Chapter 8 Chapter Eight

In September 1933, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized 500,000 troops to launch the fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign against the Central Soviet Area.Because the "Left" adventurists are among the top leaders of the Party Central Committee and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, they implement subjectivist and dogmatic war guidance in the military, deny the successful experience of the previous struggle against "encirclement and suppression", and implement a passive defensive policy. If we disperse our forces, "resist across the board", and use positional warfare and "fortress warfare" to fight and consume the enemy for a long time, the failure of the fifth struggle against "encirclement and suppression" is inevitable.

At the beginning of October 1934, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission had to decide to withdraw from the Central Soviet Area and lead the main force of the Central Red Army to Xiangxi to join the 2nd and 6th Red Army. On October 17, Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun were ordered to lead the commanders and fighters of the Red 3rd Army to embark on the journey to the west from Yudu.In order to prevent the red army from breaking through and transferring, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops including Chen Jitang's Guangdong army and He Jian's Hunan army, and set up several blockades on the way to western Hunan to block them. On the 20th, Peng Dehuai commanded the Red 3rd Army to advance westward, first breaking through the first blockade line set up by the Guangdong Army between Xinfeng and Anyuan, and occupying Xincheng.Then divided into two left and right columns into southern Hunan, approaching Rucheng.Form a siege to Rucheng.The artillery bombarded the city several times without hitting the target. It happened that Peng Dehuai came to the forward position. Seeing this situation, he commanded the artillery to make adjustments and personally held the cannon. With just one shot, he blew up the enemy's fort and opened the passage. On November 6, he broke through the second blockade line set up by He Jian's Hunan army between Rucheng and Sicun from the left.

It was rainy day after day, and the road was muddy and rough.Under the command of Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun, all the commanders and fighters of the 3rd Red Army marched day and night in spite of difficulties and obstacles, and fought bravely. Enter. On November 11, the Military Committee of the Central Revolutionary Committee issued a commendation order: "Praise Comrade Peng Dehuai, the chief of the Three Corps, and all the commanders and fighters of the Three Corps for their heroic and exemplary combat actions when they broke through the two blockades of Rucheng and Yizhang."

In order to prevent the Red Army from crossing the Xiangjiang River westward, Chiang Kai-shek urgently mobilized dozens of divisions and hundreds of thousands of troops, focusing on setting up a fourth blockade along the Xiangjiang River between Quanzhou and Xing'an in northern Guangxi.He Jian was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the pursuit and suppression army, and the Fifth Route Army was assigned to chase and intercept the Red Army.The general situation is that the Guangxi Army and the Hunan Army blocked the front along the Xiangjiang River, and the Central Army pursued from behind, blocking the front and chasing after, attacking from the left and right, trying to use the natural barrier of the Xiangjiang River to encircle and annihilate the Red Army on the east bank of the Xiangjiang River.

Under the above circumstances, as the Red Army advances westward, the closer it gets to the Xiangjiang River, the closer it is to the encirclement encircled by hundreds of thousands of enemy troops.The Red Army continued to carry out the plan of crossing the Xiangjiang River westward and joining the 2nd and 6th Red Army Corps in Western Hunan.At this time, Mao Zedong, who had been following the Red Army westward, analyzed the current situation. Although there were hundreds of thousands of enemy troops from all walks of life, there were many contradictions and each had their own plans. It is an area without fortresses, which is convenient for the Red Army to conduct mobile operations.Mao Zedong suggested to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to take advantage of the mobilization of enemy troops from all walks of life and concentrate their forces to find and wipe out one or one part of the enemy army in order to reverse the situation of the war.Peng Dehuai, based on his many years of experience in combat, considered that the Red Army was advancing in a tunnel-like manner surrounded by a huge central government and non-combatants under the dense formation of hundreds of thousands of enemy troops, and the consequences would be disastrous.Therefore, he proposed to the Central Committee about future military operations: "Use the three armies to quickly advance to Xiangtan, Ningxiang, and Yiyang, threaten Changsha, seize the opportunity to eliminate the enemy's small units during flexible maneuvers, and force Jiang's army to change its deployment. , Contain the enemy; the central government leads the 1st, 5th, 8th, and 9th legions to occupy the Xupu, Chenxi, and Yuanling areas, quickly mobilize the masses, create battlefields, establish base areas, and crush the enemy's attack. Otherwise, they will be forced to pass through the west of the Hunan-Guangxi border The consequences of fighting the Guangxi army in the Yanshan Mountains will be unfavorable."

However, the leaders of "Left" adventurism not only lost the favorable opportunity, but also refused to adopt the correct suggestions of Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai. They still insisted on the original plan and ordered the Red Army to break through the fourth blockade line with all its strength. Quickly breaking through the Xiangjiang River and breaking out of the enemy's siege is a key battle related to the life and death of the Central Red Army. On November 25, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, based on changes in the enemy's situation, decided that the Central Red Army would cross the Xiangjiang River between Quanzhou and Xing'an, where the enemy's troops were weaker. A division of the regiment formed the 3rd column, passing Xiaoping and Dengjiayuan to Guanyang Mountain Road, occupied Guanyang, and then marched towards Xing'an.

According to the order of the Military Commission, Peng Dehuai led the Red 3rd Army to march rapidly from the left wing into Guangxi on the 26th, cross the Guanjiang River, and approach Guanyang.In order to snatch the crossing point of the Xiangjiang River, the Red 3rd Army took the Red 4th Division as the forward and rushed straight to the Xiangjiang River.Here is the line of defense guarded by the Guangxi army. Seeing the fierce approach of the Red Army, Liao Lei's 7th Army Independent Regiment hurriedly abandoned Jieshou and withdrew to Guanghuapu on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River.After the 4th Red Division occupied Jieshou, they continued to pursue the enemy, confronted the enemy at Guanghuapu, and firmly controlled the crossing point of Jieshou behind.The main force of the 5th Red Division entered the area south of Xinxu to watch the enemy's movement in Guanyang.The Red 2nd Division of the 1st Red Army Corps also waded across the Xiangjiang River and entered the area of ​​Jiaoshanpu and Lubanqiao to block the enemies stationed in Quanzhou.At this time, the Guangxi warlords were afraid that the Red Army would go south and enter the hinterland of Guangxi, so they voluntarily gave up the frontal blocking position of Xiangjiang River and changed to side defense.If the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China can take advantage of this favorable opportunity, be decisive, and advance lightly, it will be able to cross the Xiangjiang River quickly and reduce losses before the enemy attacks.However, the leaders of "Left" adventurism are still reluctant to throw away those cumbersome luggage and pots and pans, and adopt a large-scale move-style march.The huge central column moved very slowly. It took only 80 kilometers to cross the Xiangjiang River from Wenshi and Guiyan in the north of Guanyang, and it took 4 days to reach the Xiangjiang River.The Red Army lost this precious time, and the enemy pressed from several directions.Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi of the Gui Army killed a "returning carbine" of the Red Army, and ordered 4 of its divisions to attack the Red 3rd Army in two ways from the left wing, and attack the Red 5th Division northward from the Guanyang area to the east bank of the Xiangjiang River, in an attempt to cut off the Red Army. All the way from Xing'an to attack the Red 4th Division on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in an attempt to regain the crossing point.Liu Jianxu's four divisions stationed in Quanzhou also launched an attack on the right-wing Red 1st Army; Zhou Hunyuan's Column, Li Yunjie, Li Yunheng and other departments also stepped up their attacks on the Red Army's rear guard from behind, and Wu Qiwei led four divisions to pursue from the north. Very urgent and sinister.In order to cover the central column crossing the Xiangjiang River, the Red 3rd Army fought an unprecedented fierce battle with the enemy.

