Chapter 35 Chapter 32 The Consciousness of Scholar-bureaucrats and the Political Innovation Movement Qingli Xining Reform

After a hundred years of nurturing scholars in the Song Dynasty, they are finally about to receive his results. The Song Dynasty did not have the ability to educate and guide the scholar-bureaucrats. It could only be cultivated by women (xu) and let them flourish and grow by themselves. This is a time-consuming and uncertain thing. During Zhenzong's time, culture and education in the Song Dynasty were cultivated to a considerable extent. However, once a strong enemy invaded, he would take the lead in advocating moving the capital.After the signing of the peace agreement, the emperor was induced to come to Fengchan to do hunting activities.It is said that "we want to fake the enemy's hearing, and submerge their spying heart."

The literature at that time was only the famous so-called "Xikun style", which was enriched in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties.In politics at that time, the most important thing was to be pampered and prudent, to be indifferent and to perfunctory the situation.At that time, those with a little educational and ideological significance were only among the monks who were born in this world, and even Taoist priests who sought longevity. Among the literati and bureaucrats, the most respected by the world are some so-called hermits, who are actually among the scholars and have no intention of becoming officials.

In the era of the Song Dynasty, under the peaceful environment, the tension became more and more serious day by day, and a self-conscious spirit finally sprouted in the scholar-bureaucrat society. The so-called "self-conscious spirit" is precisely that generation of scholars who gradually have a feeling from the bottom of their hearts that they should stand up and shoulder the heavy responsibilities of the world.He put forward two of the most famous slogans, saying: "Scholars should worry about the world's worries first, and enjoy the world's joys later." This is the best example of a self-conscious spirit in the scholar-official society at that time.

Fan Zhongyan is not an aristocrat, nor has he been consciously educated by the state. He only studies by himself in a monk temple. In the difficult situation of "breaking the porridge", but feeling a sense of taking the world as one's own responsibility, this is obviously a kind of spiritual self-awareness.However, this is not Fan Zhongyan's personal spirit feeling this for no reason. This is already a spirit of the times, which has long been hidden in the hearts of contemporaries, and was formally called out by Fan Zhongyan. Fan Zhongyan once went to Suiyang Academy, which originated from Qi Tongwen.Tongwen was young and lonely, a student of the professor Yang Que (que) from the town, and Tongwen went to his school every day to learn.At that time, at the end of the Jin Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, there was chaos, and he refused to be an official, and he wanted to mix his views because of the same name.According to General Zhao Zhi.When he died, he gathered disciples for Tongwen to build a room. Those who asked for benefits came thousands of miles away, and the fifty-six people who ascended the ranks all practiced Taige.But Zhongyan was too late to see him.

Zhongyan's study place is Liquan Temple in Changbai Mountain, Shandong.In the third year of Zhenzong Xiangfu, Suiyang Yingtian Academy was granted and established, and Zhongyan went to the academy in the following year.It was the twenty-third year of Zhongyan, and Qi Tongwen died first. However, Zhong Yanzhi is in Suiyang, and there are many people who have been inspired by Tongwen in spirit.It is said in history that Tongwen is pure in quality and upholds faith and righteousness. When people are mourning, they will be rescued with all their strength. Those who are poor in the same clan will be given by Zhou.Don't accumulate wealth, don't run a house, don't be an official for life, and focus on educating the young, but aspire to become one in the world.It is the same as the human will and aspirations.Zhong Yan was also a lonely scholar when he was young, and he took the world as his own responsibility.Later, Guixian built Yizhuang for the clan, sympathizing with the poor and giving charity, which was similar to the legacy of Tongwen, and the scale became more and more magnificent.

At the same time as Zhongyan, there were still famous scholars Hu Yuan and Sun Fu studying in a Taoist monastery in Mount Tai. According to legend, when Hu Yuan received a letter from his family, if there was any "safety" in the world, he would throw himself into the mountain stream and never see him again.After studying hard for ten years, he finally got his spiritual confidence and went back.These are all under the needs of the spirit of the times, and they are self-prosperous without needing to learn from teachers. Hu Yuan's ten years of throwing books by the bank of the book, and Fan Zhongyan's daily life of "painting porridge with broken pigs" in the monk's monastery, no doubt, deep in their hearts, there is also a profound and great activity and change.One of them was a model prime minister in politics in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the other was a model teacher in public and private schools in the Northern Song Dynasty.The academic and political affairs of the Northern Song Dynasty finally made great waves thereafter.

