, and everyone was confused.Later, I taught two classes in the journalism department. It was not until 1961 when I came back to teach the "Introduction to Literature" in this department that I had time to sit down and prepare lessons carefully and write lectures in detail, because at this time the implementation of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment, and improvement" had already begun. "In line with the policy, the number of meetings has been reduced. I am probably not the only one who rushed into battle like this.Those who have just graduated and temporarily changed their subject direction—such as a classical literature graduate student temporarily changing to a modern literature teaching assistant, probably will not be more calm than me.Therefore, some classes are taught by several teachers, which is called partnership to carry the sedan chair. As for those old teachers who were kicked out, although most of them returned to the podium one after another, they were no longer as grand as they were before 1957. This was a great loss to teaching.High salaries (relatively speaking) support a group of teachers, but they are not allowed to take classes properly. I really don’t know which economics it is! However, the leaders at the time believed that this was the seizure of the educational positions occupied by bourgeois intellectuals, and it was a great victory for the proletarian education line. At that time, 1949 was used as the boundary to divide the group of intellectuals. Those who graduated before 1949 were intellectuals cultivated by the old society, and those who graduated after 1949 were new intellectuals cultivated by the Communist Party itself.So we were still regarded as a new force, and we were valued for a while.Although many people were soon criticized as those who took the white road, after the "Cultural Revolution" began, all the college students trained in the 17 years from 1949 to 1966 became intellectuals of the revisionist line, and Turned into an alien force. During the Great Leap Forward period, this kind of seizure of work was also manifested in the field of scientific research. In 1958, Guo Moruo published a bold statement in the "People's Daily", saying that the central government proposed that my country should surpass the United Kingdom in steel production and other aspects within 15 years, and his historical research should not be too long. He also surpassed Chen Yinke in the possession of materials, which is called "doing my part to the teacher". Guo Moruo has always been a person who keeps up with the situation. His words are undoubtedly a signal that the cultural and educational circles will also make a great leap forward in scientific research like steel production, and will challenge the "bourgeois academic authority". Sure enough, the young generals moved upon hearing the news.After criticizing the teacher's bourgeois academic works, they began to write academic works guided by proletarian ideology by themselves to occupy positions in the academic circles. The Chinese Department of Peking University is the leader in the country's liberal arts. They organized students in the 55th grade to collectively compile a set of red book "History of Chinese Literature". students' confidence.Naturally, Fudan University was not to be outdone, and immediately organized students to write a yellow book "History of Chinese Literature", which also had a great impact.Moreover, the Fudan Chinese Department still has the momentum of catching up from behind, because it is not satisfied with a single book, but has developed a series of textbooks supporting Jackie Chan.In addition to "History of Chinese Literature", there are also "Manuscripts of the History of Modern Chinese Literature", "History of Modern Chinese Literature", "History of the Struggle of Modern Chinese Literary and Art Thoughts", etc.Because this was a new thing during the Great Leap Forward period, and it also showed the power of revolution, the leaders strongly encouraged it, and the publishing house also supported it. Not long after the "History of Modern Chinese Literature" was compiled, Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House sent three An editor stationed in Fudan, directly involved in the editing work.This is also unconventional in editorial history. But things in China often depend on the situation.By the time the "History of Modern Chinese Literature" was finished, the