Chapter 3 〇2 Mao Zedong before and after the Chongqing Negotiations

The Anti-Japanese War is over. In 1945, after the successful conclusion of the Seventh National Congress of the Party, representatives from all over the country immediately returned to their regions and units. Only a small number of cadres stayed in Yan'an for a few days for some reason.At this time, news came from a foreign telegram that the Soviet army launched a full-scale attack from Shuangchengzi in the Far East to Chita in Siberia, and launched a fierce attack on the Japanese invading army.The battle was fierce from the very beginning, the Japanese army resisted tenaciously, and both sides suffered many casualties.But the Soviet army is still invincible.In just two or three days, the Emperor of Japan announced that he was willing to lay down his arms and formally surrendered.Chairman Mao said: "Look, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but Japan did not surrender, but as soon as the Soviet army sent troops, Japan surrendered."

The news of Japan's surrender reached Yan'an, and Yan'an was boiling!Several radiating valleys with Yan'an City as the center are full of mountains and plains, with red flags waving, gongs and drums blazing, and firecrackers blaring. People who don’t know each other, whether they know each other or not, hug each other and join hands to dance Yangko. That night, the mountains and plains are full of seas of fire and torrents of joy!Eight years of arduous war of resistance, finally victorious!The carnival lasted for three days. At this turning point in history, our party and our army are all in the midst of extremely busy and tense work, especially the leading comrades of the party central committee.Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Liu Shaoqi were the busiest; Commander-in-Chief Zhu De has always been calm and leisurely, but he handled things calmly and orderly; Comrade Ren Bishi was seriously ill at the time and was unable to do what he wanted, but he was just anxious.

Chairman Mao wished he could use one day as ten.The workload is huge and the speed is fast, which has reached an unprecedented level.He moved his office to the small auditorium in Zaoyuan, in order to deal with affairs while meeting leaders and generals from various places and levels who came to ask for instructions.While talking with these comrades, he wrote quickly with a pen, issuing orders, writing letters of appointment, issuing proclamations, statements, declarations, and so on.I have to work in the office for more than ten hours a day, and reading at night is still indispensable.Sometimes I was too busy to eat or drink tea. Fortunately, it was the season when the melons and fruits in Yan'an were ripe, so the staff selected the best melons and fruits and sent them to Chairman Mao's desk. The desk was a table tennis table.There are pens, ink, paper and inkstones in the center, nothing else.When working, the chairman grabs melons and fruits to quench his thirst and hunger, and sometimes eats a few pies or bread. A circle of long wooden chairs with backrests is placed around the small auditorium, and the cadres sit there waiting for orders and instructions.Whatever you want to eat, you can take it from the chairman's "desk" and eat it.Those who received appointments or instructions left separately.

Liu Shaoqi carefully studied various documents and calls from various places in his cave, or talked with comrades sent to the front. Only major issues were discussed with Chairman Mao to study solutions.He first paid attention to the situation in the Northeast and the policy we should adopt. Before the Soviet army entered the northeast of our country, we did not know the movements of the Soviet army. Neither the Soviet side nor our personnel working in the Soviet army, such as Comrades Liu Yalou and Zhou Baozhong, disclosed any information to us.It seems that the Soviet Union is seriously abiding by the secret agreement reached with the United States and Britain, that is, dealing only with the Chinese Nationalist government and handing over the major cities in the Northeast to the Nationalist government.However, the anti-Japanese forces of our army in the Northeast already existed, especially inside and outside the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan to Zhangbei, where Zeng Kelin, Li Yunchang, Yang Chengwu, Xiao Hua, Lu Zhengcao and other troops were deployed.After the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, the above-mentioned troops marched northward in an all-round way, going deep into the hinterland of the Northeast, and cooperating with the Soviet army in combat.The central government also mobilized some troops from North China and Central China to march northeast.

