Chapter 5 〇4 Accompanying Chairman Mao on his visit to the Soviet Union

I studied and worked in the Soviet Union from the mid-20s to the late 30s. After returning to China in 1940, for a long time, I also served as the Russian translator of the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao. From December 1949 to February 1950, when Chairman Mao visited the Soviet Union, I accompanied him as an adviser.Before recalling this visit, I would like to talk about Mikoyan’s secret visit to China and Liu Shaoqi’s trip to the Soviet Union. Throughout the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, the Central Committee of our Party had very close ties with the Communist International and Stalin (after the dissolution of the Communist International in 1943, mainly with Stalin).When the War of Liberation was approaching final victory, there were more issues to discuss with Stalin.Therefore, when Chairman Mao led some central comrades to Nanzhuang, Fuping County, Hebei Province in April 1948, he planned to visit the Soviet Union in person and organized a capable delegation to drive to the Sino-Soviet border in a jeep.However, when Stalin was asked for his opinion by telegram, the general idea of ​​Stalin’s reply was: China’s revolutionary war is at a decisive juncture, and Chairman Mao, as commander-in-chief, should not leave his post. Representatives come to listen to Chairman Mao's opinion, I hope Chairman Mao will think twice.

Chairman Mao accepted Stalin's suggestion. In May of the same year, Chairman Mao went to Xibaipo in Pingshan County.At that time, the enemy army stationed in Baoding wanted to attack Shijiazhuang with cavalry.Due to the turbulent war situation, it is not suitable for the Soviet side to come.Until January 1949, our army conquered Tianjin and annihilated the enemy of Baoding.Stalin sent Mikoyan to China secretly. Mikoyan arrived in Xibaipo on January 31, the day our army entered Peiping.Mikoyan's entourage included Deputy Minister of Railways, N. Kovalev and sinologist E. Kovalev, who were in charge of restoring the Middle and Long Railway, and two guards.Mikoyan stayed in Xibaipo for a week and had talks with Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Ren Bishi and other comrades from the Secretariat of the Central Committee. China's determination, steps, and the nature and form of the new Chinese regime to be established, economic construction, foreign policy and many other issues.Mikoyan said that he only brought his ears, and after listening to Chairman Mao's opinion, he went back to report to Stalin.E. Kovalev and I were the interpreters for this meeting, but E. Kovalev couldn't translate a word. Mikoyan was so angry that he wanted to beat him.

At the beginning of May 1945, the Central Committee decided to send a delegation to secretly remember Su.For this reason, Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai were entrusted to carry out various preparatory work, and it was decided to transfer Wang Jiaxiang from the Northeast to the Central Committee to be responsible for planning overseas visits; Ge Baoquan was also transferred.Deng Liqun and other comrades helped with the work. The delegation headed by Liu Shaoqi, in the name of the delegation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was entrusted by Chairman Mao and represented Chairman Mao to go to talks with Stalin and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to discuss and decide some major issues, and to prepare for Chairman Mao’s visit to the Soviet Union of.The delegation consisted of Wang Jiaxiang, Gao Gang, Xu Jiefan and myself.There are several other staff members.

On July 2, Liu Shaoqi, Wang Jiaxiang and I set off from Beijing and arrived in Shenyang, where Gao Gang and Xu Jiefan joined us.Our party took the train to Lushun first, and then took a Soviet plane to the Soviet Union over North Korea.Because along the way in Khabarovsk.Chita, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk.Landed in Sverdlovsk and other places to rest and was welcomed by local leaders, so it took six days to fly to Moscow. When we arrived in Moscow, Shterbako, a staff member of the Foreign Affairs Office of the CPSU Central Committee (later served as ambassador to China from 1978 to 1986), took us to the villa for a rest.

Liu Shaoqi had five talks with Stalin, the first four were exchanges of views, and the fifth was farewell. During the second meeting, Stalin admitted his mistakes on the issue of the Chinese revolution. Here I want to talk about what Stalin's mistakes were.At the beginning of our War of Liberation, Stalin underestimated the strength of the Chinese revolution. He believed that Chiang Kai-shek had a well-equipped army of several million, and the United States was behind him, and the Soviet Union was unable to help us. Do not agree to fight.Of course Chairman Mao did not listen to him, nor did he ask the Soviet Union for help.Chairman Mao made a correct assessment and correct command of the Chinese revolution, leading the war to victory. In December 1948, the Soviet side forwarded a letter from the Kuomintang government to the Soviet government. The content of the letter was to request the Soviet Union to intervene in the dispute between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, to stop the civil war, and to persuade the CCP not to fight. The reason why the Kuomintang government wrote this letter was because our army had surrounded the Kuomintang troops in Tianjin and Xuzhou at that time, and was organizing the two major battles of Pinglu and Huaihai, and the Kuomintang was trying to avoid its destruction. Fate, came up with such a trick.This time the Soviet government just forwarded the original letter (in Russian) to us without making any representations.This shows that Stalin had a new understanding of the Chinese revolution at this time.After I translated the letter into Chinese, Chairman Mao and the comrades in the Central Secretariat all read it. No one said anything, but Zhou Enlai said, "I can tell that it is Wang Shijie (the foreign minister of the Kuomintang government)'s writing style. It's flattering." Chairman Mao didn't say a word and ignored it.

During this meeting, Stalin asked Liu Shaoqi: "Have we ever hindered you?" Liu Shaoqi said, "No." Stalin said: "It's hindered, hindered, we don't know much about China." When Stalin said this, his attitude was very serious and he felt deeply guilty. After two talks, Wang Jiaxiang suggested: This way of talking is too piecemeal, it is better to write something in writing, comprehensively and systematically introduce the situation of the Chinese revolution and the next step, and ask for their opinions.Liu Shaoqi agreed.So Wang Jiaxiang handed over to Liu Shaoqi the outline he had prepared before going abroad.Liu Shaoqi thought the outline was very good, so he wrote it himself and a Soviet comrade and I translated it, and translated it as he wrote it, and soon sent it to Stalin.