Around the same time as Hu and Fan, new ideas and new spirits flourished everywhere. They began to sing about the defense of Huabari.And sing to support the central government.They brought up Confucianism again to correct the reality.They overthrew the style of the time with clear and simple ancient prose.Therefore, they evade Buddhism and Laos, respect Confucianism, and respect the Six Classics. In terms of political system, almost all of them have a demand for innovation.They went one step further and looked down on the Tang Dynasty, and shouted that the Three Dynasties were ancient.They say that the Tang Dynasty had more chaos and less rule.In their private life, they also showed a serious restraint, but with a hint of religious fanaticism,

The scholar-bureaucrats of the Tang Dynasty took exactly the opposite path and mirrored each other.Therefore, although they finally want to develop the problem of the realization of political society, their spirit must have a philosophical or purely academic meaning. So the people of the Tang Dynasty expressed "merit" in politics, but they wanted to dissolve meritorious service in academics and describe it as a kind of "righteousness". "Zunwang" and "Ming Dao" were the two backbones of their academics at that time. The royal family of the Song Dynasty had longed for a cultural power to help it rule. Finally, a generation of scholars who took the world as their own responsibility came out, with religious enthusiasm, demanding to show their ambitions in this real world.So echoing up and down, the reform movement in the Song Dynasty was as unstoppable as the wind and waves.

Also press: At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius gave lectures freely, and Confucianism rose.Under arrest in the Warring States period, a hundred schools of thought competed and flourished, and the momentum of tourists increased.On the one hand, it accelerated the collapse of the ancient feudal ruling class, and on the other hand, it contributed to the beginning of the unification of Qin and Han. The foundation of China's four-min society led by a class of intellectuals "scholars" was laid here, which is the first period of activities of the scholar class in Chinese history.

Rural Confucianism in the Han Dynasty created this tradition of civil government, and it was the second period of activities for the scholar class. From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, during the 800 years, the family of the gentry continued continuously, and the new nobles who became the gentry were the third period of activities for the gentry class. The family declined in the late Tang Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties were dark for a long time. Until the Song Dynasty, there was a new awakening of the scholar class.All the scholars under this rank started their fortunes through the imperial examinations, then became officials, and retired as teachers. They are all dressed in white and talented.It was the fourth period of the activities of the scholar class, which remained unchanged for a thousand years in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties.

In these four periods, the status and activities of scholars were different from their external situation, and the evolution of Chinese history also had various differences accordingly.It can also be said that the evolution of Chinese history is presided over and led by a class of scholars.This is one of the important items that those who study Chinese history must pay attention to. Due to the awakening of the scholar class at that time, the reform movement in the court was promoted. There were two reforms in the Song Dynasty.During Renzong Qingli, Fan Zhongyan was the prime minister.One was in Shenzong Xining, Wang Anshi was the prime minister. When Renzong was invading from the Liao and Xia Dynasties, and when the domestic finances were about to collapse for the second time, Fan Zhongyan was appointed as a soldier for the Western Xia Dynasty.迨 (dai) Xia affairs slowed down a bit, and Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, and Fu Bi were prime ministers at the same time.Renzong repeatedly urged them to express their opinions on political reform.One day, Tianzhang Pavilion was specially opened, and the pair was called to sit down.Give the pen notes, so that you can play them face to face.Zhong Yan waited as a last resort, so he asked to retreat and play. Therefore, Fan Zhongyan put forward ten political opinions, which are the basis for the reform.This is the famous so-called ten things sparse. 