Chapter 23 The third series of my main experience-3

The third series of my main experience Chapter 36 Self-narration since the Anti-Japanese War (7) When it comes to the second level, there are quite a few cases submitted by the government. The biggest case is the outline of the national mobilization plan.This is the same as the outline of the saving plan that was discussed when I came to Wuhan later.Colleagues also spent a lot of time discussing,,,. As for the third level, the government has indeed given us a lot of military and diplomatic information, so that we can suddenly understand the overall situation.The psychology of outsiders blaming the government has decreased, while the sentiment of supporting the government has increased.To give an example: In the early period of the Anti-Japanese War, especially at the beginning, many people earnestly hoped that the Soviet Union would help, and they also believed that the Soviet Union would definitely help, and even expected him to send troops or Outer Mongolia to send troops.When the Soviet Union was not actively helping, it was assumed that the government was unwilling to approach the Soviet Union.So the psychology of blaming and not understanding is prevalent in society.However, the members of the Senate knew that this was not the case, so they had no sympathy for the government and supported the government's actions.Mr. Shen and Mr. Huang are believed by the majority of people in Shanghai.Their attitude is to support the government, which makes it difficult for the anti-government atmosphere to arise.This reduction of the gap between the government and society, and the effectiveness of communication, is probably one of the benefits of the National Defense Council.

But the first two layers are not without effect.For example, at that time, the chairmen of several provincial governments in the rear were all vacant, or they stayed in Beijing themselves, or others acted as their substitutes.The government then mobilized to supplement, or let me return to office.Another example is the adjustment mechanism for agricultural industry and commerce, which seems to be suggested by Mr. Huang in my memory. Fourth, fellow members of the Senate are always dissatisfied with the Senate as an organ.It is also a pity that the Communist Party always refuses to attend the meeting.There are many requests from various parties to establish a formal public opinion organ, and the authorities have accepted it. Please come up with a proposal.I heard that there were as many as seven proposals received at that time.Acting Chairman Wang Jingwei once told us that the party was very hesitant about this issue.He said that there are three difficulties: one is the number of difficulties; the other is the difficulty of production methods;

What is the difficulty in numbers?He said that a small number of people is not like a public opinion organ (councilees, that is, a small number of people who feel that they are not enough to represent the people and have no power), must be large.But a meeting with hundreds of people is not suitable for the immediate emergency situation, and there is no place to hold the meeting (at that time, we held the meeting in the basement of the Ministry of Railways, and the base camp also worked underground).In fact there are difficulties. What is meant by the difficulty of producing methods?He said that official public opinion organs must always be created through elections, but holding elections is a major event.The household registration is unclear, the voters are difficult to count, the land is large and the population is large, and the transportation is inconvenient. Now the war is urgent, how can it be held calmly?What's more, the elections in the past (he said that including the election of the National Assembly) have never been done well, and everyone is dissatisfied. Today, it is even more difficult to do it in a hurry, or because of the impact of the war, it cannot be done at all.

What do you mean by difficulties in terms of authority?He said that since the start of the war, there was a resolution within the party saying that in the future, the majority should work, the minority should discuss, and only one person should make decisions. ——This person is, of course, Generalissimo Chiang.If a formal organ of public opinion must have the power to make the final decision, it cannot be an organ of public opinion without the power to make a decision; but this would conflict with the above principles, so it is very difficult. This is the word in Nanjing, and later moved to Wuhan, where the National Political Council was established.And because these three difficulties are not easy to solve, it can only be regarded as a quasi-public opinion organ.

5. Finally, when it comes to my personal efforts in the council, there is not much.When the Senate was in Nanjing, I often ran back to Shandong to take care of our own work.When the Senate was in Wuhan, I went to Yan'an again and stayed in Xuzhou for a long time.So Mr. Huang Yanpei often laughed at me for being absent from class. ——Every time we had a meeting, we sat down and listened to the Acting Chairman's euphemistic talk about various news and information. Huang and Shen all took notes very diligently, just like students attending class, because absence is regarded as absence from class.

What I do my best is always my old idea, to mobilize the people.On the first day (August 17) at the meeting, I took it out and said it.I call for a system of national mobilization for a major war.The general idea is what was published in Ta Kung Pao (see the previous section "Articles Before 'August 13'").Speaking of which, it is rather long, and the content involves administrative reform and educational reform.A friend who was impatient got up to stop me and stop talking.He thought that the artillery fire in Shanghai was tense at that time, and the military and diplomacy should be discussed. How do you say this?At that time, all the ministers of the government were present at the conference, and there were very few people who could take my opinion into consideration.Probably they all thought that I was "wrong with the topic"!It's too early for me to say that.But I don't know if anyone knows this need and this proposition today in the four or five years of the Anti-Japanese War?