On November 27, Peng Dehuai ordered the 5th Red Division to rush to Xinxu.Xinxu is 120 kilometers away from the Xiangjiang River, and it is the only place where the highway from Guanyang to Quanzhou must pass.The task of the 5th Red Division was to stop the Guangxi Army from Guanyang, which was attacking the left-wing Red 3rd Army. On the 28th, the two divisions of the Guangxi Army launched a fierce attack on the position of the Red 5th Division.With the support of machine guns, artillery platoons and aircraft, the enemy charged the entire camp.Although there are only two regiments of the Red 5th Division sticking to a wide position of more than ten miles without strong fortifications, they have insufficient weapons and ammunition.But all commanders and fighters knew that if the enemy captured Xinxu, the Red Army would be cut off in the middle, and the consequences would be disastrous.Therefore, the soldiers of the Red 5th Division fought against the enemy more bravely, fighting and fighting with the enemy, and fought with the enemy one by one. Huang Mianchang, the head of the 14th regiment, as well as the deputy head, chief of staff, and director of the political department all died heroically.Peng Dehuai had no choice but to order the 5th Red Division to withdraw from Xinxu and continue to fight the enemy outside the city until the 30th, when he finally completed the task of covering the central column across the Xiangjiang River before he was ordered to withdraw from the battle.The Red 6th Division left behind the 18th Regiment responsible for covering the retreat of the main force. One regiment had to deal with 3 Guijun Divisions, and fought hand-to-hand with the enemy for two days and nights, and finally completed the task of covering most of the Red Eighth Army to cross the Xiangjiang River.However, the 18th regiment was surrounded by the enemy to the east of the Xiangjiang River and was unable to break through. It fought dozens of times the enemy until it ran out of ammunition and food, and most of them died heroically.

On November 29, the blocking battle at Guanghuapu on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River started.Guanghuapu is located between Xing'an and Jieshou, only 10 miles away from Jieshou. It is a relatively wide open land.The Red 4th Division fought against the enemy attacking from Xing'an in Guanghuapu and its west.The more urgent Peng Dehuai was, the calmer he became, the more resourceful and decisive he became.Following the order of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, he first set up the regiment headquarters in an ancestral hall on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River only a few hundred meters away from Jieshou Ferry, and personally commanded this important, extremely difficult and cruel blocking battle.Order the Red 4th Division to prepare to face the Independent Regiment of the 7th Army of the Gui Army and the 45th Division of the 15th Army of Xiawei who came to reinforce. On the evening of the 29th, the enemy launched a fierce attack on the position of the Red 4th Division.The 10th Regiment of the 4th Red Division was the first to bear the brunt. Under the leadership of regiment commander Shen Shuqing and regiment political commissar Yang Yong, the Red Army soldiers fought back resolutely.The Red 4th Division stood still, and the enemy failed to move forward. In the early morning of the 30th, seeing that the frontal attack was ineffective, the enemy pushed forward along the west bank of the Xiangjiang River to Jieshou in an attempt to outflank the Red Army.At this time, the head of the regiment, Shen Shuqing, commanded the 2nd Battalion to launch a counterattack against the incoming enemy. The battle was fierce, and unfortunately he was shot and died.Peng Dehuai then ordered Du Zhongmei to take over as the head of the 10th regiment.In the afternoon of the same day, Du Zhongmei rushed to serve in the 10th Regiment, and at the same time arranged to counterattack the enemy again. After he explained the task to the 3rd Battalion, he went to the 2nd Battalion's position.Within a day, the enemy launched more than a dozen attacks on the positions of the Red 10th Regiment, and the Red 10th Regiment sacrificed two regiment leaders in a row. It is not difficult to imagine how fierce this battle was.

At 5 o'clock on December 1, Peng Dehuai received an order from Zhu De, commander-in-chief of the Red Army: "The three armies should gather all their troops to maintain the Jieshou area, and the main force should be in the southwest area of ​​Jieshou." The road is in your own hands."On that day, the enemy launched a more violent attack using frontal attack and roundabout tactics. Peng Dehuai ordered the commanders and fighters of the Red Army to resolutely stop the enemy no matter how much the sacrifice was. This was the most intense and cruel day of the Xiangjiang Battle.The 4th Red Division fought bloody battles in Guanghuapu, Jieshou for 3 days and nights, paid a huge price, and finally completed the blocking mission.

