Chapter 8 〇Seven New China debuted on the international stage
The Geneva Conference from April to July 1954 was proposed after the British, American, and French secret traders.This meeting had something to do with China, and China should have participated, but at that time China had no diplomatic relations with Britain, the United States, or France, so China could only be invited to participate through the Soviet Union.New China has since entered the international arena.Premier Zhou will serve as the chief representative of the Chinese delegation to chair the Geneva Conference. In order to find out what the purpose of the conference proposed by Britain, the United States and France is, what issues are to be discussed and what problems the conference may solve, what problems we want to try to solve , Which problems are impossible to solve, and what strategy we should adopt, what preparations we should make, etc., we must conduct detailed consultations with the Soviet Union.For this reason, Premier Zhou visited Moscow three times starting from the beginning of April, and I accompanied him as a staff member three times.
Before leaving, I went to Xihua Hall to visit Sister Deng at the appointment, and then Comrade Li Kenong also arrived.Sister Deng wished the delegation a safe and smooth journey to Geneva and a successful completion of the mission.Then, she introduced the Prime Minister's current situation, work and living habits with great concern.The prime minister often suffers from nosebleeds, and the eldest sister asked us to take care of the prime minister.We seriously accept this great trust from Sister Deng.
This trip abroad and traveling back and forth lasted for four months.The prime minister has done more work and devoted more effort than anyone else. Naturally, he has worked harder than anyone else.Everyone cares and takes care of everything about the Prime Minister.But in comparison, the Prime Minister cares more about everyone and takes care of you more thoughtfully.In contrast, we can't help feeling guilty.
After we arrived in Moscow on April 1, the CCP and the CCP held several talks and consultations. The talks were held around a round table.So Khrushchev called these talks round tables.In addition to Khrushchev, the Soviet side also participated in the talks including Molotov, Malenkov, and Suslov. The Chinese side was Premier Zhou and Zhang Wentian, the ambassador to the Soviet Union.
At the beginning of the talks, the two sides exchanged relevant information and raised some new questions.Khrushchev only said a few words, but they were completely irrelevant, and his attitude was very contemptuous.Molotov was very serious.He has his own estimates and opinions on the process and results of the meeting.He thinks that one or two problems may be solved, but he must not entertain unrealistic illusions.Because the imperialist countries have their unshakable interests.Our policy is to strive for certain results. How we strive will depend on the development of the conference and changes in the international situation, and we will adopt flexible and flexible countermeasures.So although Molotov introduced a lot of experience and made various analysis, he still couldn't set a dead frame in advance.
Premier Zhou gave a speech, and he introduced China's opinion on considering this issue from another angle.He pointed out: China, North Korea, and Vietnam attended this international conference together, which itself has unusual significance and is a kind of victory.We take the opportunity of this international conference to clarify our principled positions on various issues and our policies, and to make some statements, explanations and clarifications on the relevant situation, which is a kind of political gain.If the work goes well and certain problems are clarified and resolved, it is considered a beneficial outcome.You should not have too high expectations for the meeting, but you must also strive to achieve a certain result. This is possible and not a fantasy.Be aware that life is not easy for imperialist countries.If we can make good use of the opportunity of participating in this meeting to clarify our principled positions on various issues and make explanations and clarification statements on some related issues, it will be more effective if we can solve certain issues.The Prime Minister wants to solve some problems through hard work.
Premier Zhou repeatedly stated that it was the first time for China to participate in such an international conference, and it lacked knowledge and experience in international struggles. China and the Soviet Union must maintain close contact, exchange views, exchange information, correct their caliber, and coordinate actions.China’s participation in the Geneva Conference has its subtleties. This is the issue to be discussed and resolved at the conference—the peace issue between North Korea and Indochina—although it has a close relationship with China, it is not directly related to our own affairs, so we need to be careful Be cautious and take it seriously.
Premier Zhou hopes to cooperate well with the Soviet Union, exchange information, coordinate steps, policies and strategies, help each other, and keep pace.Molotov fully agrees.
Premier Zhou also pointed out that we don't know much about the ins and outs and the whole process of the consultations between the Soviet Union and Western countries on this international conference. We hope that the Soviet Foreign Ministry will give an introduction and determine the principles of cooperation.The Soviet side gave an affirmative answer to all of our requests.Premier Zhou was very satisfied with this.
During the talks, the two sides also agreed that the Chinese delegation to the Geneva Conference would arrive in Moscow two or three days in advance in order to listen to the Soviet Union briefing our delegation on the experience of struggle at the international conference and various matters that must be paid attention to during the struggle.After talks.The two sides reached a consensus, and the Soviet comrades drafted a specific plan, so Premier Zhou decided to return to China and report to the central government.
Two or three days later, Premier Zhou flew back to Moscow.This time, we will further determine our policies, countermeasures, personnel from both China and the Soviet Union, and how to cooperate.
Regarding the composition of personnel, Molotov introduced their own practice for our reference.The members of their delegation to the Geneva meeting are all kinds of talents, at least 120 people.At that time, our country had just had a little contact with the United Kingdom, and had neither diplomatic relations nor any trade, cultural exchanges and diplomatic relations with the United States.But our delegation also includes talents and cadres from various fields. It is only slightly smaller than the Soviet Union in number, but there are still more than 100 people.
After the discussion, Premier Zhou returned to China to report to the central government and organize a delegation.One night before his departure, Khrushchev hosted a banquet in honor of Premier Zhou.At the banquet, Khrushchev and others continued to persuade Premier Zhou to drink.Premier Zhou drank too much, and Khrushchev and others hugged and twirled with Premier Zhou. Premier Zhou was not suitable for drinking because of liver disease, and vomited due to fatigue.Seeing this situation, Malenkov, Kaganovich and others were momentarily stunned and at a loss. Only Molotov accompanied Zhang Wentian and sent Premier Zhou to the car. Molotov said as he walked: "This is It was our fault that we didn’t take good care of you, and we feel guilty! This is a lesson we should learn, and we are all responsible.” These words are sincere.Because he knew that Zhou Enlai would be his comrade-in-arms in the near future, leading a friendly army to fight with him on the same front.How can we not care about the health of friends and comrades? !