1. Dispose of Zhi.Second, suppress fluke.Three, fine tribute.4. Choose officials.5. All public land.Sixth, thick farming and mulberry.7. Repair military equipment.8. Reduce corvee.Nine, Tan (tan) Enxin.10. Re-order. Fan Zhongyan's ten things can be roughly divided into three items.The first five matters belong to the clarification of official administration.The last three things belong to the problem of prosperity.The last two items belong to the application of the first eight items.Believe that rewards must be punished, which is the law that must be followed.Zhong Yan's opinion is roughly that he wants to organize the outside world first.If you want to strengthen your army, you must first enrich your people.But if you want to implement a policy of enriching the people, you must first start with clarifying the administration of officials. Before explaining Chen Shishi, Zhong Yan took the lead and said: "Our country revolutionized the chaos of the Five Dynasties, rich in the world, and lasted for 80 years. The discipline system, the sun cuts the moon and invades. The officials are blocked, and the people are trapped outside. The barbarians are arrogant, The thieves are rampant. You must change them to save them. But if you want to clear their flow, you must clarify their source." Comparing this with the ten things in the next Chen, the order is obvious. In order to clarify the governance of officials, the first task of tackling the symptoms is to depose officials, suppress luck, and let the talented rise up and the unworthy fall back. "Ming Chuzhi" was issued in response to the "Mo Kan" system at that time. Zhong Yan said: "Cultural resources are relocated every three years, and military posts are relocated every five years. It is called 'Mo Kan'. It is not limited to inside and outside, regardless of work and rest, and the virtuous or not. Counties and counties, lead a bureau, want to benefit and eliminate harm, everyone will point out that it is trouble, and they will be jealous and frustrated. If there is a slight mistake, it will be squeezed. Therefore, those who are unworthy eat a corpse, but they can do nothing. Although he is stupid, dark and obscene, people don't care about it, but he moves every three years and sits in the prison of the Qing Dynasty and the prime minister. Whoever is willing to rejuvenate the public for the benefit of His Majesty, save lives and people's diseases, eliminate the disadvantages of political affairs, and repair Ji Gang is bad!" "Suppressing luck" was issued in response to the "Yin Yin" system at that time. Zhong Yanyun: "Emperor Zhenzong's kindness gradually spread, and the two provinces reached Zhiza and Yushi and above. Whenever the southern suburbs merged with holy festivals, each of them played the role of Beijing official. If there is a bachelor or above official for 20 years, the family Twenty brothers and grandchildren have been appointed as officials in the capital, and they are still promoted to the court one after another, which is extremely excessive." "Exquisite tribute" is the most fundamental thing, and it is difficult to see results for a while. Zhong Yan advocated the "fuzzy name" and referred to the execution.Scholars first policy theory, then poetry and prose.Those who take all subjects and understand the scriptures.And especially Zaixing School.At that time, Zhaozhou and county schools were established, and scholars were required to study for three hundred days before listening to the pre-autumn examination. "Choosing officials" starts with the selection of supervisors from all walks of life, and let the inspectors of each walk to identify the officials of their respective walks. Zhong Yan selects the supervisor, takes the class book, and accepts those who are not talented.Fu Bi said: "It's so easy to make a hook, how do you know that a family is crying." Zhong Yan said: "Why is a family crying like crying all the way?"Therefore, the inspectors from all walks of life were appointed to choose their own prefectures, and the prefects and counties were selected by themselves. Renzong accepted all ten things about Zhongyan, but Zhongyan's policy caused a great reaction in the end.Over the centuries of the Song Dynasty, all kinds of excellent scholar-bureaucrats have created several unique rights to study and be an official. Fan Zhongyan overthrew him from the beginning. How many bureaucrats and even scholars in the world can "take the world as their own responsibility"?How many people can "worry about the world first and enjoy the world later"?The dark tide and the bright wave are coming in layers.In less than a year, Zhong Yan had to leave in a hurry.Although Renzong knew it in his heart, he couldn't stop the turbulent momentum of the whole country, so he finally allowed him to shirk his responsibility. The de facto reform requirements of the Song Dynasty still existed. Although Fan Zhongyan failed, Wang Anshi followed suit in less than 30 years. However, what happened to Wang Anshi was different from that of Fan Zhongyan.Those who opposed Fan Zhongyan were all so-called villains at that time; while those who opposed Wang Anshi were mostly so-called gentlemen at that time. Even the gentlemen who supported Fan Zhongyan's reform at that time, such as Han Qi, Fu Bi, Ouyang Xiu, etc., also opposed Wang Anshi. Renzong was more moderate, but he did not insist because his courtiers objected.Shenzong, on the other hand, was arbitrarily arbitrarily