The third meeting was after the comrades and marshals of the Political Bureau of the CPSU Central Committee read the materials written by the Chinese delegation, Stalin held a meeting of the Politburo specially for us, and invited several marshals to attend and study the materials.During the talks, Stalin explained: Because there are many military issues in the materials, several marshals were invited to participate.As for the material itself, Stalin thought it was very clear. He had no opinion, and he had no questions to ask us.The Soviet comrades who participated in the talks also expressed that they had no comments or questions.Then Stalin asked what questions the Chinese delegation had.We are prepared to ask questions.One of the questions Liu Shaoqi raised was the possibility of a third world war; the other was how to estimate the power of the world revolution and how to estimate the two camps.There are other problems too.

The gist of Stalin's answer is: it is unlikely that a third world war will happen at present, because no one has the power for the time being.The revolutionary forces are moving forward and the people's forces are stronger than before the war.If imperialism wants to start a world war, if the people are unwilling to fight, the war cannot be waged.As for how long the peace can be maintained, it depends on our efforts and the development of the situation.If we want to build, peace is the most important thing, and we must strive to maintain peace for a few more years.But no one can guarantee that there are no madmen in the world.Stalin cited an incident that just happened a few days ago as an example-the US Secretary of Defense heard that "Soviet troops landed from Alaska", so he committed suicide by jumping off a building.

During this meeting, Liu Shaoqi told Stalin that we intend to establish a central government on January 1, 1950.Stalin said: "You will soon cross the Yangtze River. Where is your government? The country cannot be without a government for a long time." At that time, our main consideration was the issue of international recognition, and capitalist countries will certainly not recognize it soon. , we have no hope, as long as the socialist countries recognize it, we will not be isolated, but there is no great certainty about this.Stalin mentioned it this time, but his attitude was not very clear. In August, when we bid farewell and returned to China, Stalin emphasized again: "The period of anarchy cannot be prolonged, otherwise foreign countries may use this opportunity to interfere, or even jointly interfere, and they will be passive." Stalin reminded us to be vigilant.The details of the talks between Liu Shaoqi and Stalin were telegraphed to the country in time, so the Party Central Committee accelerated the pace of establishing the Central People's Government.On October 1, 1949, two hours after Chairman Mao declared "the establishment of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China" on the Tiananmen Gate Tower, the Soviet Union called for recognition and congratulations, and then other socialist countries also recognized it one after another.

The fourth meeting with Stalin was at Stalin's villa.At that time Jiang Qing was recovering from illness in the Soviet Union.In order to show respect for Chairman Mao, the Soviet side also invited Jiang Qing to participate in this meeting, but the main dialogue was between Stalin and Liu Shaoqi.Later everyone encouraged Jiang Qing to toast Stalin.Seeing that Jiang Qing was very young, Stalin was afraid that she would not be able to cope with the situation, so he left his seat and walked around the hall.In fact, Jiang Qing was not stage-frightened. She stood up, raised her glass, and said calmly, "I raise my glass and toast to Stalin. I hope Stalin will live a long and healthy life! Stalin's health is our happiness!" Stalin was very happy when he heard that, Say, "This is the first time I've heard such a thing—my health is your happiness!"

In the continuing conversation, Stalin mentioned that the Chinese party is a mature party, and that the Chinese cadres are mature cadres with high standards; he also talked about the eastward shift of the revolutionary center.Stalin said: The center of world revolution has moved from Europe to the Soviet Union, and will move to China in the future. I hope that the little brother will surpass the big brother, and I will make a toast to this.Liu Shaoqi was very nervous and refused to accept it.Stalin explained: "The center of the world revolution has moved eastward, and your historical responsibility has increased. This is our sincere wish." Liu Shaoqi still did not accept it, saying: "Big Brother is still Big Brother, and Little Brother is still Little Brother." Persuasion: "The younger brother catches up with and surpasses the big brother. This is the rule, and Stalin's toast should be accepted." After half an hour of pushback, Liu Shaoqi still did not drink the glass of wine.The Soviet comrades could not understand and were at a loss.Regarding the leadership of the upcoming Chinese government, Stalin considered it mature, and specifically pointed out that the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister were ready-that is, Zhou Enlai, and that was well deserved. At this time, all the staff of the Kuomintang embassy in the Soviet Union abandoned the embassy and