In order to abide by the international agreement, the Soviet Union tried its best to hand over Nanman, Liaoshen and other places to the Kuomintang government as soon as possible, so as to get out as soon as possible and withdraw its troops.However, although the Jiang troops received a large amount of public assistance from the United States, they persevered on their own and were busy "robbing and harvesting".U.S. troops stationed at Shanhaiguan, guarding the gate to help the Kuomintang.With great difficulty, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched his elite First Army (i.e., the Reorganized First Division, Division Commander Sun Liren, Deputy Division Commander Jia Youhui) to take over Shenyang, where the Soviet Army moved to defend.

After the Soviet army withdrew according to the stipulated time, only the two armed forces of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party remained in the Northeast.The two sides will not give in to each other, and every inch of land will be contested.Our policy is still to preemptively occupy the vast rural areas and as many small and medium-sized cities as possible.In the liberated areas, mobilize the masses to turn over completely and defend their own fruits of victory. Regarding the Northeast, Liu Shaoqi shared his views and ideas with Chairman Mao. Although the Soviet army did not actively support and help us, it did not stop us, and it is estimated that they would not shoot us in the back. Then we also won the strategic victory in the Northeast. The victory above means that there are no enemies in the north; Mongolia in the west and North Korea in the east are all friendly neighbors, and we can concentrate our efforts to deal with enemies in one area.With such a favorable strategic position, there is a basis for victory.Listening to Liu Shaoqi's statement, Chairman Mao kept silent all the time, and he didn't stop what he was doing—writing proclamations, dispatching troops, issuing orders, and assigning tasks.Lin Biao was mentioned last, and the task given to him was: to go to the Northeast and master this important strategic place.Lin Biao was very satisfied, readily accepted, and left with his head held high.

Xu Xiangqian was left, restless, unable to restrain himself, so he rose up and asked for a fight, demanding to capture Taiyuan.Chairman Mao replied with a smile: "I haven't forgotten you, but you are currently sick. The first thing to do is to cure the disease and take care of your health. The enemy in Taiyuan has no way to escape. I leave this task to you. Finish it after you recover your health." Zhou Enlai, on the other hand, fought on the outside line alone, busy dealing with the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek, and dealing with various imperialist conspiracies. At that time, although the Kuomintang and the Communist Party were not at war, their respective nerves were tense, and the situation was delicate.Chairman Mao grasped every step accurately and steadily.During this period, we not only allowed foreign journalists to come to Yan'an for interviews, but also allowed the US military mediation executive department to set up liaison teams in Yan'an and major liberated areas and inspect various places to perform mediation tasks.As for the fact that they failed to solve any problems and had to retreat to camp and admit complete failure, that is not our fault.

In order to maintain his position, Chiang Kai-shek put forward the so-called conditions for maintaining domestic peace, that is, to unify military orders, unify government orders, unify state affairs, and abolish special zones (that is, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region and the liberated areas).This greatly complicates matters.The United States came forward to build a bridge and lead the way, and tried its best to promote the KMT and the Communist Party to hold the highest-level talks, and invited Chairman Mao to Chongqing to meet with Chiang Kai-shek. At this time, Stalin inexplicably intervened (maybe his subjective intention was to implement the agreement at the Yalta Conference), and he forwarded a telegram through the Soviet Intelligence Group in Yan'an, mainly saying: China can no longer fight civil war, If there is another civil war, it may lead the nation to a dangerous situation of extinction and so on.This telegram caused Chairman Mao's great displeasure, and even made him very angry. Chairman Mao said: "I don't believe that the nation will perish if the people struggle to stand up?!" Chairman Mao was angry about this telegram. Immediately afterward, Stalin sent a second telegram, the main content of which was: Chiang Kai-shek has repeatedly invited you to Chongqing to discuss state affairs. Talk to Chiang, your safety is in the responsibility of the US and the Soviet Union, etc.