appointed, and despite all opposition, he still appointed him.Therefore, later generations judged Fan and Wang very differently. Most of the admirers are not in their careers, but in promoting talents for them.Slandering the king is not because of his character, but because he is used by villains.Comments on Renzong and Shenzong are also different, because Renzong can follow the crowd, while Shenzong is arbitrary. There are also differences between the Xining New Deal and the Qingli Reform. In the Xining New Deal, those with large growths, such as young crops, are bought (di) in Changping and distributed to households, and the income is divided into two, spring and autumn. All lost, changed from the post of delivery to all lost, fake money and goods, all offerings have to be expensive or cheap, use the nearest and the most distant, and those who predict the warehouse in Beijing will store and buy cheap. Market exchange, the public money is the market exchange book, the market is cheap and the price is expensive, and the price is equal, and the rest interest is collected, and the county government's goods are borrowed from people on credit, and the interest is 2 points. Fangtian, taking a number of steps from east to west, north to south, as a side, measures the land, checks its fertility, determines its color number, and divides it into five grades to determine the tax amount. Exemption from military service, since the Five Dynasties, has been used for the supply or transportation of the main officials in front of the Yamen.Lizheng, head of household, and township scribes are responsible for paying taxes and paying taxes.Use elders, archers, and strong men to hunt down thieves.Use talismans, manpower, hand strength, and loose followers to give officials and envoys to run.County Cao Si to escort, Zhou Cao Si to Kongmu officials, down to miscellaneous officials, Yuhou, pick and pinch, etc., each based on the rank of the village household.The people suffer unbearably, especially in Yaqian.Now I am exempted from service, and I will pay according to the family's wealth and be hired by the officials.Single Ding and female households who were originally inactive will lose money, which is called "assistant service". In Baojia, one of the two members of the native population is selected, and ten families are the protectors. Horse protection, for those who are willing to raise horses in the five roads, one household will give it to the supervisor and herdsman to see the horse, or officials and direct envoys will come to the market. It is roughly equivalent to the sixth, seventh and eighth items of Fan Zhongyan's ten things.It seems that Wang Anshi didn't pay much attention to the first few of Zhongyan's ten things.It seems that Wang Anshi started with the pursuit of prosperity of the country, and did not start with a set of work to clarify the administration of officials. Therefore, later generations said that Fan Zhongyan was a Confucianist, while Wang Anshi was Shen Han.Because of Fan's political views, he first focused on governing people and then on governing the law; Wang seemed to focus on the law without asking people.Only seek the implementation of the law, no matter what kind of character the person who implements the law is. The situation of the bureaucrats at that time was similar to that of Fan Zhongyan's time.They could not help but oppose Fan Zhongyan from the standpoint of being an official, and they could not help but flatter Wang Anshi from the standpoint of being an official. Wang Anshi's new law will inevitably lose the original intention of legislation in order to implement it for no one.At that time, those who received the strongest opposition were like young crops, and the theories of the opposition were mostly based on actual personnel.Wang Anshi, on the other hand, spoke about the original intention of the legislation.This was the main point of the struggle between the two factions at that time. Even when discussing the original intention of the New Deal legislation, there were also objections at that time. For example, Sima Guang commented on Baojia: "One out of two rural residents is a farmer and half a soldier. There is no question of four o'clock, and one teaching every five days is almost a waste of farming and harvesting." Also press: Wang Anshi tasted, From the beginning to the end, the only one who said that the new law is convenient is Zeng Bu.For the matter of Baojia, Shibu judged Sinong Temple, and there were many paintings about his proposal.However, during the time of Shaosheng, both Zhang Dun and Cai Bian begged to return to Baojia, but Budu didn't want to.Knowing that things are troublesome, Gai doesn't want to act lightly. Moreover, Jinggong abolished the bow and arrow society to protect the armor, just as he abolished the Changping young crops. Zhongyan's seven of the ten things can no longer be carried out, so the Anshi Baojia method cannot be agreed by the people of the time.It is even more difficult to win sympathy