Chapter 9 ○8. Focus on national conditions and steadily develop the economy

In order to quickly heal the wounds of the war, restore and develop production, and unify the leadership of the country's financial and economic work, the Central Finance and Economics Committee was established on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chen Yun is the director and Bo Yibo is the deputy director.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Li Fuchun and Mr. Ma Yinchu, a famous non-party economist, were added as deputy directors. In 1952, in order to further strengthen the leadership of the central government over financial work, Chairman Mao Zedong and Chen Yun personally "borrowed two heads (brains) from the local government to the central government": one was Jia Tuofu in Northwest China, and the other was Zengshan in East China.In August of the same year, Jia Tuofu left Northwest and was transferred to be the deputy director of the Central Finance and Economic Commission, assisting Director Chen Yun in charge of transportation (including transportation, railways, post and telecommunications), labor wages and other work.When Deputy Director Li Fuchun went to the Soviet Union for negotiations, he was also in charge of a period of heavy industry.At that time, the main task of the Central Finance Committee was to unify and lead the economic work of the whole country under the leadership of the Central Committee and the Government Administration Council (renamed the State Council in 1954), establish and improve a new management system, fully restore the economy, and lay a good foundation for the next comprehensive development. .In this way, Jatov started his career as a "Beijing official" and worked in the national economic leadership department.

In early 1953, the Planning Commission of the Central People's Government (later the State Planning Commission) was established, with Gao Gang concurrently serving as its chairman.The central government decided to divide the original Central Finance Committee into five departments: industry, transportation, finance, agriculture, and labor. The work of the various departments of industry and transportation was managed by the Planning Committee, and Ja Tuofu was appointed as the vice chairman of the Planning Committee. In 1954, the State Council established eight offices to manage all fronts of the country separately.The first office is in charge of politics and law, and the director is Luo Ruiqing; the second office is in charge of culture and education, and the director is Lin Feng; the third office is in charge of heavy industry, and the director is Bo Yibo; the fifth office is in charge of finance and trade, and the director is Chen Yun; the sixth office is in charge of transportation, and the director is Wang Shoudao; the Seventh Office was in charge of agriculture, with Tan Zhenlin in charge; the Eighth Office in charge of the United Front, with Li Weihan in charge, and Jia Tuofu served as the director of the Fourth Office of the State Council in charge of light industry and handicraft industry and the Minister of Light Industry. In August and September 1955, the departments in charge of heavy industry, light industry, and transportation merged to form the National Economic Commission, with Bo Yibo as director and Jia Tuofu as the first deputy director. In 1958, he was transferred back to the State Planning Commission as executive deputy director and deputy party secretary.

This period was a period of fundamental changes in China's socialist cause and significant development in economic construction. It was also a period in which different guiding ideologies gradually formed and conflicted in economic construction. It eventually led to the tragedy of the Lushan Conference in 1959. And the anti-rightist struggle that occurred later.This period was the period when Jatov participated in the overall economic leadership work and made important contributions, and it was also the period when he held a steady attitude in the process of exploring the path of China's economic development and was considered to be a "right" guiding ideology. Down with the disaster in China's economy.Therefore, reviewing some of Jatov's important economic thoughts and activities during this period is meaningful for understanding and commemorating Jatov, and for summarizing the experience and lessons of China's economy.

During this period, Chen Yun presided over the formulation of the first five-year plan for China's socialist construction.In addition to completing the daily work in charge, Jia Tuofu assisted Chen Yun and Li Fuchun in the process of compiling and implementing this plan. He once put forward very incisive views, did a lot of work, and played an important role. Jatov pointed out that the development of my country's economy must proceed from the actual situation of our country. In terms of principles and policies, some important relationship issues must be resolved first.For example, regarding the relationship between industry and agriculture, light industry and heavy industry, Jatov believes: "To develop light industry, we must give priority to the development of heavy industry and vigorously develop agriculture. Because the latter is the premise and foundation of the former. But on the other hand, in the priority While developing heavy industry and vigorously developing agriculture, light industry must also actively develop correspondingly. If we ignore the proper development of light industry, we will not be able to meet the needs of farmers for light industry products, and we will not be able to exchange food and agricultural cash crops in time, which will lead to It hinders the development of agriculture, makes all links of the national economy unbalanced; adversely affects the improvement of people's lives and the consolidation of the alliance of workers and peasants, reduces the country's accumulation, and in the end will inevitably weaken the development speed of heavy industry. The sequence of agriculture, lightness, and heavy" was finally clarified after 1959.)

Jatov also pointed out: "When the proportional relationship between agriculture and industry, light industry and heavy industry is correctly resolved, the main problem is between the original industry and the new industry, between the coastal industry and the inland industry, between the large-scale industry and the small-scale industry. Comprehensive planning and unified arrangements should be made between central industry and local industry to coordinate these intricate relationships in all directions so as to facilitate the development of industry and the national economy.” He believes: "The correct relationship between the original industry and the new industry should be to increase production and meet the needs of the society. When the production potential of the original industry is first considered. Because the transformation and expansion of the original industry is more difficult than the new construction. , after all, it requires less investment, quicker construction, greater benefits, and saves technicians and management cadres. Even new industries need the support of existing industries. During the period of the first five-year plan, about 90% of the production of light industry It is to rely on the existing industries. Therefore, any thought of ignoring the original industries is wrong. Even those enterprises with relatively backward technical equipment and management cannot adopt a negative attitude. Of course, it does not mean that new industries can be ignored. When the production of the original industry has been fully utilized but still cannot meet the needs of the society, it must be newly built. The weak and lacking parts of the entire national economy need to be newly built." (This has actually involved the extension and connotation of my country's economic development relationship issues.)