Back at his apartment at 8 Ostrovskaya Street, the prime minister had stopped vomiting but was still groggy.We made him drink two sips of strong tea, helped him to bed, and let him sleep peacefully.At the same time, an old famous doctor from the Imperial Palace Hospital was invited to diagnose and treat him. After the examination, the doctor said that his liver may have suffered from damage and illness, so he could not withstand the stimulation of alcohol.Now let him rest quietly, and he will visit again tomorrow.Then, after giving some medicine, he left.
At about eight o'clock the next morning, the Prime Minister woke up.He said he was much better than yesterday, but still a little dizzy.Then he asked me: "What did I say yesterday? Is there anything out of the ordinary? I said something, but I don't remember the specifics at all."
I replied: "There is nothing out of the ordinary. They are all ordinary entertainment. Only Molotov was mentioned in personal matters, and they were well-intentioned. You said that you saw the Molotov, he spoke to the representatives of the Communist Party of China, you learn from him, etc., I think you are probably referring to Stalin, but you just mistakenly said Molotov."
"What inappropriate things did you say?" "No! Absolutely not!" The Prime Minister said, "I left my seat last night and turned around in the hall for a while, then became dizzy and unconscious."
I replied: "It can't be seen from the outside, because the speech and behavior are very normal, and you can't even see how much drunk. Otherwise, I invite you to go back to the apartment."
At 8:30 in the morning, the doctor came to visit the Prime Minister again.After the doctor's examination, he said that everything was normal, but it was suggested to take a good rest for a day and never travel long distances.The Prime Minister originally planned to return home that day, so he had to stay.He rested at his residence in the morning and visited in the afternoon.The next day, the Prime Minister left for China and I did not go back with him, but stayed in Moscow and waited for him.
The main purpose of the Prime Minister's return to China is to report the talks to the central government, to determine our position, attitude, requirements, and guidelines, policies, strategies, and various negotiation plans for the upcoming Geneva International Conference, as well as China, the Soviet Union, North Korea, Cooperation and coordination between the representatives of the four parties, in order to better cooperate with each other, coordinate actions, and hold successful meetings.
On April 21, Premier Zhou led a delegation to Moscow.At this time, he was full of energy, high spirits, chatting and laughing happily.When we met him at the airport, he told me that he reported to the chairman and admitted his mistake.The chairman said with a smile, this is a common occurrence, and it is not a shame!
At first I didn't understand what the Prime Minister was referring to, but after the talk, I thought about it for a while before I understood.I said disapprovingly: Is it worth reporting to the central government after drinking an extra glass of wine? !
If this is the case, those Soviet wine barrels may have to conduct self-criticism to the central government every three days.
The prime minister said that was different, that was them.
This time, Premier Zhou stayed in Moscow for another two days. In addition to coordinating the policies, strategies and proofreading standards of the two sides, he also discussed the materials that needed to be sorted out and studied.At this time, Ho Chi Minh and Pham Van Tong were also in Moscow.Together with the Premier, Khrushchev, Molotov, and Hu Yiming (alias Ding Guozhi), he studied the Indochina issue.
Taking advantage of the two-day stay, China and the Soviet Union held various symposiums, and invited several people from the Soviet Foreign Ministry, including Gromyko, to the No. 8 apartment to answer various questions raised by our delegation and introduce Struggle experience in various international conferences and matters that should be paid attention to, etc.During the discussion, we raised many questions, and they answered them in detail.What impressed me the most is how to keep secrets, how to prevent being eavesdropped, stolen, hooked, deceived, leaked information, or deceived.
Gromyko said that our opponents are cunning and will use all means to spy on our intentions and movements.Because they understand the principle of "knowing yourself and the enemy, you will never be imperiled in a hundred battles" better than we do, and they will use all means to put us under their control.Modern technology has developed to such a stage that all kinds of eavesdropping and stealing have become a piece of cake.Therefore, we must act carefully and pay attention to confidentiality. In particular, we should always be aware that no matter hotels, apartments, salons or villas, it is difficult to prevent or discover that they have already set bugs or other stealth devices in advance.
Because the Geneva conference was the first large-scale international conference that our country participated in, for the purpose of military training, we intentionally sent more comrades, a total of more than 200 staff members, and it was the second largest delegation (the Soviet delegation had nearly 300 people) ).Premier Zhou is the chief representative of the delegation of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Wentian, Wang Jiaxiang and Li Kenong are all representatives, Wang Bingnan is the secretary-general, Lei Renmin, Shi Zhe, Qiao Guanhua, Chen Jiakang, Ke Bainian, Huanxiang, Huang Hua, Gong Peng, Wu Lengxi, Wang Zhuoru and Lei Yingfu served as advisors.Zhang Wentian and Wang Jiaxiang did not attend the whole process of the meeting, and Li Kenong was mainly in charge of internal affairs such as the delegation's secretarial, confidentiality, security, translation, and logistics because he did not know foreign languages.All work arrangements are mainly presided over by Premier Zhou himself.
After the list of delegations was published, the Soviets saw that my title was "Political Advisor" and thought that I had a special mission and was different, so they sent people to inquire about it. of."
In fact, my task is still inseparable from my job——Russian translation.I, Ouyang Fei (Feifei) and the Soviet Jabicai were in a team. We translated the Prime Minister’s speeches, proposals and other meeting documents into Russian in a timely manner, exchanged them with the Soviet delegation, and then translated their document summaries into Chinese.In addition, there are often technical consultations (whether the names of people and places in the translation are consistent or not).When I have a meeting, I must go to every meeting to listen to whether the translation is correct, and if I find a mistake, I will correct it immediately.In diplomatic struggles, any ambiguous words may cause misunderstandings and disputes, and there must be no sloppy.