for such things as the market and the law. In particular, Anshi's opinions on finances seem to focus on increasing revenue; while the opinions of the generation at that time focused on cutting expenditure first. For example, the Qingmiao official releases money and collects two points of interest. In the meaning of Anshi, it can suppress the merger of the rich and the people while increasing the country's income.Among the opponents of a generation, it is said that the imperial court and the people are competing for profit.Another example is the exemption method, which is convenient for the people, but also increases the annual income with the help of labor money.Commentators say that it gathers together and conquers mediocrity outside mediocrity. And Shih's open source policy, in some places, is close to collecting money for the government. Liu Zhi said: "Your Majesty intends to persuade the peasants, but now it has turned into a nuisance. Your Majesty has the intention of equalizing service, but now you rely on it to collect it." Chen Cisheng also said in his collection of essays: "The law of exemption from service is the greatest convenience for the people. If you can't show morality and morality, you want to serve Qian Zengxian, Minister Yuanyou, so you can resign." Also press: Xining Qingmiao took two points of the interest, and the promotion envoys took advantage of the multi-scattering, so they established quotas for each county, but there was a disadvantage of restraining distribution.As a service assistant, he took two points of the surplus and re-levied the chief's money, and the people lost more money day by day, so the surplus accumulated.When Shaosheng revived the new law, the interest rate for young crops was limited to one point, and there was no fixed quota, no increase in distribution, and no more than one point in the surplus money of assistants.The meaning of gathering is not as strong as that of Xi and Feng.It can also be seen that Duke Jing's headstrongness was not considered well at that time, and was misunderstood by the small group. Therefore, Chen Fuliang said: "Emperor Taizu's successors are based on caring for the power of the people. Since Xining, those who use things have started to use Taizu to restrain all changes. The amount of offerings on all roads has doubled that of Xiangfu. Chongning was rebuilt The rate of offering to the whole world has been increased by more than ten times. In the name of financial management, the purpose of collecting money is the truth, which was entrusted by Duke Jing." Moreover, the Song Dynasty already suspected that officials were redundant at that time, and Anshi implemented the new law, which added many redundant officials. In the Song Dynasty, soldiers were gathered in the capital, and there was no wealth left in other prefectures. The three divisions of Yantie, Duzhi, and Hubu were all sent out to the world.Wang Anshi used his affairs to first establish the Three Departments and Regulations Department, which is a new agency for revising financial laws and regulations. Sima Guang said: "The three envoys are in charge of the world's wealth. If they are not talented, they can be deposed, and the two governments should not be allowed to invade their affairs." In order to implement the new law, more than 40 people were added to promote officials.Sima Guangfei said: "Establishing officials will make redundancy more redundant, and legislation will make harshness more harsh." He also said: "The affairs of the world should be entrusted with transshipment envoys, prefects and counties, and it is not appropriate to send envoys to disturb them." He also said: "Since the establishment of generals, each general has one or twenty troops, generals, training officers, etc., and each state has its own general manager, Qian (qian) jurisdiction, capital prison, prison, and repeated officials. Lu." Shenzong also said that additional lawsuits cost money, while An Shi said that additional lawsuits save money.It is strange to increase the salary of officials to one hundred and one hundred thousand yuan. Those who advocate the new law all say that if the official salary is thick, people will respect themselves and dare not take the law.However, there are few good officials, and the money (qiu) is taken as before.Zeng Gong wrote in Yuanfeng Shizhong to discuss the funds, saying: "There are three classes for officials to treat crimes. At the beginning of the country, the old ones were used to enshrine officials, and the left and right classes were directly divided into three classes. At the beginning, the number of officials was limited to three hundred, or less. There are more than four thousand and two hundred in total. As for the total in ten thousand six hundred and ninety today, the clan has eight hundred and seventy. The number of Jingde members has been ten times that of the beginning, and now it is almost three times that of Jingde. In three years From the examination of the places of entry and exit, seven