At the beginning, Chairman Mao wanted to send Zhou Enlai to negotiate on his behalf. Later, considering that Chiang Kai-shek would not be satisfied and it was not enough to fully express our sincerity, he finally decided to go to Chongqing to meet Chiang Kai-shek himself.After several days of preparation, Chairman Mao was accompanied by Wang Ruofei to Chongqing, while Zhou Enlai and Bogu were waiting in Chongqing. US Ambassador to China Hurley and Zhang Zhizhong made a special trip from Chongqing to Yan'an to meet Chairman Mao.Hurley was a rude and underestimated guy. When he first came to Yan'an, he lived in the guest house of the Border District Government's Communication Office.One morning, Chairman Mao made a special trip to visit him. He was arrogant and uttered a lot of words, saying that the CCP should hand over all its troops to the central government of the Kuomintang for unified organization and unified command.By doing this, you can get cannons, machine guns, planes and other equipment supplied by the United States, otherwise there will be no way out, and the Americans will scold you.Chairman Mao replied calmly: "Mr. Ambassador, you Americans have planes, cannons, tanks, machine guns, butter, and bread. They are all yours. Enjoy them yourself. If you Americans are full and want to scold others, that's the same. Your freedom, you can scold every day after you have finished. But we have millet and rifles, which belong to us to enjoy. The well water does not interfere with the river water, and each goes to the same place." In addition, there are many sarcasm words, which are enough for Hurley .

This time, he came to pick up Chairman Mao. After Chairman Mao and the members of the delegation boarded the plane, he boarded the plane last and stood at the door of the cabin. prey.His actions aroused strong dissatisfaction among the cadres who were present to see Chairman Mao off, and they asked the leader of the US military observation team stationed in Yan'an, Colonel Barrett, who was also there to see him off: What's going on? !What does it mean? !Paul Ruide said: Hurley is a rude and ignorant boor. He was born as a shepherd boy, and his wild nature has not changed. Before Chairman Mao went to Chongqing, he not only drafted the "Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Peaceful Negotiations with the Kuomintang", but also talked with Liu Shaoqi for a whole day and night, giving face-to-face tips.The general meaning is: "During my stay in Chongqing, both the front and the rear must be active, and all Chiang Kai-shek's conspiracies must be exposed, and all Chiang Kai-shek's provocative behavior must be hit head-on. We will destroy as many as we can. The greater the victory of our army and the more active the masses of the people are in their struggle, the more secure and safe my situation will be. It must be known that Generalissimo Jiang only recognizes fists, not comity.” And so on.In the subsequent development of the situation, many cadres had doubts. As a last resort, Liu Shaoqi disclosed the above-mentioned Chairman Mao's instructions to everyone, and everyone was relieved.Looking forward to the return of Chairman Mao every day.

