Chapter 15 Section 3 Use Violence to Eliminate Opposition Forces in Guangdong

The establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy was to establish a revolutionary armed force, and all opposing forces were naturally regarded as sworn "counter-revolutionaries."The "counter-revolutionary" forces in Guangdong also bear the brunt.The first battle of Whampoa teachers and students was to "pacify the business group". ... (omitted - editor) In less than three months, Chiang Kai-shek led his Eastern Expeditionary Division back to Guangzhou from Chaozhou to put down the "Yang Liu Rebellion". ... The Whampoa student army was able to defeat Yang and Liu. According to the observation of the American consul, "the credit was due to the Soviet Russian military adviser." (Foreign Relations, edited by the U.S. State Department, 1925, 1; 742)

The observation of the American consul can be confirmed from the original documents of the Kuomintang.On April 6, 1925, the 73rd meeting of the "Central Executive Committee" with Liao Zhongkai as the chairman, resolved: "Gui Yongqing, commander of the ninth company of the second regiment of the Army Officer Academy Teaching Corps, this time won the Not reporting the enemy's clothes, violating military laws, and getting what he deserves, but since the company commander fought... he is brave and outstanding. "(Original copy of Li Aozang's meeting minutes) Who wants to execute Gui Yongqing?Chiang Kai-shek also said, "The principal thought that the company commander could not set an example for the officers and soldiers of the whole company, and he was sentenced to death for fear of creating a bad wind." Sixty-six people, including Feng Ti, Feng Yi, Xue Wenzao, and Huang Jie, used "express mail instead of telegrams" to send an urgent message to the representative of the Liao Party of the Guangzhou Central Executive Committee, requesting "the president of the telegram to change the case and deal with it leniently."Previously, the Russian advisor of the Youth League representative also "please grant a lenient punishment", but "was not invited", because Sun Yat-sen was not executed immediately during Sun Yat-sen's funeral, and the Central Executive Committee decided to forgive him. (See the appendix of Li Aozang's original document) This incident can prove that the Russian advisers reached at least the regiment level.At that time, the Chinese army, including the warlords, was probably the only one with foreign military advisors at this level. No wonder Chen Jiongming wanted to protest foreign military intervention in the Chinese civil war.This incident also revealed Chiang Kai-shek's character. He was unwilling to accept the amnesty resolution of the Central Executive Committee. On April 16, 2009, the 75th meeting of the Central Executive Committee reconsidered, and it was decided: "Gui Yongqing should be exempted from the death penalty, and President Jiang should be given a reduced punishment at his discretion." (Li Aozang's original meeting minutes) Thanks to Chiang Kai-shek's power at that time Not yet supreme, was corrected by the members of the Central Executive Committee, otherwise Gui Yong would return to Lihentian as the company commander early in the morning!

On May 7 of the same year, at the request of Chiang Kai-shek, the Central Executive Committee "appointed Jiang Zhongzheng as the commander of the party army" because the teaching group was renamed the party army, and the principal could not command the party army in the name of the principal.At about the same time, after Dongjiang was purged, the Politburo was organized in Shantou, and "Xu Chongzhi, Jiang Zhongzheng, Shao Yuanchong, Zhou Enlai, and a representative of the municipal party department" were appointed as five members to "supervise and direct the administrative affairs of Chao, Mei, Lu, and Haifeng counties. , and be responsible to the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang.” (Li Aozang’s original copy of the minutes of the 79th meeting)

In June 1925, the party and army recaptured Guangzhou, and the Central Committee of the Kuomintang appointed Chiang Kai-shek as the commander of the Guangzhou City Garrison.Although his military power has risen to a higher level, he is still outside the core of the new regime after Sun Yat-sen's death.On June 15, the Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang held a plenary meeting.On the 30th, the Political Committee of the 91st meeting of the Central Executive Committee temporarily proposed that Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Zhang Renjie, Tan Yankai, Xu Chongzhi, Liao Zhongkai and other ten people be presumed to be members of the National Government, and passed the National Government Organization Law of the Republic of China (see Li Aozang The original minutes of the meeting), and on July 1, the Grand Marshal's Mansion was officially changed to a national government with a committee system.Zhou Dewei recalled:

The most noticeable thing is that Chiang Kai-shek was not yet a member of the National Government at this time.The National Government promoted Wang Jingwei as chairman, Xu Chongzhi as military minister, Hu Hanmin as foreign minister, and Liao Zhongkai as finance minister.Hu Daishuai was deposed as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Wang Jingwei, who had not been an official for a long time, became the chairman. The Han people were outraged and resigned and left for Russia. In the next few years, Wang and Hu became life and death enemies.Li Zhu said that Hu Zhi was suspected of being involved in the Liao case after he went to Russia, but in fact it was not true. (Unpublished handwritten edition of "Yu Zhisheng and the KMT", p. 95)

Hu Hanmin's theory of Liao's case was mistaken for Hu as a rightist. In fact, Hu, Wang, and Jiang were all leftists at that time.It was later that the three became rightists.After Hu arrived in Vladivostok, on his way to Moscow, he repeatedly wrote to "Brother Ji" (Wang Jingwei), saying that the Russian comrades cared about "the Chinese revolutionary cause", thanked the "Russian comrades for their kind and thoughtful hospitality", and praised the construction of the new Russia, " There is only joy and admiration” (see the transcript of Li Aozang and Hu Hanmin’s letter to Wang Jingwei on October 11).Judging from Hu Yu's frequent letters on the way, Hu Wang has not yet become an "enemy of life and death" at this time. However, Hu Yi's acting marshal is unwilling to yield to the minister.However, Zhou Dewei said that Chiang Kai-shek created conflicts between Hu and Wang, which has indeed become a fact.

From the power distribution of the newly established national government, it can be seen that Chiang Kai-shek still has nothing to do with the party and government, that is, in terms of military affairs, he is still under the military minister Xu Chongzhi.In 1925, in order to unify the military, the Central Executive Committee decided on July 3: "Appoint Wang Zhaoming, Hu Hanmin, Wu Chaoshu, Liao Zhongkai, Zhu Peide, Tan Yankai, Xu Chongzhi, and Chiang Kai-shek as members of the Military Commission." (Li Aozang's original meeting minutes. ) Chiang Kai-shek ranked last, Wang Jingwei and Chairman of the Military Commission.Jiang's strategy was to first unite with Wang to control Xu, so Xu became the object of Jiang's immediate "struggle".Since Wang Yusun returned to the south after his death, Jiang was determined to accept him, respecting him as his eldest brother and calling himself his younger brother.In the name of rectifying the army, Jiang then centralized the general's power to the military committee with Wang as the chairman and Jiang as a member.Although Xu Chongzhi was also one of the committee members, his power was greatly divided.

