Chapter 4 〇Three with Chairman Mao from Yan'an to Peiping
Flipping through the indoor books and periodicals, I found that the surviving miscellaneous notebooks from 1947 to 1949 brought back many memories of those years.
In October 1946, Yang Buhao, a model worker in Yan'an, came to visit Chairman Mao and delivered farm grain on behalf of him. Chairman Mao had a long conversation with him.Chairman Mao asked: "How do you prepare for war?" Yang Buhao replied: "First of all, it is to fortify the walls and clear the fields, so that the enemy cannot get food and clothing, and even hide all kinds of utensils. We, the strong laborers, are organized, When the enemy comes, go into the mountains to fight guerrilla warfare—if the enemy comes, we will leave; if the enemy is stationed, we will harass; if the enemy is tired, we will fight. Tranquility." The chairman praised repeatedly.This incident proved what Chairman Mao often said that "the conditions of the people in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region are good."The calendar for 1947 has begun.Chiang Kai-shek decided to act according to his original plan.Due to the slight military progress made in Shandong and Hebei at the end of 1946, Chiang Kai-shek became overwhelmed with complacency and launched a full-scale civil war in a desperate attempt to wipe out the Communist Party and its armed forces under the leadership of the Communist Party. "Go to Yan'an and capture Mao Zedong alive", but due to the delay in preparations, he did not take official action until March 1947.
I was the director of the office of the Central Secretariat at the time.One night when Hu Zongnan's army decided to advance to Yan'an, I went to see Chairman Mao.When we arrived at Wangjiaping, it was already dead of night, and Chairman Mao was still working.I asked the chairman worriedly: How should we prepare for war?Do you have to evacuate?Can we try to keep Yan'an without retreating?For example, we have concentrated some of our troops and deployed them on both sides of the road.When the enemy enters the border area and reaches the front line of Fuxian County and Ganquan, we should attack them head-on, wipe out part of his strength, and let the enemy retreat in spite of difficulties. In this way, won't Yan'an be saved? ... When Chairman Mao heard this, he turned around—I felt him laughing, and I thought: "He can still laugh, it's inexplicable!" The chairman lit a cigarette, smiled and opened the conversation: "Your The idea is wrong, and they should not be blocked from occupying Yan'an. Do you know that Chiang Kai-shek's Ah Q is full of spirit, and when he occupies Yan'an, he thinks he has won. But in fact, as soon as he occupies Yan'an, he loses everything. First of all, The people of the whole country and the whole world know that it was Chiang Kai-shek who broke his promise, broke the peace, launched a civil war, harmed the country and the people, and was unpopular. This is the main aspect. However, Chairman Jiang also has his own ideas: as long as Yan'an is occupied, he can send a message to the whole country. , The whole world announced: the Communist Party headquarters of the "communist bandit lair" has been destroyed, and now only the gangsters are left, and he is suppressing the bandits, so that external intervention can be blocked. But it is only Chairman Jiang's own idea, It is his personal plan, not a public opinion. But this is the characteristic of this person. He only thinks about himself, and he doesn't care what other people think or think. In addition, it should be noted that Yan'an is a world-famous city, so it is naturally It's a heavy burden. Since he wants to carry this burden, let him carry it. And then again, since you can call to Yan'an, I can also call to Nanjing. Well!" Ah, so it is!Later, when we moved to northern Shaanxi, we really put forward the slogan "Go to Nanjing and capture Chiang Kai-shek alive". Chairman Mao then said: "Do you know how to box? Take back your fist to make it more powerful!"
Chairman Mao's words made me suddenly enlightened, I seemed to understand everything, my thoughts and worries were swept away, and I was full of energy, so the wind was blowing under my feet, and I hurried back to Zaoyuan, speeding up the preparations for evacuation and retreat.Just in case, in accordance with the decision of the central government, we first sent people to send two foreigners, Dr. Mi and Aluofu, to Sanjiao Town in Linxian County, Shanxi, which is our rear.