Not a few days after Chairman Mao left Yan'an, that is, on the morning of September 14, a small military plane landed at Yan'an Airport. Zeng Kelin, a general of the Eighth Route Army stationed in Shanhaiguan, and Weisbev, a Soviet officer and a major, got off the plane. Translated by Xie Deming.Zeng Kelin met them in Jinzhou, and they had a very friendly conversation. The Soviet officer had a sense of mystery about my Eighth Route Army headquarters, and just out of curiosity, he wanted to see what the Eighth Route Army headquarters looked like, so he flew here on a whim.They didn't know the situation in Yan'an at all, and they didn't have any communications, so they flew here based on Zeng Kelin's oral introduction.As soon as the plane landed, they were greeted and entertained by Yang Shangkun and Wu Xiuquan.The next afternoon, Peng Zhen took them to Wangjiaping, the headquarters of the 118th Route Army of the Military Commission, and met with Commander-in-Chief Zhu De.Then, comrades from the Political Bureau of the Central Committee who were still in Yan'an came to have a discussion with them, and Liu Shaoqi presided over the discussion.Liu Shaoqi asked Zeng Kelin to introduce the situation in the Northeast. Zeng Kelin gave a detailed report on the Eighth Route Army's entry into the Northeast, the process of entering Shenyang, the expansion of troops, and the attitude of the Soviet Army.Another day later, in the early morning of the 16th, Peng Zhen told Zeng Kelin that he, Chen Yun, and Wu Xiuquan were going to the northeast on their plane.So that afternoon, they left Yan'an on the same plane and landed at Shanhaiguan. Chairman Mao stayed in Chongqing for more than a month, and the "Double Ten Agreement" was drafted, and he was still accompanied by Zhang Zhizhong to return to Yan'an.There were more than 4,000 cadres who greeted Chairman Mao at the airport, mainly from the border area system, because at this time, the cadres of the central government basically left Yan'an and went to the front.I went up to meet Chairman Mao and asked him to speak to everyone.The chairman's speech was very brief, to the effect that the talks with Chairman Jiang in Chongqing this time involved various issues, and a document called the "Double Ten Agreement" will be published within a few days.This is the initial harvest, but there are still many things that have not been discussed and many problems that have not been resolved. That is to say, there are still many things that should be done in the future!In short, the situation is opened.After Chairman Mao finished speaking, he turned to me and said, "Please invite Mr. Zhang to speak." I went to Mr. Zhang Zhizhong and asked him to speak to everyone.Zhang Zhizhong spoke as follows: "I welcomed Chairman Mao to Chongqing, and today I am responsible for escorting him back. I am worthy of everyone. Brothers have fulfilled their responsibilities, and I feel honored. Thank you!" At the airport, cadres and the masses greeted Mao The chairman cheered enthusiastically.Afterwards, Chairman Mao returned to his residence in Zaoyuan, while Zhang Zhizhong rested at the headquarters of the Eighth Route Army in Wangjiaping, and returned to Chongqing by the original plane on the same day. Chairman Mao was a little tired after returning to Yan'an, but because many things had changed during his departure, he did not take a few days off before starting to ask about work.First of all, he needs to understand the deployment and movement of the various troops ahead, which places have conflicts with the national team, how we dealt with them, etc.; secondly, he was a little unhappy when he heard that Zhang Wentian and Li Fuchun had all gone to the Northeast, but he did not say anything. what.Finally, when I heard that Gao Gang also left Yan'an for the Northeast, he expressed great dissatisfaction, and said to me privately: "There is so much to do in such a large place in the Northwest, why do you want to go to the Northeast? Leave it alone and go to a big city, just want to live a good life, don't want to suffer, what kind of attitude is this?!" A few days later, Chairman Mao gave a big report in the auditorium of the Central Party School.His words were concise and easy to understand, which suddenly enlightened the cadres' thinking, clarified some confused understandings, greatly inspired the spirit of the factory, enhanced their confidence, and improved their fighting spirit.He said: During the eight years of the Anti-Japanese War, Generalissimo Jiang hid on Mount Emei to pamper him. Now that the peaches are ripe, he will go down the mountain to pick them. It depends on who planted the peaches, who watered them, and who fertilized them. For peaches, Generalissimo Jiang stretched out his hand to grab the peaches, so a struggle was inevitable. What is worrying is that Chairman Mao's physical condition is not good. I see him several times a day. Sometimes he lies on the bed, trembling all over, with convulsions in his hands and feet, sweating profusely, and unable to sleep.He asked for a cold, wet towel to be placed on his head, which he did, but to no avail.At this time, all the main hospitals in Yan'an had been evacuated. When