Peng Dehuai commanded the Red 3rd Army to fight bloody battles with the enemy in Xinxu in Guanyang and Guanghuapu in Xing'an. At the same time, the Red 1st Army was fighting fiercely with the Hunan enemy Liu Jianxu in the Quanzhou area, and the 5th Army was blocking the Central Army near Wenshi. Hun Yuan and others pursued the enemy.In the triangle area of ​​Quan, Guan, and Xing, the Red Army fought to the death with the superior enemy forces from all walks of life for 5 days and 5 nights. On the afternoon of the 1st, it finally covered all the Central Red Army except the Red 34th Division across the Xiangjiang River and broke through the enemy's fourth line. blockade.However, the Red Army paid a heavy loss. Only 30,000 people remained from the 70,000 people who crossed the river.In particular, the 34th Division of the Fifth Red Army and the 18th Regiment of the 3rd Red Army were completely wiped out, which was the first time in the history of the Red Army. In the Battle of Xiangjiang, Peng Dehuai led the commanders and fighters of the 3rd Red Army to resolutely obey orders. In the face of a powerful enemy, they dared to fight and fight hard, not afraid of sacrifice, and could not be defeated or broken.It was these iron warriors who used their blood and lives to cover the column of the Military Commission and the main force of the Red Army to cross the Xiangjiang River, bankrupting the enemy's sinister plan to wipe out our army in the area east of the Xiangjiang River. After the Central Red Army crossed the river, Chiang Kai-shek urgently dispatched more than a dozen divisions of the He Jian Hunan Army and the Xue Yue Division of the Central Army in order to block the Red Army going north from Xiangxi to join the 2nd and 6th Red Army Corps. Waiting for the Red Army.At the same time, Zhou Hunyuan's column of the Central Army was ordered to follow and pursue, and Liao Lei's troops of the Guangxi Army flanked in an attempt to encircle and annihilate the Red Army in the area west of the Xiangjiang River. At this critical juncture, Mao Zedong rejected the erroneous idea that the "Left" adventurist leader stubbornly insisted on the original plan, based on the fact that a large number of enemy troops were gathering to prevent the Red Army from going to Xiangxi, and the Red Army had a large number of personnel reductions when it broke through the fourth blockade line. It is strongly advocated to move to Guizhou, where the enemy is weak, in order to get rid of the enemy and strive for a few victories, so that the troops have a chance to rest and replenish.Mao Zedong's correct proposition was endorsed by the majority of the Military Commission.As a result, the Central Red Army diverted the channel to enter Guizhou and rushed to Liping.Thus, the Central Red Army achieved a strategic shift, which avoided the danger of possible collapse. From January 15 to 17, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of great historical significance in Zunyi.Attending the meeting were members of the Politburo, alternate members of the Politburo, heads of the Red Army headquarters and various regiments, etc.Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun rushed to Zunyi from the front line to attend the meeting.This is Peng Dehuai's first time to participate in the central meeting, and he feels that there is a long way to go.At the meeting, Mao Zedong made a long speech, sharply and seriously criticizing the mistakes of simple defense in the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" war and retreat and escape in the Long March.Peng Dehuai's strategy and tactics for the "Left" military line brought the fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" and the tragic loss of the Xiangjiang River battle, which has long been unbearable.From the comparison of positive and negative experience and lessons, he realized that the line represented by Mao Zedong was the only correct line.Peng Dehuai spoke at the meeting, firmly supported Mao Zedong's speech, and sharply criticized Bo Gu and Li De's serious mistakes in military command. During the meeting, Mao Zedong introduced Comrade Liu Shaoqi, a well-known labor movement leader in the party, to Peng Dehuai.After the Zunyi meeting, Mao Zedong personally went to the Red 3rd Army to convey the spirit of the meeting.When Peng Dehuai learned that the meeting finally decided to replace the main leaders of the Party Central Committee and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, Mao Zedong was in charge of the work of the Military Commission, and Zhang Wentian replaced Bo Gu as the general manager, he was very happy. During the meeting, the 6th Division of the 3rd Army of the Red Army was performing a security mission in Daobashui and along the Wujiang River in the south of Zunyi City. It was suddenly attacked and bombed by the Wu Qiwei Department of the Kuomintang Central Army. The meeting continues. During the meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in Zunyi, the enemy's situation changed significantly.Chiang Kai-shek mobilized the Central Army and hundreds of thousands of troops from Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces to approach and encircle the Zunyi area from all directions, preventing the Central Red Army from going north to Sichuan to join forces with the Fourth Red Army or going east to West Hunan to join forces with the Red 2nd and 6th Army Corps. The Red Army was encircled and wiped out at the junction of Sichuan and Guizhou provinces south of the Yangtze River. In the situation where the Kuomintang has gathered a large number of troops and the balance between the enemy and the enemy is very different, it is impossible to establish a base area centered on Zunyi in northern Guizhou as envisaged by the Liping Conference.In order to get rid of the enemy's siege, Mao Zedong and others decided to abandon Zunyi, led the Central Red Army to cross the Yangtze River north, joined the Red Fourth Front Army, and established a base in Northwest Sichuan. On January 19, the Red Army withdrew from Zunyi City and marched in three columns to Xishui and Chishui in the northwest of Guizhou, preparing to capture Tucheng, Chishui City and their surrounding areas, and march northward to capture the crossing points between Luzhou and Yibin. in order to quickly cross