Chapter 14 Chapter Thirteen In the Economic, Cultural and Educational Construction of the Border Region

During the Anti-Japanese War, under the circumstances of the enemy's military attack and economic blockade in the border region, Gao Gang led the party, government, military and people in the whole region to resolutely implement the call for self-reliance and hard work put forward by the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao and the policy of developing the economy and ensuring supply. The Yan'an mass production movement, which is well-known both at home and abroad, created a solid material foundation for the anti-Japanese base areas and strongly supported the front line. Before 1930, the land in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was scrambled by warlords, bandits were rampant, tyrannical government was like a tiger, miscellaneous donations were like hair, drugs and drugs were everywhere, the people were desolate and desolate.

After less than ten years of construction after the establishment of the democratic regime in the border area, on the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the common people said in unison: "Political democracy, social stability, men farming and women weaving, and sufficient food and clothing."After Liu Zhidan and Xie Zichang died successively, under the leadership of the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao, Gao Gang inherited the behest of countless revolutionary martyrs and worked hard to defend and build this new land.For 20 years from the beginning of the revolution in 1925 to the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he has been making revolutions and constructions on this precious red land, covering most of the mountains and rivers, fighting south and north, blocking east and west, going through life and death, devoted his life and courage to Fight half life in blood and fire.

After Gao Gang took over as Secretary of the Party Committee of the Border Region, in addition to focusing on Party building, regime building, and army building in the Border Region, he paid special attention to economic construction, put economic construction in a prominent position, took it as the first major task, and fully implemented it. Chairman Mao's general policy of "developing the economy and ensuring supply" and the call for "self-reliance and hard work" have passed the most difficult period. On February 22, 1939, in order to develop the production and construction of the border area, the general production committee of the border area was established headed by Gao Gang, and the members included Gao Zili, Wang Shitai, Zhou Xing, Mao Qihua, etc.After the establishment of the General Production Committee, it paid close attention to the development of production and education, the two keys to supporting the long-term war of resistance, and concentrated its efforts on the development of production.As Comrade Mao Zedong said at the Yan'an High-Level Cadres Meeting: "Talking about 'revolution' away from economic work is just the order of the Minister of Finance, and the enemy will not be hurt by you in the slightest."

The General Production Committee should first focus on the development of agricultural production and solve the problem of feeding the people. The problem of "food is the paramount necessity of the people" is the most difficult problem faced by Chinese rulers throughout history, and it has never been solved well.The root cause of peasant uprisings throughout the ages was lack of food.Especially in the area under the jurisdiction of the border area, the land is barren and rainy, the wind is frequent and the frost is early, and the ancestors have been poorly clothed and hungry.From Li Zicheng's rebellion to overthrow the Ming Dynasty to the revolutionary war led by the Communist Party of the people, as well as Gao Gang's personal experience, he deeply understands the extreme importance of food production.He said: "If there is no food, we will panic." "The peasants' enthusiasm for revolution is high. Apart from the oppression of the dark rule, a very important reason is that they cannot eat enough."

The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, which has experienced nine droughts in the past ten years, is economically and culturally backward.Since the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the number of civil servants in the border areas and the central government has increased year by year. There are often more than 70,000 people who eat "imperial food", and the number increases to 120,000 at most, accounting for about 8% of the total population of the border areas. On average, more than 4 laborers support 1 full-time employee. .Food, clothing, housing, daily necessities and official expenses of this group of people have to be supplied by the development of production from less than 2 million people in the border area, and they must also provide food, money, and goods to the front. Food alone needs about 200,000 shi a year. .During the eight years of the Anti-Japanese War, more than 15,000 disabled and demobilized soldiers were resettled, more than 100,000 anti-Japanese family members were treated preferentially, and nearly 20,000 households were contracted to farm. The economic burden was quite heavy.Farmers say that the Communist Party is good at everything, but think that the public grain is too heavy.Li Caiyun, acting magistrate of Yanchuan County, was killed by lightning while holding a meeting in the border area, and some were injured.After the news came out, a farmer said: "Why didn't the thunder beat Lao Mao to death?"This is a way to vent dissatisfaction with the excessive grain requisition.The Public Security Department arrested him for being counter-revolutionary and was about to shoot him.Gao Gang personally listened to the report and sent people to investigate, mainly because he had opinions on public grain.Gao Gang reported the situation to Mao Zedong in time, and decided to release the peasants.Mao Zedong said to Gao Gang: The task of requisitioning food is heavy, and the masses have opinions, so they vented their dissatisfaction with the lightning strike.People say that the task of public food is heavy. This is the actual situation. People should be allowed to speak and not arrested.And said: "This farmer scolded well, and Comrade Gao Gang also reflected well." "Otherwise, how would we know that Communists should have this style of seeking truth from facts." The stone was reduced to 160,000 stone.

From the winter of 1938 to the spring of 1940, during the first anti-communist upsurge of the Kuomintang, a comprehensive economic blockade was imposed on the border areas, and the supply of funds was stopped.Natural disasters and man-made disasters, combined with man-made disasters and natural disasters, have caused extreme economic difficulties in the border area, completely cut off foreign aid, and underdeveloped productivity in the interior. It is a very difficult task for the party and government leaders of the border area to ensure supply.For the survival and happiness of the people in the border areas, and to save the nation from the War of Resistance, the party and government organizations in the border areas have always focused on the development of production, and adopted a series of policies and measures to develop the economy and ensure supply, liberate productive forces, encourage farmers to cultivate land, and promote agriculture. The development of production created the Yan'an spirit of strengthening the country and enriching the people.

After the Anti-Japanese War began, the burden on the people in the border areas increased significantly.At that time, the Kuomintang engaged in "friction" in the border area, and imposed a blockade on the border area outside, ordering "not to allow a grain or a foot of cloth to enter the border area."Japan attacked the river defense, and planes bombed Yan'an and other places in turn.When the economy of the border region was in extreme difficulties, Chairman Mao held a meeting of government agencies and military cadres in January 1939 in response to the reversal of the domestic situation, and delivered the famous speech: Now the Kuomintang will trap us and starve us to death.what to do?In my opinion, there are only three ways. The first is that the revolution will not continue, and everyone will disband and go home; , Develop production, and we will overcome difficulties together.When he talked about this, he slashed down vigorously with his right hand, and said loudly: "Don't disband! That is to do it yourself, and have enough food and clothing!" The Central Committee established a general production committee, with Gao Gang as a member.