I had no choice but to ask Stalin for help.Originally, the Soviet doctor Alov was very familiar with the health of Chairman Mao and the leading comrades of the Central Committee, but after Chairman Mao returned from Chongqing, he rushed back to China to participate in the October Revolution Festival with members of the Soviet intelligence team.After asking Chairman Mao for permission, he sent a telegram to Stalin, please send two doctors.But about two hours later, Chairman Mao called me again. When I got closer, he told me not to send a telegram to Stalin for the time being.However, it was too late, the telegram had already been sent.Chairman Mao said: "It's done too fast, why are you so anxious?!" I thought to myself: This is not in a hurry!He had no choice but to say: "My character is anxious, and it has always been like this." He didn't say anything more. At this time Jiang Qing stepped forward.Make me, the director of the office of the Central Secretariat, go around in circles.She asked me to find a quiet place and let Chairman Mao leave the jujube garden to recuperate.I searched many places, and arrived at Zhenwu Cave in Ansai, where the conditions were too poor to be suitable; then I ran to the sanatorium for cadres built by the Joint Defense Command near Liushudian.It was completely empty here.So Chairman Mao was invited to the sanatorium.After he went there, Chairman Mao felt that he was completely separated from the organization, could not see the documents, could not hear the news, and was even more anxious.When I go to see him every day, he asks many questions, some of which are beyond my ability to answer.Within a few days, he couldn't stay any longer and asked to move to Taolin in Wangjiaping. For more than a week in Liushudian, Chairman Mao went out to visit every day, interviewing the cadres there and the people nearby, so he also fully grasped the situation there. There are cave dwellings and one-story houses in Wangjiaping Taolin. The place is very spacious, and it is close to the Military Commission, Jiefang Daily, Xinhua News Agency and other units, so he settled down.Comrade Huang Shuze was invited to be responsible for Chairman Mao's medical treatment and nursing care, but there was a shortage of medicine, "a clever woman can't cook without rice"!At the time of the embarrassment, in early December, the Soviet side called and said that they would send two doctors, one internist and one surgeon, to fly to Yan'an in a few days, accompanied by Chairman Mao's eldest son Mao Anying, and asked us to make preparations. The doctors sent were Aluofu and Dr. Mi.Alov was very familiar with Yan'an, and when he flew over Yan'an, he saw the "Yan'an Pagoda" on Pagoda Mountain, accurately judged the direction of the airport's runway, and the plane landed.Chairman Mao stepped forward, greeted him personally, hugged the child Anying tightly and said: "You have grown so tall!" Then he shook hands with the guests one by one.Then they all went to Wangjiaping to rest. At noon a few days later, Jiang Qing's incident came up again.She asked me to ask Alof to talk to an empty room, although there was no one else in the room, she closed the door, and she said to Alof: Chairman Mao was injured and poisoned during the negotiations in Chongqing , only she knows (some of them cannot be written), and Alof should pay attention to check and find problems in this area.Alov replied: "According to Dr. Mi and I's physical examination of Chairman Mao, he is basically healthy, and no abnormalities were found. However, Chairman Mao was overworked, burdened, and mentally tense, which made him The reaction is abnormal. Now let him have a good rest, rest quietly and calm down, and then he can return to normal. For this reason, let him temporarily worry less about work, let go of state affairs, and let him relax his nerves as much as possible Come down, and don’t bother him with trivial matters. You can be sure that he has no signs of poisoning. Because it is impossible for any toxic substance to attack after lurking in the human body for more than two months. I hope you can recuperate and let him rest well.” Ah Love and Dr. Mi also advised Chairman Mao to move around more.Go outdoors in the fresh air.So one day in the early spring of 1946, I organized a spring outing for Chairman Mao.Comrade Cai Chang was with him, but Chairman Mao's beloved son Anying was not by his side. After Anying returned to Yan'an, Chairman Mao was very happy and was greatly comforted. He also did some translation work for me, which relieved my burden.But at the same time, it also brought some troubles: Kishiyo was already in her 20s when she came back, and she was eager to seek a mate. In addition, she grew up in the Soviet Union, which was a habit of the Soviets.When Kishiyo returned to Yan'an, it attracted the attention of the U.S. military observation team. Kishiyo could speak English, so every weekend dance, Bao Ruide would be there, and he always asked Kishiyo to gossip.For these reasons, Chairman Mao sent Anying to the countryside to participate in agricultural production and labor training. Chairman Mao and Cai Chang arrived near Shilipu in the southern suburb of