Huan Xiang, director of the Department of Western Europe, together with Qiao Guanhua and Chen Jiakang, formed a political team responsible for drafting documents, especially the speeches of the Prime Minister. Sometimes a speech might draft a dozen drafts.It must be fast, but also in line with the spirit, and it must also be tailored to the changing situation of the venue.They often get stuck in the house and cannot get out.
Huanxiang also formed a Chinese-English translation team with Yang Chengfang and Pu Shouchang.Yang was in charge of translation, Pu was in charge of interpretation, and attended the meeting with Premier Zhou.
Wu Lengxi and Wu Wenzhu are the heads of Xinhua News Agency, responsible for news reports and contacting domestic news organizations.
Director of the Information Department Gong Peng and Huang Hua are the spokespersons.After each meeting, they have to hold press conferences from various countries.When nervous, release news between breaks.Gong Peng and Huang Hua often came forward, followed by Qiao Guanhua who drafted the speech. Every time, the Prime Minister always carefully told them what issues to talk about and how far to go.Gong Peng is very capable and busy.
Despite being so busy at work, Qiao Guanhua and Chen Jiakang still took time off from their busy schedules and often talked loudly. Everyone nicknamed them "Nonsense Company".
Wang Bingnan is the secretary-general. He attends the meeting of the secretary-generals of each delegation convened by the chairman of the meeting, and studies and decides on specific matters such as the agenda and affairs of the meeting.He has a strong ability to move and has a wide range of activities.Shaanxi people are upright and stubborn, not good at speaking style.Wang Bingnan and I are both from Shaanxi.The prime minister was annoyed that neither of us would turn the corner.
Marxist-Leninist was the prime minister's foreign affairs secretary, knew Russian, and acted as the liaison officer of the Sino-Soviet delegation, responsible for contacting, arranging and contacting the meeting between the Sino-Soviet delegations with Molotov's secretary. At the end of May, when the Vietnamese and French headquarters delegations talked about ceasefire and other issues, at the request of the Vietnamese side, military advisers from China, the Soviet Union and Vietnam formed a military staff meeting. Lieutenant General Fedenko.Marxism-Leninism was one of the representatives of the Chinese side, responsible for contacting the Soviet generals.Chen Hao is in charge of confidential and domestic document exchanges.
Also accompanying the delegation were Lei Renmin, Li Qiang, and a large number of foreign trade staff led by them.The Prime Minister plans to use the opportunity of attending the Geneva Conference to open up our foreign trade situation with Western Europe and other countries in the world, so as to further break through the US embargo on us.The foreign trade staff led by Lei Renmin were not considered members of the delegation, and lived separately at the Bolivash Hotel and Richmont Hotel in the city.After the meeting between the Prime Minister and the British Foreign Secretary Eden, Lei Renmin had contact with the Deputy Permanent Secretary of the British Foreign Office, Kazia and others.
On the morning of April 24, our delegation left Moscow for Geneva.The plane stopped briefly in East Berlin.The Prime Minister of the Republic of Germany, Rothiew, greeted him at the airport.When we were eating in front of the airport central building, someone informed that Molotov's special plane was coming, please hurry up and eat.About ten minutes before Molotov arrived in Berlin, we took off and continued on our way.
After boarding the plane, we discovered that there was an unexpected guest in the cabin—a young man in military uniform.After understanding, he is an American soldier who came to carry out the mission.It turned out that there was an agreement between the East and the West. When Soviet aircraft flying from East Berlin flew through the airspace of West Berlin and West Germany, they must first notify the American troops stationed in West Germany. The Western troops sent an observer to fly over West Berlin at random. and over West German territory.The uninvited guest was to perform this task.It seems that he is only in his 20s, with a red face, full of childishness, and a smiling face, looking at the passengers in the cabin in surprise.We all talked and laughed, you came and went, and we were intimate.Infected by the atmosphere, he couldn't help laughing alone.It was probably the first time he had seen an Oriental, and he felt novelty and astonishment about the words and deeds of anyone in the cabin.
On the afternoon of the 24th, our delegation arrived at Geneva Airport.As soon as we got off the plane, photographers from all over the world frantically took shots.Premier Zhou issued a brief written statement at the airport.The statement said that the Geneva meeting "will discuss the peaceful settlement of the North Korean issue and the restoration of peace in Indochina. If these two pressing issues in Asia can be resolved, it will help ensure peace in Asia and further ease international tensions";" The delegation of the People's Republic of China has come to this meeting with sincerity. We believe that the joint efforts of the participants and the common desire for the consolidation of peace will provide the possibility of solving the above-mentioned pressing problems in Asia."
Members of the Chinese delegation all wear Chinese tunic suits and octagonal hats.When we got off the plane in Geneva, journalists from all over the world were crowded outside the venue, and they were quite curious about the Chinese delegation.I remember a newspaper reporting the Chinese delegation at that time: "As soon as the door opened, a group of football players jumped out (referring to the clothes of the Chinese representatives, especially the octagonal caps)." The Prime Minister will not go, waiting for Molotov to arrive. Twenty minutes later, Molotov and his party arrived, and Premier Zhou stepped forward to greet them.As soon as Molotov got off the plane, he shook hands and hugged Premier Zhou.Molotov spoke to reporters at the airport.He said: "It is impossible not to point out the important fact that representatives of all the major powers—France, Great Britain, the United States, the People's Republic of China, and the Soviet Union—have joined together for the first time in recent years in an international conference. The Soviet delegation will do its utmost to Promoting the establishment of a unified, independent and democratic North Korea in a peaceful way is in line with the interests of consolidating the Far East and world peace. At the same time, the Soviet representative clearly believes that restoring peace in Indochina as soon as possible and protecting the freedom and national rights of the people of Indochina are the key points of the Geneva Conference. most important task."