On the afternoon of March 18, 1947, Hu Zongnan's army approached the southern suburbs of Yan'an City, and gunshots could already be heard in the suburbs of Yan'an.At 6 o'clock in the evening that day, Chairman Mao set off from Wangjiaping and arrived at Yongping Town for a short rest.At about 9 o'clock in the morning of the next day, enemy planes struck. The chairman's car (the ambulance that Soong Ching Ling gave to Chairman Mao) was strafed by enemy planes, and the fender was penetrated, but no personnel suffered any damage.
On the evening of the 21st, Chairman Mao arrived in Gaojiaping and lived in Wangjiashan, a place prepared in advance. All comrades from the Secretariat of the Central Committee lived here. Only Comrade Zhou Enlai went to Sanjiao Town, Shanxi to inspect the rear and work.Chairman Mao organized the Qinghuabian Battle on March 25 here.In the first fierce battle, a brigade and its headquarters of the enemy's advance troops were completely wiped out. The entire battle took only more than two hours. Not only were all the enemy troops captured, but the battlefield was cleaned up.Therefore, the enemy stationed in Yan'an not only lost contact with their advance troops, but also could not find their whereabouts and whereabouts within a few days. For this small but very beautiful victory, Chairman Mao issued a commendation order.
On the day of March 25th, about one brigade of the enemy went straight to Guaimao in the north of Yanchuan County (this is only 60 miles away from Qingjian County, and it is a flat river), and seemed to attack Qingjian to cut off our eastward intention of the road.Therefore, the central government decided to transfer, leaving Wangjiashan, going east beyond Qingjian, and passing Jiuli Mountain to Zaolingou (east of Shizui Station) for a temporary stay.
On the 26th, the Central Committee held a meeting here and decided to organize the Front Committee, Work Committee, and Back Committee.The former committee, that is, the central committee, is composed of Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Ren Bishi, who will continue to stay in northern Shaanxi to guide the work of the central government on behalf of the central government; the working committee, composed of Liu Shaoqi and Zhu De, is stationed in Xibaipo, Pingshan County, Hebei Province, to guide local work; Ye Jianying was in charge, stationed near Sanjiao Town, Lin County, Shanxi.
On March 31, the central government arrived at Tianjiaping (Grange), where they took a short rest, and then broke up with the working committee and went their separate ways.
On April 5, the Central Committee arrived at Qingyangcha, which is close to the Sanbian (Anbian, Dingbian, Jingbian) area.Zhou Enlai also returned to northern Shaanxi from Sanjiao Town in Shanxi to join the Central Committee.
On April 9, Chairman Mao issued the "Two Documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Temporarily Abandoning Yan'an and Defending the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region" to the entire party in Qingyangcha.
Arrived at Wangjiawan on April 12 and stayed here for nearly two months.During this period, the Battle of Yangmahe on April 14 was organized, the 135th brigade was wiped out, more than 4,700 people under brigade commander Mai Zongyu were captured, and the 31st brigade commander Li Jiyun was captured. On May 4th, our army won a great victory in Panlong, wiped out the enemy and reorganized the 167th brigade, and captured more than 6,700 soldiers under the enemy's brigade commander Li Kungang.A total of more than 15,000 enemies were captured in the two battles and other battles.
On June 7, Central reached the Xiaohe area.The enemy was led to Wangjiawan.The enemy commander Liu Kan lived in the cave where Chairman Mao lived, but they didn't know it.The enemy captured an old man in his 70s and a girl doll in her 10s, and asked them which cave dwelling Mao Zedong used to live in?Where did you go?Both the old man and the female doll were silent.The enemy hung the old man from a tree and beat him violently. The girl cried and screamed in fright, but they never told the truth.