On August 19, I was ordered by Jiang Gong to accompany Mr. Jiang Baili to Shandong to inspect the defense. I was absent from Beijing for a long time. At the beginning of October, Mr. Shen Junru proposed a proposal at the meeting, generally advocating the use of out-of-school and unemployed intellectuals (such as students studying in Japan) Those who return to China, students from various universities in North China and others) organize rural work groups to go to the countryside to work.The original bill was adopted by the National Defense Supreme Council, and then submitted to the Senate to draw up a specific plan.So I was urged to make another offer.

The specific plan was drawn up by Secretary-General Peng Xuepei, invited counselors, and relevant competent authorities (such as the Sixth Department of the Base Camp, the Ministry of the Interior, the Central Agricultural Laboratory, the Cooperation Department of the Ministry of Industry, and the Department of Health, etc.).From my point of view, it has no benefit or harm to the facts, and cannot be echoed.Main points of the original case: 1. At the beginning, it is pointed out that this kind of work is not enough to subsidize the central and local administrative offices, because they are the original responsible agencies.

2. List the work items, including public training, anti-Japanese propaganda, agricultural improvement, cooperative guidance, and public health. 3. Working groups or service groups are organized by young intellectuals, and they can be established only after they have been approved by the local administrative organ.Work can travel anywhere. 4. The funds shall be subsidized by the government at its discretion. If this case is viewed by the administrative agencies responsible for the locality (such as the provincial government, commissioner's office, and county government), they will definitely oppose it.Not only can people's training and other things not be paid casually to the work group, but also things like propaganda and improvement guidance are not to be troubled by them.In terms of working groups, they have no rights and no responsibilities, their positions are unknown, and they are absolutely unable to work.Another example is agricultural improvement, etc., and it is definitely not possible to do research without equipment.If it works, it is just child's play.In terms of administration, its disadvantages are not limited to parallel branches; in terms of mobilization, the effect is equal to zero.So it's useless.

I think that if you don't do anything, you have to do it. If you want to do it, you must have clear responsibilities and clear rules.It was a top priority for intellectuals to go to the countryside to engage in mobilization work;It is necessary to bring him into the responsible agency system so that he really knows the difficulty of the matter, so that he has no way to dodge and use all his mind and energy, so that the matter can be done well.In this way, it is necessary to establish a system of national mobilization institutions, and reform the current administration, and even reform education.People who listen to my words are too talkative, don't they feel that it is too much?No one has the courage.