According to Chairman Mao Zedong's "self-reliance" policy and the great call of "do it yourself, have enough food and clothing", in February 1939, a production mobilization meeting was held in Yan'an. Gao Gang made a mobilization speech at the meeting and proposed the production task of opening up 600,000 mu Call on the government agencies, the army, schools and the people of the whole region to mobilize, open up wasteland and cultivate land, increase food production, have enough food and clothing, and support the long-term war of resistance! After the meeting, Gao Gang led the party, the government, the army and the people in the whole region to do it themselves, work hard, open up wasteland and cultivate land, and launched a mass production and self-sufficiency mass movement that has never been seen in history. In the spring of 1939, more than 110,000 mu of uncultivated land was cultivated by border regions, schools, etc. By June, a total of more than 10,000 shi of miscellaneous grains and 1.2 million jin of vegetables had been harvested, providing a quarter of the grain needed by more than 20,000 civil servants. Some vegetables and meat are self-sufficient, and half of the horse grass is self-sufficient.During the production self-sufficiency movement, Gao Gang personally participated in and led production.Gao Gang said at the production mobilization meeting: "To solve economic difficulties, everyone must work together. It is okay to increase the burden on the masses in the short term, but the masses cannot bear it in the long run. We cannot endlessly search for ordinary people like the Kuomintang." "We must respond Chairman Mao called for self-reliance and hands-on work, and all walks of life in the border region should act together to participate in agricultural production. Everyone has two hands, so they can work with everything. "A new weapon with a hoe, and ample food and clothing facing the barren hills." Participate in production , enough food and clothing, a strong army and strong horses, and overthrow Japanese imperialism." At the second party representative meeting of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, the issue of economic development was seriously discussed, and the "Resolution on Developing the Economy of the Border Region to Improve People's Lives" and "On In-Depth The Resolution on Rural Work strengthened the Party's leadership over economic work.Gao Gang criticized the underestimation of economic work, especially agricultural production.He said that the guidance of individual leaders on agriculture has been self-sufficient. He said that the ancestors of farmers were farming the land and harvesting grain, so why should we catch them?In response to the ideological tendency of not paying attention to economic leadership, Gao Gang repeatedly emphasized that the party and the government should attach importance to the leadership of economic work, pointing out that the central task of the border area is first to develop production; Adhere to the foundation of the long-term war of resistance.

Gao Gang wrote an article for the "Liberation Daily" on "Overcoming the Weakness of Leadership in the Spring Plowing Movement", emphasizing that planning should be based on the reality of the countryside, and opposed the practice of assigning numbers to each level and then finishing the work.Only by making the masses aware of the actual benefits can we really work hard. In 1939, at the first council meeting of the border area, according to Gao Gang's opinion, the issue of developing production was discussed, and the "Land Regulations of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Area", the "Proposal for the Development of National Defense Economy", and the "Proposal for Workers Participating in Production and Labor" were passed. ".In the "Government Program" passed at the meeting, legal provisions were made for the development of production.The meeting also put forward the general task of developing the economy and specific measures to complete the task.

In order to promote the large-scale production movement, in January, the first agricultural exhibition was held in Yan'an, and more than 2,000 pieces of agricultural products were exhibited, showing the agricultural production achievements of the border area last year.Gao Gang delivered a speech at the opening ceremony of the exhibition, calling for a large-scale production campaign. Everyone will work together, work together, rely on self-reliance, work hard, overcome difficulties, ensure supplies, and defeat the enemy.Mao Zedong pointed out in his speech at the meeting: "We will be able to defeat the enemy while producing and fighting." On the "May 1st" International Labor Day, the first industrial exhibition in the border area was held to exhibit various products such as handicrafts, mining, and machinery. 2,400 pieces, reflecting the initial performance of industrial production in the border area.Wu Shengxiu, who was in charge of the border industry at that time, later recalled: Gao Gang accompanied Chairman Mao to the opening of the industrial exhibition.Chairman Mao praised the political, military, economic and cultural construction of the Border Region as well.There are heavy industry and light industry in this industrial exhibition. It is very meaningful that the border area has made such great achievements under such difficult conditions. It is "really remarkable".