On the 8th, Chairman Mao and his entourage continued to advance from Xiaohe to Tianciwan. When it rained heavily, the guide lost their way and only walked a few miles overnight. They did not arrive at Tianciwan until the evening of the 9th.There are only 7 families here, and the enemy is rushing to the creek.Everyone urged Chairman Mao to move forward, but Chairman Mao just refused to leave.Everyone sweated for Chairman Mao's safety.Chairman Mao was well prepared, and he explained the enemy's attack on the Xiaohe line this time: "This time the enemy dispatched from Yan'an and Ansai to attack the Xiaohe line was an order personally deployed by Chiang Kai-shek, while Hu Zongnan and Liu Kan were only carrying out the order. Or, so as long as their troops reach the Xiaohe line, even if they have carried out the order and completed the task, as for the result and what they have gained, then they don't care, as long as they can hand over to Chiang Kai-shek. Secondly, when the enemy reaches Xiaohe, they have to immediately The reason for the retreat was that they had only prepared rations for four days, if they continued to stay, what would the troops of the several divisions eat?" The progress of the matter was exactly like this.Chairman Mao has indeed figured out Chairman Jiang's temper and the characteristics of his subordinates. The enemy seems to be acting under Chairman Mao's orders.
I lived in Tianci Bay for a week, and returned to Xiaohe on June 16. I lived here for more than a month, and an important meeting was held, that is, the meeting attended by Peng Dehuai, He Long, Xi Zhongxun and others who were in charge of the Jinsui and Northwest theaters Chairman Mao also specifically asked He Long to take Dr. Mi from Sanjiao Town to check the health of comrades in the Central Committee.
On August 1, the Central Committee set off from Xiaohe, via Suide, and arrived at Yanjiacha on the 13th. On the 15th, the enemy occupied Suide. On the 17th, the central government marched towards the White Dragon Temple and arrived at Pu County at noon that day.At this time, the enemy was only 15 miles away from the central station, and Chairman Mao ordered to advance to the Hulu River in the northwest.
On August 19, he arrived in Liangjiapo.Chairman Mao personally went to the front line to arrange the battle of Shajiadian.At this time, the main force of our army had returned to the Mizhi front line from the Yulin area.The Battle of Shajiadian was a battle of decisive significance. In this battle on August 20, the division headquarters of the enemy's 36th division, all of the 123rd brigade, and most of the 165th brigade were wiped out, and more than 6,000 people under the enemy's brigade commander were captured.After the victory of the battle, the Central Committee went to Zhuguanzhai, served here for a month, and began to transfer on September 21.
Arrived at Shenquanbao on the 23rd.After staying here, Chairman Mao once went out to visit.When we arrived at Tanjiaping, we visited the Yukou Paper Mill and visited the Baiyun Mountain Temple Fair.Although the Chairman wore a straw hat and was completely peasant attire, he was recognized by the crowd.For a while, "Chairman Mao is coming" blew through the temple fair like a spring breeze, and the crowd swarmed over, surrounding the great savior in their minds.
Chairman Mao and the Party Central Committee lived in Shenquanbao for 36 days.Around the first ten days of October, Chairman Mao asked me to go to Shenquanbao to meet him with Aluoda.At this time, Chairman Mao was in good health, in a good mood, talking and laughing happily.He wrote a long letter to Stalin, giving a general description and preliminary assessment of the general situation of China's War of Liberation and the battle in northern Shaanxi, saying that China's War of Liberation had a great turning point and had entered a new stage. , this letter was sent by telegram after I translated it into Russian.
Chairman Mao still remembered the questions I asked him when I was in Yan'an.Two days after I sent a telegram to Stalin, Chairman Mao asked me: "Have you cleared up the problem?" Then he said: "After the battle of Shajiadian, the enemy not only retreated to Yan'an, but I don't think they can hold Yan'an for long. It’s gone.” Then he said: “From now on, the enemy may no longer be able to carry out large-scale attacks.” I didn’t know much about the war situation in the country at the time, and I only knew about a great victory in Shajiadian, so while listening to it, I became suspicious. I thought to myself, can a Shajiadian battle have such a big effect?Chairman Mao sensed the suspicion in my heart.However, he neither introduced the situation, nor analyzed and explained it any more, but said, "This is just my opinion. Wait a little longer, and the situation will become clearer." It was only later that I learned that the general situation of the country at that time was: Liu Deng's army went south Entering the Dabie Mountains, it directly threatened the south bank of the Yangtze River; Chen Geng's troops advanced into the west of Henan, threatening Xi'an; Chen Yi's troops began to launch a comprehensive counter-offensive in Shandong, advancing to northern Jiangsu, and the enemy there could only parry; our army has completely mastered the Northwest battlefield initiative.So, how things went.As Chairman Mao expected, after the Battle of Shajiadian, the enemies in Yan'an never went north again, and they all withdrew until April 22, 1948.