Mr. Yan Yangchu was also urged to Beijing for this matter.The two of us made an appointment to meet Jiang Gong and state what we had seen. On that day, Mr. Huang Renzhi and Jiang Wenyu also had something to see Jiang Gong, and the appointed time happened to be about the same as ours.So the four of us came to present together.After our presentation, we criticized many shortcomings in the mobilization work at that time.Jiang Gong was very willing to accept it, so he appointed the four of us to draw up a plan, and asked Mr. Zhang Yuejun who was beside us to assist in carrying it out. After the four of us were ordered, we made several gatherings and once visited Minister Chen Lifu.I also accept that the government will send for your reference all draft decrees concerning mobilization plans.On the one hand, he mobilized and spoke, and stated more than a dozen opinions on those laws and regulations. On the other hand, he spoke on the countryside, proposing an outline of the rural work plan in an extraordinary period, and asking the government to choose one of them.At that time, our army had withdrawn from the battle in Shanghai. Mr. Huang was eager to go back to Shanghai to have a look. Mr. Yan was also going back to Hunan because he was busy with work in Hunan. Mr. Jiang's appointment to Wuhan had expired.Therefore, I was asked to draft the outline of the plan alone.When I drafted it, our army had already withdrawn from Shanghai, and the government was busy moving westward. Although the draft was forwarded by Mr. Tuo Yuejun, under the circumstances at that time, it was impossible to talk about it. The third series of my main experience Chapter 37 Self-narration since the Anti-Japanese War (8) 5. Visit Yan'an On November 16, the government began to move westward, and a ship sent the senators to Hankou that night.Because I was concerned about Shandong affairs, I still returned to Shandong first, and then went to Xuzhou at the invitation of Commander Li Zongren.As late as December 9, even to Wuhan.He was ill for ten days.He recovered and flew to Xi'an on January 1, New Year (1938). When I originally withdrew from Nanjing, some members of the Senate were ordered to inspect various places (such as Mr. Zeng Muhan was ordered to inspect Yunnan, etc.), and I personally invited them to inspect Shaanxi and Henan.So this time I went to Xi'an, I was ordered.But my destination is actually Yan'an.After first contacting the Eighth Route Army Office in Wuhan, and then contacting the Eighth Route Army Office in Xi'an to prepare a car, I went to Yan'an on January 5.Regarding the course of this interview, I will briefly describe it as follows: Motivation for visiting Yan'an When I go to Yan'an, there are two things to do: One is to investigate the Chinese Communist Party; The second is to exchange opinions with the leaders of the CCP. If we talk about its emotional motivation, it has been accumulated for a long time.I am a person who demands social transformation, and I have always sympathized with the Communist Party’s spirit of transforming society, but I am also deeply opposed to the fact that the Communist Party does not understand Chinese society and uses foreign methods to China.I believe that after the Northern Expedition, the old society has collapsed, and it is only necessary to sort out the clues to build a new society, and there is no need for riots and destruction.Here are two sentences: from progress to equality; Complete the revolution with construction. This is my belief.Constant riots and destruction will only hinder construction, hinder progress, and delay the completion of the revolution, which is really undesirable.Therefore, since the Communist Party gave up its internal struggle and the Kuomintang worked hard to lead the people of the country and fight against the war together, it is of course a major turning point in the destiny of the nation.While we were delighted, we had to consider two issues: 1. Once the Communist Party, which has been fighting internally for many years, gives up the internal struggle, it can be said that it will change a lot; but is this change reliable?2. It is a great pleasure to see the unity of the country with the same hatred and hatred; however, in order to consolidate this unity, it seems that the non-Chinese people have to make further efforts. The longer I feel sorry for the riots and destruction, the more I want to find an answer to the first question, so I have to investigate and investigate.I have been engaged in rural construction for many years, and I always dream of national unification so that the entire planning can be carried out. I feel that the unification against the enemy is always unsatisfactory.For the second question, I have some specific opinions, and I want to try to take a look. To put it more clearly, the two things I visited Yan'an, one of the so-called investigators, was not to investigate other things, but to investigate the transformation of the Communist Party; In order to further unify the country, they exchanged opinions with the leaders of the CCP. What Yan'an saw I went from Xi'an to Yan'an on January 5, 2007, and returned to Xi'an on the 25th, a total of three weeks.There are two entourages, Mr. Li and Mr. Zou.The car is a large military truck without a canopy.The road is a military road, and all widths, slopes, and turning angles do not comply with road regulations.From Xi'an to the north, the higher you go, the lack of bridges and culverts, the driving is dangerous and troublesome.It was a severe winter, and it was extremely cold, and as far as I looked up, it was desolate and miserable.The sparse population and the poverty of the place can be seen at a glance, but need not be asked.And the more you ask, the more surprised you are, and there are many unexpected people. The so-called Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has a total of 21 counties and a half according to Zhang Guotao, its acting chairman (the chairman is Mr. Lin Zuhan).The population is more than 900,000, but it is only more than 500,000 (as Zhang said).That is to say, there are more than 20,000 people in one county on average, isn't it surprising.The more desolate the more bitter, the suffering is self-evident.There are many travel notes and living conditions there, each of which is described in detail, and it is not necessary to go into details.I can only testify that Yan'an was indeed suffering nearly four years ago (it may be different later). However, in the extremely bitter material environment, the weather there is indeed lively, and the spirit is indeed flourishing.The government, party headquarters, agencies, and schools are all scattered in the suburbs outside the city, and they are built by digging caves in the mountains.The streets are full of valleys, except