On the issue of the relationship between coastal industries and inland industries, Jia Tuofu believes: "Most of the original industries are concentrated in coastal areas, which reflects the unreasonable distribution of industries in old China. However, it should be noted that coastal industries have a long history and must be fully utilized. The potential of the original industry must also pay attention to the potential of the coastal industry. Many enterprises can double or even several times their output as long as they adjust or add some equipment, and slightly renovate and expand. The industrial potential of the coastal areas can be exploited. Playing a leading role in new technologies and products can accumulate a large amount of funds for national construction, and can mobilize a large number of cadres, workers and technical forces to support the inland, etc. This is not only incompatible with the development of inland industries, but will also promote the development of inland industries. With the development of production, after the production potential of coastal industries has been fully and rationally brought into play, if new factories need to be built, they should generally be built in the interior to reduce the opposite transportation of raw materials and products. Of course, after reconstruction and expansion And when building new buildings, we should also consider not to create new unreasonable layouts.”

Regarding the relationship between large-scale industry and small and medium-sized industries, Jatov pointed out: This is a particularly noteworthy issue in light industry.Some of them need to set up large-scale factories, and they should be properly concentrated. However, it is a one-sided view to advocate that the larger the scale of the enterprise, the better it is only based on the convenience of production and management of the enterprise.They did not distinguish the different characteristics of various industries, did not combine the supply of raw materials, and especially did not consider serving consumers well.He believes that light industry, especially local industry, is very regional, the sources of raw materials and product sales are generally scattered, and the needs of the people are also changing rapidly.Under such circumstances, not only should existing factories and handicraft cooperatives not be merged too much or too much, but new factories should generally also not be concentrated too much.Therefore, in order to make the layout more reasonable, to bring investment effects into full play in a timely manner, and to adapt the variety and color of products to the changing needs of the people, while building certain necessary large-scale industries, corresponding attention must be paid to the development of small and medium-sized industries; In the reorganization and transformation of industrial and handicraft cooperative organizations, attention should be paid to retaining a considerable number of factories and cooperative organizations that can flexibly adapt to the needs of the market. (This actually reflects certain requirements of a market economy, and also involves issues of different economic components. It is worth noting that this was proposed during the high tide of socialist transformation in the mid-1950s.)

Jatov also pointed out that to develop our country's economy, we must correctly handle the relationship between central industry and local industry.The central problem "is how to correctly organize and combine the two kinds of enthusiasm." He believes: "Our country has a vast land and a large number of people, the economic development of each region is unbalanced, and the needs of the people are very different, so we must make full use of all available resources. production potential, develop small and medium-sized local industries to meet local needs and make up for the shortage of central industries. Of course, the development of local industries must be carried out actively and in a planned way under the unified national plan and according to the specific conditions of each locality. Under the unified planning of the central government, as long as the localities have the conditions and capabilities, they can be established by the localities." He also pointed out: "In principle, in the future, local industrial enterprises should not be brought under the management of the central government; Enterprises that are suitable for central management should also be gradually transferred to local governments in a prepared manner." (This also involves the issue of my country's economic management system in essence.)

These views have experienced repeated tortuous processes in my country's economic construction, and have developed to this day. It seems that there is nothing new about them.However, when the country was just established, the economy was restored, and the first five-year plan for planned economic development began, it was very important and weighty, and it was very insightful. Moreover, these viewpoints were not just Jatov's idle talk, but permeated into the principles and policies of the national economic work at that time, and were implemented in practice.People later said that he "made a significant contribution to the high-speed and proportional development of the national economy", "has profound theoretical training and rich practical experience in economic work, and is a leader with unique insights and talents on the economic front of our country." One of the people" (see Jatov's eulogy), which is completely summed up from the actual manifestation.And we have to say that these achievements of his are also derived from serious investigation and research on reality, in-depth theoretical study and good thinking.According to the rough statistics of his secretary Zhao Jialiang, from October 1954 to October 1959, Jia Tuofu went to investigate and travel for about 18 meetings, which lasted a total of 32 months. Towns, hundreds of factories and cooperatives.In other words, Comrade Jatov spent half of his time investigating at the grassroots level.

In 1956, Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi and other central leaders listened to the work reports of 34 departments under the State Council, and expressed their opinions on the relationship between agriculture, heavy industry and light industry, original industry and new industry, coastal industry and inland industry in Jatov’s report. ,It attaches great importance to.Jatov pointed out: On the issue of light industry, the past did not pay enough attention.Chairman Mao said: "Yes! You are not angry in the light industry department, you are a little discouraged, you are the middle way, you have a head and no horns!" "You have too much domineering and too little domineering. Daughter-in-law, don’t dare to fight.” (meaning you didn’t stress enough and didn’t try hard.) After research, Chairman Mao and the Party Central Committee affirmed Jatov’s opinion, accepted the report from the light industry department, and the Central Committee decided the investment ratio of heavy industry and light industry. From the original 8 to 1, it was increased to 7 to 1.The number of light industry construction projects above designated size within the first five-year plan increased from 65 to 99.