Chairman Mao and comrades from the Central Committee left Shenquanbao via Wulongpu and Shenjiaping on November 14, and arrived at Yangjiagou, Mizhi County on November 22, where they lived for nearly four months.The living and living conditions here are relatively superior. It is a place where several big landlords surnamed Ma live together, but there are also communist fighters in their families, such as Comrade Ma Yuzhang and Comrade Ma Mingfang from the neighboring village.
Chairman Mao and the Central Committee decided to rest here for several days and hold several important meetings.The Enlarged Central Conference was held from December 25th to 28th. Chairman Mao made a report on "The Current Situation and Our Tasks", which was discussed and approved and distributed to the whole party and all regions of the country.Chairman Mao also summed up the spirit of this document in four sentences, that is, "the army advances, production grows an inch, discipline is strengthened, and the revolution is invincible." Chi explained: "This is the basic spirit of the December Central Meeting. If Soldiers on the front line don’t have time to study the full text of the document, so just memorize these four sentences.”
Chairman Mao wrote a total of 21 instructions, circulars, and policy-guiding documents here, held a military meeting, also focused on the study of land reform issues, and entrusted Comrade Ren Bishi to draft an outline on land reform issues.
Between February and March 1948, a fierce battle was launched with the enemy in Yichuan County. From March 1st to 3rd, 5 enemy brigades with a total of more than 30,000 people were wiped out, and the enemy commander Liu was killed. survey.This battle was not only a military victory, but also completely shook Xi'an, and the enemy collapsed spiritually, to the point where they were in constant panic.Peng Dehuai, the direct commander of this battle, was satisfied with the results of the battle, but still felt that there was a fly in the ointment, mainly because he did not catch Liu Kan alive.He said: "Leaving only Liu Kan's dead body on the battlefield, how much value is this?!" But Hu Zongnan and others in Xi'an were shocked.For them, not only was the accident unexpected, but it was also difficult to explain to Chiang Kai-shek.Before they could find a way out, an even more embarrassing situation appeared: Liu Kan's family members were all dispatched, weeping and begging Hu Zongnan, and they even took to the streets to parade, making Xi'an city uneasy.At this moment, we notified Liu Kan's family to claim the body.The situation in Xi'an was calmed down only because our army preserved Liu Kan's body intact. This is not only our party's humanitarian policy, but also Boss Peng's magnanimity.
On March 19, 1948, Chairman Mao ordered me to cross the Yellow River to the east first (from the date of evacuation from Yan'an, the original position disappeared by itself, and I became able to do whatever I was asked to do).I really wanted to continue working in the Northwest, but he ordered me to cross the river immediately and be on standby at Sanjiao.I was of course completely at my disposal.
On March 21, the Central Committee left Yangjiagou in Mizhi County and arrived at Changzhengdian. On the 23rd, cross the Yellow River via Chuankou, and then pass through Qikou and Saimen to Shuangta Village near Sanjiao Town, Linxian County. This is the seat of the Central Guard Working Committee.
Depart from Shuangta on March 26, pass through Linxian County to Caijiaya, Xingxian County.This is the headquarters of the Shanxi-Sui Military Region led by Comrade He Long.Living here for a week, Chairman Mao made "Speech at the Jinsui Cadre Meeting" and "Talk to the editorial staff of Jinsui Daily".
On April 4th, we left Caijiaya and headed for Kelan County. Without stopping, we continued to advance and arrived at Shenchi.Resting here for a day, seeing the misfortune and suffering caused to the Chinese people by the ruins of the county seat that was severely damaged and burned under the occupation of the Japanese invaders is vivid and heavy.
The next day, my family was arranged to be in Chairman Mao's car.In the villages passed by along the way, there are few strong men, but naked children running around, and even girls aged sixteen or seventeen are not fully clothed, and some only wear a long cotton vest to barely hide their shame. .Seeing all this, Chairman Mao said with great emotion: "We have too many things to do!"