The great blockade forced out a mass production movement. In 1939, the large-scale production movement was vigorously carried out in the border area. From Chairman Mao Zedong, Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, down to children who can work, regardless of whether officers, soldiers, or men and women have their own production and labor plans and tasks, everyone works together to work hard for enough food and clothing. war.The leaders of the Party Central Committee and the border areas took the lead in participating in productive labor, and the mass production self-sufficiency movement succeeded in the first battle. By September, a total of 1.055 million mu of wasteland had been reclaimed in the border area, exceeding the original plan by 75%; 121 supply and marketing cooperatives were established.By the end of the year, the cultivated land in the border region had reached 10.04 million mu, an increase of more than 2 million mu compared with that before the Anti-Japanese War, and the total grain output was 1.75 million shi.Animal husbandry has also made great progress, with 1.17 million sheep and 280,000 cattle, donkeys, mules and horses, more than double those before the Anti-Japanese War.Stockpile grass and grain, get rid of financial difficulties, improve people's lives, open up wasteland, and accumulate grain widely, forming a climax in the entire border area and becoming a major material basis for supporting the long-term war of resistance.By 40 years, 1.7 million mu of wasteland had been reclaimed, 330,000 large livestock, 1.8 million sheep, and one sheep per capita. The leaders of the Northwest Bureau regard food, clothing and clothing for the masses as their top priority, as well as ensuring the supply of cadres and troops to the Party Central Committee and border regions.Gao Gang, the top leader of the Northwest Bureau, not only focused on production with all his strength, summed up experience, but also set his own production plan, took the lead in participating in production labor, and became a model for the leaders of the border area to set an example and do it himself. , donated to Gao Gang. Gao Gang accompanied Zhu De and others to Nanniwan, Jinpenwan, Madongchuan, drilled mountains and mountains to survey military reclamation areas, studied and deployed farming plans and policies, and organizational leadership measures.From 1941, the army generally implemented the policy of garrisoning fields, and the 359th Brigade, led by General Wang Zhen, marched into Nanniwan to open up wasteland and cultivate land.The troops were very enthusiastic about production, and they sang songs that encouraged people to forge ahead in the tense labor: The songs "Nanniwan" and "Military and Civilian Production" are popular all over the border region and are famous all over the world, encouraging the army and the people to forge ahead, overcome difficulties, and overcome the blockade. Gao Gang attached great importance to the army's field farming. He presided over many meetings to study and solve specific problems in production. technology. In September 1943, Gao Gang accompanied Mao Zedong to inspect the Nanniwan Army Reclamation Land, and saw the scene of abundant harvests all over the mountains. In the autumn of 1944, only the 359th Brigade cultivated 200,000 mu of land, harvested more than 30,000 stones of grain, and produced more than 20,000 kilograms of cotton. In addition to achieving complete self-sufficiency in the army, it also handed over grain and cotton to the country, creating a record in the history of army construction. The miracle is known as "learning is a model, production is a hero, and fighting is a hero".During the large-scale production movement, a large number of labor heroes emerged. Hao Shucai of the 8th Yan'an Police Regiment reclaimed 4 acres of wasteland every day, and was honored as the nickname of "Angry Cow".The army in the border area implemented a garrison policy rarely seen in the world. "It is not only a production team, but also a fighting army". It is self-sufficient and semi-self-sufficient in food, meat, vegetables, etc., reducing the burden of 100,000 stones on the people. Mao Zedong praised: the contribution of the troops in the border area is greater, and many troops are self-sufficient in food, clothing and everything else. "This is a miracle that has never been seen in Chinese history. This is the material basis for our invincibility." Commander-in-Chief Zhu De said: " In recent years, we have made new developments and creations in terms of raising troops, which is to use our own material needs to reduce the burden on the people, and this new creation is of great significance to our army." Li Dingming, a democrat and vice chairman of the Border Region Government, said: "We have never seen such an army, so we must do our best to support the army." Only our Eighth Route Army, in addition to fighting, also conducts production, is self-sufficient, and helps the people to plow in the spring, sow in the summer, and reap the harvest in the autumn. "This is the first new thing in the world, and the Eighth Route Army is our close friend." In February 1940, the second industrial and agricultural exhibition was held in the border area, and Gao Gang delivered an opening speech.Mao Zedong, Wang Ming, Wu Yuzhang, and Lin Boqu spoke at the opening ceremony.Mao Zedong said in response to the friction caused by the Kuomintang: "We want to eat unity rice, not friction rice. If you eat friction rice, you will have a stomachache, you will die, and you will also subjugate the country." There were 6,000 products on display at the meeting, of which more than 1,000 were awarded. More than 3,000 labor heroes including Wu Manyou, Shen Changlin, Yang Buhao, and Zhao Zhankui received the award.This grand exhibition will play an important role in displaying the past and promoting future industrial and agricultural production. On February 10, the Central Committee and the Military Commission pointed out in the instructions on launching production campaigns: "In relatively consolidated areas, generally, according to the experience of Yan'an, agricultural, commercial, and handicraft production can be carried out at the same time...to improve life, overcome difficulties, and save public expenses. purpose." By 1941, the large-scale production movement in the border area had achieved fruitful results, agriculture had reached a new level a year, and animal husbandry and forestry had been developed one after another.The improvement of agricultural farming technology has overcome the habit of extensive management, and transformed more than 60,000 "loafers" who are lazy and lazy. During the large-scale production movement, under the