In the reports of 34 departments, many contradictions were exposed.Mao Zedong summed up these problems, put forward the extremely important "Ten Great Relationships", and discussed the major problems in my country's socialist revolution and construction.These "Ten Ten Relationships" played an important guiding role in the development of our country in the 1950s and 1960s in terms of line, principles and policies. In Mao Zedong's famous article "On the Ten Ten Relationships", some problems were drawn from ( Or according to some leading comrades of the central government, it is due to the opinions of Jatov and others. The period of the first five-year plan is an important period for our country to implement the general line of the transition period and carry out the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce.The "Fourth Office" of the State Council was responsible for the transformation of private industries and handicraft industries. Jia Tuofu was transferred to the director of the Fourth Office in 1954 and directly participated in the leadership of these two transformations. Jatov believes that in order to adapt to and promote the development of socialist productive forces, it is inevitable and absolutely necessary to carry out a major transformation of production relations.However, such a major change in the relations of production involves the allocation of social productive forces and the adjustment of social and economic relations. It is necessary to adopt guidelines and policies suitable for our country's national conditions, adopt an active and prudent attitude, and carry out differentiated, phased and batch-by-batch adjustments. conduct.As for the steps and methods of transformation, their organizational form and management system, they must also be compatible with the local production level at that time. From 1955 to 1956, he visited various places four times successively, investigated and studied, summed up successful experience, found problems, and guided the work. He found that there was a strong wave of socialist transformation of the handicraft industry.Many people are eager to transition to ownership by the whole people, and some places have prematurely merged handicrafts, and concentrated scattered points, and implemented unified accounting to total profits and losses.In Shanghai, it even began to transform the handicraft production cooperatives into local state-owned ones.After being organized and cooperative, the three major problems of external system and internal management, supply and sales, and product variety and quality have not been resolved.Not only did production fail to develop, but the quantity and quality of products decreased compared with self-support, the variety decreased, and production regressed.Some traditional productions have been cancelled, and Beijing's "Donglaishun" hot-boiled mutton is gone.Moreover, due to the lack of conditions, a series of problems have arisen.People in Jiangsu reported that there were "five deaths": crushed to death during childbirth, sun-dried in summer, frozen to death in winter, suffering from food delivery, and running to and from get off work.These were not conducive to the production and life of the masses at that time. Jatov clearly pointed out to local leaders and handicraft management departments in a timely manner: the purpose of realizing socialist co-operation is to develop productive forces, and formalism should not be formalized, not co-operation for the sake of co-operation.There must be a step-by-step planned change, and we cannot act too hastily and rush for success. "Industrialization and socialist transformation are necessary, but they can only be done gradually. For such a large movement, the leaders must be calm and help solve specific problems. Any rash advance is wrong." He asked the local authorities to follow the Carefully review the principles, affirm what is right, and correct what is wrong.These principles are: (1) Some of the handicraft manufacturing and service industries can be merged, but most should not; (3) Small businesses and hawkers have their own business methods with a long tradition, which should be preserved for a long time.In particular, he pointed out: "The service industry should be fluid and decentralized, and such social needs should not be concentrated. Improper concentration will hinder enthusiasm and restrict productivity. It is enough to connect with one relationship, and there is no need to organize into a large society. .” He not only gave specific guidance to where he went, but also brought these problems to the overall situation to correct them.The "Four Offices" of the State Council under his leadership have made serious reports to the central government on such issues, reflecting many specific situations.Many of the central government's documents on transformation were provided or drafted by the "Fourth Office", and some important meetings were organized by the "Fourth Office".Chairman Mao Zedong's article on the socialist transformation of the handicraft industry was written based on his report on behalf of the "Four Offices".He also ordered the comrades of the "Four Offices" to write many articles based on his specific opinions, which were published in the main economic newspaper "Ta Kung Pao" at that time, so as to guide the overall situation.They promptly proposed: "It is necessary to combine development with consolidation, to develop a batch, consolidate