When the car arrived at Ningwu, the chairman got out of the car and took to the streets to inspect this historically famous city.However, this ancient fortress left only ruins and bullet scars everywhere. The city was sparsely populated and empty, and there were evidences of the atrocities committed by the Japanese aggressors everywhere.
After leaving Yanshan Pass and going south, we soon saw the outline of Daixian City.The tall bell tower in the city really has the momentum of "the sound is heard in the sky".Central stayed here for more than a day.Chairman Mao and some leading comrades of the prefectural committee such as Hou Weiyu and Hao Deqing.Lai Ruoyu and others had a long talk, and later decided to transfer these comrades to work in Beijing.
On April 7th, we arrived at Baqiang Village at the northern foot of Mount Wutai via Fanshi County. We stopped our progress in case of heavy snowfall.Chairman Mao wrote the "Telegram to the Luoyang Frontline Command after the Conquest of Luoyang" here.After the weather improved slightly, it was decided to start from Baqiang Village on April 11 and forcefully pass through Mount Wutai.But shortly after going up the mountain, the weather changed suddenly.The goose-feather snow was overwhelming, and the road could no longer be distinguished. The ravines, hillsides, and roads were all filled in, and the car slid straight down the ravine.So Chairman Mao got out of the car and walked until the southern foot of the mountain, and then went down the mountain by car.Some comrades suffer from snow blindness, their eyes are red and swollen, and they cannot see anything.After passing the main peak of Wutai Mountain, we arrived at Taihuai Town, and entered the front yard of the temple under Zhongtai. It is very spacious and tidy, and there are many houses, but many of the houses were remodeled by the Japanese.
On April 12, Chairman Mao spent a whole day looking around.When I arrived at the storage room under Zhongtai Mountain, I saw many scriptures and various tributes. Chairman Mao urged the local cadres to protect these cultural relics and not lose them.Behind a large temple, Chairman Mao saw a big hole dug in the chest of a bodhisattva in the middle, and asked the tour guide: "What's going on?" There is gold hidden in the chest of the statue, so dig it out to find the gold.” After hearing this, Chairman Mao said humorously: “It turned out that the Bodhisattva had a heart attack, and the masses came to perform surgery on him. You should protect it well and keep it intact. , in order to explain to the people who will visit in the future. Say what disease it has and why he was operated on.” When I arrived in front of a Dragon King Temple near Taihuai, I saw bright lights in the temple and cigarettes around it. The temple seemed to be very prosperous because of its depression.The chairman asked the abbot of the temple: "Has this temple been damaged?" The answer is that not only has it not been damaged, but the peasants have sent special personnel to protect the temple, and no one has committed any crime.The chairman said: "Look, how obvious is the theory of the results to be obtained from this! How different are the attitudes of the masses towards the Bodhisattva on the mountain and the dragon king at the bottom of the mountain. The Bodhisattva on the mountain is too far away from the interests of the peasant masses. But the Dragon King is in charge of the sky and rain, so he has too close a relationship with the peasants. That’s how the masses think and treat things like this.”
On April 13, the chairman arrived at Chengnanzhuang (also known as Chennanzhuang) in Fuping County, Hebei Province together with comrades from the Central Committee.This is the headquarters of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region.Comrade Nie Rongzhen held a welcoming ceremony.Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi arrived early on the 11th and arranged to welcome democrats.The chairman also held several symposiums here, and participated in receptions and meetings of party and government leaders in North China.During this period, when I learned that Yan'an was liberated on April 2, I thought Chairman Mao would send a congratulatory message and waited aside to prepare for the execution of the task, but he didn't.
In the evening of May 18, the chairman suddenly ordered that he and several entourages should move to Huashan.Huashan was the headquarters of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region during the Anti-Japanese War, and it has housing and air defense facilities.On the morning of the third day after we moved to Huashan with Chairman Mao, more than a dozen enemy planes attacked Chengnanzhuang, bombing in turn from morning till night.We can see it very clearly from the top of Huashan Mountain.The bombing was not only very violent, but also very accurate and concentrated. It was later found out that it was an enemy spy hiding in Shijiazhuang who was doing intelligence.Of course, the enemy detective got the shameful end he deserved.The enemy aircraft raids continued until late at night. Everyone did not get a rest that day, nor did they eat on time.