More than a month after the establishment of the Military Commission, on the morning of August 20, Liao Zhongkai was stabbed to death suddenly.The murderer Chen Shun was arrested on the spot, and the suspects behind the scenes were Hu Yisheng (the younger brother of Hu Hanmin), Zhu Zhuowen, Lin Zhimian, Lin Shuwei and others, all of whom were rightists.The political motivation of the right wing of the Kuomintang to murder Liao Zhongkai is very clear, but the biggest beneficiary of the Liao case was Chiang Kai-shek, who was known as the "leftist general" at the time.After the Liao case, the three-person "full power to deal with the current situation" team of the Kuomintang Central Committee was composed of Wang Jingwei, Xu Chongzhi, and Chiang Kai-shek.Xu was very passive because one of his subordinates was involved in the case, while Chiang Kai-shek was the most active with Wang Zhi's permission.Shao Yuanchong mentioned in his diary on August 25th that "now Jieshi will arrest many people, and a big prison will be established" (p. 188).However, the superficially vigorous and resolute actions to capture the murderer are actually a lot of thunder and rain.Jiang Yi, the commander of the garrison, imposed martial law in the city on the day of the incident. He Yingqin's First Division of the First Army was specially assigned to guard the urban area and sent troops to guard the commanding heights in the urban area. All the suspects, except Lin Zhimian, fled to Hong Kong. , and Lin was expelled because of "no factual evidence".No one would doubt Jiang's left-handed attitude, but in fact he was "left" and right-leaning.If he was really involved in the assassination of Liao, he would be the one to catch the murderer. Wouldn't it be the same as Chen Qimei going after Tao's murderer?Even if Jiang was not directly or indirectly involved in the case, it is impossible to cover up the cover-up.What is more noteworthy is that what Jiang was considering was not some "left" or right-leaning ideological issue, but a consideration of power, so he was not focusing on the suspect Hu Yisheng, but the suspect's cousin Hu Hanmin.Chen Bijun mentioned in "Confessions" that when the news of Liao's death came out, "the whole city was in an uproar. It was said that the one who killed Liao Jun must be Hu Hanmin. The workers assembled and the students also came from Huangpu. They petitioned for the arrest of Hu, and the whole city shook." Chen Bijun Called Chiang Kai-shek, "Jiang answered the phone and said: "The matter is very bad. You can send Mr. Hu to my house in Dongshan first, and then discuss a solution. I said you should not play too much, and Jiang said no." But when Hu Hanmin's family came to Jiang's house , "Jiang soon called again and said that my house is still not right, and the demonstrators will come to Dongshan. Please come to my house with the guards and send Hu to my residence in the military academy. It will be right." In fact, Jiang was behind the scenes. Shao Yuanchong wrote a special letter to Jiang, advising him to "handle things carefully". ("Shao Yuanchong's Diary", page 191)

In fact, Chiang Kai-shek did not protect Hu Hanmin.He escorted Hu Hanmin to the Changzhou Fortress and put him under custody. On September 22, he expelled Hu from Guangdong under the pretext of "going to Russia as an envoy".This incident can easily be said to be that Wang Jingwei wanted to get rid of Hu Hanmin, but Wang was the chairman of the government and was already above Hu, not to mention that Hu wrote to Wang from time to time on the way after he left.Wang's willingness to get rid of Hu is not as good as Jiang's, and Jiang is obviously the one spreading rumors that Wang wants to get rid of Hu.The evidence is that Shao Yuanchong heard news from Guangdong at Dai Jitao's home, and there is a record like this:

Shi Luyin returned from Guangdong, saying that this time the big prison was actually Jingwei's desire to banish it to the exhibition hall, so it was formed by accusations of various crimes, so that he can replace himself.Ji Tao's heart-wrenching cunning made him mourn over it, and when they were seated together, they all sighed in embarrassment. ("Shao Yuanchong's Diary", page 193) Lu Yin's surname was Liu, and he was the deputy director of the Whampoa Political Department at that time. If the news he brought did not come from Chiang Kai-shek, who else?Just look at the case of assassinating Liao. Liao died, Hu went, and Wang Jingwei's reputation was damaged because of Hu.