After finishing his speech, he walked side by side with Premier Zhou.The two walked and talked, very affectionate.At this time, it is the most lively scene.Foreign journalists and photographers crawled all over the railings, corners and windows of the airport corridor, yelling and asking for a shot.Molotov said to the prime minister, let's walk a little slower, stand down, have a few words, and leave a few shots for them.So Zhou Enlai and Molotov walked into the waiting hall side by side, talking and laughing side by side.When entering the waiting hall, the reporters were still shouting, so Molotov took Premier Zhou's hand and turned around in several directions, leaving a camera for the reporters.Then go to their respective residences.
Afterwards, foreign reporters reported that the attitude shown by the diplomatic representatives of China and the Soviet Union at the Geneva airport was a pioneering work in the history of contemporary diplomacy and a model of true brotherly friendship.
It was the first time that the North Korean issue and the Indochina Peninsula issue were discussed at the Geneva Conference and the Asian issue was discussed at an international conference.Although we do not know much about the tactics of Britain and the United States at the conference table, we have rich experience in fighting imperialism.
On the day of his arrival in Geneva, Wang Bingnan, secretary-general of the Chinese delegation, went to the venue to arrange the seats.Although the regulations are in alphabetical order of country names, there is still room for planning.Wang Bingnan's task is to try to put North Korea, Vietnam, and the Soviet Union among our close neighbors, and don't care about the rest.
On April 26, the Geneva Conference opened at the League of Nations building.
The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union agreed that the chairman of the meeting, Eden and Molotov, would preside over the meeting in turn, and agreed that the chairman had the right to designate assistants to form his own bureau.The first day was hosted by Aiden, and one of his assistants was a Turk.The next day Molotov presided over the meeting, and he chose Gromyko as his assistant, Federin as his assistant, and me as the other.In fact, these assistants have nothing to do, just to be on par with Britain.But as soon as the American delegation saw the Chinese entering the presidium, they were so angry that they couldn't sit still.
The countries attending the meeting are: China, the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, France, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Republic of Korea, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Abyssinia (Ethiopia), Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands , New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey and other 19 countries, 14 of which participated in the United Nations invasion of North Korea led by the United States, plus the Republic of Korea, are all defeated by the North Korean and Chinese People's Army.Their attitudes toward China, the Soviet Union, and North Korea can be imagined.Among the members of the meeting, there are not many countries that recognize our People's Republic of China.We are naturally limited in our activities and encounter some difficulties.But it was Premier Zhou, an outstanding diplomatic activist, who did not feel any inconvenience in such an environment, nor was he constrained by the stereotypes left over from the diplomatic circles of the old era. His extraordinary vision, broad mind, flexible approach, and courage of proletarian politicians and diplomats successfully opened up the situation, not only kept us from being isolated, but also helped the delegations of some countries to open up the situation and win the victory. Many new friends have been made, and the relationship between our country and many countries has been communicated.
Needless to say about the controversy at the Geneva Conference, because the documents have already been published.I will only talk about a few things that will last a lifetime.
The meeting first discussed the North Korean issue.In order to promote the peaceful reunification of Korea, withdraw all foreign troops in North Korea, and hold free elections in North Korea, the representatives of North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union fought tenaciously and arduously with the party headed by the representative of the United States at the meeting, and proposed a series of reconciliation plans .
However, the United States refused to withdraw its troops from North Korea in total disregard of the interests of the North Korean people, and demanded that the United Nations supervise the elections in North Korea in accordance with Syngman Rhee's constitution.They forgot that the United Nations Army participated in the war of aggression against Korea in the name of the United Nations.The United Nations has lost its standing to deal fairly with North Korea.The US and South Korea stubbornly insist on not resolving the issue.
The Americans rely on the United States as the gold and yuan empire, and they are arrogant and unreasonable at the venue.During meetings, they put their feet on the table regardless of etiquette.Once, Syngman Rhee's representative, Bian Rongtai, made a statement that did not conform to the caliber of the United States.Because Bian Rongtai wanted to solve some problems to some extent.The American representative immediately jumped up and scolded him in front of everyone, just like scolding his own children at home.This made Bian Rongtai extremely embarrassed and unable to step down from the stage.There is really power and no justice.
US Secretary of State Dulles was a staunch anti-communist.Capitalist countries basically act according to the winks of the Americans.Canada is one of the most closely followed.
The North Korean issue has been arguing for a whole month and a half, and one issue has not been clarified, except "who is the aggressor".The aggressor is responsible for this war and compensates for the war losses.South and North Korea accuse each other of being aggressors.The South Korean representative went crazy, yelling that China had invaded them, and asked, "Who fired the first shot?!" The North Korean counterattacked immediately: "You fired the first shot! You fired the first shot!" On the 38th parallel, we fought back in self-defense!" The U.S. representative also shouted "China's aggression!" In most cases, everyone said what they said, and no one listened to the other.After a month and a half of such noise, I gradually felt too tired.Britain, the United States, and France secretly agreed not to continue the operation.Molotov grasped this trend in time and told us that the North Korean issue was coming to an end for the time being.The Chinese delegation has always been calm and cold, and Premier Zhou's several speeches are fully reasoned.
At the meeting on June 15th, the struggle was very intense, and there were dramatic scenes. It was the 51st day of the meeting's discussion on the North Korean issue.It was Aiden who chaired the meeting that day.First, Foreign Minister Nam Il of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea proposed a new six-point proposal.At this time, Premier Zhou spoke again.
Premier Zhou said: "Our discussion on the peaceful settlement of the North Korean issue has achieved a lot of unanimous and close to unanimous opinions. We should affirm the agreed and possible unanimous opinions, and then continue to discuss the points of difference, so as to resolve various issues. According to the current situation of the meeting, although we are still unable to reach an agreement on the issue of peaceful reunification of Korea, we should also strive to reach an agreement on the issue of consolidating peace in Korea. For the benefit of the Korean people, in order to consolidate the Far East and the World peace, this is very important." In his speech, the Prime Minister revealed the American conspiracy to not allow the Geneva Conference to succeed, and called: "There is no reason why we should not reach an appropriate agreement on the basis of the six proposals put forward by Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Agreement. To this end, the delegation of the People's Republic of China proposes that this meeting hold a restricted meeting with the participation of seven countries: China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and the Republic of Korea, to discuss relevant measures to consolidate peace in North Korea."