for the countrymen, both men and women wear uniforms, and robes and western clothes are rarely seen.People are very busy!No leisurely and elegant meaning.All the troops went to the front, only some security teams.Most of the uniformed people I saw were students. There seem to be six schools, the so-called Anti-Japanese Military and Political University, Northern Shaanxi Public School, Marxism-Leninism School (Party School for short), Lu Xun Normal School, Motorcycle School (Mechanical School), and so on.The patterns are fresh and interesting.Content organization, curriculum subjects, teaching methods, various arrangements in life, there are many points worthy of appreciation.Naturally, many of them are reckless, superficial and ridiculous.This is unavoidable when boldly creating, and it is not enough to blame.And it turns out, they were successful.Because many students come from Beiping, Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanyang, etc., the daily life and diet are many times more difficult than before, and the interest in studying has become better, and the general health is not bad. Isn't it a success?Regarding these education (or training), I originally asked my accompanying friends to investigate and record, but the materials are not at hand, so I have to omit them.But in order not to be in vain, and to draw everyone's deep attention, I specifically pointed out the miserable conditions of the student's life.I always eat small rice for meals, there is no change, the dishes are only the same, radish soup, a little salt, no oil, nourishing the word, can't talk about it.Sleeping in cave dwellings, the air is insufficient and humid, and people are crowded together, bunks cannot be separated, and fleas and lice cannot be removed.The most miserable thing is getting up early without washing water, because it is not easy to carry water up the mountain, the water is frozen, and firewood is needed for burning, and firewood is expensive.So in a basin of water, the first person has washed it, the second person has washed it, the second person has washed it, the third person has washed it, the third person has washed it, and the fourth person has washed it.In this case, to whom should we tell the word hygiene?I stayed in Yan'an for more than half a month, and Zou Jun, who went with me, joined their student team, so he knew it in detail and was true, and there was no falsehood. The strange thing is that the health is not bad (the complexion is not yellow and thin), and the interests are very good!Isn't this a kind of success? Generally speaking, all kinds of people have similar living standards, and it is a good atmosphere for those who do not enjoy the benefits.Everyone loves research and loves to learn, not just students.In other words, everyone is like a student.This is another good vibe.They love to sing and hold meetings, which is also their ethos.At dawn, when I sat up from the quilt, I hummed and chanted, singing this and that, as if all the hard work was forgotten!The interest between people increases, and the spirit is mutually inspired and circulated. ——All these impressions still remain in my mind, but I wonder if they can still be maintained in Yan'an today? Both the government party headquarters and the judiciary have visited.The border area government also divided the people's wealth and education into four halls.There are two county governments: one belongs to the border region, and the other comes from the provincial government.The president of the court is Guangxi Lei Jun. It is said that most of their laws follow the national government, and some of them are written by themselves.There is also a trial of open-air meetings, which is the most special (even a trip).There are also memorable places in the prison, but unfortunately the memory is not clear. Most of the Communist Party figures met.However, the military leaders Zhu, Peng, Liu, He, and Lin were not in Yan'an, so they were not seen.It's a pity that I didn't live longer, so I tried to get close to the villagers, so as to know how they felt. Regarding the democratic political system in the border area, we have learned from the provisions and legends.From the chairman of the government to the head of the village and township, they are all elected.And there are parliaments at all levels.I have no materials at hand to describe, and I don't want to criticize casually for the time being.Although it is an important issue, it is omitted. The third series of my main experience Chapter 38 Self-narration since the Anti-Japanese War (9) The issue of the transformation of the Chinese Communist Party When we visited the local party headquarters, Guo Jun Hongtao took the interview.Talking about the popular movement, he pointed out that the peasant associations used to not allow landlords and rich peasants to participate, but now they are allowed to participate.In the past, there were only citizens' associations in Yan'an City, but no chambers of commerce. Now there are chambers of commerce just like outside.Generally speaking, mass organizations used to be class-based organizations, but now they are nationwide. On the one hand, their movements have also changed to save the country as their call, and they are united externally and no longer engage in class struggle internally. - This is a transformation. When we visited the local government, we were met by the acting chairman Zhang Guotao.He talked in great detail about the democratic political system in the Border Region.Point out the difference between the current administrative system and the former Soviet Union, for example, those who did not have the right to vote now have the right to vote and be elected.At the same time, when it comes to the abandonment of the agrarian revolution, most of the landlords have returned.However, the land has been allocated, and he is not allowed to take back his original land, but to return it to him from the side. Regarding the land issue, both Zhang Guotao and Mao Zedong said that the future principles and policies still need to be studied, and they hope that all parties will study together. — This is an important change. Local governments seem to be doing things differently than they did in the pre-Soviet era, both big and small.I used to have notes on the visit, but I don’t have them now.I remember that the Department of Education is adapting various teaching materials (for primary schools and for the general public), and they are also showing us.The Department of Construction guides the management of cooperatives. Due to changes in the general environment (it was previously blocked and now it is open), policies have changed, and there have been many changes. From what we can see, it is roughly as above, but theoretically, we seem to hold a three-stage