guidance of Chairman Mao of the Party Central Committee, the Party and government of the Border Region adopted a series of policies and measures to carefully guide and encourage the enthusiasm of cadres, workers and farmers to produce self-sufficiency, and carried out large-scale study of Wu Manyou and Zhao Zhankui and reform The "loafer" movement implemented the policy of reducing rent and interest, and paying rent and interest, launched labor competitions, and helped each other to change jobs, which promoted the in-depth development of the mass production movement. In order to develop production, increase the labor force, and properly resettle immigrants.The Border Region has issued preferential policies for immigrants several times, and issued notices, stipulating that immigrants will not pay public grain for three years of farming, will not undertake compulsory labor, and will not be recruited.This policy has attracted a large number of refugees and immigrants from Shandong, Henan, Anhui and other places, mobilizing their enthusiasm.In Yan'an County alone, a total of more than 38,900 resettlers were resettled, helping to solve production and living difficulties such as accommodation, farm animals, etc., and adding a new force to the production movement. During the large-scale production movement, Sanlipu, Nanchuan, Yan'an, established an agricultural school to train cadres at the county and district levels.Guanghua Farm was established in the border area, gathered a group of experts, and implemented the combination of production, testing and technology promotion, making the farm a vanguard of agricultural technological reform in the border area and a place for training agricultural technicians.The Border Region Natural Science Research Association was also established, and Mao Zedong and Gao Gang gave congratulatory speeches at the conference. In September 1940, the Party Committee of the Border Region issued a notice requiring party, government, military and civilian agencies at all levels to work hard on economic construction. On October 3, the Border Region Central Bureau (the District Party Committee was changed to the Central Bureau) held a production mobilization meeting. In his speech, Gao Gang called for vigorous economic development and immediate mobilization to prepare for the 41-year increase in grain production and support the long-term war of resistance. On November 12, the Central Bureau of the Border Region made the "Decision on Developing the Economic Construction of the Border Region", requiring party committees at all levels to take economic construction as one of the most urgent tasks at present and implement strong leadership to achieve the goal of self-sufficiency. On the 23rd, the "Instructions on Fiscal and Economic Policies" were issued, requiring the region's financial work to implement a self-sufficient policy of complete self-reliance, develop the national economy of the border region, further improve people's lives, increase government revenue, and make the economy and finance compatible.More importantly, the masses benefited, supported the Communist Party and the Eighth Route Army, and linked their destiny with the Party and the army. The first council meeting and the second party congress of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region determined major policies for the border region, put forward a blueprint for the construction of the border region, pointed out the direction of the development of the border region, and determined the policy centered on economic construction, which made rapid progress in the construction of the border region. There is a big push. From the end of October to the beginning of November 1941, Gao Gang made an important speech at the first high-level meeting held by the Northwest Bureau, pointing out the policy of the work in the border area, which is to strengthen the development of agricultural production, vigorously develop the private handicraft industry, and help establish the household textile industry Production.At the First Council of the Second Session (6th to 20th), when Gao Gang delivered a speech at the opening ceremony, he pointed out: "We are in difficulties, and there will be more difficulties in the future, but we are not afraid of difficulties, we can overcome them."He asked all the senators to review the work of the government, point out all the shortcomings, and determine the major policies in the future. He stipulated that the policy of the border region is to unite the people of the Northwest, gather our strength, defend the Northwest, and overthrow Japanese imperialism.He said: "The work we have to start now is to further improve democratic politics and develop cultural and economic construction." At this Senate meeting, Gao Gang made the "Explanation on the May 1st Policy Program".The meeting passed the "programme" proposed by the Central Bureau of the Border Region, which clearly stipulated "development of agricultural production" and land issues, "development of industry and commercial circulation" and policy guidelines such as private handicrafts and labor wages.These guidelines and policies have been warmly supported by the broad masses of the people, further mobilizing the enthusiasm of the masses for production. In December, the border region held a production mobilization meeting of the party, government, military and mass organizations, and then the Northwest Bureau made the "Decision on the Economic and Financial Construction of the Border Region in 1942".It is pointed out that we must fully implement the policy of putting agriculture first and developing the private economy. In the spring of 1942, Gao Gang went deep into the grassroots in Suide and Mizhi to understand the facts and mastered first-hand materials. He knew how to improve leadership style and strengthen economic work leadership. In February, the Northwest Bureau issued an instruction to carry out the spring plowing campaign based on Gao Gang's opinion.It is required to concentrate efforts to complete the tasks of reclamation of 