Great Leap Forward had ebbed. The enthusiasm of the editors was criticized by their superiors, and their minds calmed down. As a result, only the first volume of this book was published, and it was still published internally.And the few books that were compiled later, such as "Introduction to Literature" and "Critical Biography of Lu Xun" that I participated in, could not be published at all. The main force of the writing group of "Introduction to Literature" is the students of the 57th grade. After the outline is determined, everyone writes separately. After a few weeks, they write the first draft, discuss it, and revise it. Everyone is very nervous. During a discussion, Jin Zixin The classmate suddenly passed out on the ground, which shocked everyone, but he soon regained consciousness, saying that he was not sick due to his exhaustion and lack of sleep.This shows how high the spirit of leap forward was at that time.But when this book was finalized, the work of compiling textbooks had already started, so of course this book could not be published.The department leader asked me to send the manuscript to the Shanghai Branch of the Writers Association with Gu Xien, a classmate of the 57th grade, and hand it over to the writing group of "Basic Principles of Literature" as the result of the preliminary work.But later when the book was published, this matter was not mentioned at all. I probably felt that the quality of our manuscript was too poor to be worth mentioning at all. "Lu Xun's Commentary and Biography" is a project of the modern literature group, under the guidance of Mr. Bao Zhenggu, who valued it and seconded me as a tutor.The participants are 56 students.The preparations for this book have been relatively well done. Mr. Bao also sent two classmates, Wang Jiquan and Sheng Zhongjian, to Beijing to conduct investigations and visits. Zhou Jianren, Xu Guangping, Sun Fuyuan, Chang Hui, Qian Daosun, Feng Xuefeng, Xu Qinwen, Zhang Chuandao, Tang Tao, and more than a dozen relatives and insiders studied the original work under the guidance of Mr. Bao, discussed the outline, and then changed it several times. The manuscript was written.At the time, it seemed that the writing was serious, but it was a pity that the timing was missed and it was not published. Several books that have been published are actually not completely written by students, and some teachers participated. The "Manuscript of Modern Chinese Literature History" was compiled by Mr. Bao Zhenggu, who contributed his years of research results and guided his classmates. Young people were also invited to Teacher Zhang Peiheng joined the work.Because students and collectives were being encouraged to compile books at that time, the teachers' names were not mentioned. The works of the Great Leap Forward period were not only very revolutionary in content, but also broke through the conventions in writing methods and created their own characteristics: First, organize students to write books to break the mystery of books. In the past, books were written only after years of accumulation and expertise, but during the Great Leap Forward period, all conventions had to be broken. At that time, it was also believed that many bourgeois intellectuals could not be defeated and criticized because they had professional expertise. It is also the capital they have to fight against the Communist Party and bargain with the Party. They must be deprived of it before they can be completely reformed.Now to organize some beginners or those who have not studied the subject to write books is a revolutionary action to occupy the ground. Second, advocate collective writing and organize large corps to fight. Knowledge should be the result of deep research, and writing is the crystallization of individual labor. However, at that time, it was believed that individual writing was a manifestation of individualistic fame and fortune, while collective writing could cultivate the spirit of collectivism, so I always organized writing groups to write collectively , Several people are responsible for a chapter, and many people work separately. This is called large corps combat. A book is written by many people at the same time, and of course it is written very quickly.At that time, I thought that this was in line with the spirit of "how fast is better and save money", but in fact, it is fast, but it may not be good.After a short time these writings were forgotten.I would