a batch, consolidate a batch, develop a batch, and consolidate and consolidate in stages." It also played an important role in stabilizing the situation and preventing deviations.It is still of great significance to pay attention to the status and role of the collective economy and even some individual businesses in the national economy. Here is one more typical example. In 1955, he visited Wuhu, Anhui Province, and found that the traditional iron painting handicrafts were missing, and the only old artist in the area, Mr. Song, was coldly received and faced unemployment.He immediately told the local person in charge: These special handicrafts left by our ancestors are the precious wealth of the nation, and they cannot be lost in our hands. They must be supported and developed.He specifically suggested that we should care for the old artists enthusiastically, solve their difficulties in life, arrange young apprentices for them, and take over and pass on the traditional "special skills".He also made a special trip to visit Master Song.Later, Wuhu's iron painting craft not only survived and developed, but also became a traditional handicraft for export and earning foreign exchange.This incident aroused Jatov's attention to our country's traditional handicrafts.He also organized a nationwide symposium on special arts work with Bai Rubing, the person in charge of the handicraft industry management department, and invited a large number of old artists to participate in order to promote the development of special arts and crafts in our country.Of course, we cannot say that the maintenance and development of traditional handicrafts are all due to Jatov, but he, as the Minister of Light Industry, does have credit. In the socialist transformation of private industries, Jia Tuofu devoted a lot of energy to assist Chen Yun in researching and dealing with various new problems and new trends in the management of public-private joint ventures to production and distribution.He once clearly stated: "The work of public-private partnerships has made great achievements, mainly reflected in the change of ownership system, the destruction of capitalism, the establishment of socialism, the change of the appearance of enterprises, the progress of production and labor management; the development of production and the improvement of efficiency." The consciousness and living welfare of the workers have been improved; most of the private parties have been arranged; the cadres have gained experience, etc. The public-private partnership has shown many advantages. The problems are exposed more prominently; production, supply and marketing are out of touch, which affects development; the transformation and reorganization of the industry is still very complicated, and the task is very arduous; the work of the masses is not done well enough, and the work of the party, trade unions, and leagues is still quite weak; working with private parties There are many shortcomings in the problem. These must be done in a planned and step-by-step manner, otherwise, our transformation work will not be done well. That is to say: in general, we should not overestimate the achievements of public-private partnerships , otherwise it is not conducive to seeing the problem and solving the problem.” However, these problems cannot be solved by sitting in Beijing, holding a few meetings, and issuing a few documents. Find a way.Jia Tuofu organized the "Four Offices" and relevant departments, and really put a lot of effort into this.There is no need to go into details about the specific plot, but we can get a glimpse of it from the 40 work notes of Sun Wanzhu, a young female cadre of the "Four Offices" at that time.She (he) has only 20 people, and in a short period of time, they have investigated hundreds of large and small enterprises in more than a dozen provinces and cities, involving dozens of industries.It can be as large as a factory with hundreds of people, or as small as a workshop with three or five people.They are not just looking at flowers on horseback, but are extremely meticulous. There are dozens of items listed in the survey outline alone.Jia Tuofu himself went to more than ten provinces and cities four times, not only to listen to the reports of leaders and staff at all levels, to collect problems, solicit methods and opinions, but also to go to small workshops that even local cadres seldom go to. Talk to workshop owners and workers in person.In this way, they mastered a lot of valuable first-hand materials, had a deep and direct feeling, and gained a wealth of knowledge. On the basis of this solid work, combined with the central government's principles and policies, under the guidance of Premier Zhou and Chen Yun, they gradually proposed a set of specific measures and methods, mainly including: sub-industry and hierarchical management; Give full play to local management functions; link industry and commerce to determine production based on sales; combine divisions, internal and external consistency, and coordination between top and bottom; rely on the masses to strengthen democratic management, establish labor associations and employee representative conferences; establish rules and regulations, especially financial supervision and financial management systems ,etc.He also specially studied the management of small factories with the comrades of the "Four Offices", proposed a set of management methods, and wrote an