In the end, Moloto made a speech, proposing that the 19 countries present at the meeting issue a joint declaration on not threatening peace in North Korea.
These three proposals disrupted the position of the United States at once, and Eden announced the adjournment.The fifteen countries participating in the war of aggression against Korea including the United States and South Korea urgently negotiated.After the resumption of the meeting, Smith first spoke and vetoed the proposal of the Soviet Union.Thailand read out the "Sixteen Nations Joint Declaration" in an attempt to forcibly end discussions on the North Korean issue.
Premier Zhou spoke again and said with deep regret: Even such a proposal to express a common wish was flatly rejected by the representative of the United States without reason. The meeting has been going on for so long. The participating countries reached an agreement that they will continue to work hard to reach an agreement on peacefully resolving the North Korean issue on the basis of establishing a unified, independent and democratic North Korean country." Premier Zhou said: "If such a proposal is rejected by the relevant countries of the United Nations, then , This spirit of refusal to negotiate and reconcile will leave an extremely bad influence on international conferences."
The Belgian foreign minister and veteran diplomat Spack was moved by Premier Zhou's sincerity and responded, saying: Premier Zhou's opinion has reasonable elements and can be studied.He also said: "Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai's proposal does not contradict the spirit of the 16-nation declaration, and I hope that discussions on the North Korean issue will resume in the future."
Premier Zhou seized the opportunity to speak for the third time: "If the Declaration of the Sixteen Nations and the final proposal of the Chinese delegation share the same desire, then the Declaration of the Sixteen Nations is only a declaration on the one hand, while the Geneva Conference has nineteen countries participating Why can't we express this common desire in the form of a mutual agreement? Have we come to this meeting without even the spirit of reconciliation? If that is the case, then we cannot but express our great regret."
Spark went on to say: "I personally agree with everyone's acceptance of the proposal of the delegation of the People's Republic of China."
Smith, angry and impatient, stared at Spark.But Belgium is not South Korea after all, Smith is not easy to get angry, so he hastily sent someone to send a note to Spark.Spark was dumbfounded when he saw the note.Hurry up and declare to the chairman of the meeting, Aiden: "Don't misunderstand the meaning of my speech, I am not trying to prolong the meeting."
At this time, Chairman Eden said: "The Belgian representative believes that China's proposal expresses the spirit of the work of this meeting. If everyone agrees, I can think that this statement has been generally accepted by the meeting."
There was a short silence in the venue, and no one expressed any objection.The Americans were frustrated and embarrassed, and Smith stood up in a panic and said: "I am not going to express my opinion before consulting my government, and I am not going to participate in the resolution that was suggested to be passed just now."
The Prime Minister spoke for the fourth time in a slow and composed tone.He said: "I am very satisfied with the spirit of conciliation shown by the Belgian foreign minister. The attitude of the chairman of the meeting is also worth mentioning. However, I must also point out that the American representative immediately opposed and obstructed. This makes us all understand that the United States How the delegates blocked the Geneva meeting and prevented even the smallest, most conciliatory proposals from being reached." The silence of the meeting was so quiet that it made one's heart beat.Premier Zhou paused, and then said: "I request that my speech just now be recorded in the minutes of the meeting." This was immediately agreed by the chairman of the meeting.
Premier Zhou's sensible, witty and wise speech fully exposed the stubborn and belligerent stance of the US government.
This war of words is really hype.
The countries attending the meeting to discuss the restoration of peace in Indochina included China, the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and the French Federation—Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos, and the Kingdom of Cambodia—a total of nine countries.
This negotiation is also quite arduous. The main issues in the negotiation are ceasefire, zone demarcation, monitoring and international guarantees.The key is the first two items. First implement a ceasefire, then demarcate districts (delimitation between the north and the south), and conduct national elections two years later.At this time, the main opponent of the negotiations was France. At that time, France was in power of Ranier, a member of the main combat faction, who sent a member of the main combat faction, Foreign Minister Pidour, to lead a delegation to participate in the Geneva Conference. In addition, the United States tried every means to obstruct it. He has been reluctant to discuss the Indochina issue.
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in Indochina were originally French colonies.It fell into the hands of Japan after the Pacific War. After Japan surrendered in 1945, France launched the Indochina War in order to restore colonial rule in Indochina and invaded these three countries successively. On September 2, 1945, the Vietnamese people established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.Subsequently, the anti-French democratic forces in Laos and Cambodia successively established the anti-war governments of Laos and Khmer.
However, France refused to recognize the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, as well as the anti-Japanese governments of Laos and Khmer, and regarded them as rebels, as the opponents of the war.Thanks to the repeated efforts of China and the Soviet Union, Pham Van Dong led a delegation from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to Geneva to attend the meeting on May 4.Later, at the proposal of the Vietnamese delegation, with the efforts of China, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam, representatives of Laos and Khmer also went to Geneva for side activities. On May 8, the Geneva Conference began to discuss the Indochina issue.
The day before the meeting to discuss the Indochina issue, that is, on May 7, the People's Army of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam won a brilliant victory in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, annihilating more than 16,000 enemies.
On May 8, the French delegation wore a black gauze and a black tie. With a mournful face, they walked into the venue with their heads bowed and their heads bowed, without saying a word.
Someone in the Vietnamese delegation laughed when they saw this scene.Hearing the laughter, Pidur was furious and said, "Why are you laughing at such a solemn and solemn occasion?! We have killed so many people, and you are still gloating. There is really nothing to talk about dealing with you ghosts."
Fan Wentong's French is very good, and he immediately replied in French without waiting for the translation: "Oh, are you fighting with ghosts?! You have suffered such heavy losses in fighting with ghosts?!" Pidour was speechless because of choking.
One sentence made the French speechless, making them even more embarrassed.