A few days before this, all the staff of the central government had already left Chengnanzhuang under the leadership of Zhou Enlai and Ren Bishi, and lived in the seat of the Xibai Central Working Committee in Pingshan County. He and I) moved to live in Huashan, the reason is only known to a few people, originally he planned to take only six or seven people abroad for a visit, starting from Huashan, passing through Inner Mongolia to Outer Mongolia, and then the Soviet Union sent a plane to pick them up.Living in Huashan, I just waited for Stalin's reply. During the chat, Chairman Mao asked Dr. Mi some strange questions, such as what are the uses of various parts of the human body, etc. Mi replied: "I don't know."
A few days later, Stalin's call back came.The general idea is: "We welcome you (Chairman Mao) to visit, but the Chinese Liberation War is at a critical juncture, and the battle is still fierce. At this time, the commander-in-chief should not leave his post too far. Let's discuss, we can send a responsible comrade, a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, to hear your opinion, and then negotiate. What do you think?" In this way, Chairman Mao decided not to go abroad temporarily, and left Huashan for Xibai on May 27. slope.During his stay in Huashan, Chairman Mao drafted two documents on May 24 and 25, "Strategic Issues in Rural Work in the Newly Liberated Areas" and "Land Reform Work and Party Consolidation Work in 1948".
I lived in Xibaipo, Pingshan County for 10 months.During this period, Chairman Mao met with many democrats and cadres from various places, and wrote an article commemorating the October Revolution in response to the appointment of "Strive for Lasting Peace, Struggle for People's Democracy" published by the intelligence bureaus of the Communist Parties of various countries.In the months of July, August, and September, Fu Zuoyi, who was guarding Beiping, planned to send cavalry to attack Shijiazhuang to "recover the lost ground."Although he doesn't know exactly where our central station is, we have to be on our guard.Therefore, the various organs of the Central Strait have been very busy for a while, ready to evacuate and relocate at any time, but all work is still going on as usual.At the same time, our representatives conducted many negotiations with Fu Zuoyi, striving to liberate Peiping peacefully.But it was only when our army captured Tianjin, liberated Baoding and Tangshan, and assembled the troops to attack Tianjin and the troops of the North China Military Region, especially the artillery troops, around Beiping that Fu Zuoyi realized that the general situation was over and the situation was at an end.After many efforts, General Fu finally dispelled his concerns, accepted our conditions, and reached an agreement.The peaceful liberation of Beiping protected this ancient city and its precious cultural relics, and General Fu naturally had a part to contribute.Later, Fu Zuoyi said in the conversation: Both Chiang Kai-shek and Yan Xishan once held him back. He only needs to get rid of Chiang Kai-shek's entanglement, and it is easy to get rid of; , together to the People's Liberation Army.But Yan Xishan's answer is: he has been married four or five times in his life, and now he does not want to "remarry" again.
Around August and September 1948, the Soviet Union forwarded us a letter from the Kuomintang government to the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The CCP is talking about peace, stop attacking.The letter was written in classical Chinese and then translated into Russian. Although the language is rough, you can almost listen to its tears and watch its tears flow.The Soviet Union only forwarded the original letter to us, but did not say a word. I translated the letter into Chinese, and Zhou Enlai saw the writing style of the letter and said: "This is Wang Shijie's writing style." Chairman Mao turned around and made his own without saying a word. Things have gone.The central government ignored the letter.
Here, by the way, the issue of the so-called "Northern and Southern Dynasties" is mentioned. The "Northern and Southern Dynasties" was proposed in April 1949. More than a month after we entered Beijing, the negotiators of the Kuomintang government raised the so-called issue of establishing the "Northern and Southern Dynasties" during negotiations in Beijing.Our answer is: First of all, the chief war criminal (referring to Chiang Kai-shek, etc.) must be handed over.Chairman Mao presented a poem to the troops of the People's Liberation Army who were crossing the south of the Yangtze River. Two lines in it were: "It is better to chase the poor with the remaining bravery, and not to be famous and learn from the overlord." This is our determination.After the Nanjing government learned of the CCP’s answer, it said, “The CCP’s conditions in the negotiations are increasing every time, and they are too aggressive! It almost makes us kneel down and beg for mercy, and quit!” This is the final outcome of the negotiations.