out of four hundred and eighty people were naturalized in the eighth year of Xining, four out of five hundred and forty in the ninth year, and six hundred and ninety in ten years. Those who died and were exempted from naturalization were over 200. Or it is not as good as it is; it is increasing year by year, but it has not stopped. The ministers know that there are three classes, officials from east to west, and other expenses from the world. There must be someone close to this, but Your Majesty will try to investigate. "Zeng Gong and Wang Anshi are literary friends, but they have different political opinions.Shenzong said: "Zeng Gong regards saving money as the key to financial management, and the world's words of financial management are not as good as this." It can be seen that among the people in Anshi's New Deal, there are few people who make such remarks. The preface of Su Zhe Yuanyou's accounting records said: "according to the clan's words, there are three envoys for the emperor's festival, and nine today. Two envoys of the emperor are left behind, one is now eight. One is for observation, and fifteen is now for defense. Four is for defense, and now there are eight. Forty-two. In the words of a hundred officials, Jingde Dafu is thirty-nine, now two hundred and thirty. Jingde Chao Fenglang is one hundred and sixty-five, today six hundred and ninety-five. Cheng Yilang is one hundred and twenty-seven, today Three hundred and sixty-nine. Feng Yilang was one hundred and forty-eight, and today it is four hundred and thirty-one. The trend of official redundancy is increasing." If you follow what Fan Zhongyan told you, how can you get it right?Zhu Yi said in the fourth year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty: "The land is tight and the taxes are increasing, and the number of officials is increasing and the dispatching is increasing. In Jingde and Qingli, the wealth of more than 320 counties was used to provide the salaries of more than 10,000 people; today, one The affairs of more than a hundred counties support the redundant officials of more than 24,000 members." Gai Song's sluggishness was always caused by the redundancy of officials. The seventeenth volume of the first collection of Miscellaneous Records of the Government and the Field says: "When the ancestors were in the capital, the expenses of the officials, salaries, soldiers, and granaries were only 1.5 million yuan for the whole year. During the Yuanfeng period, the monthly support was 360,000. 200,000. At the beginning of crossing the river, the monthly branch was only 800,000. At the end of Chunxi, the court was fine, but the monthly branch was 1.2 million. "Official redundancy means spending too much money, which is naturally inevitable. There is absolutely no reason for politics to be implemented without redundant officials. Continuation of Qunshu Kao Suo: "Jiayou cut off dozens of people, Zhiping 300 people, Xining 6 years, and even 400 to 500 people. The sun is setting and the journey is far away. There is no time to ask for land and housing. What time is there for national affairs? !" Yuanfeng implemented a new official system for three years, but there was still no relief from official redundancy.In the third year of Yuanyou, Zhai Sizuo: "In the past, those who were ruled by one official, now they are divided into four or five. Those who used to be ruled by one official, are now increased to six or seven. The more officials, the more officials, the wider the salary, the more important things are. It became more and more complicated. The imperial court documents were transferred to the Ministry of Ministers, and then paid to the Ministry of Officials, then to the supervisor of the temple, and then to the treasury. The same is true from the bottom to the top." You said: "There is the Ministry of Officials, and there is Taichang Temple. There is the Ministry of Food , and Guang Luxun. The Ministry of Households has Sinong, the host and guest has Honghe, the driving department has servants, the treasury has Weiwei, the engineering department has generals as military weapons, and the water department has capital water inspectors. Officials are all overlapped, and the number of cases can be reduced." Note: Yuanfeng restructured, one according to Tang regulations.I don't know that the government organization of the Tang Dynasty was too bloated. The Song Dynasty was a time of extremely redundant officials, and it was impossible to follow the Tang system thoroughly.The capital officials in the middle of the Han Dynasty were not as good as those in the Song Dynasty, and the county guards were less than those in the Song Dynasty, but the commanders were higher than those in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the governance of the Song Dynasty was not enough to follow the ancient times. There are also expenses that can be saved obviously, but Anshi does not advocate saving. On the outskirts of November in the first year of Xining, the government was injured