The Liao case provided another opportunity for Xu.Xu Chongzhi has always been the leader of the army who suppressed Chiang Kai-shek. He wanted to replace him for a long time. Xu Chongzhi still had the intention of reconciling with his former boss Chen Jiongming. , not only accusing his subordinates of conniving with treasonous conspiracy, but also spreading the crime of manipulating finances and embezzling public funds to collect money.Then the military academy was secretly ordered to prepare for the war, and Guangzhou was under martial law. They took the opportunity to monitor Xu's house and hand over the weapons of the Third Division of the Cantonese Army. In order to seize his military handle, he was only in custody for three months. After the "division left the Yangtze River", he not only "returned" the troops, but also restored Xu Zhiling's name.The letter is long, only one paragraph: Woohoo! My brother internally obstructed the progress of the revolutionary cause, and externally contacted Lin, Liu, Yang, and Xiong to rebel, thinking that the root of the revolution was wiped out. Sweeping the floor... Now not only our army is dissatisfied and filled with anger, even my brother's subordinates are also eager to eat my brother's flesh for pleasure... This is why my brother's behavior is contrary to the normal course of the revolution, and the heartbroken brother is also... If you don't consider lack of talent to be disloyal, but you can reflect on yourself, know the mistakes of the past, don't feel the small words, resolutely make decisions, and preserve your reputation, then you might as well leave Guangdong for a while, and expect to leave the Yangtze River in March. , Return to sit in the township, restore the order name, not only in public, but also in private.If you get approval, you should prepare everything for your brother and board the ship safely, then your brother will be responsible for maintaining what your brother is under, and you will live up to your original intention.Otherwise, there will be drastic changes in the brother tribe, there will be no way to stop it, the local disturbances, and the people's turmoil. It is the brother who cannot absolve himself of the blame. ("History of the Army Military Academy", Volume 5, Chapter 7, page 33) On the same day, Jiang had arrested Xu Zhi's cronies, Li Jihong, Director of the Finance Department of Guangdong, and Guan Daozeng, Director of the Military Supplies Bureau, on charges of embezzling public funds and supporting counter-revolutionary troops.When Xu Chongzhi received Jiang's letter of condemnation at 2:00 am on the 20th, he was already a caged bird under house arrest.On the same day, the "Central Political Committee" decided that Xu Chongzhi, the paramilitary minister and commander-in-chief of the Guangdong Army, resigned.That night, Chiang Kai-shek sent brigade commander Chen Mingshu to send Mrs. Xu on board a ship to Shanghai. When Xu Chongzhi arrived in Shanghai, he was still indignant when he mentioned this matter to his friends. Even Shao Yuanchong was "extremely surprised", and wrote in his diary on September 25: For (Xu Chongzhi), you showed Jieshi's letter of criticism to him, enumerating his crimes of improper employment, unclear finances, and disturbing his teacher's departure, etc., and urged him to leave Guangdong as soon as possible.At the same time, there is a letter from Jingwei, which also expresses its agreement with Jieshi's proposition, and urges you to be a fast walker; and you are the draft of Fuqu's letter, explaining the points attacked, and Jieshi wrote another letter, still not satisfied. Change the original purpose, and promote its speedy execution, so you will carry it out.His (Jiang) attitude is so abrupt that it is surprising.Ruwei also said: Sometimes Jieshi is provoked by others, and his arrogance is hard to return, but Jingwei does not forgive him, but throws stones into the well instead, which is not the way to treat friends, and he speaks with emotion! ("Shao Yuanchong Diary", p. 198) This "challenging letter" is not found in any of Chiang Kai-shek's collections, and it is obvious that he deliberately concealed his evil voice. However, Tianwang was so sparse that it was recorded in the history of Whampoa School and was discovered by Li Ao.Xu Chongzhi was manipulated to such an extent that he mistakenly thought of "deliberating" as "being provoked".However, if Wang had not supported Chiang, the plan would have failed.Wang did not need to dissuade him, but only obeyed Jiang's request. Wang did, as the chairman of the state government and the chairman