article, which was published in "Ta Kung Pao" for overall guidance.In addition, they pointed out that they seldom consider the situation of joint ventures when processing and ordering, and pointed out that when arranging production, it is necessary to make overall plans and take care of each other.For public-private joint ventures, it is necessary to be different, but also to treat them equally in some respects; in view of the general tendency to exclude private managers, it is proposed that we must pay attention to and do a good job in working with the private parties, and ensure that the private parties are legally Profit: Focusing only on the joint venture and ignoring the production, supply and sales after the joint venture, it is proposed to foresee and fully prepare the production arrangements before and during the joint venture, so that once the joint venture is established, the production can start and develop smoothly, and the products can be sold. channels etc. In the mid-1950s, my country's transformation of agriculture, capitalist industry, commerce, and handicrafts was a pioneering work of the Communist Party of China, and it was solved quite smoothly and successfully.In addition to the main factors such as the correct guidance of the party's guidelines and policies, the strong vitality of the new republic and socialism, and the general trend, a series of effective measures and methods have been adopted in specific work, which cannot be ignored.Among them, the fruitful efforts of Jatuofu and the "Four Offices" led by him and relevant departments played an important role in solving practical problems, thereby ensuring and promoting these transformations. One more thing I would like to mention here is the characteristics of Jatov in terms of ideological understanding and thinking methods.During this period of work, he once told the "Four Offices" and local comrades: "The specific work tasks are very heavy, but politics and business must be well combined. Those who think that political work belongs to the party committee and the trade union It is wrong to think that things have nothing to do with professional workers. Our socialist transformation and socialist construction itself is politics. Wherever political and ideological work is weak, professional work cannot be done well.” “We must pay attention to the ideological front. At present, idealism has a great influence in all aspects, and the fundamental task now is to propagate the theory of dialectical materialism. We must fight against subjectivism, and deal with the relationship between public and private, individual and collective, local and overall , there is this kind of struggle." "Our work must pay attention to preventing generalization, specific analysis of specific issues, and classified treatment. Because often negative factors will occur if generalized." He also said: "We are a new force, The new forces have never been invincible. We have overcome all the difficulties in the past one by one. We have gained an experience that allows us to despise difficulties. If we understand the optimism of the Communists, we will definitely be able to achieve our goals.” “At the same time, we We must face difficulties and problems squarely, overcome the widespread phenomenon of arrogance and complacency, and admit that it is latent, growing, and developing, which makes it easy for us to lose sight of existing problems." It is probably based on this understanding that in the large number of speeches and articles we have seen in Jatov, a considerable amount of space is devoted to specific shortcomings, mistakes and problems.It is always emphasized not to overestimate the grades, and it is always required to focus on solving real-world problems.On the surface, it seems that he can't "talk enough" about his achievements, and there are always so many shortcomings and problems in his eyes, but when he thinks about it, isn't the responsibility of doing specific leadership work to solve those problems? ?The achievements have been made, and they have been reflected in the progress of the career.However, if we do not pay attention to and solve those existing problems, no matter how many fingers they are, they will have a practical impact on future work.It can be said that this is a manifestation of Jatov's realistic spirit. When Jatov was in charge of my country's light industry, he focused on the development and speed of light industry, the coordination of the relationship and proportion between light industry and agriculture, light industry and heavy industry, the socialist transformation of light industry, industry reorganization and technical policies, regional layout, raw material supply and sales market , basic construction, capital accumulation and improving the management of light industrial enterprises, tapping production potential, improving product quality, expanding varieties, opposing waste, increasing production and saving, etc., have devoted a lot of effort and done a lot of hard work.During the period of the first five-year plan, my country's light industry production can be greatly developed, and a corresponding foundation has been established, and during the second five-year plan period, it has achieved more than 60% growth. While vigorously developing agriculture, light industry must also actively develop correspondingly." This guiding ideology is inseparable from the tireless resourceful and decisive, painstaking