by the drought in Heshuo, and the national use was insufficient, so please don't give me gold and silk.Sima Guang said: "The disaster relief festival should be used since it is expensive." The Lord listens to it.An Shi said: "Ministers should not be resigned, and they should not be resigned. The country's use is insufficient, only because there are no people who are good at managing money. Good money management does not add gifts and the country uses enough." Guang said: "Heaven and earth are born, and all things If you are not with the people, you are with the officials. Trying to seize the people is more harmful than adding taxes." Today's press: The gift from the southern suburbs is originally a bad rule.The meaning of the minister's speech is very different from the speech.In an agricultural economy society, the production volume cannot increase rapidly.According to the real situation of the Song Dynasty at that time, there were quite a lot of places to be found (zun).An Shi only said that "since ancient times, lack of wealth has been a problem in governing the world, and the trouble is that there is no way to manage wealth", and he does not know the way to manage wealth.There is also a part that must start with thrift.Otherwise, it will only seek to increase the source of income, and the waste will increase day by day, like racing against the shadows, and it will be unreasonable in the end. If we talk about trying to capture the people, then the people at that time really suffered unbearably. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the annual income was twice that of the Tang Dynasty, and by the time of Xining, it was no less than 20 to 30 times.Han Qi commented on young crops, saying: "Today, the tax on the fields is already heavy, and there are agricultural tools, cowhide, salt money, flour money, shoe money, etc., which are more than ten pieces of money, which are called miscellaneous money. Every summer and autumn. Officials even underestimated the price of silk, silk and dendrobium buckets, and asked the people to pay this miscellaneous money. They also distributed official salt to households every year, calling it silkworm salt, and asked the people to pay for silk and silk. There are also pre-purchase, transshipment Sihe buys two-color silk and silk, and so on. I can’t list them all. The profit is already huge, and the farmers are deeply hurt. But how to quote Zhou etiquette, saying that releasing young crops for profit is a method that Zhou Gong Taiping has tried!" Today's press: The rent in the Song Dynasty was seven times that of the Tang Dynasty.Today, the two taxes are added to increase the exemption and labor assistance money. Opponents say that "it is easy to register, but it is really difficult to quit", which is not unreasonable.In addition to the amount already used, adding two points to the so-called "surplus" will make households, single households, and female households even more difficult.In addition, young crops are exempted from military service, tax collection and more responsibility to see money. How can farmers be embarrassed? As for Xining and Yuanfeng's financial plan, they actually became rich for a while, so it is inevitable to suppress and accumulate. Su Zhe said: "The people who are good at running the country are Tibetans, followed by the prefectures and counties. Since Xining, the ministers who talk about profit don't know the root and the bottom, and the internal money is not hidden. Although it is accumulated like hills and mountains, it is useless to count. "Bi Zhongyou and Sima Guangshu said: "With the money and millet accumulated in various ways, the funds can be used for 20 years by sweeping the land officials." An Tao also said: "Xining, Yuanfeng, Chinese and foreign treasuries are all full Yan, the money and rice accumulated in Xiaoyi will not be reduced by 200,000." In the collection of Chen Cizhong's theories, Huizong's statement on Zhongdu's expenses also said: "I heard that Yuanfeng Treasury accumulated a lot of money and silk in the past. Exhausted." Another shortcoming of Ashish's implementation of the New Deal is that he only knew one goal, but did not pay attention to the actual politically related important events. Cheng Hao was originally in favor of the new law, but later also turned to anti-feudalism.Taste said: "If the hearts of the people are good, they will not believe what they say. If all nations are in harmony, what they do will be accomplished. Take one side and try to discourage public discussion, and lose the hearts of the people because of trivial matters. It is the right and wrong, but it is not seen." But also with a sense of urgency. Fan Chunren told Shenzong: "Those who have a long way to go should be tame, big things can't be done quickly, talents can't be rushed, and accumulated disadvantages can't be rectified. If you want to make achievements in a hurry, you must be taken advantage of by sycophants." Cheng and Fan said , In fact, Anshi's New Deal is a fatal disease.Zeng