In late January 1949, Wang Dongxing and I took a letter written by Comrade Ren Bishi and were ordered to find Nie Rongzhen near Shijiazhuang, explaining that the central government would use the airport in Shijiazhuang, and asked him to send troops to clean it up, and send troops to guard and guard.
On the morning of January 31, 1949, the same day that Peiping was peacefully liberated, Mikoyan, the special envoy sent by Stalin, flew to Shijiazhuang.
Mikoyan took off from Dalian Sujun Airport and arrived in Shijiazhuang.Wang Dongxing and I met him at the airport and took him to Xibaipo.
On the way, Mikoyan asked several times to stop, and he wanted to visit the homes of the masses.For safety reasons, we told him not to go.But he replied: "Anyway, people will know, and the news will soon spread all over the world. People will say: 'Soviet devils have come to China to carry out sabotage activities.It turned out that what he always thought about was confidentiality rather than security.He thought that the second day after he arrived in Shijiazhuang, the Associated Press would broadcast the news to the whole world, and this would add a lot of trouble to their diplomacy and international relations. They also made preparations for the worst.But until 1954-1955, Mikoyan kept nagging many times: "Things were so unexpected—my trip to China, no one knew about it! Foreign countries have never reported it, how strange!" "Your The work of the masses and the work of secrecy are really done at home."
Arriving in Xibaipo, first met Chairman Mao and comrades from the Secretariat of the Central Committee.Mikoyan conveyed the greetings from Stalin and all members of the Politburo of the CPSU, wishing us an early victory and the complete liberation of the whole of China, and also presented a piece of wool as a gift from Stalin to Chairman Mao.
Mikoyan stayed in Xibaipo for a week.Mainly Chairman Mao talked about the domestic situation, the situation of our party, our strategy and tactics, various principles and policies, and considerations for the formation of a new government, etc.
In particular, the nature and form of the regime, the chairman gave him a detailed introduction.The central meaning is that the state we are about to establish as a people's democratic dictatorship based on the alliance of workers and peasants is actually a state under the dictatorship of the proletariat.
When Chairman Mao talked about mass organizations, especially youth issues, he focused on our youth policy, saying that we will establish three youth organizations, the Youth League, the People's Federation, and the Students' Federation.Mikoyan didn't understand why there were three organizations, so he said, "Isn't this too scattered? What good will it do you? Will there be conflicts?"
When the chairman heard this, he was very unhappy and got angry: "Do you know how many young people there are in China? We have young workers, young farmers, young students, young people from society, etc. The number of young people in China is smaller than the total population of some European countries. There are so many, how can you unite them all in one regiment?"
Mikoyan had already claimed that he had only brought his ears, but now he stopped talking and just listened.The reason why Mikoyan was trusted by Stalin was because he obeyed Stalin and could endure Stalin's insults.He was almost Stalin's punching bag. When Stalin got angry, he scolded him like a child. Mikoyan was always silent and respectful.I have seen this kind of scene many times.
Chairman Mao knew that Mikoyan would report everything to Stalin, including Chairman Mao losing his temper with him.The fact is that he telegraphed Stalin every day.
Chairman Mao's talk this time is far-sighted, mainly to let the Soviet Union understand the nature of our regime and dispel their doubts.It was because of these preparations that the Soviet Union recognized the new China two hours after the People's Republic was proclaimed.
Accompanying Mikoyan were the sinologist Yevgeny, Kovalev, and Ivan Kovalev, the leader of the expert team working in the Northeast.The former was supposed to be Mikoyan's translator, but he couldn't translate a word.Mikoyan said angrily, "I really want to beat you up." I rescued him and said, "Chairman Mao speaks with a Hunan accent, so he may not understand it." In this way, I was the only one who translated.
Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Ren Bishi had talks with Mikoyan separately in addition to Chairman Mao's meeting with Mikoyan.