Yan'an, got off the car and walked in the jungle.But Chairman Mao was always looking for him.After carefully reading the surrounding inscriptions, he said: "Yan'an had a high culture before the Ming Dynasty, probably due to inconvenient transportation, it gradually fell behind."Everyone invites the chairman to have dinner, and he eats very little.Suddenly, he found an elementary school on the west side of the road, so he went to visit the school.After a while, the chairman came to me and said: "Come on, your folks, the disciples of Sima Qian are here, let's get acquainted." Yes, the teachers of this school are from the southwestern plains of Hancheng, and they are graduates of Lu Xun Normal School.He told the chairman that more than half of the students in Lu Xun Normal School are from Hancheng, and they are called "Hancheng Normal School".The chairman said: "I have also met several elementary school teachers who are all from Hancheng." Although this spring outing was a bit tiring, I was in a good mood, uplifted, and returned home happily.Since then, the chairman's health has improved day by day, and his spirit has gradually returned to normal. Chairman Mao noticed that the Soviet doctors focused all their attention on him, so he said to them: "You can go to various agencies and units when you have time. Take a look, including the Northwest Bureau, the Border Region Government and other units, by the way I also give medical treatment and physical examination to responsible comrades. The Chinese say: "Be kind and generous", "cure the sick and save the patient", and "rejuvenate the sick" are all praises to you medical professionals. I hope you don't focus on me alone." .Not long afterward, Dr. Mi reported his work to Chairman Mao. He checked the physical conditions of the responsible comrades who came to Yan'an and the leading comrades who were permanently stationed in Yan'an. .His cerebrovascular sclerosis has affected his binocular vision. This is not a good sign, but it has reached a serious level.When Chairman Mao heard this, he sighed deeply and didn't say anything more. Dr. Mi once chatted with me and said: During his contact with the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, he deeply realized that only Chairman Mao is a truly powerful leader. He has a steel-like will, superhuman perseverance, and strong confidence. With iron wrists, he is very serious about matters big and small, grasping them tightly and meticulously.In short, no one could possibly fool him on any subject. In the early autumn of 1946, shortly after the Xuanhuadian Incident in Hebei Province, Chairman Mao talked to Alov and reminded him of the nature and complexity of China's problems.He said: The Xuanhuadian incident is no small matter. It is a signal, the first shot of the complete destruction of domestic peace and the beginning of a civil war.But Chiang Kai-shek pretended to be indifferent and didn't care, because he succeeded.But the people don't think so, and it's impossible not to care.It must be known that people have not forgotten the Pingjiang tragedy and the southern Anhui incident several years ago, and today there is the Xuanhuadian incident.This incident was premeditated by Chiang Kai-shek, and it is another lesson for us. In fact, he has taught us enough lessons!Is it possible not to remember? !It is no exaggeration to say: this incident was the beginning of the civil war!It was Chiang Kai-shek's provocation and formal declaration of war on us!Can we not be more vigilant, can we not take precautions? ! Chairman Mao's remarks were obviously an answer to Stalin. While Chiang Kai-shek was making military provocations, the Americans were shuttling between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, trying to use both force and peace to force us to submit.At this time, Marshall came to Yan'an, and the US military observation team stationed in Yan'an was also very active.In order to entertain Marshall, we held a grand banquet in the name of the Foreign Affairs Reception Office of the Headquarters. The next morning, before Chairman Mao got up, he asked me to find Aluofu to his residence.I thought he was ill again, and hurried Alof to come and see him.At this time, he slowly got out of bed and hadn't put on his clothes yet.He asked Alof to take a seat and ordered the servant to pour tea.Only then did we talk slowly: "A grand reception was held yesterday, you know? The atmosphere was quite lively. But Marshall can only be a guest in the auditorium, but he cannot sit in my dormitory like you and chat with me .Do you understand? I think there is no need for further explanation. Anyway, I am tired, and I have not fully recovered to this day..." The situation soon became clear. In July 1946, Chiang Kai-shek launched a full-scale attack on the liberated areas.When he lectured at a meeting of his senior generals, he said: "If you don't eliminate the Communist bandits, you will not die with peace." Eight months later, Chiang Kai-shek suffered a huge loss of troops and had to change his overall attack to focus on Shandong and northern Shaanxi.The War of Liberation began.Only then did Chairman Mao move to northern Shaanxi in early 1947.