efforts. On the basis of initially straightening out the relationship between light industry and other economic sectors, Jia Tuofu emphasized that the development of my country's light industry must actively rely on local governments and give full play to their enthusiasm.He clearly stated: "The technical policy of light industrial production is a combination of large, medium and small, with the medium and small as the mainstay; the combination of industry and agriculture, the combination of urban and rural areas; the comprehensive arrangement between the central and local governments, coastal and inland, industrial and non-industrial, handicraft and machine-made industries, which requires We must pay attention to the locality.” “Local industries cannot live without relying on the locality.” “We must understand the local situation and help as much as possible. Light industry departments should hold more professional meetings and strengthen technical guidance. There should also be technical supply, In terms of cadre training and management, actively support and assist the development of local industries. In areas with weak industrial bases, especially ethnic minority areas, if the capacity is insufficient, the central government can assist.” Practice has proved that the implementation of this guiding ideology has great impact on the development of local industries. The development of my country's light industry and laying a solid foundation have played a positive role in promoting it. Jatov paid special attention to the production of raw materials, which is one of the basic conditions for light industry production.He believes that although most of the raw materials of light industry are not produced by the light industry system, they are the first process of light industry production. Without understanding and mastering their conditions, light industry production will become a meal without rice, and blindness in planning indicators will appear. .In reporting light industry work to Chairman Mao and the State Council and in the production meeting report of the Ministry of Light Industry, he put the issue of raw materials as the first issue.Reasonable utilization and comprehensive utilization of existing materials, research and development of substitute raw materials and new materials, reasonable arrangement of supply work, strong cooperation with commercial departments, appropriate and necessary reserves, and even the application of leftovers, development of by-products, waste Recycling, etc., have put forward specific measures.For example, he must personally grasp the annual cotton production and purchase situation, and warns the textile department not to simply increase production indicators without leaving raw materials.When he went to other places to inspect, as long as possible, he must inspect the production of light industrial raw materials. When he came to Henan in 1955, he also went to the Xuchang area where the flue-cured tobacco was produced, and went to the fields to study how to increase the production of tobacco leaves together with the cadres and the masses. Relevant comrades assist in research and implementation.In Zhejiang, when he heard that cotton stalk skins could be used as fiber raw materials, he immediately organized personnel to study and help implement them, and put them on the agenda as an important task in the "Four Offices".These ideas and practices of his have played a positive role in the steady development of light industrial production on a reliable basis.This is very different from the practice of some industrial departments who only put forward high targets from the perspective of their own departments, regardless of the supporting capabilities of other related links, demand conditions from each other, and raise planning targets, which actually hinders the overall balance. of.The reason for mentioning this point is that after 1958, various high targets were proposed in such an atmosphere of hype, and Jatov did not agree to do so. The quality of light industrial products is another focus that Jia Tuofu pays special attention to.He repeatedly emphasized at various meetings of the "Fourth Office" and various ministries of light industry: "Light industry products directly serve consumers, that is to say, they are directly related to serving the people. Therefore, the quality of light industry products There are fundamental problems. In the current organization of production and the planning of long-term goals, quality work must be strengthened." He also pointed out: raw materials are the basic conditions, and in the situation of raw materials shortage, we are required to use existing materials to produce More qualified products.Poor quality means wasting raw materials, which in turn limits production development.When the Party Central Committee called on all fronts of the country to launch a campaign to increase production and save money, Jia Tuofu demanded that quality issues be linked with the campaign to increase production and save money as the main tasks and measures for increasing production and saving in the light industry sector.Chen Yun once suggested setting up a quality inspection bureau to focus on this critical issue.Jia Tuofu immediately arranged for the various ministries of the light industry port, and made an arrangement in the "four offices": to study the quality once a month, and held many special meetings for this purpose.He also specifically