The meeting progressed slowly because of American obstruction and the lack of sincerity of the Ranier government for the truce.This aroused strong dissatisfaction among the French people, and on June 12, the Ranier government collapsed.The peace sent Mendes-France to power. On the 17th, Mendès-France formed a new internal guest, who was also the foreign minister, personally led a delegation to Geneva for negotiations, and promised to the French citizens that they would resign if they could not reach a peace agreement on the Indochina issue on July 20.Therefore, as soon as Mendes-France came to power, he adopted a more positive attitude towards the negotiations.
Although the United States still tried its best to prevent the meeting from reaching any agreement on the Indochina issue, Premier Zhou used the experience and strategy of the United Front Work to work directly with Eden, the head of the British delegation, and Mendès-France, the head of the French delegation. contacts, talks.This played a very positive role in promoting the solution of the problem.With the progress of the meeting, the existing contradiction between the United States and France has been increasing day by day, and the United States has become increasingly isolated.It should be pointed out here that Premier Zhou visited Mendès-France in Berne on June 23 and exchanged views with him.During the talks, the two sides not only frankly exchanged views on restoring peace in Indochina, but also promoted mutual understanding and trust.This played a positive and decisive role in the settlement of the Indochina issue.
Before the meeting, we didn't know much about the situation in Indochina. We only had contacts with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and had no contacts with Laos or Cambodia.The Soviet side first agreed to the participation of representatives of the Vietnamese Bao Dai regime, Laos, and Cambodia. The United States and France had to agree to the participation of Pham Van Dong of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
The representative of Laos, Von Sananikorn, and the representative of Cambodia, Tai Puphan, scolded us as imperialists the first time they met at the venue. They only knew that we supported the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, so they believed that the Democratic Republic of Vietnam invaded them instead of China.We support Vietnam to support their resistance to French aggression. In fact, we not only support Vietnam, but also support other Indochinese countries in their struggle against French aggression.The above-mentioned behavior of the representatives of Laos and Cambodia is unexpected and irritating.But Premier Zhou with his broad mind of a statesman.Instead of getting angry, they sent me and Wang Bingnan to do their work.总理说，他们受了法国人的蒙蔽，必须扭转这种局面。