When Mikoyan talked with Ren Bishi, he talked about his own impression.He said: Mao Zedong has absolute leadership authority and is a good leader of the Communist Party of China; Liu Shaoqi is a good assistant to Mao Zedong; Zhou Enlai is not only a good prime minister of China, but also the world; Zhu De is a good man, an old general.
When he was chatting with me, he said that Ren Porridge was a politically mature and experienced person, and he was a good leader of the party.
Ren Bishi asked Mikoyan to ask the Soviet Union to support us with paper and medicine for publishing newspapers, etc., and he agreed and reported to Stalin.This was confirmed in the talks with Stalin later.
In the early morning of February 7, accompanied by Zhu De and Ren Bishi, Mikoyan arrived in Shijiazhuang, visited the city by car, and then boarded a plane to return home.
Then, the central government seized the time to prepare for the Second Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee.At the Second Plenary Session of the Central Committee, Chairman Mao made a report, and Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Ren Bishi and others all made important speeches.I serve as the minutes of the meeting.Immediately after the Second Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, a new preparation for action began—leaving Xibaipo and marching towards Peiping.
On March 25, 1949, Chairman Mao and the central government departed from Xibaipo Station via Baoding and entered Peiping, where they lived in Xiangshan.Here, Chairman Mao received many guests, received and entertained some leading cadres of the Fourth Field Army entering the pass.
Not long after, Kovalev, the expert team leader working in the Northeast, came to Peiping.A few days later, he brought Qi Hewen, the Soviet consul who had stayed in Peiping, to Xiangshan to pay a visit to Chairman Mao.Their only purpose was to boast that he had met Mao Zedong after returning home.
That evening, Chairman Mao received them at Shuangqing Villa.In addition to congratulating us on our victory, Qi Hewen asked the chairman to give them an introduction to the situation in China's various battlefields, including strategic deployment, marching plan, estimation of the outcome, etc.; he also wanted to know our party's basic policies and guidelines; Enemy analysis and evaluation, etc.
Chairman Mao didn't talk much, and gave a general introduction, only emphasizing that: Victory belongs to us.You will soon see the victorious end of the Battle of Huaihai; the next step is to cross the south of the Yangtze River.As long as there are no unexpected complex situations, victory is assured.However, there is no sign of an accident so far.For example: We did not allow the U.S. military to land on Qinhuangdao, nor did they allow their fleet to dock, so they walked away; in the suburbs of Tianjin, the U.S. military went out of the city to test it out, and had a little armed conflict with us. They retreated into the city; on the outskirts of Qingdao, a few U.S. troops also came out. When they were hit, they also retreated into the city, and quickly withdrew their warships from Qingdao.No US ships were found in other ports.We are carrying on the struggle with relative certainty.What did these two people know?God knows.
Kovalev first lived in the Soviet embassy when he arrived in Peiping, and when we moved to Xiangshan, we arranged for him to live in a valley in Xiangshan.
Chairman Mao talked with him many times in order to enlighten his thinking, let him understand the situation in China, and let him report to Stalin, but this person was always ignorant.Just as Stalin once said in January 1950: "Kovalyov is an engineer and technician on the railway. He doesn't understand politics. He is a complete layman in politics. He always wants to get into politics. If he Getting into politics is like a mouse getting into a bellows."
During his temporary tenure in Xiangshan, only Zhou Enlai went to work in the city every day to contact all parties, guide and deal with problems; Liu Shaoqi went to Tianjin to visit and visit relatives and friends; Commander-in-Chief Zhu De visited, visited and talked; Ren Bishi was seriously ill and could not go out .
Chairman Mao had to meet representatives of the democratic parties and people from all walks of life every day, and he also had to guide the preparations for the preparatory meeting of the Political Consultative Conference, so he left Xiangshan to work in the city, and lived in a bungalow in a small courtyard in Fengzeyuan, Zhongnanhai.
After the arrangements for the CPPCC preparatory meeting were completed, the comrades suggested that Chairman Mao return to live in Xiangshan out of safety considerations.Chairman Mao said that he would not return to Fragrant Hills, and that he would go to Fengze Garden instead of moving.This is where Chairman Mao works, stays, holds meetings and receives guests for a long time.
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