fled.After this meeting, Wang Jiaxiang was recuperating in Moscow while leading Xu Jiefan and others to receive and prepare for the establishment of a new Chinese embassy in the Soviet Union.Gao Gang also returned home ahead of schedule. For the last meeting with Stalin, only Liu Shaoqi and I attended. Stalin invited us to his villa and Liu Shaoqi to visit his garden.The garden is very large, and various experimental fields have been planted. Among them, the millet imported from my country has grown ears and will mature in about two weeks.Stalin wanted us to eat millet porridge in Moscow.But we were about to go back to China, so he regretted that he said: "It's too late to make millet porridge this time." He also said that he wanted to sow seeds in a large area.Stalin also introduced his various crops.We spent a long time in the garden.When it was time to eat, several Politburo members came to accompany me.This meeting is also a farewell. When we returned home, we were accompanied by a group of Soviet experts.We originally proposed that we need 150 people.Stalin referred the matter to N. Kovalev.He found 96 experts from all walks of life, and personally led them to China with us in the same car. As soon as the People's Republic of China was established, it began to make specific preparations for Chairman Mao's visit to the Soviet Union.It is mainly to prepare writing materials and gifts.The written materials were completed by the main departments of the party and government under the personal inquiry and guidance of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou; Yang Shangkun was entrusted to handle the gifts, but Jiang Qing intervened and directed blindly.She suggested that Shandong special products must be brought, and repeatedly proposed to bring Chinese cabbage from Jiaoxian County and Weifang radish.There is also Tai'an's tofu, which is really not easy to carry, so I gave up.So in addition to Hunan embroidery (Stalin embroidery), Jingdezhen porcelain, one ton each of Longjing green tea from Zhejiang and Keemun black tea from Anhui, bamboo shoots from Jiangxi, lacquerware from Fujian, textiles and embroidery from Hangzhou, etc., there is also a carload of green onions from Shandong, Chinese cabbage and radish. December 21, 1949 was the 70th birthday of Stalin. Chairman Mao led a delegation from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Government of the People's Republic of China to celebrate his birthday. They exchanged views on issues of concern between the two parties, negotiated and signed relevant treaties and regulations.The decision of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee on Chairman Mao's trip was: After celebrating Stalin's birthday, Chairman Mao will rest in the Soviet Union, and Premier Zhou will then handle the treaty negotiations. Chairman Mao's entourage was very small, only Chen Boda, Ye Zilong, Wang Dongxing and me.My name is consultant.The Soviet ambassador to China, Luo Shen, and Kovalev, who was in charge of the restoration work of the China-Changjiang Railway, also accompanied him, and Luo Ruiqing, Li Kenong, and Mao Anying were in charge of seeing him off. On December 6, Chairman Mao and his party set off from Beijing by train.When passing through Tianjin, he found a grenade on the railway, and Luo Ruiqing went down to investigate and deal with it.Li Kenong and Mao Anying continued to be sent to the border. Arrived in Manzhouli on December 9 and changed to a Soviet broad-gauge train.The train we took was a special train for the leaders of the Soviet Union, equipped with a doctor who prepared meals for Chairman Mao, and there was a bathroom in the compartment.Those who came to meet Chairman Mao at the border included Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Lavrentev, Chita State Soviet Chairman Uzhov, representatives of the Transbaikal Military District Command, and Matveyev, deputy director of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.The first stop after the border crossing is Otpor, greeted by a guard of honor. Chairman Mao spent most of his time reading books by himself, and sometimes I chatted with Chairman Mao and introduced the scenery, historical sites and customs along the route to Chairman Mao.When the train arrived in Novosibirsk, the Soviet side hung up the phone at the station first, and a director of the Soviet Foreign Ministry called to ask Chairman Mao about his health, whether the journey was going well, and what help he needed.We answer everything is fine.When he arrived in Sverdlovsk, Chairman Mao felt unwell.The train stopped, and I accompanied Chairman Mao to the platform for a walk.It was very cold.Chairman Mao felt dizzy and then broke out in a cold sweat.I hurriedly helped him into the carriage to rest, and covered his head with a cool towel.After a while, Chairman Mao recovered.These situations were reported to Stalin in time.When the train arrived at Yaroslav, my ambassador to the Soviet Union Wang Jiaxiang boarded the train to meet him and accompanied him to Moscow. On December 16, the train entered Moscow North Station (also known as Yaroslav Station) on time, and the big clock was striking 12 o'clock, which was carefully arranged by the Soviet side.Those who arrived to meet Chairman Mao were Molotov, Vice Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Marshal Bulganin, Minister of Foreign