400,000 mu of wasteland in the first half of the year, increase the production of fine grain by 200,000 shi, plant 150,000 mu of cotton, and 50,000 mu of alfalfa, and carry out a large-scale campaign to learn the advanced deeds of Wu Manyou and Zhao Zhankui. "Liberation Daily" published two editorials, which promoted the development of advanced learning and production in the whole district. In particular, the rectification movement took economic construction as an important content.On the basis of rectification study and unification of ideas, a meeting of high-level cadres of the Northwest Bureau was held. Using the method of rectification, it solved the tendency of some high-level cadres not to pay attention to the economy. The work style of work has changed greatly, work and production efficiency have been greatly improved, and economic construction has been strengthened. The leadership of Mao Zedong combined the rectification movement with the large-scale production movement, grasped the rectification movement, promoted production, and promoted the great development of industrial and agricultural production.Gao Gang said: "What is democracy? The first thing about democracy is to require farmers to have more millet on hand, and to allow the common people to eat well and dress well. Therefore, democracy and construction are actually inseparable." He said that the construction of border regions It is the common central task of the party, the government, the military and the people today. Another aspect of construction is streamlining the army and streamlining administration. It is to reduce a large number of people who are out of production and transfer to production. It is to reduce various unnecessary expenses and practice strict economy. , to support what is necessary ahead. "After learning from the rectification movement, the ideological line and political line were corrected. The meeting of the senior cadres of the Northwest Bureau strengthened the party's unified leadership and further clarified the principle of developing agricultural production first. Taking advantage of this wind, the large-scale production movement was led to a deeper level. Development. In 1943, the production increased by leaps and bounds, creating the best level since the establishment of the border area. "In January 1943, the Northwest Bureau held a meeting of heads of various functional departments to study and arrange the production tasks of the agencies. Gao Gang emphasized in his speech at the meeting that all agencies, schools, troops and other units should strive to achieve full More than self-sufficient. On the 19th, the border region government held a production mobilization meeting of various agencies to support agricultural production and launch a textile movement. Most idlers were also transformed and involved in the production boom.” When Gao Gang summed up the achievements made in the construction of the border area in the past six years, he pointed out that the life of people of all strata has improved, not only the food and clothing have improved, but also the wealth has also greatly increased. "Because the economy of the border area is thriving, the unity and anti-Japanese sentiment of people from all walks of life have been improved, and their confidence in overcoming difficulties and victory and their understanding of the way to build a country have been increased." Today, I am able to have enough food and clothing, and I am thriving.” On what strengths does the development of production in the border regions depend?The article said: "Our answer is very simple, that is, to rely on the power of the people, and the reason why people's power can be fully exerted is because the border region has truly implemented democratic politics." He quoted Mr. Sun Yat-sen's words: "The trend of the world is mighty, and those who follow it will prosper, and those who go against it will perish."He also said: "The Republic of China is a country of the people. . . . All officials in the country are public servants of the people." He also said: "Our Three Principles of the People are the ideology of the people, rule by the people, and for the people.  … ...that is, the country is owned by the people, the politics are jointly managed by the people, and the interests are shared by the people.” Gao Gang said: “Mr. "The ideal of the township, district, county, commissioner and even the members of the border region government, they are busy all day long, in order to develop the people's production." Strong support for the front provides a sufficient material basis for persisting in the War of Resistance and preparing for the counter-offensive; only by ensuring that the people have enough food and clothing can they further increase their enthusiasm and confidence in the war of resistance and building the country, and provide a solid mass foundation for persisting in the War of Resistance and preparing for the counter-offensive. There must be victory, and the founding of the country must be accomplished." "To achieve sufficient food and clothing, we must sincerely implement the democratic politics of 'owned, governed by, and for the people'." Gao Gang raised economic development to a political position to gather strength. He said: "We must not only understand the economic benefits of developing production, but also It is also necessary to recognize its great political significance." Due to the correct principles and policies and effective leadership, 1943 achieved two major harvests, spiritual and economic.From the end of November to mid-December, the third production exhibition and the first congress of labor heroes and model workers held in the border area showed unprecedented achievements.The particularly eye-catching exhibits were corn, millet, and wheat produced by Wu Manyou and Yang Buhao, which caused a sensation in the exhibition.The crowd sang: The mountains and rivers have a new climate, and the five grains grow green. Self-reliance to create a revolution, carry out a large-scale production movement. He dug his poor roots