of the Military Commission, grant Jiang the status of commander of the Guangzhou garrison on September 18, with "full authority to dispose of the Guangdong Bureau." allowed legality.Yizhi Wang was fascinated by Jiang Zhiqin at that time, and regarded Jiang as his younger brother who could "talk" and "dear", and did not hesitate to favor his actions.In hindsight, Wang was obviously taken advantage of by Chiang. Not long after the drive, Xiong Kewu and his Sichuan army came again.Xiong Zijinfan participated in the revolution in his early years. In the 13th year of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang was reorganized and was elected as a member of the Central Committee as a soldier. It can be seen that he was deeply acquainted with Sun Yat-sen.When Sun was preparing for the Northern Expedition, Xiong immediately led his troops from Guizhou to enter Guangdong via Hunan, but Zhao Hengti stopped him.When Xiong arrived in Guangzhou on September 24, 1925, Sun had passed away for half a year, but he was still warmly welcomed by important officials of the Nationalist Government.Unexpectedly, Chiang Kai-shek, commander of the Guangzhou garrison, suddenly detained Xiong and Sichuan army generals Yu Jitang, Yu Peidi, Liu Leng, Xiong Xiaoyan, Wang Ziqian, Wu Shuxian, etc. on October 3, and sent them to Huangpu, and later imprisoned in Humen Fort.On October 5, the 111th meeting of the Central Executive Committee proposed the case of "Xiong Kewu secretly collaborating with the enemy and endangering the government", and decided to "remove Xiong from his position as an executive member of the association and wait for the trial of the association." (Original Minutes of Li Aozang Conference) The so-called "collusion with the enemy" refers to the collusion with Chen Jiongming, and the so-called "all witnesses and evidence" refers to the confession of Zhang Zhiwan, Chen Jiongming's subordinate, and Chen Jiongming's personal letter to Xiong Kewu.But after two years of detention, Chiang Kai-shek's troops arrived in Shanghai and called Li Jishen to release Xiong Kewu and others, saying that it was due to "the Communists' slander."However, there is no trace of the Communist Party's slander for the obvious crime of "all witnesses and witnesses".At least Xiong himself did not take the Communist Party's slander as a matter of course, so he later voted for the Communist Party and ended up as the vice chairman of the Central Committee of the National Revolutionary Committee.On the contrary, Chiang Kai-shek's political motives for slandering the old comrades are very clear.Xiong is a powerful soldier with the title of member of the Central Committee. Regardless of the party, government, army, and revolutionary background, he is above Chiang. How can he allow others to sleep soundly next to his couch?Jiang finally asked Xu Chongzhi to leave, how could he let Xiong Kewu intervene again?Therefore, when Xiong and his party had no time to warm up, Chiang Kai-shek couldn't wait to take action, slandering Xiong and other generals, causing the Sichuan army that had reached northern Guangdong to retreat northward, and then the entire army collapsed due to the loss of leadership, weakening the strength of the revolutionary army. Do whatever it takes.Chiang's success showed once again that Wang Jingwei, the chairman of the state government, hadn't noticed Chiang Kai-shek's ambitions, and was instigated by him and let him do what he did. When Chiang Kai-shek arrested the generals of the Sichuan Army, he went on a large-scale Eastern Expedition, using Zhou Enlai as the director of the Political Department of the Eastern Expedition Army, in order to completely wipe out Chen Jiongming's force.The general attack on Huizhou began at 2:00 p.m. on October 13, and ended at 4:30 p.m. on the 14th. The entire siege operation was carried out by Russian consultants and Russian cannons, symbolizing the last stronghold of Chen Jiongming's great career - Huizhou, which has long been known as a natural danger. Since the Song Dynasty, the city has never been broken, and it was destroyed by foreign modern cannons.The Hong Kong Telegraph reported on October 17 that Borodin arrived at Shilong in a special car the next day after his attack on Huizhou, and transferred to the front line for inspection. Chiang Kai-shek personally welcomed him at the station.The Whampoa Military Academy founded by the Kuomintang got help from Russia. Russian consultants came to train, and a large number of guns were transported by Russian ships. "Mountain artillery, field artillery, long and short guns, light and