Trade Menshikov, Deputy Section Chief Gromyko, and Lieutenant General Sinilov, Commander of the Moscow Guard.As it was known that Chairman Mao was unwell on the way and the weather was cold, he was afraid that Chairman Mao would not be able to bear it. The welcome ceremony went quickly. After reviewing the guard of honor in a hurry, he drove to the place where he was staying - Stalin's second villa on the outskirts of Moscow. Stalin lived here during the Great Patriotic War and had a large underground headquarters.Chairman, Ye Zilong and I lived on the first floor, while Chen Boda and Wang Dongxing lived on the second floor. Roshin sent us to our residence and left after saying "you have a good rest". Molotov told Chairman Mao to rest and told us that Stalin asked Chairman Mao to meet in the Kremlin at 6 pm. After we rested, the security personnel sent Chairman Mao to Stalin's reception room in the Kremlin on time, which was a small reception room in Stalin's office.We arrived 3 minutes earlier than the agreed time. Stalin's secretary asked Chairman Mao to sit in his room and he went to report.It was impossible for the other leaders of the Soviet Union to go to Stalin for a minute. At 6 o'clock sharp, Stalin's door opened and invited the guests in.Headed by Stalin, Molotov, Malenkov, Beria, Bulganin, Kaganovich, Vyshinsky, etc. lined up behind Stalin.Stalin usually did not greet foreign guests at the door, but this time it was obviously a special courtesy to Chairman Mao.I was the only interpreter present, and I was responsible for the translation of both parties. This is also an expression of complete trust and respect.Stalin clasped Chairman Mao's hand tightly with both hands, looked at it carefully for a while, and said, "You are still very young! You are very healthy! You are radiant and radiant, very remarkable!" Introduced to Chairman Mao.Everyone stood in a circle in the lobby, saying hello and wishing each other.Stalin was very excited and praised Chairman Mao full of praise, saying: "Great, really great! You have made great contributions to the Chinese people, and you are a good son of the Chinese people! We wish you health!" Chairman Mao replied: "I am People who have been beaten and excluded for a long time have nothing to say..." Chairman Mao hadn't finished his sentence, but Stalin took it over: "The victor is not to be condemned. It is a general axiom that the victor cannot be condemned." Stalin This sentence blocked Chairman Mao's speech, but he didn't know it.Chairman Mao's heart has never been spoken. Everyone moved while talking, and slowly took their seats. Then, the talks started.Stalin sat on the chairman's seat, Soviet officials sat on his right, and Mao Zedong and I sat on the left.Stalin asked about Mao Zedong's health and hoped that he would take care of himself. Stalin said: "The overall victory of the Chinese revolution is in sight, the Chinese people will be completely liberated, the power of the Communist Party is invincible, and the victory of the Chinese revolution will change the balance of the world." , to increase the weight of the international revolution. Restoring the economy and building the country will be your first and most important and arduous task, but you have the most precious and abundant capital—manpower, which is the most reliable way to achieve final victory and move forward. There is no doubt that you will win overall victory. The enemy will not be reconciled, and there is no doubt. However, the enemy is powerless in front of you today. We wholeheartedly congratulate you on your victory and hope that you will achieve more and greater victories! " The conversations between the two sides ranged from the military situation at the front to economic construction, grain harvesting, land reform, and mass work. From the beginning of the conversation, it made people feel that Stalin was trying to figure out Chairman Mao's intentions and wishes for this trip.The conversation lasted more than two hours. Only Stalin spoke on the Soviet side, and no one else interrupted. Stalin asked Mao Zedong again and again: "It is not easy for you to come here, so what should we do this time? What ideas or wishes do you have?" Chairman Mao said: This time, one is to congratulate Stalin on his 70th birthday; Take a look at the Soviet Union, from south to north, from east to west, want to see it.Stalin said: "You have come a long way this time, so you can't go back empty-handed. Shall we make something?" When Stalin talked with Liu Shaoqi in July, he said that he would wait for Mao Zedong to sign a treaty after he arrived in the Soviet Union.Stalin seems reluctant to put forward his own ideas first, lest someone later say that he imposed his will on others.He may also have considered that he had made some incorrect ideas about the Chinese revolution in the past, and had some inappropriate actions, so he was very cautious this time. Chairman Mao said: "I'm afraid we need to negotiate something between the two parties. This thing should be both good-looking and delicious." This is a very charming language in China, full of philosophy and humor, but Westerners don’t understand it, so I explained it when translating: “Good-looking means good-looking form, and it should be seen by people in the world. It just has content. It’s ambiguous, and it’s real.” However, the Soviets still couldn’t