the Yangtze River.Tucheng is an important ferry on the east bank of the Chishui River.The capture of Tucheng is of key significance to the realization of the Party Central Committee's strategic plan of "redifying Sichuan", and this is the first battle fought after the Zunyi Conference. Success or failure is related to the morale of the entire army. On the morning of the 25th, the 1st Division of the 1st Red Army attacked Tucheng and fought with Hou Zhidan of the Guizhou Army guarding Tucheng. In just half an hour, the main force of the Hou army retreated towards Gulin, and a small part retreated to Chishui.The main force of the Red 1st Division pursued in the direction of Chishui.Subsequently, the Red 1st Army marched into the Tucheng area, and the Red 3rd Army followed up. At this time, the Sichuan army blocked the Yangtze River, and at the same time entered the Guizhou border, and launched a joint attack from Chishui, Xishui, and Wenshui.Zhang'an China Travel's vanguard group reached the other side of Chishui; Guo Xunqi's division occupied Xishui County and pushed towards Tucheng. On the 27th, Guo Xunqi's division chased the Fifth Red Army, and in the afternoon of the same day seized Qinggangpo and the southeast end of Shiqiongzui in the north of Tucheng, cutting off the contact between the Fifth Red Army and the 11th Regiment of the 4th Division of the 3rd Red Army. On the 28th, Peng Dehuai personally visited the forward position and commanded the Red 3rd Army to launch a general offensive against the enemy, and repeatedly competed with the enemy for positions, causing heavy casualties on both sides.The Red Army cadre regiment also went into battle, but they were still deadlocked.The Sichuan army reinforced one after another, and Peng Dehuai found that the enemy's strength was not the originally expected 4 regiments, but 3 brigades with nearly 9 regiments, and their firepower was very strong.The Red Army fought against the water, which was very disadvantageous. On the 29th, the Red Army General Headquarters ordered the Red Army to withdraw from the battle and cross the Chishui River west. The Tucheng battle was defeated, and the Red Army failed to win the opportunity to cross the river, so they crossed the Chishui River in the west, marched towards Xuyong and Gulin, and marched through southern Sichuan to Zhaxi (now Weixin) in Yunnan for reorganization.The Red 3rd Corps canceled the designation of the division and directly controlled 4 regiments: 10th Regiment, 11th Regiment, 12th Regiment, and 13th Regiment. Zhang Zongxun served as the head of the 10th Regiment, Huang Kecheng served as the political commissar; Deng Guoqing served as the head of the 11th Regiment, and Zhang Aiping served as the political commissar , Xie Song served as the head of the 12th regiment, Zhong Chibing served as the political commissar, Peng Xuefeng served as the head of the 13th regiment, and Li Ganhui served as the political commissar. The Red Army entered the Zhaxi area in Yunnan. Chiang Kai-shek judged that the Red Army would still cross the Yangtze River north or the Jinsha River west, so he hurriedly dispatched troops and generals to readjust their combat deployment.In view of the fact that most of the enemy's main force was attracted to the borders of Sichuan and Yunnan, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission had no possibility for the Red Army to cross the river north.However, the enemy forces in northern Guizhou were empty, so they decided to quickly break away from the flanking attack of the two enemies in Sichuan and Yunnan and the pursuit of Jiang's army. From February 11, they were divided into three columns. On the 19th, Peng Dehuai led his troops to cross the Chishui River for the second time at Taipingdu, and rushed eastward. Chiang Kai-shek's attempt to encircle and wipe out the Red Army came to naught. After recrossing the Chishui River, the Red 3rd Corps was the right column, and the Red 1st, 5th, and 9th Corps and the Military Commission column were the left column, advancing quickly to Tongzi and Zunyi respectively.When the Red Army crossed Chishui for the second time and returned to northern Guizhou, it was completely unexpected.The 3 Sichuan enemy brigades hurriedly pursued eastward from the vicinity of Tashi, and the 2 divisions of Wu Qiwei's 1st column also marched towards Zunyi from Qianxi and Guiyang. The nearby troops sent reinforcements to Loushanguan and Tongzi to strengthen the defense of Loushanguan, the gateway to northern Guizhou, to prevent the Red Army from reoccupying Zunyi, in an attempt to prevent and encircle the Red Army from Loushanguan or the area north of Zunyi. Loushan Pass is an important military pass in northern Guizhou, located on the main peak of the Dalou Mountains, bordering Tongzi County in the north and Zunyi City in the south, with an altitude of more than 1,400 meters.Surrounded by lofty mountains and steep cliffs on both sides, there is only one steep and dangerous winding mountain road running through the north and south, which is the channel of the human river, with the trend of "one man guards the gate, and ten thousand men cannot open it".The Red Army can only occupy Zunyi City by taking Loushan Pass. Commanders and fighters realized that this battle is the key to whether the Red Army can gain a foothold in northern Guizhou. On February 25, the 13th Regiment of the Front Guard of the Red 3rd Army marched towards Loushanguan and captured several prisoners of the Guizhou Army. It was learned from the interrogation that there were only 3 regiments of the Guizhou enemy Bai Huizhang in Loushanguan.At the same time, it was learned from wiretapping the enemy's phone that the Du Zhaohua brigade of the Qian enemy was in the Black Temple 2.5 kilometers south of Loushan Pass.Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun reported these situations to the Central Revolutionary Military Commission at 14:00 on the 25th, and proposed that "we plan to annihilate this enemy with swift action."At the same time, it is suggested that our army should attack the Black God Temple at dawn on the 26th, and the 1st Army Corps should set out from Changgang and Dayinchang to attack the southeast of the Black God Temple in a roundabout way; When the temple and Qixingyan are attacked, the cadre regiment should catch up and form a reserve team on the front. At 23:00, Zhu De replied by telegram to Peng, Yang, Lin, and Nie, ordering that the 1st and 3rd armies and cadre regiments should be under the command of Peng and Yang. Therefore, they took advantage of the victory to seize Zunyi, which is the key to turning northern Guizhou into red. After Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun received the order from the Central Revolutionary Military Commission to command the entire army to fight, they immediately deployed the Red Army to attack Loushanguan.Peng Dehuai set up the frontline headquarters in a small town monastery not far from Tongzi, where he handed over the main attack mission to the Red 13th Regiment.At this time, Zhou Enlai called and asked the Red 3rd Army to take Loushanguan on the 26th.Peng Dehuai replied categorically: "The pass must be won on the 26th, please rest assured the central government." The 13th Regiment of the Red 3rd Army rushed to Loushan Pass. At dawn on the 26th, when approaching the pass, I suddenly saw a group of enemies swaggering down from the pass. The 13th regiment suddenly attacked the enemy, and most of the enemies were killed on the spot.Then they took advantage of the victory to pursue and rushed to Loushan Pass in one go.The enemy fought and retreated, and finally seized the commanding height on the east side of the pass - Dianjin Mountain, trying to hold on to the danger. The 13th regiment launched several fierce attacks, but they were unsuccessful.At this time Peng Dehuai arrived, and he set up the temporary command post next to the regiment headquarters, so he could clearly see the situation at Loushan Pass.Chief of Staff Deng Ping advised him to stay away, it was too dangerous.Peng Dehuai said loudly: "It is only when you see clearly that you know what you know, and it is convenient to command. The commander is afraid of death, can the troops charge forward?" Commander Peng Dehuai continued to attack, suppressing the enemy with all his firepower, and finally attacked the two sides of Loushan Pass. The commanding heights - Dianjin Mountain and Xiaojian Mountain, occupied Loushan Pass.The Qian army stationed south of Loushan Pass then attacked the pass.Since the 13th regiment had already occupied favorable terrain, it quickly suppressed the enemy.Driven by the supervising team, the Qian army attacked the pass with about 6 regiments at 10:00, and Peng Xuefeng led the whole regiment into battle.At this critical juncture, Peng Dehuai ordered the Red 12 Regiment, which assisted in the research, to attack the enemy south of Loushanguan from the front. The regiment leader Xie Song and political commissar Zhong Chibing immediately led the troops to the enemy's position and started fierce hand-to-hand combat.The Red 12th Regiment repelled the enemy's many counterattacks in succession.At this time, the main force of the Red 10th, Red 11th, and Red 1st regiments had detoured to the enemy's rear and attacked the enemies of Banqiao and the Black Temple, causing the Qian army attacking Loushanguan to be in a mess and fled back one after another.The Red 3rd Army and the Red 1st Army took advantage of the victory to track and pursue in the direction of Zunyi. During the pursuit of Zunyi, the Red 3rd Army learned that the Qian Army stationed in Zunyi City was in a state of extreme panic and confusion.In the early morning of the 27th, Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun ordered the 3rd Red Army to advance along the road to Zunyi, destroy and expel the defeated enemies along the way, and occupied Zunyi. Before dawn on the 27th, the Red 3rd Army, with the Red 11th Army as the avant-garde, divided into multiple columns and quickly chased the retreating Guizhou enemy.From Loushanguan to Zunyi, it is a winding and rugged mountainous loess road. In addition, the road is slippery after rain and heavy fog, which makes the march more difficult.However, the commanders and fighters were all scrambling to run forward, and no one was left behind.Everyone has only one wish: advance as fast as possible, and capture Zunyi City before the arrival of enemy reinforcements. At about 9 o'clock, the Red 11th Regiment cleared away the enemy's blockade in Shizipo and Donggongsi area north of Zunyi, until it reached the city of Zunyi.Peng Dehuai was on the hill outside Zunyi City, observing the terrain with binoculars. The scout came to report: Wang Jialie heard Wang Jialie say to Wu Qiwei from the enemy's long-distance phone call: "The communist bandits have cornered the city, and we can't hold it anymore." Wu replied: : "You must stick to it, and I will definitely arrive after tonight." Peng Dehuai then ordered that Zunyi City must be captured that night. Bounded by the river, Zunyi City is divided into a new city and an old city.The new city is in the east, without city walls; the old city is in the west, with two sets of inner and outer walls. On the afternoon of the 27th, Peng Dehuai ordered an immediate attack on the city.The Red 11 regiment rushed to seize Zunyi New City.In order to quickly capture the old city, the commanders and fighters braved the enemy's bullets and crawled forward, approaching the river beach below the city, hiding in the grass.Zhang Aiping, political commissar of the 11th Red Regiment, observed the terrain and the deployment of the enemy's defense at a small mound by the river beach, preparing to attack the old city.Deng Ping, Chief of Staff of the Legion, came to the front and observed the terrain of the old city with Zhang. Deng Ping was hit in the head by an enemy bullet and unfortunately died.After hearing the news, Peng Dehuai rushed over, caressed the body of his comrade-in-arms, and called repeatedly: "Deng Ping, Deng Ping, my good comrade!" He was heartbroken and burst into tears. On the evening of the 27th, the main force of the Red 3rd Army launched a fierce attack on the old city of Zunyi, full of grief and indignation for revenge for Chief of Staff Deng Ping. On the morning of the 28th, the 3rd Red Army Corps and the 1st Red Army Corps wiped out the remnants of the old city and occupied Zunyi City again. After the battle, Zhang Aiping, the political commissar of the 11th regiment, wrote a poem with tears in memory of Deng Ping. The last line said: "The blood is