like to ask, among the current Chinese students and young and middle-aged teachers, who else remembers the red book "History of Chinese Literature" at Peking University and the yellow book "History of Chinese Literature" at Fudan University?On the contrary, Mr. Liu Dajie's "History of Chinese Literature Development", which was criticized at that time, has released a new version, which shows that it still has value. Of course, the first edition of Zhonghua Book Company in the 1940s is reprinted, not the 1970s. A revised version based on the struggle between Confucianism and Legalism. The era of the Great Leap Forward has passed for a long time, and the collective writings at that time have been dispersed, but because we have not properly summarized this period of history, many of these ideas and practices have been left behind as collective unconsciousness. It still has an impact and does a lot of damage.For example, they don’t want to devote themselves to research and knowledge, and like to make superficial articles; they don’t pay attention to high quality, but only pursue quantity;These practices are actually the remnants of the Great Leap Forward, and the purpose is still to pursue vigorous effects.It's just that military terms such as "big corps combat" are no longer used, but engineering terms such as "such-and-such project" are used. The Great Leap Forward brought the Great Famine In the era of the Great Leap Forward, there must always be an atmosphere of the Great Leap Forward, and everything must be in full swing in order to look good.The easiest thing to create an atmosphere is the night battle with the lights on.At that time, the entire Fudan campus was brightly lit every night.I heard from friends in the physics department that Wang Ling, the deputy secretary of the party committee, often came to the laboratory to check the work in the middle of the night, and our liberal arts departments were also supervised by department leaders every night.Every midnight, each person can also receive a dining coupon, and everyone can eat in the cafeteria for free. But by 1960, the free dining coupons were gone, and night shifts were gradually eliminated.Because the material supply is becoming increasingly tense.At first there was a shortage of certain items, and then there was a famine. 本来，自从1953年下半年实行粮、棉、油统购统销政策以来，这三样东西就开始定量供应了，但一则当初定量较宽，像我辈男生，粮食定量每月有34斤左右，二则其他副食品供应较好，油水充足，所以吃饱饭是不成问题的。而实际上，我在1953—1957年四年上学期间，食堂根本不用饭票来买饭，而是划卡取菜，主食则随意取用。1957年毕业后在教师食堂用餐，开始时也是饭菜票不分的，就是说，将粮油票交给食堂之后，即可随意购买饭菜票，这饭菜票既可买饭，亦可买菜，只要有钱，随你吃多少。我已记不清何年何月开始将饭票和菜票分开来，饭票以两计算，菜票以分、角计算，两者分用，不能混淆。也就是说，你付出多少斤粮票，就买多少斤饭票，不能多买饭了。而感到粮票不够用，则是在1960年初。因为那时大部分农产品都要凭票供应了。除原有的粮票、油票、布票、棉花票之外，又增加了肉票、鱼票、蛋票、豆制品票等，而且供应量很少。肉是每人每月4两，油是每人每月半斤，蛋以户计，大户每月2斤，中户每月1斤半，小户每月1斤。过旧历年时则增加一些分量，并增发家禽券之类。粮食定量也减少了，我从34斤减到28斤，数年后再加到30斤，妇女更少一些；布票每人每年10尺，还不时要动员上交。还有其他一些日用品也发票，如线票、烟票、火柴票、肥皂票等，买牙膏则要用旧牙膏管去换，买电灯泡亦要用废灯泡换。还发有一种工业券，用来买其他紧缺物品，如钢精锅之类。这些票券，是直到“文革”结束之后好几年，才陆续取消。 上海总算得天独厚，发的各种票券，基本上都能保证供应，但品种好坏之间就差得远了。平时卖的都是很差的籼米，粮店里偶尔到了一点好米，大家就奔走相告，排起了一字长蛇阵来；为了买一点稍微像样的鱼、肉、蔬菜和豆制品，也要起早排队，有时天不亮就起来，也买不到好的。 副食品供应一紧张，肚子里油水不足，人们的饭量就大起来。本来，教师的运动量小，粮食定量一般是吃不完的，现在却大大的不够吃。每餐都要算着吃，如果哪一天吃得超额了，就得在第二天省回来。但在当时，多吃几两容易，少吃一两就非常困难了。有时一顿多吃，就得好几天扣紧。为了应付粮食不够吃的局面，复旦食堂想出了一种办法，使得饭的体积增大，当时的说法叫做增加出饭率。即先将米煮得半熟，再放在大蒸笼里蒸一次，使米粒充分膨胀开来。这其实只是骗骗自己的肚子，刚吃下去时感到饱了，不一会，很快就饿了。但在那种时候，能够暂时欺骗一下肚子也是好的，所以这种做法还得到了上级表扬。复旦还自己养猪，以弥补食堂猪肉供应之不足，但是饲料缺乏，无法多养。虽然也曾动员师生去采摘树叶来发酵作饲料，但也不能根本解决问题。后来又用人粪喂猪，效果也并不佳。 而且，粮票的用量也增加了。本来，到饭店吃饭是不用付粮票的，现在也要付粮票了；本来，到食品店买糕点也是不用粮票的，现在也要付票了。当时，上海市区户口每月还发有若干就餐券和糕点券，复旦是郊区户口，这一切都没有，就相差得很大了。在1959年上半年以前，复旦原属杨浦区，也是市区户口，偏偏到了经济困难时期，却随着五角场地区，划给了宝山县。陈望道校长为此觉得有负于复旦师生，一直到临终前还在为复旦划回市区而向市委市府领导力争。但等到复旦终于划归市区时，这一切差别早已取消了。 那时对高级干部和高级知识分子还是有些照顾的。因为教授另有肉、蛋之类特供，讲师也有些黄豆补助，所以被称做猪肉教授，黄豆讲师。后来见到1960年8月1日中共中央批转国务院秘书长齐燕铭的报告中的材料，才知道其中一些具体数字：知识分子一级人员（按：指一级教授、一级研究员、一级作家、一级演员等）和行政7级以上人员，每人每月肉4斤、白糖2斤、甲级烟2条、鸡蛋3斤；知识分子二、三级和行政11级以上人员，每人每月肉2斤、白糖1斤、甲级烟2条、鸡蛋2斤。至于我辈小助教和广大职工，则不属补助之列，虽然我们早已做着讲师的工作，但到这种时候，还是按级论价的。 不过比起外地饿死人的惨况来，我们总算是幸运的。虽然大家饿得肚子难受，有不少人还生起浮肿病来，但毕竟还是挺过来了。 即使在这样严酷的现实面前，大家还得众口一词地说“形势大好”。领导上教导我们，不能从菜篮子里看形势，不要看现象，要看本质。本质是：我们一天天好起来，敌人一天天滥下去。党委副书记徐长太在登辉堂做大报告时，说了一句广为传颂的名言：“目前形势大好，比任何时候都好。什么叫大好呢？它不是小好，也不是中好，所以是大好！” 那时，从报纸上、从广播中是得不到灾难的消息的，小道上有一些传播，但也到处在堵塞。我有一位同班同学分配在兰州工作，回沪探亲时约了老同学到我家夜谈，他讲了一些甘肃饿死人的事，第二天就得到警告，叫他不要散布消极情绪；有朋友从安徽探亲回来，说起安徽饿死人的事，却受到了批判，说他是对大跃进的攻击。 不过，毕竟出现了普遍的饥荒，不能不有一个说法。当时官方正式的说法，叫做“三年自然灾害”，原因是天灾和苏联逼债。天灾自然是有的，苏联逼还抗美援朝时购买武器的债务，也是事实，但大家心里都很明白，这并不是主要原因，只是鉴于彭德怀事件的教训，谁也不敢直言而已。后来传闻，刘少奇在七千人大会上说了一句话：“三分天灾，七分人祸。”大家觉得这还算是老实话。但后来打倒刘少奇时，这却是罪状之一。