understand what it was, and they were all dumbfounded, only Beria laughed out loud. Although Stalin did not understand the humor of the Orientals, he was calm and calm, and continued to ask questions tactfully.Chairman Mao refused to say it clearly. Maybe he thought that the Soviet side should offer to help us. It would be insincere not to mention it. He said to Stalin: "I want to ask Premier Zhou Enlai to come over." Stalin expressed surprise and asked back: "If we are not sure what we want to accomplish, why did we call him here? What is he doing here?" Obviously, Stalin was asking the bottom line, but Chairman Mao did not answer. Neither Stalin nor Chairman Mao could guess the other's psychology and intentions.As far as I can see, Stalin's inner intention was that no matter what treaty or agreement between China and the Soviet Union was to be signed, he had to sign it himself, and the other party had to be signed by Mao Zedong, so that it would be proper and dignified.But Mao Zedong was determined to invite Zhou Enlai, Premier and Foreign Minister, to Moscow to complete this task.Stalin could not understand why Mao Zedong was unwilling to sign such a treaty on behalf of 500 million people? Since then, the two great men have considered things along their own lines of thought. Stalin was worried, and sent Molotov and Roshin to visit and talk with the chairman, trying to find out Chairman Mao's inner thoughts and wishes.Stalin personally called Chairman Mao and asked him what wishes or ideas he had, what the two parties should do further, whether there were any new considerations, and so on.Stalin also called me once, hoping to understand Chairman Mao's thoughts through me.Of course I'm free to say it, and besides, I don't know what Chairman Mao is thinking. Kovalev, the embassy counselor and Chinese interpreter Federin accompanied the delegation to Moscow, and they sometimes came to see the chairman.Once when they came to the villa to talk, Chairman Mao lost his temper with Kovalev, saying: "You called me to Moscow and did nothing. What did I do here? Do I stay here just to eat every day, Shit, sleep?" After they left, I went to see the chairman.He was in a good mood, and happily told me that the purpose of teaching Kovalev in this way was to make him report the situation to Stalin (that is, to reflect our dissatisfaction). In fact, it was impossible for him to report it to Stalin.This is another difference between the East and the West. The traditional Chinese thinking is that the attitude towards a servant means the attitude towards the master; the attitude towards the subordinate means the attitude towards the superior.But the subordinates of the Soviets got angry outside, which only meant that he could not do things. The superiors would be dissatisfied with him if they knew about it. Therefore, Kovalev dared not let Stalin know that he was reprimanded by Chairman Mao. But after this incident, Kovalev wrote a long report to Stalin, as if to report his understanding of China, which was all nonsense.During a meeting, Stalin handed it over to China, and said: "Kovalyov is a technician on the railway. He doesn't understand politics, but he still wants to get into politics. He wants to get into politics, just like Rats got into the bellows." On December 21, Stalin's 70th birthday, a celebration meeting was held at the Bolshoi Theater.All the senior cadres of the Soviet Union attended the meeting. Stalin and representatives of the fraternal parties were all seated on the rostrum.Chairman Mao was next to Stalin, and I translated beside Chairman Mao.Chairman Mao's congratulatory speech was read by Federline. He spoke highly of Stalin's contribution to the international communist movement, and received a great response.During the congress, Stalin repeatedly turned his face to speak with Chairman Mao. After the conference, the banquet well watched theatrical performances.Stalin and Chairman Mao sat in a box, which was a special box for the tsar in the old days. After the performance, the audience all turned their heads and cheered: "Stalin! Mao Zedong!" "Mao Zedong! Stalin!" Chairman Mao raised his hand to greet the masses and shouted slogans, "Long live Stalin!" When attending the birthday banquet in the Kremlin the next day, Chairman Mao was taciturn. No matter how Stalin or Rakosi teased him, he failed to arouse the slightest smile. After the birthday celebration, the delegations of the European parties all went back, and we remained in Moscow. Chairman Mao visited the Stalin Automobile Factory in Moscow, received a warm welcome, and accepted gifts and wishes from children and teenagers. During my stay in Moscow, in order to adjust Chairman Mao's life, I found dozens of Russian and European historical figures biopics to show him, such as "Peter the Great", "Napoleon", "Kutuzov", "Nevs Key", "Gastus Galinowski" and so on.When Chairman Mao visited Stalin, Stalin said to me: "Mao Zedong is really smart. Watching biopics is the easiest way to understand history." I told Chairman Mao this. At that time, something unexpected happened: the British News Agency spread a rumor that Stalin had put Mao Zedong under house arrest.Chairman Mao's visit to the Soviet Union was the first direct meeting between the top leaders of the party and the state of the New China and the top leaders of the party and government of