view of China's future.They all said: We must strive for democracy during the war of resistance, and we believe that democracy will be realized to a considerable extent (paragraph 1); from the realization of democracy, we can make a peaceful transition to socialism (paragraph 2); When it comes to communism, it may be a matter for our descendants (third paragraph). Therefore, there are two kinds of responsibilities or two major tasks: one is the actual task at present, which is to strive for the realization of the Three People's Principles; the other is the lofty ideal in the future, which is to complete communism. That is to say, they have nothing to do with other parties, and they will seek to cooperate with everyone; they will strive for a bloodless revolution without riots and sabotage. I also raised a few questions and asked them.For example, I asked: You all say that you unite to resist insults. Does it mean that you are not united if you do not resist insults?To put it plainly, is the internal struggle a temporary abandonment, or a permanent abandonment?At that time, Zhang Wentianjun, General Secretary of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, replied to me that they originally joined forces with the Kuomintang in the Northern Expedition, but they were rejected midway. After ten years of hard work, they were not what they wanted. . I asked again: What were the objective factors that caused this great division and great struggle in the past?Have these factors changed today?Please analyze it one by one.If you can't point out its objective factors, it's a mistake in the past, right? ,? ——For this question, Mr. Zhang failed to give me a good answer in a hurry. I asked again: According to the general rule, in order to complete the revolution, the revolutionary party must control its own political power and implement its own policy and planned construction; then, is it necessary for the Chinese Communist Party to obtain political power in the future?If it is said that it is not necessary to control the political power by itself, but how to complete the communist revolution, I would like to hear the details!Zhang Jun's answer to this was to the effect that they would help the Kuomintang to complete its revolution, and they did not necessarily have to govern themselves.How to complete the communist revolution seems unclear. It's too long to narrate, so let me draw a conclusion.The general facts and the conversations make us believe that the CCP is changing.Their transformation is not fake, it is not a temporary strategy.Their reluctance to engage in another civil war was real.Their three views on China's future and the two major tasks they mentioned are in line with their theories, not just pretense. But this is only one side of the conclusion.Another aspect is that although the transformation is true, it is not deep either.Because their thinking has not changed.They still look at Chinese society from a class perspective and use class struggle to solve Chinese problems.In other words, nothing has changed at all.It seems that only the facts of the environment require him to change, and his own emotions are also changing, but his basic understanding has changed very little. At that time, there were the facts at that time, and there were the emotions at that time; what is happening today is not within the conclusion of my observation. Mao Zedong's talks The person who talked the most in Yan'an was with Mr. Mao Zedong.Talked eight times before and after.There were two unimportant times, one was when he hosted a banquet, and the other was when he came to see him off before leaving.For the remaining six times, each time was probably very long, at least two hours.The longest one is all night long. —Twice in this way.Because Mr. Mao doesn't sleep at night, but sleeps during the day, the conversation usually starts after dinner and lasts until dawn before he knows it.It is said that his living habits were developed in the army.In the night, he made the battle plan, and the next day when everyone went out to fight, he went to sleep.Get up in the evening, listen to the report, and make plans for the night.Tomorrow everyone will fight, and he will sleep again. Mr. Mao worked in the library of Peking University in 1978, and I was teaching at Peking University at that time.Mr. Mao's teacher (and his father-in-law) Mr. Yang Huaizhong (Changji) is also a professor in the Department of Philosophy, and they are friendly to each other.Mr. Yang lived in Tofu Chi Hutong, Anmen, and Mr. Mao went with him.I went to see Mr. Yang and met him. ——This is a little old relationship.This meeting is very good in my impression.In ancient times, Zhuge Gong said that Guan Meiran was a peerless group, and I also sigh today.He is unconventional, unpretentious, calm, natural and kind.Although they argued with each other, there was no discomfort in their hearts.Roughly every time you can go back very comfortably. When he listens to your conversation, he likes to take notes with a pen.With a bald pen and thick ink, writing horizontally on large paper is like flying.While I was talking, he was writing.After I finished talking, he pointed to the points he had memorized and answered one by one.Clear, every sentence to the point.I gave him one or two kinds of pamphlets and a 400,000-word "Theory of Rural Construction" as gifts, and asked him for advice.When we met again the next day, he took out a stack of papers, on which the main points of my book or the places he thought were good were all excerpted and arranged in an orderly manner.This is all admirable.But he is too busy, although he likes to read, he can't dive in and repeat.What's more, I don't seem to be able to read all of my books. ——This is my little discomfort. Looking at his daily life and his body from the sidelines inevitably makes people worry about him.Staying up at night is one example.Also addicted to smoking and drinking, too much.When talking, he pours tea for you and drinks wine by himself.The wine is white wine, and there is no need for dishes.Smoke is always in hand.I asked how his health was.He told me that I was rumored to have lung disease, and the doctor checked me out, but I was suffering from neurasthenia.In their society, it seems that he is given special treatment.Diet (seen at the same meal at night) seems to be frugal.Only in the house where I live, there is no fire to warm myself.It is to dig the ground from outside the house and burn coal underground, which costs nothing.There is no such equipment in Yan'an.And when he went out for a walk, he was accompanied by four guards, but no one else was seen. The conversation between me and him, except for those who exchanged views, will be recorded later, here are a few selected paragraphs and narrated here.