requested that the quality of raw materials (including mastering the use by grade), improving the relationship between supply and marketing, practicing strict economy, improving technical management, striving to develop new products and new technologies, rewarding the advanced and criticizing the backward, etc., should earnestly focus on improving quality. Work. In order to strengthen the stamina of my country's light industry, Jia Tuofu also attaches great importance to the cultivation of scientific and technological talents in the light industry system.In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of my country, there was not a single college of light industry in our country.He believes that without enough scientific and technological talents, my country's light industry cannot take off.Under his initiative and promotion, a number of light industry colleges and universities, junior colleges and a large number of light industry secondary professional schools have been established all over the country, creating thousands of senior and intermediate scientific and technological backbones for the development of my country's light industry. The establishment of the new regime and the socialist transformation have greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of the people to build the country and develop productive forces.my country's first five-year plan is being implemented smoothly, and the national economy is developing at an unprecedented speed. In 1956, in order to further strengthen the management of the already developed national economy, the Party Central Committee and the State Council decided to merge the "Fourth Office" in charge of light industry and the "Third Office" in charge of heavy industry to form the State Economic Commission.Jia Tuofu served as the first deputy director of the State Economic Commission and deputy secretary of the party group, assisting Director Bo Yibo to formulate the annual national economic plan and handle the daily work of economic production. This year, my country's economy has achieved rapid development, but at the same time, some problems have emerged.The main problem is that the scale of capital construction is too large, the front line is too long, the number of workers increases too much, and wages increase too rapidly, which causes the growth of investment to far exceed the growth of heavy industry, the growth of wages far exceeds the growth of light industry, and the growth of heavy industry And far exceeded the growth of light industry.There was an overall shortage of raw material supply, the supply of living materials was in short supply, the market was tense, and fiscal deficits occurred.If it is not properly adjusted, there will be serious difficulties in future economic development.In order to deeply understand and master this actual situation, Jatov went to many provinces to conduct intense investigation and research.During his investigation, proceeding from reality, he clearly pointed out that the scale of our country's construction must be compatible with the country's economic strength.If the scale of capital construction is too large, there will inevitably be a shortage of funds and equipment, which will affect the balance of fiscal revenue and expenditure and the necessary material reserves.He vividly said: "It is easy to start the basic construction, but it is difficult to get off the horse. It is easy to get the national reserves out of the warehouse, but it is difficult to return them. It is easy to return the workers. It is easy to reduce the wages. It is easy to reduce the production indicators." Comrades in charge of the department should pay attention to this situation, recognize it and actively adjust it.He believes that economic development should be both active and steady; planning should proceed from reality, respect objective laws, and pay attention to comprehensive balance; planning should leave room for overall planning and comprehensive arrangements.Only by leaving room can it be possible to make up for the shortcomings of poor planning and adapt to unexpected changes in the national economy. Only in this way can there be a real comprehensive balance and initiative to ensure the sustainable and coordinated development of the national economy in proportion.On the contrary, if there are gaps in the plan, only the need is mentioned, not the possibility, knowing that there is not so much material and financial resources, and insisting on launching, this is by no means a positive balance, but a violation of the overall balance, which is contrary to the planned and proportional development of the national economy. objective law. With these questions and ideas in mind, after returning to Beijing, under the leadership of Bo Yibo, he specifically presided over the compilation of the 1957 industrial production and capital construction plan.When discussing the speed of industrial development, some advocate 7% and some advocate 6%.Based on the many tensions that arose in 1956, Jatov advocated an adjustment and thought it best not to exceed 5%. It can be between 100 million and 11 billion yuan.几个方案向总理周恩来和中共财经领导小组组长陈云汇报后，经认真研究，最后采纳了贾拓夫的两个低指标的方案，即：1951年工业发展速度定为4%，基本建设投资指标定为110亿元。事实证明，1957年由于克服了1956年经济建设中的某些缺点，对生产和基本建设规模作了适当调整，计划大大超额完成，使各部门比例关系比较协调，经济发展比较稳定，物资基础厚了一点，市场开始繁荣，财政也由赤字转为结余，成为建国以来经济发展成绩最好的年份之一，从而为以后的大发展创造了较为有利的条件。 1958年出现大跃进，与此基础是有直接关系的。 1957年的成绩实际上是在对1956年的经济关系紧张进行了调整的条件下取得的。