the Soviet Union.However, for more than ten days, there has been no news reporting that the meeting has made any substantive progress.This of course invites speculation.Everyone is very anxious about this, Wang Jiaxiang is resourceful and resourceful, and he is worthy of being a "brain tank".He proposed to announce the purpose of Chairman Mao's visit to the Soviet Union in the newspaper in the form of Chairman Mao answering questions from TASS reporters. On January 2, 1951, this "Answer to Reporters' Questions" appeared in the newspaper.In "Answering Reporters' Questions", the chairman said: "The length of my stay in the Soviet Union is partly determined by the time required to resolve various issues concerning the interests of the People's Republic of China." "Among these issues, the first is the existing The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, the Soviet Union’s loan to the People’s Republic of China, the trade and trade agreement between your two countries, and other issues.” He also said: “I also plan to visit several places and cities in the Soviet Union in order to better understand the Soviet state. economic and cultural development.” After the publication of “Answer to Reporters’ Questions,” there was a great shock, the rumors were self-defeating, and the political atmosphere was completely new. At this time, Stalin no longer insisted on the original idea, and agreed with Zhou En to come to Moscow. At 8:00 p.m. on January 2, 1950, Molotov and Mikoyan came to the villa to talk with Chairman Mao and asked him his opinion on signing the Sino-Soviet friendship treaty and other matters.The chairman made three comments (a) Signing a new Sino-Soviet friendship treaty, "Sino-Soviet relations are fixed on the new treaty, and Chinese workers, peasants, intellectuals, and the left wing of the national bourgeoisie will all feel excited, and they can isolate the national capital. Class right-wing; internationally we can have greater political capital to deal with imperialist countries and review the treaties signed between China and imperialist countries in the past." (B) A simple communiqué issued by the two news agencies explaining the The government exchanged views on the old Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance; (c) issued a statement covering the main points of the relationship between the two countries.If plan B and plan C are followed, Zhou Enlai may not come.Molotov immediately said: "The first method is good, Zhou Enlai can come." Chairman Mao asked: "Will the old treaty be replaced by the new treaty?" Molotov said: "Yes."Chairman Mao immediately said: "My telegram arrived in Beijing on January 3, Enlai prepared for five days, departed from Beijing on January 9, took the train for 11 days, arrived in Moscow on January 19, and about ten days from January 20 to the end of the month. Time to negotiate and sign various treaties, and Zhou and I will return to China in early February." After they left, Chairman Mao called the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at 11 p.m., "There has been an important development in the work here in the past two days. Stalin has agreed with Comrade Zhou Enlai to come to Moscow, and signed a new Sino-Soviet friendship and alliance treaty and loans, trade, Civil aviation and other matters." Knowing the exact date of Premier Zhou's departure from Beijing, Chairman Mao went to Leningrad. Arriving in Leningrad on January 15, 1950, the local leaders greeted him solemnly and arranged for Chairman Mao to rest in the Smolny Palace.But Chairman Mao wanted to go directly to the Baltic Sea.According to Chairman Mao's wish, the car went straight to the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The sea and the land have been bound together by ice, and the thickness of the ice layer is 1-1.5 meters.Here you can see the Kronstadt Fortress, where workers rioted during the October Revolution.Chairman Mao walked on the ice after getting off the car, looked up, and said passionately: "This is really a thousand miles of ice!" Then, from the Black Sea to the Arctic Circle, travel all over the Soviet Union, from east to west, from north to south!" The Soviet comrades immediately became active, cheered, applauded, and were moved by Chairman Mao's passion and broad mind. During his stay in Leningrad, Chairman Mao visited the Kirov Machinery Factory, saw the cruiser Avr that bombarded the Winter Palace during the October Revolution, the fortifications during the Soviet-German War, and visited the Winter Palace and the Tsar’s bedroom , library and living room. It is estimated that Premier Zhou will soon arrive in Moscow, and Chairman Mao will return to Moscow.The next day, Premier Zhou called from Novosibirsk and talked for a while. Due to poor sound transmission, Chairman Mao couldn't hear clearly, so he went to Sverdlovsk in the Ural Mountains to talk again.This time Chairman Mao talked with Premier Zhou on the phone for more than an hour.Chairman Mao talked about his activities, wishes, and the content of the treaty to be signed, and also consulted Premier Zhou for his opinions.In this way, Premier Zhou had an idea in mind, and he could start working as soon as he arrived in Moscow.Wang Jiaxiang went to Yarosvl, 200 kilometers away, to meet Premier Zhou and his party. Premier Zhou arrived in Moscow on January 20.There is also a guard