and turned over, thanking the leader, Commander Gao. The 135 representatives of labor heroes (representing thousands of labor models in the whole region) who attended the conference extensively exchanged typical experiences in 15 projects including agriculture, animal husbandry, industry, and cooperative commerce, providing valuable experience for future economic construction and the development direction of the border area.6,000 products were exhibited at the meeting. Judging from the economic overview of the border area reflected in 1980 charts and photos, the cultivated land area expanded to 13.38 million mu, of which 1 million mu was opened up this year, the total grain output reached 1.84 million shi, and 150,000 acres of cotton were planted. Mu, with a total output of 1.73 million catties and 600,000 packs of salt. Among the 320,000 labor forces in the region, mutual aid groups and other groups participating in collective labor account for two-thirds.41,000 mu of water land has been built in the border area (including 42 years), with more than 400,000 large livestock and more than 2 million sheep.Set up a socialist agricultural cooperative in Miaodianzi Village, Ansai County (this is what Chairman Mao mentioned in his speech in 1955. Yan’an established a completely socialist old friend, their closest confidant Gao Gang Comrade. Ten years ago in Guanzhong, and in the next few years in Sanbian, in Suide, in Longdong, and in Yanyu counties, Comrade Gao Gang wore a handkerchief around his head, wore a ragged jacket and trousers, and joined them in the revolution. Frozen and hungry together, fighting against the dark forces, the heroes never forgot him for a minute. On the road to the Northwest Bureau, they all recalled this stormy era, countless people followed Lao Liu Lao Gao, for The hardworking people turned over, how much sweat and blood they shed, and today is what they are today. The welcome slogans, the loud gongs and drums, led the heroes into the auditorium of the Northwest Bureau. At this time, Commander Gao came out, followed by the Northwest Comrades in charge of the ministries and commissions of the Bureau, Comrade Gao Gang liked seeing his own brothers more than seeing his own brothers, and greeted them sincerely. Standing under the red flag of the sickle and axe, Comrade Gao Gang chatted intimately with his friends and confidantes. Shen Changlin said, I saw Commander Gao again this year, and since Panlong met last time, I've been thinking about him all the time! Comrade Yang Qing announced the opening of the meeting. The first item was to present the flag. At this time, the gongs and drums were beating more tightly, and the slogans were louder: "Support the Northwest Bureau!" "Support Comrade Gao Gang!" "Comrade Gao Gang is the savior of the people of Northwest China! "There are six flags presented, presented one by one by the labor heroes of each division. The Guanzhong division is "Northwest Star", the Yanxia division is "You have created a border area where we have enough food and clothing", the Suide division is "the leader of the Northwest people", the Long The east division is called "Northwest Lighthouse", the three side divisions are called "Northwest People's Lighthouse", and Zhongzhi, Liuzhi, and Bianzhi are "Northwest People's Leaders".Then, the representatives of each district read the dedication message.In the dedication, he sang: "Liu Zhidan, Commander Gao, created Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia..." songs.Gao Gang spoke at the flag presentation meeting.He said that we should respond to Chairman Mao's call and organize.How to organize, he is familiar with the process and typical deeds of Shi Mingde, Feng Yun and other places, and asked to learn from them.He specifically mentioned that "the situation is better, we have enough food and clothing, and our cause is still very big. We have worked together in the past, we are working together now, and we will work together in the future in order to truly organize." Workers, government workers, and economic workers must learn from the masses, work with them to study and solve their difficulties, so that our work with the masses can take root and things can be done well.” The representative of the labor hero who presented the flag said in his reply that men, women, old and young in our border area have one heart and one road. We turned over.Under the leadership of Commander Gao, we all produce and everyone works. "This year, many places have been able to farm for one year and eat for two years. Next year, we will work harder. Some places will have to farm for one year and eat for three years, and the whole border region will have to farm for three years." Yu Yi." The meeting rewarded a group of labor heroes, with prizes such as cattle and agricultural tools, which greatly encouraged the enthusiasm and creativity of the labor heroes to strive to a higher level, and drove the economic development of the whole border region. During the meeting, Gao Gang led 17 representatives of labor heroes including Wu Manyou, Shen Changlin and Shi Mingde to Zaoyuan at the invitation of Chairman Mao Zedong. Cooperative production of the people. The editorial of "Liberation Daily" pointed out: What did the Congress of Labor Heroes point out to us?Persisting in organizing the masses of the people economically will exert infinite power. The "Declaration" passed by the Model Worker Conference said: Let us say something from our hearts to Chairman Mao, Commander-in-Chief Zhu, Commander Gao, Commander He, and the heads of various agencies in Yan'an: "We are really grateful to you! Love you! What you tell us, we Write down every sentence, always do what you say, and always follow you!" After the exhibition and the meeting of model workers, the whole district carried out publicity and implemented the spirit of the meeting. In response to Gao Gang's call to "propagate the spirit of the meeting and make preparations for economic development in 1944", the preparation campaign was promoted.The second township of Liulin District (that