sprinkled in the city of Zunyi, and the three armies cry on the journey." The strategic move of the Red Army to return to northern Guizhou and seize Loushan Pass shook the Kuomintang's command center.Chiang Kai-shek was deeply afraid that Zunyi's failure would affect the entire battle situation, so he urgently ordered the 93rd and 59th Divisions of the 1st Column, which were closest to each other, to set off from Guiyang and cross the Wujiang River to help Zunyi.When the Red Army fought heavily in Zunyi, the enemy troops had already entered the Zhongzhuangpu and Xinzhan areas in the south of Zunyi City.The Central Revolutionary Military Commission was determined to take advantage of the favorable opportunity of aiding the enemy to advance alone, but the pursuit of the enemy was blocked in the north of Loushanguan, and concentrated all efforts to wipe out the enemy in the area south of Zunyi.In accordance with the order of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, on the morning of the 28th, Peng Dehuai ordered the Red 3rd Army to meet and aid the enemy. When the Red 11th Army advanced to Honghuagang, about one or more enemy regiments rushed from the front, trying to occupy the hill in front of the Red Army.Peng Dehuai immediately ordered the 2nd Battalion of the Red 11th Regiment to seize the hill. The enemy attacked the 2nd Battalion many times, but they were all repelled.After the enemy's follow-up troops arrived, they outflanked the battalion to the left. The 1st Battalion of the Red 11th Regiment rushed out from behind the mountain to defeat the outflanked enemy.The number of enemies faced by the Red 11th Regiment gradually increased to 2 regiments. The commanders and fighters were determined to live and die with the position, calmly faced the battle, and built a field defensive position against the mountain to attract the enemy.At the same time, Peng Dehuai ordered the Red 10th Regiment to control the main peak of Laoya Mountain on the right side of Honghuagang. In the afternoon of the same day, the enemy turned the main attack direction to the Red 10th Regiment, which was sticking to the main peak of Laoya Mountain, and the offensive became more and more fierce every time.The enemy suffered numerous casualties, and the Red Army also paid a heavy price.Zhang Zongxun, head of the Red 10th Regiment, was injured, Zhong Weijian, chief of staff, died, and Peng Dehuai ordered Wu Xiuquan to succeed him.Later, the enemy dispatched planes to bombard them indiscriminately, and the fighting became more intense. At about 15 o'clock, the enemy captured the main peak of Laoya Mountain with superior firepower and troops, not only condescendingly threatening the Honghuagang position of the Red 11th Regiment, but also directly threatening the safety of Zunyi City.At this time, the 1st Red Army attacked from the Shuishiba area to the enemy's rear, and went straight to the enemy headquarters in Zhongzhuangpu. Wu Qiwei, the commander of the 1st column, fled in embarrassment.The enemy troops remaining in the Laoyashan area were forced to turn to the defensive when the commander fled every day.At dusk, the Red 3rd Army, with the cooperation of the cadres, took back the main peak of Laoya Mountain.Most of the enemy's 93rd and 59th divisions were wiped out at the foot of Laoya Mountain, and the rest retreated towards Wujiang River.The Red 1st Army and the Red 3rd Army chased and fled the enemy in the direction of Lazy Bench and Yaxi respectively that night.The 3rd Army of the Red Army crushed the enemy until Yaxi Town.Wu Qiwei led about 1 regiment of the remaining troops to escape Wujiang via the lazy bench.When the Red Army chased to Wujiang River, he ordered to cut off the lifeline of the pontoon bridge on the Wujiang River before all the defeated soldiers crossed the river, and dumped more than 1,000 officers and soldiers on the north bank of Wujiang River, making them prisoners of the Red Army. Within 5 days, the Central Red Army captured Tongzi, seized Loushan Pass, occupied Zunyi City, wiped out 2 divisions of the "Central Army", defeated 8 regiments of the Guizhou Army, killed and wounded more than 2,400 enemies, captured about 3,000 people, and handed over 2,000 guns. It opened up a new situation in northern Guizhou, provided more favorable conditions for the establishment of a new Soviet area in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan, and made the enemies who besieged the Red Army afraid to advance lightly. This was the biggest victory of the Central Red Army since the Long March, which greatly boosted the morale of the Red Army soldiers and made Chiang Kai-shek lament "the great shame and humiliation since the pursuit of the national army."After Mao Zedong won the battle at Loushanguan, he wrote an impromptu poem "Recalling Qin'e Loushanguan": During the Long March, at times of crisis, Peng Dehuai showed his talents, commanded the Red Army to fight a beautiful battle of annihilation, realized the combat intention of Mao Zedong and other leaders, and inspired the hearts of the whole army.This poem by Mao Zedong is to celebrate the first major victory after the Zunyi Conference led by Peng Dehuai. The progress of the Red Army cannot be stopped, and the Chinese revolution will start from here and move forward victoriously. In early April 1935, the Central Red Army jumped out of the enemy's encirclement and threw hundreds of thousands of enemy troops to the north of Wujiang River.The Central Red Army approached Guiyang directly, posing as if it wanted to attack Guiyang.Guiyang was empty of troops, and the Red Army approached the city. Chiang Kai-shek, who was supervising the battle in Guiyang, was extremely frightened, and urgently dispatched 6 brigades of Sun Du of the Yunnan Army to rescue Guiyang.After Chiang Kai-shek's "middle plan" transferred the Yunnan Army to Guiyang, the Central Red Army bypassed Guiyang City and quickly attacked in the direction of Kunming, Yunnan in two ways.After the Central Red Army occupied Songming and Xundian, which were only 30 kilometers away from Kunming, Long Yun, the chairman of Yunnan Province, urgently dispatched militia groups in various counties to defend Kunming. Weakened the enemy's defensive forces in northern Yunnan and the south bank of the Jinsha River, and created favorable conditions