of honor at the station to greet them, which is smaller than the ceremony used to greet Chairman Mao.Premier Zhou delivered a speech at the station: "This time, I have come to Moscow under the instruction of Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China to participate in the consultation on consolidating the diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union." The members of Premier Zhou's delegation include: Li Fuchun, Vice Chairman of the Northeast People's Government, Wu Xiuquan, Director of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lu Dong, Minister of Northeast Industry, Zhang Huadong, Vice Minister of Northeast Trade, Lai Yali, He Qian, Shen Hong, Sunongguan, Ouyang Qin, Chai Shufan, Cheng Mingsheng, Wang Xun, Nie Chunrong, Luo Wei, Chang Yanqing, etc.Premier Zhou lived in another villa, far from Chairman Mao's residence.As soon as Premier Zhou arrived, he came to see Chairman Mao and discussed how to carry out the work.One day later, Premier Zhou simply lived in a room above Chairman Mao, which made it easier to discuss issues with Chairman Mao. Premier Zhou's work was very intense. On the one hand, he had to negotiate the treaty in the Kremlin, and on the other hand, he had to go to a group of people led by Li Fuchun to guide the work.Just at this time, Sun Weishi came back from Europe and visited Premier Zhou via Moscow. I suggested that Sun Weishi stay and help Premier Zhou take care of his life, and Premier Zhou agreed. Stalin called Chairman Mao directly three times.I picked up the first two times, and Sun Weishi picked up the third time when I was working for Premier Zhou in the Kremlin.Because I was not clear enough to express my thoughts, Stalin called me to his office again and asked me to translate his words to Chairman Mao, or to ask Chairman Mao about his plans and wishes.At this time, although the treaty was being drawn up, Stalin still didn't know Chairman Mao's thoughts on who would sign the contract, so he tried to control again. Chairman Mao's answer was: "I have no objections, and all opinions are with Zhou Enlai. Talking about it in the Kremlin?!" I translated the original words to Stalin. On January 21, Chairman Mao was invited to attend the 26th anniversary of Lenin's death.There was a break in the middle and a light banquet was held.This time Stalin did not talk much.On the contrary, Beria, Malenkov, and Molotov were very active.First, Beria said: "We are all rushing to China to see, when will our wish come true?" Chairman Mao replied: "Welcome." Beria said with wide eyes: "This answer is enough for us. I’ve been thinking about it.” Malenkov said, “If you don’t refuse, we’ll go to China in order to travel.” Molotov saw the relaxed and happy scene, and suggested that the German Grotty Orangutan be invited to attend , Stalin immediately objected: "Europeans leave their wives, and if they invite him, they have to invite his wife. It is inconvenient for a woman to participate in this stage." Khrushchev sat at the farthest end, just bowed his head During the meal, his posture became a joke for everyone. On January 22, the third day after Premier Zhou arrived in Moscow, he held talks with Stalin along with Mao Zedong.Vyshinsky, Li Fuchun, Wang Jiaxiang and others were also present. Mao Zedong spoke first, expounding his opinion that under the new circumstances, the cooperative relationship between China and the Soviet Union should be fixed in the form of a treaty.He believes that the content of the treaty should be to closely cooperate in the political, military, economic, cultural and diplomatic cooperation between the two countries, so as to jointly prevent the resurgence of Japanese imperialism and the re-aggression of Japan or other countries colluding with Japan. Stalin agreed with this opinion, and talked about the issue of the Zhongchang Railway, Luda, trade and trade agreements, borrowing, and civil aviation cooperation. Chairman Mao proposed that the three issues of Zhongchang Railway, Lushun and Dalian should be written in one agreement.Stalin said: "The Sino-Soviet treaty should be a new treaty, and the Yalta agreement can be ignored. One solution to the Lushunkou problem is to limit the return and withdraw troops after the conclusion of the peace treaty with Japan; the other is to withdraw troops now, but the past The form of the treaty will not be changed for the time being." Chairman Mao agreed with the former method.When talking about the Dalian issue, Stalin said: "China can handle it by itself." Regarding the Zhongchang Railway, because we had no intention of changing the joint operation between China and the Soviet Union, we only proposed to shorten the period and change the capital ratio from the current China and the Soviet Union to 50/50 It was changed to 51:49, and Chinese comrades were appointed as the director of the bureau. The third opinion, the Soviet side agreed to shorten the number of years, but did not agree to change the capital ratio, and still advocated a 50/50 capital ratio (50:50), and proposed that the personnel of both sides should be rotated regularly, and the director and deputy should take turns Secretary. 关于贸易问题，毛主席说，我们准备的出入口货单，并不十分准确，因此与贸易有关的问题只能作出大概的规定。 斯大林还提出不允许第三国居民进入和在中国东北。新疆地区居留的问题，由于这个问题提得突然，谈话有些冷场。周总理随即反问道：“东北住有很多朝鲜民族的居民，他们算不算第三国公民？更不用说外来的蒙古人了。”斯大林对这一反问措手不及，一时哑口无言，后来知道他们的本意是禁止美。日、英等帝国主义国家的人进入东北活动。