周恩来总理在1956年中提出了既要反对保守，又要反对盲目冒进的指导思想，并且和陈云一起控制了发展节奏，推动了调整工作，促成了计划的超额完成。刘少奇副主席也同意在《人民日报》发表反冒进的社论。于是，开始引发了经济建设上不同指导思想的争论和斗争。而这一争论，对1958年大跃进、1959年庐山的会议及其后开展的反右倾运动，都有着直接影响。 贾拓夫是同意反冒进的。从他对1957年经济发展速度和基本建设规模的安排意见中，从他所说的几个容易、几个难的看法中，都有具体体现。毛泽东对贾拓夫的思想观点是知道的。一次，他听了经委的汇报，对薄一波讲：“这个东西不会出自你一波的手吧？这个点子不是你的，那是谁啊？是不是后面摇羽毛扇的贾拓夫啊！”这显然是批评性的话。今天看来，份量已是很重的了。但后来传到贾拓夫耳朵里，他还挺高兴。有人说他保守，他却诙谐地说：“如果说这是保守，我愿意当一个愉快的保守主义者，宁可保守一点，不要冒过了头。” 1958年元月的南宁会议上，毛泽东严厉批判了反冒进，并直接点了周恩来的名字，贾拓夫也进了那些“离右派只有五十米远”的行列中。以后，又有传闻：毛主席曾非正式地说过：经济工作领导层中，李富春是左派，薄一波是中间派，贾拓夫是右派。 有人说贾拓夫书呆子气，头脑简单了一些，他早晚要出问题。其实，他也不是一点不知这里面的轻重深浅，他已经被认为是经济领导层中的“右派”。但是，他认为，办事情总要尊重客观规律，要讲实事求是，经济工作有它自在的规律，与政治问题既有直接关系，又不完全是一回事。要真正对党和人民的事业负责任，这本身就是政治。他虽做领导工作，但他从来重视调查研究，对实际情况，对现实存在的问题，了解掌握得多，他无法跳出这些实际情况，去思考处理经济政策问题，而这些问题不是局部的，是涉及到国计民生的全局性问题，不慎重处理，不想得稍微远一些，就会违背规律而遭到被动。比如1956年基建规模过大，战线过长，物资全局性紧张，已经吃掉了1957年的指标。在国家积累尚不丰厚，基础还薄弱的情况下，没有多少家底可吃。如果不及时调整，即使1957年可以撑过去，以后终会捉襟见肘，那时就会全面被动。正因为这样，他还是觉得心里坦然，即使有风险，也还是敢于提出意见，仍然敢讲心里话。 1958年初，贾拓夫被调任国家计委常务副主任、党组副书记。南宁会议上，毛泽东主席批判了反冒进之后，提出发展地方工业的问题。会议决定各省、市、自治区的地方工业产值在5—10年内超过当地的农业产值。这当然是实现我国工业化必行的一步。建国后，没收官僚资本并加以改造形成的国营经济，加上第一个五年计划苏联援建的156项大型企业，构成了社会主义国民经济的基本骨干力量。而20世纪50年代中后期逐渐发展起来的地方工业，则对我国建立完整的工业体系，实现工业化，同样具有不可忽视的现实意义和历史意义。无论怎样评论这个时期，共和国建立后的不长时间，我国终于在一穷二白的底子上，发展和形成的在世界上也举足轻重的庞大经济力量，事实上都是在这些基础上建立的。 贾拓夫对于建立和发展地方工业，不仅是参与其事，而且同样倾注了大量心血。在又回到计委工作之前，尤其是在轻工业战线耕耘时期，他已对地方工业的发展做过大量工作。重返计委的岗位，对此就更有责任了。上任不久，他就主持召开了地方工业发展座谈会。结合南宁会议的要求，集中各方面的意见，结合他本人过去工作的体会，提出：“我相信破除迷信，解放思想，地方工业将有一个较快较大的发展，遍地开花。但需要有个统盘的计划，发展哪些，不发展哪些，否则要搞乱的。”他把发展地方工业归纳出一套想法，编成四个字一句的“四字言”，基本的思想就是“四个面向，统筹兼顾”。 为了推动地方工业，并使之健康发展，他又开始了紧张的调查研究。 1958年3月，他刚到计委不久，就去了陕西，目的就是为了考察研究发展地方工业的问题。按他自己的说法是去“拜佛取经”，此行为期10天，一路马不停蹄。先后走访10个县、市，考察了30余个单位，召开汇报会、座谈会不下20多次，还与各地领导个别交谈，不少交谈和座谈是在吃饭或赶路时进行的。真是活动紧张，精力充沛，也可谓体现了大跃进的劲头。如何在工业落后的中国发展地方工业？怎样才能让陕西这块老革命根据地尽快改变面貌？则是他一路上思考和议论最多的问题。 经过紧张的调查思考，贾拓夫向省领导和有关部门负责人谈了他关于发展地方工业的一些意见。 他认为，各地对搞地方工业，都开始有了积极性，但还缺乏具体措施。有些地方还不敢搞，有9怕：怕麻烦、怕不会办、怕没原料、怕资源不清、怕没销路、怕搞乱、怕赔钱、怕不好管理、怕没技术。他提出：首先要抓思想认识，因为总的情况是跟不上形势发展，这里面有贯彻建设总路线的问题。过去抓农业多，抓工业少，现在要两手抓，一手抓农，一手抓工；过去偏向于搞大的，看不上小的，现在更多的是要办中小的，要看得起小的，大中小并举；过去不喜欢旧的，喜欢搞新的，现在一方面要新建必要的企业，同时要充分利用现有企业，包括手工业；过去往往伸手向上要投资，现在要更多依靠自己解决，自筹为主，上面支援为辅；过去业务部门往往容易就事论事，多了，冒了；少了，保守。考虑消极平衡，死的平衡，对可变的因素，对人的能动性认识不足，有见物不见人的倾向。因此，对干部不断进行教育，提高思想认识，十分要紧。他的基本意思，还是既要积极进取，又要稳妥实际。 在发展地方工业方针上，他提出要贯彻“四个服务”，也就是“四个面向”：一为农业服务。实质上，就是要搞支援农业的重工业，原材料、机械、化肥、电力等。水利是农业的关键，搞水利就需要大量水泥、排灌设备和电力配套等等。搞了机械化，又能节省大量农业劳动力。农业上去了，工业产品就有可靠的材料和市场。二为生活需要服务。工业支援了农业，以农产品为主要原料的加工工业才能提供更多消费资料，以适应人民日益增长的生活需要。三为大工业服务。地方工业不可能都搞大工业，也不可能大而全。看重为大工业服务的项目，是好的出路，力所能及，也是工业配套所需要的，比如搞小采矿、搞建材、搞翻砂、搞零部件……。四为出口服务。尤其是山货、土特产，易于立竿见影。 他还就重工业项目、轻工业项目，乡办、社办、县办、省办工业具体搞些什么？要多层次组织力量摸清资源，要根据资源和基础，分级搞好地方工业规划，要抓典型（但不要“喂小灶”），地区协作，资金筹措，劳动力，产品销售、交换，审批程度，尊重专家作用，加强地方领导等许多问题，讲述了自己的建议。 在工业基础十分薄弱和落后的中国发展工业，缺乏技术力量是一个突出的矛盾，地方尤其如此。为此，贾拓夫提出，先要有信心，再要千方百计。比如可以从以下渠道和办法来解决：（1）培训，实践中培养；（2）办技校；（3）“留学”，即参观、考察、“取经”；（4）以老带新；（5）以大帮小；（6）大中学校老师，可厂校固定联系，可以承包工厂的技术课题；（7）从大中学生、回乡学生、下放干部和复员军人中选拔培养；（8）利用民间匠人、土工程师；（9）退休老工人、老技术人员归队；（10）办小报，交流技术和讯息，介绍资料；（11）总结经验，典型示范，注意推广；（12）中央各部门支援；（13）当地商业部门技术员的合作。 以上一系列的问题，是他从实践和调查研究中深入思考的产物。由此可以看出，贾拓夫的确是很下了一番工夫，这个工夫是有成效的。他在发展地方工业上的基本思路，对地方发展工业很有启发，起码在他所到之处产生了好的效果，在尔后的工作中，也确实起到了很好的推动作用。 这里面有一个突出的特点，仍然是既要积极，又要稳妥，既要敢干，又要实际，既要促进地方工业生产能力和产值的尽快上去，又要从整体上统筹兼顾，合理结构。当然，这些并不是他一个人的想法，不是他拍脑瓜子自己产生的，也不是一蹴而就，问题一提出他就思想火花迸发或有先见之明，而是他长期从事经济工作，长期调查研究，长期实践，从群众中，从实际中，从党的路线、方针中逐步形成的。在探索我国经济发展道路的最初10年里，贾拓夫已经逐渐形成了他自己的特点。说他是保守派也好，稳健派也好，促退派也好，务实派也好，作为一个经济战线的领导干部，他毕竟有了他自己的一套思想、作风、倾向和风格。南宁会议后，全国大跃进的态势已经形成，毛泽东主席对反冒进的尖锐批评犹在耳际，而他仍然在按自己的独立见解行事。在经济发展的两种不同思想和指导方针逐渐明显地碰撞和摩擦中，他已鲜明地表现出自己的倾向。 他的这种风格，自然是出于他高度的责任心，他从来都把工作当作自己的全部生活；也与他肯于调查研究，注意实际分不开。据他的几个秘书讲，贾拓夫始终把调查研究当作一件必须做的事情，是领导部门工作的一个不可缺少的组成部分和重要环节，也看作是一种乐趣。1954—1956年，他曾先后到过河北、山东、山西、陕西、河南、安徽、江西、福建、江苏、四川、云南、广西、上海等省市进行考察，做调查研究工作。1957年，他随陈云赴东北考察苏联援建的156项各大项目，足迹到了大连、沈阳、丹东、吉林、长春、齐齐哈尔等城市。直到1959年庐山会议前，他平均每年有100天左右在外地调查。每到一处，日程都安排得相当紧张，要与当地领导和主管干部交谈，要召开若干座谈会直接听取基层的意见，还要去企业、车间、农村实地去看，问许多具体问题，非常细致。比如一项工程，概算多少？用多少人力、物力？具体流程如何安排？实际进展与计划设计情况怎样？预计进度和实现效果如何？在工厂，他往往要了解从进料、每一道工序、零部件，到产品以至产品销售渠道、质量和使用部门的反映、职工生活情况等一系列问题。他常常带两个本子，一个随时记录调查情况，一个把调查中想到的问题做些简单札记，以便回来后整理加工，或带着问题去学习。人们说他非常熟悉情况，心里有数，是经济工作战线很有经验，很有能力的干部。其实，他的由知之不多，到知之较多，经济工作从不熟悉到比较熟悉，正是他肯于下工夫向实践学习，向内行学习，向群众学习的结果。 他一方面勤于调查研究，另一方面肯于动脑筋钻研问题，往往能够由此及彼、瞻前顾后地思考问题，因而看问题比较深入，常能提出一些新鲜看法。这也是他具有独到见解的原因之一。比如，据国家统计局的前领导人讲，贾拓夫实际上是第一个讲人口问题的领导干部。1955—1956年期间，他不止一次地说过：“人多是有好的因素，但是人口增长太快，就应当控制。人总要吃饭、穿衣、住房子，人口与经济水平是有联系的，恐怕也有一个统筹兼顾的问题。”他这样提，可能主要是从观察事物的辩证方法出发，认为要看到事物的两面性，既看其正面，也要看到另一面，既看到当前，也要预计到长远，这是他一贯的看问题的方法。而当时提出人口问题，还没有把它当作一个社会与经济协调发展的严肃问题提到议事日程上，只是看作统筹兼顾、综合平衡的一个内容来议论。后来，毛泽东正式批判了马寅初先生的人口观点，并与马尔萨斯人口论联系到一起，而人们当时也并没有认识到人口问题将会成为影响中国发展的最大问题之一，所以，谁也没有再认真对待它。但是，当人们后来明白了人口问题的严重性，终于把控制人口，实行计划生育当作基本国策来推行时，已是亡羊补牢。就这件事情责怪任何人，现在都没有什么实际意义了。然而，在当初，如果有更多的人像贾拓夫那样来看待问题、议论问题，特别是如果辩证法大师毛泽东主席也能从事物的两面性来对待马寅初先生的意见，而且早一些把人口问题真正摆到议事日程上去，情况可能会大不一样。我们不是想谈论人口问题，也不想议论就此问题的功过是非，而只是想用这样一个事例，来介绍贾拓夫其人其思想的特点。也就是说，贾拓夫不仅非常务实，而且肯于思考，敢于提出问题，这对于领导者，特别是经济工作的领导者，是极为重要的。贾拓夫能在经济工作中提出许多独到的、有价值的意见，作出许多有益的重要贡献，是与他具有这样的思想作风分不开的。 当然，站在更高层次和更大全局上，或者就20世纪50年代，在社会主义改造和社会主义建设高潮中，究竟应当怎样看待这些观点和倾向？贾拓夫在经济工作中一系列的基本观点和做法，是否也有某些片面性？我们很难在此作出贴切的评断，这也不是我们所能明确的。我们不想，也无力在大的“是非”问题上作什么总结，只想尽量客观地反映他这一时期的主要表现，反映他的主要思想和为人做事的基本特点。从中，我们至少可以看到，贾拓夫是非常务实的，是注重实际和力求实事求是的。不管当时或以后有什么争论、争议，至少务实的思想作风，总还是应当提倡的。在国民经济一些大的方针、政策上，有不同的角度，提出不同的意见和做法，是自然的和不可避免的，也是有益的。借用过去路线斗争的话，有“左”的观点，有“右”的观点，有“激进”的观点，也有“保守”的观点，这毕竟是客观存在。通过对它的比较、鉴别，得出更加符合实际需要的结论，对事业的发展会有大的好处，这本身也是事物发展的一种规律。 所幸的是，那一个时期，党内的政治生活还是比较健康正常的，对贾拓夫的认识和对待，也比较客观。党中央以及毛泽东、周恩来、陈云等领导人，对他比较器重，对他的工作也是给予肯定的。毛泽东亲自提名他为中央委员候选人，在1956年中共第八次全国代表大会上，他被选为中共第八届中央委员会委员，一直被委派予重要的工作。由于工作的原因，他经常列席中央政治局和书记处的会议，参与中央对有关重大问题的决策过程，发政治局和书记处的文件，也发他一份。可以认为，他曾经是起过重要作用的一位经济工作领导人。