for the Red Army to cross the Jinsha River north. On April 29, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission issued the "Instructions on Our Army's Speedy Crossing of the Jinsha River and the Establishment of the Soviet Area in Western Sichuan", which called on the commanders and fighters of the entire army to complete this task resolutely and bravely with a tenacious fighting will.On that day, the Central Red Army took advantage of the enemy's weak strength in the northwest and divided into three armies to advance towards the south bank of the Jinsha River. When Chiang Kai-shek learned in Guiyang that the Central Red Army had just arrived near Kunming and turned to the northwest, he judged that our army's real intention was to cross the Jinsha River north, so he ordered Xue Yue to lead various columns to follow the north, and Liu Wenhui, the commander-in-chief of the Chuankang Frontier Defense Army, sent troops to guard Jinsha. The crossings of the river were intercepted.He also ordered the Air Force to conduct daily reconnaissance at the crossings of the Jinsha River in an attempt to wipe out the Red Army in the area south of the Jinsha River. The Jinsha River is the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It connects to the Tianhe River and rushes down from the Kunlun Mountains and Hengduan Mountains.Therefore, the Jinsha River became a major danger for the Central Red Army going north. Before the 3rd Red Army set off from Xundian and Songming areas, Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun mobilized the troops, explaining the significance of crossing the Jinsha River and entering Sichuan to establish a base area, and warned the commanders and fighters: there are more than 100,000 enemy troops chasing after the Red Army. If the ferry cannot be seized, it will fall into the dangerous situation of "no way out, and pursuers behind".In accordance with the telegram of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, the entire army was divided into two groups, marching toward the Jinsha River at a marching speed of 80 kilometers every day and night. On May 5, Peng Dehuai led the Red 3rd Army to Jiaoping to cross the river. On the 7th, all the Red 3rd Army crossed the Jinsha River and marched towards Huili City.By the 9th, all the Central Red Army had crossed the Jinsha River, and finally got rid of the siege and interception of the Kuomintang Chiang Kai-shek's hundreds of thousands of enemy troops, and won a decisive victory in the strategic shift. After the Red Army successfully crossed the Jinsha River, it entered the vicinity of Huili City in Sichuan.In order to prevent the enemy from chasing, attack the enemy who sent aid, and strive for the necessary rest and replenishment for the Red Army after a long march, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided to attack Huili City. Huili City is located in the southernmost part of Sichuan Province, straddling the north bank of the Jinsha River, and is an important city for transportation between Yunnan and Sichuan.Huili City is an ancient city with a wide moat. There are two inner and outer cities. The inner city is large and the outer city is small. The city wall is complete, thick and high, and there are gates on all sides. .Liu Yuantang's brigade defending the enemy in the city panicked when they saw the Red Army surrounded Huili. They closed the city gates tightly and waited for help.Liu Yuanzhang, commander of the frontier defense of Chuankang of the Xichang Kuomintang, urgently sent a brigade to reinforce it. On May 8, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission issued the "Instructions on Our Army's Understanding of the Enemy's Situation after Crossing the River", deploying the Red 3rd Army and the cadre regiment to attack Huili City and destroy the defending enemy Liu Yuantang, all under the command of Peng and Yang. Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun investigated and analyzed Huili's terrain and the situation of defending the enemy, and held a meeting of cadres above the regiment to draw up a siege plan.Participants believed that although Huili City Wall is small, it is not easy to approach, not to mention that there is no artillery cover, even if each person has only a few rifle bullets, therefore, the only way to attack the city is to carry out tunnel blasting.It was decided that on the 9th, all the ministries would enter the predetermined positions and prepare for the siege.On the same day, Peng Dehuai reported the arrangement of the enemy troops in Licheng to the Central Revolutionary Military Commission. On May 9, Peng Dehuai personally went to the front line to command the Red 3rd Army to besiege Huili City.Due to the lack of offensive firearms, although the Red 11th Regiment attacked the East Gate and the Red 12th Regiment attacked the West Gate, they failed to break through the second city wall.On the same day, when the siege failed, Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun submitted the "Request for Instructions on Huili's Siege" to the Central Revolutionary Military Commission. Monitor the enemy, and at the same time carry out tunnel operations to break the city, the Red 3rd Army and the cadre regiment went 15 kilometers north of the city, preparing to attack and aid the enemy.The Central Revolutionary Military Commission issued a telegram on the same day, asking the Red 3rd Army and the cadre regiment to continue to attack Huili. If the storm fails on the 10th, they should immediately work on the tunnels and prepare to blast the city. On the evening of the 10th, the Red Army launched strong attacks on the east and west gates respectively, but the siege was still unsuccessful. On the morning of the 11th, Peng Dehuai ordered the siege troops to withdraw from the battle. At the same time, Ye Jianying, chief of staff of the Red 3rd Army, commanded the digging of tunnels at the East and West Chengguan to prepare for blasting.The soldiers of the Red 3rd Army were not afraid of fatigue, and dug continuously for 5 days and nights, and finally completed the tunnel operation. On the evening of the 14th, the Red 3rd Army once again attacked Huili City.First, a small gap was blasted in the northwest corner of the city, and the Red Army took advantage of the situation to attack. Because