在这个问题上出现不愉快的气氛，是因为苏方提出这个问题，干涉了我国的内政。 关于聘请苏联专家的问题，斯大林提出了一些苛刻的条件，这些条件既不符合中苏友好的原则，又带有明显的不平等性质。在这个问题上，斯大林采取了西方国家在对外援助方面所持的态度，同时也表现出大国沙文主义。列宁过去在这个问题上对斯大林的批评，看来是十分准确的。 斯大林的大国沙文主义，还表现在于3月27日中苏两国签订的《关于在新疆创办中苏石油股份公司协定》、《关于在新疆创办中苏有色及稀有金属股份公司协定》中和两国互设领事馆等问题上。斯大林去世后，1954年赫鲁晓夫第一次访华时，取消了四个中苏合股的公司。 在后来的谈判过程中，苏方提出在我国的哈尔滨、沈阳大连、上海、广州等城市设立领事馆，中国相应地在苏联的海参崴、伯力、赤塔等地设立领事馆；在西部地区，苏方在我国的乌鲁木齐，伊宁、喀什设领事馆，中国相应地在苏联的塔什干、阿拉木图、斋桑设立领事馆。在这个问题上，双方的实际做法有很大差距。苏联非常积极地按协定设立了他们的领事馆，并立即开展了活动。而中方除了在赤塔、海参崴两处勉强设立了领事馆外，在其他几个地方根本没有设立领事馆。 在1月22日的会谈中，双方决定委托周恩来与米高扬、维辛斯基进行具体会谈。后来在会谈时，我方加入了王稼祥、李富春，苏方加入了外交部副部长葛罗米柯、罗申。 在协商《中苏友好同盟互助条约》时，周总理强调：“友好同盟”的具体内容自然就包括互助合作在内了，而后者也应该是条约的具体内容。苏方按周总理说的基本思想和大体内容，写了一个草案给我方看。周总理看后说：“不对，我说的很多，内容没有全包括进去，要修改。”当即把王稼祥、陈怕达叫来商量，同时向毛主席作了汇报。毛主席说：“我们自己重槁一个吧。”于是，周总理花了整整两天多时间草拟了条约文本，我把它译成俄文交给苏方修改。苏方没有改动多少，表示满意。看来，这是出乎他们意料的，他们没有想到我方会提出内容这么充实的条约。所以说，条约文本实际上是我方起草的，条约的名称，也按周总理的建议，将《中苏友好同盟条约》改为《中苏友好同盟互助合作条约》。 在条约和有关协定的谈判过程中，双方共同发表了一个公告，《公告》指出：1945年8月14日中苏签订的条约、协定均失去效力，“双方政府确认蒙古人民共和国之独立地位，已因其1945年的公民投票及中华人民共和国业已与其建立外交关系而获得了充分保证。”“苏联经济机关在东北自日本所有音手中获得之财产无偿地移交中华人民共和国。”（其实在苏军从东北撤退时，已搬走了大量的装备）。 《公告》之所以提到蒙古人民共和国的地位问题，是因为1945年8月国民党政府和苏联政府互换了《关于外蒙古问题的照会》，同意外蒙古独立，刘少奇访苏时已表明，我们承认蒙古独立。 一次，毛主席、周恩来和斯大林会谈，在交谈了若干问题后，周总理提出：“关于蒙古人民共和国的独立地位，中国准备发表一项声明。”斯大林一听立即就紧张起来，愣了一下，说：“蒙古问题不是早已解决了，并不存在问题，有什么要声明的？再说，蒙古同志不在，我们谈蒙古问题干什么？我们有什么权力谈论人家的命运？”总理耐心地解释说：“我们政府必须有个声明。中华人民共和国成立时，我们宣布旧中国的一切国际协定、条约一概不予承认。蒙古独立是国民党经手办的。国内的民主人士提出来，既然国民党签订的一切国际协定、条约都不予承认，那蒙古独立的问题，你们承认不承认？我们必须表明态度。” 斯大林好似放下一块大石头，大大地松了一口气，说：“我们两国都可以发表声明，还是中国政府先发表，苏联政府支持中国的声明，蒙古政府也表个态。” 最后以两国公告的方式解决了这个问题。 会谈中还提出了如何对待苏联在中国（主要是东北和新疆）的侨民问题和苏方向中国移交在新疆的一批武器弹药的问题。 《中苏友好同盟互助条约》的有效年限开始谈定是20年，不知后来怎么变成30年。翻译时，我曾间主席，他说：“原来是20年，不知什么时候改为30年。”看来，他并不看重年限。 在工作人员拟订条约和协定时，毛主席和周总理一同到克里姆林宫拜访斯大林。在这次会见中，斯大林提出，为了总结中国革命的经验，建议毛主席把自己写的文章、文件等编辑出版。毛主席说他也有此意。毛主席还提出希望斯大林派一位理论上强的同志帮助完成这项工作。斯大林立即答应派尤金来华。后来尤金参加了《毛泽东选集》第一卷、第二卷的编辑工作。在编辑过程中，由我和费德林随时译成俄文，邮寄斯大林阅读。如：《实践论》和《矛盾论》是单独抽出提前编译的。斯大林阅后指示在苏联《布尔什维克》杂志上发表。 签字仪式于2月14日在克里姆林宫举行。 为举行中苏友好条约签字仪式；中国代表团被请到克里姆林宫。毛主席、周总理和斯大林、马林科夫、贝利亚、维辛斯基等聚集在斯大林办公室旁的一间客厅里。其余的人都在另一间客厅。 签字仪式开始了。中国方面出席的有毛泽东、周恩来、李富春、陈伯达、王稼祥、赛福鼎。苏联方面出席的有斯大林、莫洛托夫、伏罗希洛夫、马林科夫、米高扬、维辛斯基、赫鲁晓夫、贝利亚、卡冈诺维奇、布尔加宁、葛罗米柯、罗申等。代表双方签字的是周恩来和维辛斯基。 在签字仪式上，毛泽东、斯大林站在最中间。斯大林的身材比毛泽东略低，在记者给他们拍照时，斯大林总要往前移动一两步，这样，在照片和影片上，他就不会显得比毛泽东矮，或许还要高些。各种镜头对着我们，摄影灯在不断地调整，烤得大家汗流满面。斯大林也不得不常常调整一下姿势。 突然，斯大林对我说：“你们的翻译工作没有做好，耽误了贸易协定文本的印制。否则，今天在这里可以同时签署贸易协定，那多好哇！”毛主席问我斯大林说的什么，这时斯大林也要我翻译给毛主席听，我如实作了翻译。毛主席听后说。“缺点和错误总是中国人的！”斯大林非常敏感地回头问我：“他说什么？”我回答说：“是我们个人之间的私话。”这样，斯大林就不好再问了。 中苏贸易协定，是苏联对外贸易部在苏联外交部协助下，与中国贸易代表团合作准备的。当时苏方还未准备好。苏方有关人员深恐斯大林斥责，所以就称中方未准备好该协定的中文本，以此搪塞，逃避责任。这种事发生在庄严郑重的签字仪式上，实在使人啼笑皆非。毛主席以他特有的洞察力，一眼就看穿了这件事的本质，同时用一针见血的话消除了我的顾虑。 签字仪式结束后，斯大林举行招待宴会，中苏官员互相祝贺。斯大林同毛泽东坐在一起。毛泽东对斯大林说：“再过几个钟头，也就是今天傍晚，我们要举行答谢宴会，也是告别宴会。希望你，斯大林能莅临。我们希望你能出席一下，如果健康状况不允许，你可以随时提前退席，我们不会认为这有什么不合适。”斯大林回答说：“我历来没有到克里姆林官以外的地方出席过这样的宴会，而且已经成了惯例。对你们的邀请，我们在政治局会议已讨论了，决定破例接受你们的邀请，也就是允许我答应你们的邀请，出席你们举行的宴会。”毛主席再次说：“如果身体不支，你可以随时提前退席。”斯大林说：“不会的，既然来了，就要参加到底。” 苏联礼节性宴会的时间一般都很短。中午12时过后，我们就回到了自己的住处。王稼祥大使立即着手安排告别宴会。这次以王大使夫妇的名义举行的盛大鸡尾酒会，邀请了斯大林在内的五百位客人，其中有苏联党政军领导人、各人民民主国家驻苏大使、苏联知名人士及各国记者。我们租用了克里姆林宫附近的米特勒保尔大旅社的第一层。 酒会预定晚9时举行。会前，毛泽东、周恩来、王稼祥夫妇、李富春亲自在门口迎接客人。客人们谁也不知道斯大林将出席酒会。9时许，斯大林率苏共中央政治局成员到达门口。毛主席和斯大林握手后，便陪斯大林向餐厅的正席走去。不仅外宾，就是苏联的许多高级干部也都没有在这么近的距离看过斯大林。客人们全惊呆了，接着便是热烈的掌声和“斯大林万岁”的欢呼声，直到毛泽东和斯大林穿过大厅就座后才停息。 毛泽东和斯大林成了大家一致注目的中心。两位伟大的革命领袖及主要客人被安排在里间小厅里，这间主宾厅与外厅隔着一排玻璃墙壁。外厅的人们不顾礼节纷纷向里间拥挤，连各国驻苏使节也坐不住了，无论是玻璃隔墙，还是维持秩序的工作人员都阻止不住他们。眼看隔板、玻璃门快要挤碎了，周恩来见势不妙，索性让服务人员拆除玻璃隔墙，将两厅合成一厅，让大家都能看到这非凡的历史性场面。 酒会继续进行。周总理致祝酒词，由费德林担任翻译。他手里拿着周总理的俄文讲话稿。周总理临场未拿讲稿，2000余字的祝酒词竟说得与原稿一字不差。他说，我们两国所签署的条约和协定，将使中苏两国关系更加紧密，将使新中国人民不会感到自己孤立，而且将有利于中国的生产建设和经济的恢复与发展，有利于世界和平。中苏友谊要世世代代传下去。周总理的祝词深深激动着人心，全场热烈鼓掌。斯大林讲话很轻松。他说，中苏友好、兄弟情谊要保持下去，周恩来都说了，也代表了他的意思。社会主义阵营也应象周恩来讲的那样，可惜今天与会者缺少了一员——南斯拉夫未被邀请，原因是南斯拉夫自己把自己划到外面去了。斯大林表示惋惜。接着讲了团结就是力量。全体热烈鼓掌，经久不息。 席间毛主席曾举杯祝斯大林健康并祝中苏友好万岁！斯大林也数次举杯，祝毛主席、周恩来健康。宴会持续至午夜，尽欢而散。告别宴会后，我们准备启程回国。 周总理了解了给斯大林、苏共中央政治局委员和主要工作人员的礼物都已送到。给斯大林的是绸缎和屏风，其他大体都是绸缎、刺绣之类。周总理又亲自给所有的服务人员分发礼物。有的服务人员虽然一直未见过面，也一个不漏，每人一份。礼物放在一个长条桌上，每份礼物上都写了名字。 为毛主席和中国代表团服务的都是斯大林身边的和克里姆林宫的服务人同。例如：给毛主席端饭的就是平时给斯大林打扫卫生的30多岁的玛露霞。瓦丽雅不言不语，玛露霞爱说爱笑。一次周总理的警卫员何谦在值班（何谦长得英俊，毛主席叫他“拿破仑”），玛露霞就同他聊起来，尽管语言不通，各说各的，仍然谈笑风生。毛主席本来在睡觉，被他们吵醒了，起身循声而去，发现是他们，也加入了他们的谈笑。 2月17日离开莫斯科。临上汽车时，所有的服务人员都哭了。 除了个别人尚能到车前握手送别外，全都哭得出不了门，瓦丽雅哭得尤其厉害，我同一位送行的上校说起此情，他说那些服务人员觉得毛主席比斯大林更亲。管理食堂卫生的老太太说毛主席理解他们，关心他们，不浪费电。 毛主席自己把屋子收拾得干干净净，出出进进很有规矩。他们感动得不得了，所以有感情。 莫洛托夫到毛主席住处把毛主席送上汽车，又先于毛主席赶到火车站，在那里迎接毛主席并送上火车。车厢里挤满了中苏双方的保卫人员。莫洛托夫想同毛主席说几句话，我好不容易才挤过去。莫洛托夫对毛主席说的是：要保护身体，在路上，到国内，都要保重，并一语双关他说：“你们的道路是遥远的，行程是漫长的，只有健康的身体，才能继续自己的行程。我们祝贺你一路福星高照。这是斯大林再三让我告诉你的。另外，保卫工作要做好，千万不要大意，这是临别赠言。”说完握手告别下车。 和我们同行的还有胡志明。毛主席、周总理、胡志明各一节车厢，负责送行的苏联外交部副部长和工作人员一节车厢。 离开莫斯科后，2月29日第一站到乌拉尔山的斯维德洛夫斯克，已是午夜。毛主席等参观了机械制造厂的锻压车间，还参观了研究院和一所大学。研究院是专门研究乌拉尔山的矿石藏的，送了毛主席一件礼物——用乌拉尔山的珍稀矿石粘贴的艺术造型。 火车东行，经秋明，从车窗望出去看到遍地都是石油。21日到鄂木斯克，这是个大城市，也是个老城市。我们游览了市容并访问机械工具制造厂。 第三站是新西比尔斯克。参观了飞机工厂和另一个工厂。城中有一宏伟的剧院，历经了十数载的建造之功。这天晚场演出后，演员都没有卸装，等候着中国贵宾。直到午夜过后毛主席一行才来到，先参观了剧院，然后坐在剧场中央看演出，节目是一出舞剧和一出《伊戈尔王子》片断。 继续东行，又过了一天，到了克拉斯洛雅尔克。当地领导迎接毛主席一行到剧院。演出的节目是新编的与中国有关的歌剧，我觉得不错，向他们要了剧本。 第五站是伊尔库茨克，这是同蒙古交界又濒临贝加尔湖的大城市，中国历史上苏武牧羊就是在这里，历来与中国关系密切。我们参观了一个少年富和一个茶叶包装工厂，这个工厂规模很大，而茶叶全部来自中国。 继续东行到了乌兰鸟德。自治州的领导是蒙古族，请毛主席下车，毛主席没有下去，在车上同他们谈了一会儿。 到赤塔是白天，参观了幼儿园，小朋友表演了节目，还给毛主席献上红领巾。 从赤塔往南，2月26日到了我国边境城市满洲里。毛主席给斯大林发了致谢电，周总理给维辛斯基发了致谢电。苏联外交部副部长拉夫伦捷夫和保卫人员、工作人员一直陪送到这里，并将火车上的东西移到中国的火车上，其中有斯大林送给毛主席和周总理的两辆小汽车，不知是什么人的疏忽，水没有放掉，汽车水箱冻裂了。 在满洲里，毛主席和周总理要求当地尽最大努力把苏联工作人员招待好。苏联同志把东西卸装完毕，交待清楚之后即回国了。我的任务到此基本结束。 回国后的第一站是哈尔滨，停了一两天，第二站是长春，毛主席参观了伪满洲国的新京银行。第三站到了沈阳，住太湖旅馆。毛主席到专家招待所看望了苏联专家。 1950年3月4日晚回到北京，受到在国内的党和国家领导人的热烈欢迎。