heavy machine guns and various ammunition". ("Mr. Chiang Kai-shek Fifteen Years Before the Republic of China", Volume 8, page 2) This time, Chiang Kai-shek used the Chi-Russian sword to eliminate Chen Jiongming, and achieved his wish of cutting grass and roots.He did not shy away from the credit of Soviet Russia, and even flattered him, saying, "We are able to eliminate the rebellion today, and to achieve this goal, it can be said that the comrades of the Soviet Union, based on their national spirit, international strength and revolutionary mission, rose up to achieve this goal." Sincerely cooperate with our party to help us in China's effectiveness", even more shamelessly, if Soviet Russian comrades are willing to command our revolution, we are also willing to be commanded by them; not only is it not ashamed, but also ranks among the world's revolutionary party members. (Volume Thirteen of "Mr. Chiang Kai-shek Before the Fifteen Years of the Republic of China", page 20; see also "Preliminary Draft of Chiang Kai-shek's Chronicle", page 473, the original text without deletion) Isn't it shameful?This kind of statement is already shameful, and what is even more shameful is that Chiang Kai-shek's statement is actually an insincere use of political tactics. After Chen Jiongming failed to leave the field, the revolutionary base in Guangdong seemed to be stable. In fact, the success of the Second Eastern Expedition greatly stabilized Chiang Kai-shek's personal power.At this time, the Kuomintang is preparing to hold the second National Congress. The Political Committee of the Central Executive Committee in Beijing initially invited all executive members to Beijing to watch Sun Yat-sen's disease, and planned to hold the second National Congress in Beijing within five months. General Assembly. (See the original minutes of the 64th meeting of Li Aozang) However, at the 66th meeting held on March 5, 1925, Hu Hanmin proposed "for the sake of free and safe discussion of party affairs". The Congress should hold a meeting in Guangdong, and the resolution was passed (see the original document by Li Aozang). Wang Jingwei, in the name of the Chairman of the Political Committee, sent a letter on October 31 to reaffirm that Guangzhou is the seat of the Central Executive Committee and the National Government, and the meeting must be held in Guangzhou , and finally issued Circular No. 231 on December 4, 1925, refuting the "counter-revolutionary" remarks of the Beijing Xishan Conference faction, emphasizing that "our party's revolutionary strategy is not based on uniting the Soviet Union and Russia", and "decides the second The national convention will be held on January 1 next year." (Original by Li Aozang) When the congress was held in Guangzhou on New Year's Day, 1926, Chiang Kai-shek and Tan Yankai signed on to make military reports following Wang Jingwei's political report and Soong Ziwen's financial report.Mao Zedong made a work report on behalf of the Minister of Propaganda. This was the beginning of an important political meeting between Jiang and Mao. (See the original copy of Li Aozang's "List of Personnel Attending the Report of the Second National Congress") On the afternoon of January 6th, Chiang Kai-shek made a military report at the meeting with a strong Zhejiang accent as a "hero in the Eastern Expedition", "wearing a cloak and overcoat, wearing high riding boots" (Cai Dejin, "Wang Jingwei's Commentary", p. 102) , very striking.At the end of the report, due to the victory of the Eastern Expedition, the audience cheered and stood up to pay tribute (see the sixth and seventh issues of "Politics Weekly"). Chairman Wang Jingwei lost one vote.Wang Jiang's political and military system seemed to be formed.Previously, Jiang Shang was a warrior, and his party and government status was below that of Mao Zedong. That is, when the Second Congress was held, he was not among the seven-member presidium, and he was not even close to the core of power.However, after the Second National Congress, the Jiang family rose in a straight line, and was already under one person and above ten thousand people.However, most of the people who carried the sedan chairs were leftist radicals, and Jiang qualified as a "red general".Jiang and Wang fought fiercely, saying "Chairman Wang" and "Representative of Wang's Party".Jiang's "Left" remarks also won the favor of the Soviet Russian advisers, who believed that a revolutionary anti-imperialist military strongman had appeared and could achieve the task of the united front.Unexpectedly, the trend of strongmen "forcing the palace" is imminent.