the enemy dropped a large number of grenades, they tried their best to block the attack, but it failed.Then blasting was carried out in the northeast corner of the city. The defending enemy had already noticed it, and poured a lot of water on the wall beforehand, but the blasting was unsuccessful.In view of the repeated failure of the attack on Huili City, and the fact that the aid enemy is turning around to our two wings, Peng Dehuai and Yang Shangkun once again suggested to the Central Revolutionary Military Commission: Huili should be abandoned, and a strong detachment should be sent to control the main points of the Dadu River so that it can advance northward. On the 15th, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided to abandon the siege of Huili and march northward. The Red Army besieged Huili City, forcing the defenders to hide in the city and dare not move rashly, thus covering the rest of the main force of the Red Army outside the city. At this time, a disturbance arose among the leadership of the Red Army.遵义会议后，毛泽东和中革军委指挥中央红军迂回曲折，大步进退，穿插于敌重兵之间，驰骋于川、滇、黔边境广大地区，与敌人进行了长时间的频繁战斗和每日不停的行军转移，指战员极端疲惫，非战斗减员很多。部分指战员由于不了解中央机动灵活的战略战术原则，出现了牢骚和埋怨情绪，有的人说：“部队只走路，不打仗，没被打垮倒被拖垮”等。红1军团军团长林彪反对红军在战略转移中与敌人兜大圈子的战法，认为不仅丧失了渡江的时机，而且是劳命避战。他埋怨红军走冤枉路，走“弓背路”，主张走“弓弦路”，走捷径。而且土城、鲁班场战斗也没有打好，给部队造成一些损失，林彪认为是指挥有误，这样的领导指挥不行。林彪就给中央写信，要求改换领导。 为统一对遵义会议以来中共中央和中革军委运用机动作战脱离敌人重兵包围的作战方针的认识，5月12日，中共中央政治局在会理城外铁厂召开扩大会议，即“会理会议”。中央政治局和中央书记处的成员以及各军团主要负责人参加了会议。 彭德怀正在忙于指挥红3军团攻打会理城，突然接到参加政治局扩大会议的通知，当时政治委员杨尚昆正在发烧，只好让战士用担架抬着同他一起前去开会。 会议由张闻天主持，他首先发言：我们抢渡金沙江后，把蒋介石军队远远抛在后面，终于实现了渡江北上的战略方针，今天请大家来开会，目的是对前几个月行军作战出现的问题统一一下认识，再研究下一步的行动方针，先请毛泽东发言。 毛泽东说，从3月下旬我们往返两次（指第三、四次）渡赤水，调动了敌人，弄得他们疲于奔命，让老蒋在贵阳惊慌失措，感到岌岌可危。我们南下威逼贵阳，又狠将了他们一军，为给自己保驾，他又急调滇军出援。滇军一出来，我们这盘棋就活了，争取了主动，有了现在这样的局面。说到此处，毛泽东放大声说，可是却有人对于新的作战方针、多跑些路有意见，发牢骚，还给中央写信，要求改换领导，这是右倾机会主义行为。 会场一阵静默，气氛有些紧张。 这时，周恩来发言支持毛泽东的意见，认为遵义会议以来的战略方针是正确的，一切必须从实际出发，没有理由怀疑中央的领导。朱德也表示了相同的意见。 当时，彭德怀的全部精力都集中在攻打会理城，又因打不到土豪，筹不到粮，战士只能用野菜充饥，伤员无处安置，十分着急，临近午间还没吃早饭。他在会场上看到林彪给中央的信，听了毛泽东的发言，觉得林彪把他牵扯进去了，他应该表示一下态度。他就军事问题发表意见说：“我军采取穿插战术，从贵阳城西北绕至城东，然后又从南向西进，摆脱了敌四面包围形势，胜利地渡过金沙江，进入会理地区，把所有敌军抛在我军后面，这是一个很大的胜利。” 他的发言突然被毛泽东打断。 毛泽东厉声说：“彭德怀同志，你对失去中央苏区不满，是在困难面前动摇，是右倾。林彪给中央写信，是你鼓动起来的……3军团对作战方针有埋怨情绪，你向中央隐瞒，少奇向中央反映，你不签字。” 接着又批评红3军团政委杨尚昆说：“你是彭德怀的尾巴，什么政治委员。” 彭德怀听到毛泽东言词激愤的批评，感到很突然，百思不解。他没有鼓动林彪写信，也从未向中央隐瞒过什么，他相反却是“我对这一段穿插、渡江是敬佩和高兴的，并没有什么'右倾动摇'。” 毛泽东这些话从何说起。 林彪坐在一旁，低着头，沉着脸。毛泽东的话声刚落，林彪抬起头，表白说：“我给中央写信，没有什么想法，主要因为老跑路，心里烦得慌……。” 但林彪没有说明他的信与彭德怀无关。 毛泽东说：“你是个娃娃，懂得什么！” 毛泽东在会议上对彭德怀和林彪的态度明显不同，似乎宽容了写信的人林彪，却把责任迁怒到不知情的彭德怀身上。毛泽东认为是彭德怀要取得红军指挥权。此时，彭德怀心中“也有些难过。” 彭德怀自从走向革命道路后，在任何时候都对革命事业忠心耿耿，从来没有在困难面前动摇过，从不计较个人权力得失。他从上井冈山起就一直在毛泽东领导下共同战斗，他始终信任和尊重毛泽东。 在中央苏区，彭德怀在毛泽东的领导下，坚决执行毛泽东的军事路线，率领红3军团英勇作战，同林彪率领的红1军团等密切配合，连续粉碎了国民党发动的四次对中央苏区的“围剿”，为保卫和扩大中央苏区做出了突出的贡献。红军长征后，彭德怀又率领红3军团作开路先锋，屡立战功。彭德怀不愧是红3军团的卓越指挥员，不愧是毛泽东指挥下一员能征善战的勇将。 林彪虽然是毛泽东手下的爱将，是威震敌胆的“常胜将军”，但林彪常在处境困难的时候，对革命的前途产生怀疑动摇，在实际作战指挥中，经常和毛泽东的意见相悖。毛泽东等人率领红军四渡赤水、威逼贵阳、佯攻昆明、巧渡金沙，声东击西，机动灵活，调动和迷惑敌人，胜利地摆脱了几十万敌军的围追堵截。而林彪却认为红军兜了一个大圈子才到会理，并没有消灭敌人，打破敌人追堵，也没有到达可以停脚的根据地。现在却走在当年石达开覆亡的川康之路上，前面还有爬不完的山，渡不完的河，红军还处在敌人包围之中，前程未卜。林彪在会理对毛泽东的不满达到顶点，因此，决心上书，改变领导。 林彪和彭德怀在一起征战多年，他视比自己大9岁的彭德怀为同级军团长，又视他为自己的上级领导。他认为彭德怀身经百战，作战勇敢而有决断，在战场指挥上，毛泽东不如彭德怀经验丰富，现在应由彭德怀指挥红军迅速北上，与四方面军会合。 就在会理会议前一天，林彪给彭德怀打电话说：“蒋介石和龙云的追兵现在虽然暂时摆脱了，但他们是不会停止追击的。我们前有川军阻截，后面追兵又要赶上，只在这一块狭小地区，是很不利的。” “是啊！现在我们走的这条路，正是当年石达开走过的。孔明渡泸深入不毛之地，走的也是这条路。但我们和孔明不同，他渡泸南征是为了镇压少数民族，我们北上是为了革命，今天困难虽多，但历史不会重演。” 彭德怀也说出了自己的担忧和看法。 林彪说：“现在的领导不成了，你出来指挥吧。再这样下去，就要失败。我们服从你领导，你下命令，我们跟你走。”又说：“我军不能在此久留，请你指挥迅速北进吧！” “我怎能指挥北进，这是中央的事。”彭德怀觉得林彪说的话不妥，直言驳回去了。 当时，彭德怀并未把林彪的电话当一回事，以为那不过是发发牢骚而已，没想到这时林彪已经给中央写信，把这些意见正式提上去了。 在会议期间，彭德怀看到林彪给中央的信。信的大意是：“毛、朱、周随军主持大计，请彭德怀任前敌指挥，迅速北进与红四方面军会合。” 彭德怀当时看到这封信后，也并未介意，以为前敌指挥就是战场指挥。因为红1，红3军团在战斗中早就形成了这种关系：有时红1军团指挥红3军团，有时红3军团指挥红1军团，有时自动配合。如第二次占领遵义的第二天，打吴奇伟的反攻，红1、3军团就完全是自动配合把敌人打败的。而且从1930年组建红一方面军以来，他同红1军团领导人之间的关系，一直很融洽，从未计较过谁指挥谁的问题，很多战役都是双方共同商议后实施的。 林彪的信有问题应当批评，但“事先我不知道，更不是我鼓动他写的”。 彭德怀觉得毛泽东对他的批评与实际情况不符。但考虑到大敌当前，追敌已迫近金沙江了，应以团结为重，不宜计较个人委屈，特别是维护中央领导威信尤为重要。 彭德怀在第二次发言中批评林彪：“遵义会议才改变领导，这时又提出改变前敌指挥是不妥当的，特别提出我，则更不适当，我也不能胜任。” 同时作了自我批评：“我在困难中有过牢骚，由于鲁班场、平桥两次战斗没有打好，也引起对新领导的某些意见，这是不对的。” 他表示：“我们应当坚决拥护新领导，在新领导指挥下继续北上，争取早日与四方面军靠近。” 关于毛泽东批评的刘少奇、杨尚昆给中共中央的电报问题。在刘少奇出任红3军团政治部主任时，彭德怀作为第一线指挥员，曾向他介绍部队战士存在的一种思想倾向：不怕打仗，就怕负伤，不怕急行军，就怕害病掉队，认为这是没有根据地的缘故。彭德怀向刘少奇反映指战员思想动向，刘少奇向中央发电汇报都是正当的。彭德怀之所以未在这封电报上署名，是因为他对电报的内容不尽同意，而且考虑到他过去提过两次带有战略性的建议均未被采纳，就没有签上自己的名，以刘少奇、杨尚昆的签名上报中共中央。并非出于隐瞒自己的观点。 当时，彭德怀认为会议对他的责难，“不过是出于一种误会”，人的误会总是有的。认为林彪的信是出于好意，想把事情办好吧。彭德怀当时没有申明，采取了事久自然明的态度。这充分体现了彭德怀虚怀若谷，以党的利益为重，将个人得失置之度外的高风亮节和坦荡胸怀。 他万万没有料到，从会理会议到庐山会议长达24年，这件历史公案竟被多次提起，毛泽东一直认为是彭德怀背地里鼓动林彪给中央写信。在1959年夏庐山会议的一次常委会上毛泽东又重提此事，林彪知道这事与彭德怀无关，便庄严声明：“那封信与彭德怀同志无关，我写信彭德怀不知道。” 林彪当面插话澄清事实，为彭德怀洗雪了一桩历史冤情。 会理会议是林彪挑起的，却严厉批评了彭德怀。彭德怀顾全大局，检查自己的错误，从而维护和增强了党的团结。这次会议，进一步阐明了中央和中革军委运用机动作战摆脱敌人重兵包围的作战方针，对林彪怀疑毛泽东的正确领导、反对机动作战的错误进行了严肃的批评。纠正了当时在红军指战员中存在的对中央领导的某些怀疑和埋怨情绪，加深了对毛泽东战略思想的领会，从而统一了全军的思想和行动，保证了长征这一战略转移的胜利。会议并讨论了今后的行动，决定中央红军继续北上，穿过彝民区，抢渡天险大渡河，到川西和红四方面军会合。会理会议对红军长征产生了积极的作用。 6月16日，中央红军全部翻越高达4000多米、空气稀薄、人迹罕至的大雪山——夹金山，到达懋功（今小金），与红四方面军先期到达的部队胜利会师。彭德怀率领红3军团于先头部队之后到达。为解决红军给养问题，红3军团于老营至达维一带筹粮。此间，张国焘派他的秘书黄超来到达维看望彭德怀，还带来几斤肉干，少许大米和二三百块银元。黄超说：“这地方给养困难，张主席（国焘）派我来看你，表示慰问。”他接着问：“听说在会理召开了政治局扩大会议，会理会议情况怎样？”还说：“张主席很了解你。” “我们没有见过面。”彭德怀不以为然。 “张主席认为，当前的战略方针应当是欲北伐必先南征。” “那是孔明用来巩固蜀国后方的办法。我们一不是孔明，二无后方，怎能采用呢？”真是话不投机。 黄超接着说明北伐怎样不利，马家军骑兵如何厉害，等等。 这位不速之客，言语诡谲，使彭德怀感到“来意非善”，引起了对张国焘的警惕，认为他派黄超来，挑拨一方面军内部关系，“完全是旧军阀的卑鄙手法”。 张国焘早年就读于北京大学，参加过北京共产主义小组，在中国共产党第一次全国代表大会上当选为组织部长；是党的第二、第四、第五、第六次代表大会的中央委员；出任过中共驻共产国际代表。1931年回国，任鄂豫皖革命根据地中央分局书记兼军委主席、中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府副主席等职。 两大红军会师后，总兵力达10万多。中共中央根据全国的政治形势和红军所处的环境，主张继续北上，建立川陕甘根据地，以促进抗日民主运动的发展。但张国焘反对向北发展方针，说北川一带地形、给养均不利于大部队行动，提出集中主力西进青海、新疆或南下的退却方针。 为了统一思想，决定红军的战略行动，中央于6月26日在两河口召开政治局会议。周恩来代表党中央和中革军委就战略方针、战略行动和作战指挥问题作了报告。毛泽东发言强调，应集中兵力迅速攻打松潘，消灭胡宗南部队，然后部队继续北上。彭德怀同意周恩来关于战略方针等问题的报告和毛泽东的发言，他说：中央决定的战略方针是正确的，向北向东进，遭遇的敌人主要是蒋介石嫡系，在战术上须根据情况临时决定。他还批评了张国焘的右倾退却逃跑的错误主张。 6月28日，会议作出《关于目前战略方针的决定》。决定指出：“在一、四方面军会合后的战略方针是集中主力向北进攻，在运动战中大量消灭敌人，首先取得甘肃南部，以创建川陕甘苏区根据地。”同时，否定了张国焘提出的向川康发展的错误方针。张国焘表示同意中央北上的战略方针。 6月29日，中革军委根据两河口会议确定的战略方针，拟定《松潘战役计划》，决定两个方面军分别向北开进。 正当松潘战役计划开始实施的时候，张国焘又起来反对中央的方针。借口“统一指挥”、“组织问题”没有解决，拖延北上的时间。由于张国焘的阻挠，红军北上的时间被延误，敌情发生了重大变化：胡宗南主力集结于松潘，薛岳部也进抵文县、平武与胡宗南相策应。这样，不仅松潘战役计划流产，红军也处于危险境地。 中共中央本着大敌当前，以革命利益为重的精神，决定继续争取张国焘北上，7月18日，在芦花政治局常委会议上，同意周恩来辞去红军总政治委员职务，任命张国焘为红军总政委，并耐心地对他进行帮助。同时，又决定组织前敌总指挥部，徐向前任总指挥，陈昌浩任政治委员，叶剑英任参谋长，红一方面军1、3、5军团改为1、3、5军，9军团改为32军，红四方面军各军番号不变。 中革军委为执行北上抗日的方针，依据当时的敌情变化，8月3日制定《夏（河）洮（河）战役计划》，要求红军迅速占领阿坝，北进夏