is, the township where Wu Manyou is located) set off an upsurge of "responding to Comrade Gao Gang's call, Wu Manyou created a model township", and proposed to increase the production of fine grain by 3900 shi in the whole township, so as to achieve the production goal of "one cultivated and one more than one" , For the development of animal husbandry, salt transportation, textiles, resettlement, tree planting, special care, road construction and education, etc., determine specific tasks and measures to complete the tasks.The Northwest Bureau and the border region government promoted the experience of the second township in Liulin District in a timely manner, and published it in the "Liberation Daily" on December 11, 1943, to guide the cultivation campaign in the entire border region. On January 11, 1944, Gao Gang convened a meeting of permanent members of the Border Region Senate Council. He highly praised the great victory in economic development last year, and pointed out that the main reason for the achievements was that the rectification movement and the high-level cadre meeting had cleared their minds and grasped Live in the center of development and production.At the meeting, Gao Gang put forward his own production saving plan, and the resident councilors who have the ability to work should put forward their own production saving plans according to their own conditions. In February, "Jiefang Daily" published "Gaogang's Production Plan", and asked himself to grow cotton and potatoes for 4 years, produce two shi of fine grains, and be fully self-sufficient in clothing. On March 5, a meeting was held in the border region to organize women to engage in production to commemorate the "March 8th" festival. Gao Gang attended the meeting and gave a speech.It is pointed out that the basic key to the equality of men and women and the improvement of women's political status is to allow women to participate in production and obtain their due economic status.He called on the border area to organize 250,000 women to participate in production, with an annual output of 1.25 million shi of fine grain.He said, "First of all, we must first mobilize the cadres of Yan'an organs and spread them to the lower levels, so that sub-districts, counties, districts, and townships can all be mobilized." In 1944, the cultivated land in the border area increased from 8 million mu in 1937 to 15 million mu , Grain production increased from 1.11 million shi in 1937 to 2.03 million shi, of which cadres produced more than 100,000 shi of grain. In the development of large-scale production movement in the border area, in order to increase the enthusiasm of farmers and improve labor production efficiency, since 1939, it has been insisting on implementing the two policies of reducing rent and interest and organizing labor mutual assistance. In the spring of 1939, the Border Region promulgated the "Provisional Constitution of Labor Mutual Aid Associations", imitating the Soviet farms to create collective farms and higher-level agricultural cooperatives. The Northwest Bureau compiled and printed the book "Mutual Labor Aid in the Border Regions", and "Liberation Daily" serialized relevant chapters The implementation of Mao Zedong's teaching that the development of mutual assistance and cooperation is "the only way for the people to be liberated, the only way to change from poverty to prosperity, and the only way to victory in the War of Resistance" has achieved victory in economic construction.By 1945, 40% of the total peasant households participated in mutual aid and cooperation; middle peasants and new rich peasants increased from 13% to 61%, and poor and hired peasants decreased from 82% to 38%. Since 1938, in order to meet the needs of the military and civilians for clothing and daily industrial products, the Border Region has actively opened factories and developed cooperative and public self-sufficient industries.A number of public economies have been established successively, such as textile mills, paper mills, garment factories, pharmaceutical factories, match factories, agricultural tool factories, weapon factories, etc.Founded more than 250 comprehensive cooperatives. In 1940, in order to break the blockade of the base area by the Kuomintang diehards, the border area set off an upsurge of self-reliance in building industries.By 1941, more than 100 state-owned textile, paper, chemical, petroleum, leather, weapon and other factories had been established, with more than 7,000 employees.Cloth, matches, paper, soap, etc. have achieved more than self-sufficiency.New democratic public enterprises were born in the impoverished and backward northern Shaanxi. From 1942 to 1943, public enterprises were reorganized and improved, and the scale of operation, machinery and equipment, technical level, product quality and quantity were developed and improved, and the number of employees reached more than 12,000.Public, private, and cooperative enterprises develop steadily, guarantee supply, and have export sales.Especially in the textile industry, in 1944 there were 150,000 household textile workers, spinning 1.66 million catties of yarn and weaving 110,000 pieces of cloth.Public, collective, and private businesses are advancing side by side. Although the public sector is not as large as the private sector, the efficiency and profits of the public sector and the collective sector are greater than those of the private sector.In particular, cooperatives developed the fastest. By 1945, there were more than 600 cooperatives, with a share capital of more than 700 million yuan. From May 1st to 25th, 1944, a meeting of factory directors and employee representatives was held in the border area, and 203 representatives participated.The meeting studied the issue of vigorously developing industry.Zhu De and Zhou Enlai waited until the meeting to speak.Gao Gang delivered a speech entitled "Strive for the Comprehensive Self-sufficiency of Industrial Products" at the conference.He said: Since last year's factory meeting, the rectification movement and the Zhao Zhankui movement, production has increased, workers' enthusiasm for labor has greatly increased, and model engineers, factory managers, and model workers have emerged in large numbers. “我们边区正在艰苦抗战中，边区又受到重重封锁，任何机器不能进到边区来，而我们内部有些同志认为边区'地瘠民贫'，无法发展经济。