我和王炳南请他们到中心花园里观赏花木，喝咖啡，聊天，他们见我们彬彬有礼，不是青面獠牙的帝国主义，才知自己上当了，进而总理请他们吃饭，推心置腹地谈话，他们的态度一下子改变过来了，斗争矛头不再指向我们，而是指向法国帝国主义者。
我们从他们的谈话中了解到不少印度支那的实际憎况，及时地修正了政策。同时，越代表协商后，5月27日，周总理提出折衷方案：“关于双方军队集结地区，也就是双方地区调整问题，印度支那三个国家一一越南、高棉、寮国的情况不完全相同。因而在双方地区调整原则确定之后，还要根据三国的具体情况加以实施，因而解决办法也会有所不同。”会议因此决定越法双方军事代表谈判越南问题，外长会议继续讨论老挝和柬埔寨问题。
经过多方协调、商议，在越南划分集结区的谈判终于于7月20日下午达成协议。在解决这个问题时，周总理付出出了很大的心血，开导、说服越南同志不要在划线问题上过于纠缠。因为法方已给我方交了底：法国目前只要求给他留下面子，以便体面地摆脱在越南的困境、越南还是越南人的，20日晚，法国分别同越南、老挝、柬埔寨三国签订了停止敌对行动的协定。
签字的那天晚上，周总理到苏联代表住处访问，拟会见莫洛托夫，了解憎况。但很奇怪，莫洛托夫傍晚九时就外出赴会，直到夜间十一时许，还未回来，总理在他们的会客室等候了好久，仍不见人回来。
苏方代表团的人向总理解释说，印度支那三国的代表们早已聚会在会堂里，但却拒不签字，故意找麻烦，拖延时间其用意是有意给法国方面的代表们脸上摸黑。原因是孟戴斯一一弗朗斯一上台就向法国国民议会许愿，说他一定将在7月20日以前达成停战协定。因此，印度支那三国代表们，非要把签字仪式拖到当天夜间十二点以后，即7月21日凌晨不可。这样就可以表示关于印支问题的签字，不是在7月20日完成的，而是7月21日完成的。
莫洛托夫在签字仪式完成后回到住地时，已经是7月21日凌晨三四点钟了。总理倦意正浓，昏昏欲睡，忽见莫老回来了，精神顿时振奋起来，随后，他俩又谈了一席话。莫洛托夫说，在签字仪式上没有发生什么意外，只是印度支那三国代表有意拖延了一段时间。莫洛托夫还说，印度支那三国这一招，可把法国人吓坏了，急得他们团团转，坐立不安，结果是虚惊一场。总理这才放宽了心。东方既白，我们才回到万花岭别墅。
在日内瓦会议期间，周恩来常去苏联代表团驻地一一这个地方是苏联国家购置的一座别墅，管理精心，保密条件很好一一同莫洛托夫协商问题。莫洛托夫也多次为周总理及其随员安排过便宴，热情招待，以示亲近、友好。莫洛托夫是会议主席之一，平时常和艾登会商，很少到其他国家代表团驻地去，但却到周总理往处和中国代表团总部来过几次。
莫洛托夫说：“长时间都是中国同志到苏联代表团住处来，虽属工作关系。但从外表上看，好像只是有来而无往，你们中国有句古语：'来而不往，非礼也。'我们很少来拜访你们。这从礼节上说，是不妥当的。所以，我们必须前来登门拜访。”接着他又说：“你们的住处是租赁来的别墅，很难说事先没有人在这里安装窃听器、录音器，甚至拍照设施。这使我们不便畅所欲言。这也是我们很少来拜访你们，而却经常劳驾你们去我们住处的原因。”但是，周、莫二人还是在收音机大音量的噪声中交头接耳，进行了较长时间的交谈，对若干敏感问题交换了意见。
会场休息室摆了咖啡、糕点、水果。休会时，大家一边吃一边谈，可以随意走去。这也是各国代表交谈、接触的好机会。休息时加拿大的代表悄悄对我们说，他听了周总理的发言，认为很合乎情理。我们对他的态度信以为真，反映给周总理。周总理听了也很高兴，以为他会讲几句公道话。谁知休息过后，加拿大代表发言，又将杜勒斯的提案大加发挥，并重复美国对我们的攻击、污蔑，骂我们挑起朝鲜战争，是侵略者等等。散会后遇见我们，他又主动同我们握手，请我门原谅，说他必须听美国的话，照美国的意思讲话，不能越雷池一步。
我们这才知道这些人都是没有灵魂的傀儡，也由此发现他们内部并非铁板一块。我们也随之调整了对他们的政策，采取利用矛盾，分化瓦解，争取多数的策略。
在中、朝、苏三国联合斗争下，美国的恐吓政策失败了。5月30日，杜勒斯就离开日内瓦回国，留下副国务卿史密斯出席会议。史密斯多少有点民主作风，但他不敢破坏杜勒斯不准同周总理握手的规定。休息时，周总理同莫洛托夫谈话，我为他们翻译。史密斯一手拿着咖啡杯子，一手空着，在旁边转来转去。不一会儿，史密斯挤进来，同莫洛托握手，然后用手拉总理的衣袖。这样表示既不破坏杜勒斯的规定，又向总理打了招呼，同莫洛托夫谈话，眼睛却望着周恩来。
周总理始终没有主动和他握手。我们早已知道了他们的章法和规定，所以从容不迫地应付了一切场面。
后来，史密斯私下向我们表示：会议结束后，他就辞职，不愿再干这个副国务卿的差事了。既不能按照自己的意志办事，又不能根据事实真相办事。6月24日，日内瓦会议体会。周总理利用休会机会，应邀访问了印度、缅甸，向两国领导人通报了日内瓦会谈情况。7月3日，周总理在我国柳州同胡志明等越南领导人会谈，达成“7月5日协议”，在越南争取16度以北的地方划线停火，在老挝争取把靠近中国和越南的桑怒和丰沙里两省划为抗战力量的集结区，在柬埔寨只能政治解决。随后，周总理回到北京向中央详细汇报。7月12日，周总理经莫斯科回到日内瓦，我专程到莫斯科迎接他。
周总理回国期间，中国代表团大部分成员继续留在日内瓦，由李克农任代团长。英、美、法、苏等国代表团都留有人员在日内瓦。代表团之间相互也有接触。一天，美国代表团要求同我们会谈一次。要会谈，时间不会太短，起码得准备半小时讲话的内容。应该讲些什么呢？我、宦乡，陈家康等人讨论，由宦乡执笔写了一个稿子。因为总理走后，李克农虽任代理团长，但无权解决谈判中的任何实质性问题。因此，我们起草讲话稿时，拟定了一个原则，即既要保证能讲半小时，又不涉及实质问题，不要把自己拴死。会谈时李克农看着稿子向美国代表宣读一番，只是海阔天空，泛泛的谈了一些无关紧要的问题。然而对方却大加赞赏，说讲话非常有内容，使我们双方更加接近了，更一致了，这使我们很是莫明其妙。尤其第二天的报纸对此作了报道，说中国代表团的话讲得很好，很有内容，有价值，有水平。
4月30日，莫洛托夫宴请周总理和英国外交大臣艾登，介绍他们相识。这是中英两国外长第一次直接接触。这是莫洛托夫事先征得了周总理的同意而特意作的安排。他在自己的别墅设了鸡尾酒会，请周总理和艾登出席。三方各有四、五人参加。中国方面有张闻天、乔冠华、薄寿昌（英语翻译）和我。席间三位首相（总理）交谈，我们几个人遛出室外。英国外交大臣是个商人，张闻天可以直接用英语同他谈话，他说他到过上海，住在上海英租界同在英国一样，而做的是生意。他的历史和他的形象都使人感到厌恶。