我们不否认历史和旧社会的遗产是贫乏的。但是这些同志忘记了共产党人及革命同志的责任，就是在现有基础上改造这种'地瘠民贫'的状况。”事实已经证明：由于党政军民一齐动手，去年吃的问题基本解决了，“紧接着我们就要解决用的问题。”“边区毫无工业基础，发展到现在有77个工厂(整顿中合并一些公营厂子)，这是陕北历史上空前未有的事。我们的工业从无到有，由小到大”，“逐渐脱离了过去工业品完全靠外面供应的情况，向工业品全面自给的目标迈进着。这一巨大的进步是劳动群众热忱和技术人才的科学知识相结合的创造成果，证明边区新民主主义经济已日益生长起来，壮大起来，给中国人民指出了一条光明的道路。” 他针对当时工业战线上出现的问题，及时地指出了“自满”情绪和一些“天才”思想要不得等问题，注意把好“质量关”。他说我们虚心检查工作中缺点，在“只有切实工作，虚心学习，有耐心、有毅力，三番五次的试验，千百次的研究，才能解决问题，只有具备这样品质的人，才是真正从地上生长起来的天才，只有这样的人，群众才会拥护他。我们必须虚心地学习技术，把政治热情和技术结合起来，以求创造出更多的东西！”他很重视知识分子和群众的结合。他最后号召：“所有工人、技师、厂长和做工会工作、做党的工作的同志，团结一致，互相帮助，为完成边区工业产品自给自足的目标奋斗。” 会议根据高岗等领导的讲话，确定了今后两年全部实现自给与提高质量而斗争的工业生产方向和任务，提出公私兼顾，工业以自给为主，军民齐办，改变了过去先公后私的方针，大大调动了民办的积极性，小型军民工业遍布全区各地。企业实行劳动保险和社会保险制度。科学技术与工人群众的创造性相结合，领导与群众相结合，学习赵占魁运动的新内容和革命工人品质与生产技术的统一，工厂企业化等重大原则和方针。会上还奖励了80多名特、甲等劳动英雄。 厂长会议结束后，西北局召开技术人员座谈会，高岗要求技术人员到工厂去进一步提高技术，提高效率，保证在两年内做到边区工业品的完全自给。7月29日，西北局作出《关于争取工业品全部自给的决定》，提出五项要求：一、工业管理部门要努力发展工业生产，提倡群众使用边区工业产品；二、有计划地发展合作社和民营纺织、造纸、煤炭、瓷器等工业；三、提高工业品质量；四、重视技术，重视技术人员；五、加强领导和坚持学习赵占魁运动等。 在发展工业生产中，特别注重了原材料生产。陕北的棉花从1941年开始种植，随后在延长、延川、固临等县普遍发展棉花生产，到1944年种植面积达到30万亩，年产量三百万斤，1945年种植面积达到40万亩。为了发展棉花生产，解决人民穿衣困难，边区对棉农实行优惠政策，给低息贷款，免纳税，加强技术等一系列措施，鼓励农民大种棉花。在子长(原安定)发展煤炭，煤油生产，解决群众和工厂的燃料问题。定边发展盐业生产，年产量和营运达到60万驮，约合1千万斤。食盐是边区出口换取外汇的拳头产品。在发展盐业生产中，西北局于1941年5月作出《关于运销盐的决定》。决定指出运销食盐是党与边区人民的迫切的中心任务。同时，成立了以高岗为主任的食盐督导运输委员会，习仲勋、王维舟、贺晋年、王震为督导运输食盐的各路司令，各县长组织食盐运输队，加强食盐运销工作的领导，食盐销往关中、甘肃、山西、内蒙等解放区和国统区，为边区发展经济开辟了最广阔的财源。高岗抓住志丹县组织3千多头牲畜运盐的事迹，写信指示，要奖励运盐劳动竞赛中劳动英雄，揭露破坏分子的造谣。各地传达了指示信，推动运盐竞赛热潮。全边区组织1.6万头畜力运盐，各地通往定边县的大小道路上，铃响马帮，川流不息，“一道道水来，一架架山，赶上毛驴运盐欢”歌声嘹亮。 在发展工业品自给运动中，全边区组织了十多万妇女参加纺花、织布运动。1943年三分之二的群众穿衣达到自给。西北局领导高岗等亲自纺线，学习织布，到1945年，陕甘宁边区所需煤炭、石油、工具、肥皂、纸张、火柴、布匹等日用工业品，达到自给自足。 随着农业、工业大发展的同时，积极开展商业流通领域的工作。坚持实行“管理进口，保护出口，发展内部贸易”的政策，创办集市贸易、工农产品和骡马交易会。1943年1月，高岗陪毛泽东、朱德参观延安举办的为期一个月的商品、骡马交易大会。组织出口食盐，换回抗战和军民必需的物资，发展边区的实业，繁荣边区市场。 当时，边区商业资本的剥削很厉害，为想办法使群众不受这种剥削，想办法着手办合作社。1939年10月，边区召开成立供销合作总社会议，李会友任理事会主任。高岗到会讲话指出，要把商业一定办好，解决好军民生产、生活日用品供应，为发展工、农业服务。由于公营和集体性质的商业合作事业在边区尚属首创，开始办合作社没经验，经营方向不对，群众意见很大。会议通过了合作社章程和决议，指导合作事业的发展。会上介绍了南区合作社的经验，纠正了少数合作社的商业投机思想，使合作社真正为人民谋利益。 1944年6月27日至7月7日，边区召开合作社主任会议。6月29日，在西北局招待合作社主任会上，高岗作了题为《合作社要为群众办事》的长篇讲话。他说，去年以来合作社进步很大，“打烂了旧的合作社，创造了新的合作社。”他说，过去有些合作社专以赚钱为目的，不以为群众服务为目的，群众有什么困难需要解决，从来不想办法去解决，所以在群众中留下一个印象“你不给我办事”。1943年根据群众的意见，对一些没有办好的合作社进行改造，撤换了一些合作社领导，出现了新的合作社。有的同志有情绪，说：“我辛辛苦苦的搞了十多年，为什么叫我走呢？”高岗批评说：“是的，你辛辛苦苦的搞了十多年，可是你也辛辛苦苦的把老百姓妨碍了多年。”他强调指出，要贯彻执行毛主席“组织起来”的伟大号召，树立生产观点和群众观点，把合作社办好，为群众办实事。合作社只要给群众办实事，群众就会拥护合作社，合作社也才有力量。 为了推动合作商业发展，进一步肯定南区合作社的方向，树立了南区合作社、蟠龙合作社为模范，还奖励了94名英雄，会议要求全边区合作社向他们学习。 7月9日，西北局由高岗主持作出《关于贯彻合作社联席会议的决定》中指出：“合作社是私有财产基础上各阶层人民大众联合经营的经济、文化、卫生、社会公益事业的组织，是经济和文化建设的杠杆。”至年底，综合性的合作社达435个(包括农、工、商、信用、运输等)，社员发展到24万多人。 在发展工商业生产中，高岗极力支持经济管理部门放手工作，交给“业务自主权、人事选调权、劳动奖惩权”等三权，他还亲自签发文电。同时又抓了厉行节约，反对大手大脚。1944年1月西北局高干会上专题研究了经济管理整顿。会后调整了经济干部，加强了领导，严格了管理，反对铺张浪费，防止钱物多了而大手大脚，胡花乱用，使边区日趋物资充裕，价格平稳，市场繁荣，信用不断提高。“价高招远商，货高招远客”。西安、甘肃、宁夏等地的一些地方都成立了边区的进出口物资的转运站。国民党封锁线上的国民党军队也成了转运物资的保护伞了。由于国民党的法币贬值，士兵吃不饱，跑到边区买东西。仅1943年，绥德专区给榆林二十二军协商卖粮2千石。边区的商行主动地给白区出卖多余的东西，并帮助运出，使封锁线冲垮了，边区的业务拓宽了，一直扩展到晋察冀、晋东南地区，既保障我方渡过难关，也和敌占区拉开商贸关系，为边区准备反攻积累了大量财富。更重要的是从工业自给和合作商业运动中，锻炼了一批能打仗、懂经济的干部，学会了从事公营经济建设的本领，建立了一个新式的财政、金融、公营经济占居主导地位的国家资本主义——新民主主义国家经济的模型。 1944年9月，边区召开仓库主任、二科科长联席会议，研究反攻的物质准备。高岗作了《保存粮食，准备反攻》的报告。在会上提出“休养生息，藏粮于民，准备反攻”的号召。在发展经济的政策上也作了具体规定，鼓励农民多“保存粮食，准备反攻”。他说保管粮食十分重要，粮食工作在今天有其头等重要的意义，任何时候任何人的第一个问题是吃饭，在战争时期粮食更为重要。过去粮食不多，今天粮食多了，要重视保管，“兵马未动，粮草先行”。 边区在敌人军事、政治、经济封锁的困难条件下，农、工、商得以蓬勃发展。到1944年底，粮食达到“耕三余一”和“耕三余二”的目标；工业生产基本保证了军民日用生产、生活资料供应。毛泽东提出的“发展经济，保障供给”的方针在边区圆满实现。群众有吃又有穿，享受到真正的“安居乐业”的幸福。国民党统治区的民主人士黄炎培等参观团来边区参观、考察，也受到很大震惊，他们感慨地说：“没有想到！”中外记者团、美军考察组到边区参观南泥湾和绥德、延长等处的经济、军事。毛泽东和高岗等与各次参观团多次会谈，并用事实回答了参观团成员提出的问题。他们看到麦苗青，谷子壮，牛羊成群，听到雄壮的劳动竞赛歌声，无不称赞共产党的伟大气魄和无坚不催的革命精神及边区人民勤劳俭朴的作风。 边区自力更生，丰衣足食的奇迹，推动了全国各解放区的经济发展。贺龙同志在晋西北推广了边区的经验，一手抓军事，一手抓生产，解决了党政军的发饷、生活困难，稳定了民心，增强军队士气。 1944年底到1945年春，法西斯阵线的轴心德国、日本由衰落而走向垮台，反法西斯阵线由相持而走向反攻的形势下，西北地区响应高岗的号召，全面进行反攻的物质准备和思想准备工作。 1944年12月，在边区召开的劳动英雄、模范工作者会议上，高岗作了《时时刻刻为老百姓兴利除弊》的重要讲话，讲了边区大后方准备反攻的大好形势，提出当前的各项任务，突出强调加强团结，发展生产和培训教育干部。他要求劳动英雄发挥“带头、骨干、桥梁”作用；边区各级干部和领导要深入基层，改造农村，提高农民，完成45年215万石粮食和400万斤棉花生产任务。 1945年1月9日，西北局召开高干座谈会，高岗针对当时干部特别是领导干部中存在的问题，发表了《关于工作作风问题》的讲话。指出当前存在着：跑腿多、调查多、会议多、任务多、主动少、研究少、用脑少、检查少的现象，要改变不良作风，“共产党除了真理和老百姓以外，再没有不可丢掉的东西。” 期间，高岗在思想上和情报方面作了对日反攻的准备。1945年2月，雅尔塔会议结束后，苏联反攻力度加大，高岗得悉苏联有出兵东北的意向，及时决定加强北线工作，掌握北面动态，侦察敌情。先后派黎光、葛申、周兴等40多人到绥蒙、宁夏了解动态，侦察敌情。在动身前，北出的情报人员由周兴、李启明引到高岗办公室，高岗对抗战形势进行分析和布置了任务。他说：“根据目前抗日形势的发展，估计一年打败日本，那时苏联红军可能对日宣战，出兵于东北。我们和国民党在华北将有大的争夺战。现在派你们去要把那里的情报工作做好，以配合这个争夺战。”(见黎光回忆，原件存内蒙自治区档案馆)。 当时，苏联驻延安情报观察组孙平同志(俄名弗拉基米洛夫)和高岗关系比较好，经常一块喝酒，无话不谈。孙常到高岗办公室了解边区的情况，诸如建设、思想动态、反攻准备情况等。高岗也试探了苏联的态度，互通了不少情报。孙平说，苏联把西线敌人打垮后，东线可能对日本宣战出兵。苏联出兵东北信息，最早就是从私人交谈和酒后吐真言的这个渠道获得的。 孙平在《延安日记》里是这样描述高岗的，“高岗的个儿魁梧，一脸麻子，头发往后梳，说话声音低沉，走起路来不慌不忙。是个能干的、意志坚强的人。”高岗尽管有过一段悲观的经历，“但还是和蔼可亲。他跟人交往没有露出一点意志消沉和不相信人的样子。他喜欢听人讲笑话，自己也爱讲笑话。他那非凡的韧性是惊人的。不是忍耐，而是有韧性。” 高岗将他从小道获得信息向毛泽东透露，引起中央的重视，领导一块研究分析形势，认识不统一。毛泽东考虑颇多，认为苏联元气大伤，经济千疮百孔，人力已经枯竭，对苏联的力量没有估计的那么充分，会不会打日，还不能肯定。朱德认为苏日条约期满(4月13日)后可能对日作战。叶剑英等军队领导和高岗都坚信苏联会参战的，不会宽恕日本法西斯的。周恩来对苏参战与否，不发表明确意见。高岗说，苏参战可能在蒙古边从内蒙归绥、包头等地日军薄弱地区突破。之后，周恩来、毛泽东对孙平特别亲近，套近乎，一改以往态度，想探到信息，未得到孙平的实话。 在党中央、毛泽东主席的正确领导下，中央西北局和高岗带领全边区军民认真贯彻执行了“自力更生，艰苦奋斗”，“自己动手，丰衣足食”的方针，发动了史无前例的大生产运动，机关、军队、学校等干部职工、战士都参加生产，“建立革命家务”，为抗日反攻创造了雄厚的物质基础。边区经济欣欣向荣，博得敌占区人民的向往和羡慕。在敌人军事进攻，经济封锁的环境下，没有被困难吓倒，奋发图强，自力更生，到抗战胜利前夕工农业生产实现了自给有余。敌人妄图把边区人民饿死、冻死或“兵无粮自散”的美梦彻底破产。边区毅然成了全中国政治上进步，经济上发展的抗战救国的光辉旗帜，创造了强国富民的延安精神。毛泽东说：“我们的生产运动，成了全国的模范。” 到1945年物质更加雄厚，党的“七大”前后，边区调回几个旅部队进行反攻训练和集中培训大批干部，整顿三风，准备接管新区，保障了一时期骤增几万人的供应，可国库里还积存了2万多匹雁塔布和10万多斤棉花，结存10万多两黄金的家底(各分区、县除外)。农民平均每户存粮上万斤。毫无疑议，高岗带领边区一班人，将毛泽东主席的伟大号召落到实处，发动的军民大生产运动，为抗日战争乃至中国革命立下汗马功劳，这一伟大创举和成果已载入新中国史册。 抗战开始以后，根据毛泽东“新文化”的指示，开展革命文化运动，边区党和政府对文化教育事业建设花了很大的心血，当作第二件大事来抓，促进文化教育工作改革，纠正了脱离实际，脱离群众和旧教条的教育倾向后，学校教育和社会文化教育有很大发展。 高岗在西北局、边区参议会常驻委员会、参议会上多次强调指出：“尊重知识，注重教育，尊重人才”等问题，并身体力行，经常到学校视察，当发现一些学校的规程是抄袭国民党的，不是为人民服务的，把学校办成“不红不白”的现象时，责成有关部门限期整顿提高。指出：今后加强马列主义教育和文化教育，改变干部学校和国民教育质量太差的状况。大部分课程是旧的一套，没多少改变，延安第一完小一度教学方法脱离实际，上学的人数较少，他亲自到学校调查了解，发现脱离实际的倾向后，立即指示革新教学方法，增设适合农村实际应用的内容，把学习和劳动结合起来，实行教育与生产相结合的方针，使学生猛增，由原来的180来