宴会后，周、莫、艾交谈了较长时间，相互揣摩，交换意见。以后，周总理同艾登还进行了几次谈话。艾登也回访了周总理。
社会主义国家的代表团个人生活都很节俭，但应酬交际却很阔绰，因为这些活动的费用都是国家统一支付。资本主义国家的代表则不然，很少举行集体活动，也不请客。据说他们是个人包干，公用经费很少，而且节余下来的又分给个人，所以他们极力为自己节省捞钱。
日内瓦会议进行到一半时，中苏两同代表举行了一次联欢晚会。地址是苏联代表团附近租来的旅馆。苏联方面摆了鸡尾酒，中国方面拿出了我国第一部彩色影片，并为该片准备了俄文价绍。放映前，先由我国青年女翻译欧阳菲大声朗读这个影片内容介绍。
莫洛托夫和周总理坐在一起。观看过这部影片时，莫洛托规极力对周总理称赞欧阳菲的俄文翻译水平，说她的俄语是地道的、标准的、超级的莫斯科俄语，其清雅、优美、悦耳动听之声大大超过了一般俄罗斯的乡下人。当他看到影片上的梁山伯、祝英台相遇相处的情节时，惊讶他们互相不苟言美，不相谐滤。当看到梁山伯访问祝英台的家而发现后者是一位妙龄女郎时，竟不握手、不拥抱、不接吻、莫洛托夫极其诧异而惊愕地说：“我今天才算懂得了中国的礼仪和道德准则：看见了自己心爱和仰慕的情人，竟可以不伸出一个手指头来，不来吻，不拥抱！”
当天他们招待的客人只有中国一家，范围较大，也较隆重。在日内瓦会议的整个过程中，中苏双方自始至终密切联系，互通情报，协同步调，互相配合得很好。在斗争激烈、形势紧张的日子里，中苏两国首席代表一一周总理与莫老几乎每天都要会面，并约请在关第三方面（朝或越)协商、调整步骤。会议期间，形势变化多端，难以揣摩，如果各行其是，其结果肯定是糟糕的。
正是由于中、苏、朝、越之间的亲密无间的合作，在日内瓦会议上，我们取得了比较完满的结果。我们的对手是十分老练而狡猾的。他们利用他们的一切优势、有利条件和丰富的斗争经验，施展一切阴谋诡计，但最终几乎没有捞到什么好处，特别是美帝国主义。朝鲜问题虽然以无结果而告终，但美国根本不想从朝鲜撤军，根本不想通过政治会议协商和平解决朝鲜问题的侵略者的面目却因此而暴露无遗。在印度支那问题上，我们取得了更加满意的结果，最后迫使法国停战，承认越南民主共和国的合法地位和以北纬17度线为临时分界线。自然，法国也获得了喘息的机会，得以从越南从容撤走。
由于王炳南的精心安排，中、苏、朝三国代表团的座位得以紧靠在一起，排成倒“品”字形。大家异口同声地说：“团结就是力量！”
中苏两国代表团团长在臼内瓦的最后一次会谈，是周总理在张闻天大使陪同下去见莫洛托夫。双方交谈时间不长，用简练的语言概括了一下日内瓦两个会议的经验。
关于朝鲜问题的会谈，由于美国、南朝鲜两家始终没有达成协议的诚意，步步设置障碍，阻挠会议的进展，最后无结果而告终。这是国际斗争中常有的现象，是不足为怪的。
关于印度支那问题，虽然经过种种努力达成了一个协议。但并未彻底解决，留下的麻烦还不少。而且为了实现已达成的协议，仍然需要越南同志继续努力。来解决许多实际问题和做好各方面的工作。特别在勘定划界、人员转移、撤迁和一179—安排、组织17度线以南人员的撤退及人事、后勤等方面，要做的事很多。还应特别充分估计到帝国主义的动向。法国由于国内的困难形势，加上其他麻烦，可能在印度支那不能长期待下去了。但是它走了，别的帝国主义国家，例如美国可能要钻进来，因为它野心勃勃，实际上已开始插手了。要防止前门拒狼，后门进虎。
周总理谈到他很快就离开日内瓦，东归途中打算访问德意志民主共和国和波兰，然后再访问莫斯科。莫洛托夫认为，东归时，莫斯科是必经之地，在莫斯科逗留几天，参观、休息都是很适宜的，并表示欢迎，但莫洛托夫却未理解周总理的意思是要作一次正式访问。所以，击总理访问东德、波兰后，7月28日到达莫斯科时，苏方没有举行隆重的正式接待仪式，只把周总理作为过路客人来迎接、招待。
周总理在莫斯科只呆了两天，就动身回国，途中首次访问了蒙古人民共和国。
4月上旬周总理回国向中央汇报返回莫斯科时，原计划在伊尔库茨克稍事停留直飞莫斯科。但因飞机发生了故障，不得不在乌兰巴托作一次意外的降落。我随总理走进机场休息室。
一会儿，泽登巴尔打电话到机场询问：何人的飞机，为什么飞来飞去，不打招呼？
机场领导向他汇报了情况，然后要我去接电话。我告诉泽登巴尔：是周总理的飞机。本来没有计划在这里降落，因发生故障而不得不作意外的降落。
泽登巴尔说：我们是一个主权国家。照理降落时，应向我们打个招呼，这样也便于我们迎接和招待。
我回答说：泽登巴尔同志，我们是老熟人了，大家都不必客气，一切礼节也可以免去。你们什么时候愿意到北京都可以，我们都欢迎。关于今天咱们的谈话，我立即向周总理汇报。你还有什么要说的话吗？我向他转达。
泽登巴尔说：我们今天不能去机场迎接周恩来同志了，因为事前我们不知道，也没有准备，现在也来不及了。好吧，请向他问好！
我把上述的情况向总理汇报了以后，他沉思了一下，说：我们应找一个适当的机会，对蒙古人民共和国作一次正式访问。
当飞机经过西伯利亚上空时，天气突然恶化，前方出现一片乌云，看得见云中打闪。我有些担心，叫醒了正睡觉的周总理，又去提醒驾驶员注意。
驾驶员说他看见了，一副满不在乎、成竹在胸的样子，说可以绕开。于是向西绕过去。由于这一绕，到达乌兰巴托比预定的时间晚了40分钟。
7月29日，周总理的专机降落在乌兰巴托国际机场上，蒙古部长会议主席泽登巴尔在机场举行了热烈、壮观的欢迎仪式，车队在进宾馆途中，受到蒙古人民群众的夹道欢迎。乌兰巴托真是万人空巷。周总理拜访了大人民呼拉尔主席团主席桑布，回访了泽登已尔，参观了工厂、博物馆、展览馆，听取了各项介绍，出席了他们举行的招待会等。欢迎宴会时，蒙古人民共和国全体党政领导出席，周总理和他的随行人员也全部出席，总共也不过五十余人。蒙方用他们的最高规格招待客人一一先敬每人一碗马奶。泽登巴尔说：“喝马奶在我们是最高的敬意，但不知你们能不能喝得下，喝不下不必勉强，没有关系。”他用俄语讲话，发音很标准。他的讲话主要内容是介绍他们的建设情况，对中国给他们的援助表示感谢。随后安排了活动日程。
在蒙古参观了制革厂、机械厂、缝纫厂、博物馆等。博物馆里的陈列品，主要是中国古代的东西，如汉、唐时代的钱币等，还有少量石样品。
临别时，泽登巴尔给我们赠送了礼物：每人一张羊皮，有黑色的，有灰色的，有金黄色的。送周总理一个金碗（木胎包金），送我一个银碗（木胎包银）。我们在乌兰巴托逗留两三天后，8月1日下午回到北京。朱德、刘少奇等到机场迎接。
（分别以《日内瓦会议散忆》和《周总理出席日内瓦会议的上层内幕》为题刊于《人物》1989年第1期和《爱我中华》第6期，收入本书作了调整）