Gong also wrote a letter to An Shi to discuss it in detail, but it is a pity that An Shi did not realize it. Anshi took the second year of Shenzong Xining as his prime minister, and from the sixth year of Xining to the sixth year of Xining, a total of five years, the new law was established successively. In February of the second year, Wang Anshi participated in political affairs, and established the Department of Regulations of the Three Divisions. In April, eight people including Liu Yi, Xie Qingcai, Hou Shuxian, Cheng Hao, Lu Bing, Wang Ruyi, Lu Kang, and Wang Guanglian were sent on various roads to inspect farmland, water conservancy, taxes and labor. In July, the six roads of Lihuai, Zhejiang, Jiang and Hu were all transported. In September, the green seedling method will be practiced. In November, farmland water conservancy restrictions were issued. In the leap month, all the roads were promoted to promote officials. In December of the third year, the laws of the various roads were changed, and the law of Baojia and the law of recruitment were established. In February of the fourth year, the imperial examination law was revised. In March of the fifth year, the market was changed. In May, the method of raising horses in Baojia was practiced. In August, the land average tax law was promulgated. In September of the sixth year, the money was collected and exempted. These new laws, that is to say, are full of intentions. Generally speaking, they are not easy to be effective unless they are carefully implemented for a long time. For example, the Fangtian average tax law must be practiced first, and its disadvantages cannot be overcome.At the beginning, Ouyang Xiu was also the owner of Juntian, but his successors said it was inconvenient.Other laws such as Baojia need to be implemented gradually, and there must be good officials who are good at body and law. Its advantages and disadvantages all depend on the actual situation of official administration. In the sixth year of Xining, Zhang Shangying wrote about five things: "Your Majesty has been on the throne for five years, and dozens of things have been changed and reformed. Among them, there are five that are the most law-abiding and most discussed: He Rong, Qingmiao, Exemption, Baojia, and Exemption." Market change. The policy of harmony with the army has been effective, and the order of young crops has been implemented. But the three of exempt from service, Baojia, and market change have great benefits. If you win the person and slow down the plan, it will be a great benefit; otherwise, it will be a great harm. May Your Majesty and the ministers rest quietly, choose someone to do it. If one thing is not done, one thing is revived, and it will not be seen in the end." Zhang's words can be read in the same way as Fan Chunren's quote above.The advantages and disadvantages of the new law are all in it. Such as Qingmiao, Shiyi, etc., no matter what the intention of legislation is, it does not have to be implemented urgently and cannot be delayed.It was really a mistake for Anshi to sacrifice a lot of personnel support that should not be missed in order to promote the new laws.So at that time people said that he was stubborn and ignorant.Tang Jie said that Anshi was "eager to learn from the ancients", and Sun Gu said that Anshi was "narrow and tolerant", both of which are ill.He also said that he could only be a Hanlin scholar and should not be a prime minister. In April of the seventh year of Xining, the new law was dismissed, and An Shi resigned.In February of the eighth year, the phase was restored, and in October of the ninth year, he went again.In the future, Shenzong still carried out the new law set by An Shi.It took only seventeen years for Shenzong to die in the eighth year of Yuanfeng.Even if the whole court is unanimous and tries its best to implement, these new systems all involve the national economy and people's livelihood, and may not necessarily have a solid foundation and definite results.Why is it often in the midst of noisy discussions (hui) and opinions?As soon as Shenzong died, the new law would be abolished.Therefore, the failure of Wang Anshi's new law was partly due to administrative technical problems. Anshi thinks too much of himself. Those who opposed him, he scolded them for "not studying".Said they were "popular".He is stubborn and unspoken. As a result, he was surrounded by a group of small groups, which was roughly the case for those who criticized Anshi at that time. As for Lu Hui and others calling Anshi a treacherous and fraudulently, the new law has not yet been implemented, and even Sima Guang and others feel that Lu Hao's criticism is too much, and it is not suitable enough to shake Shenzong's trust. Anshi's biggest drawback is that he only pays attention to the legal system of death, while ignoring the living personnel. According to the situation at the time, it is not enough to support the people without first clarifying the administration of officials.It is not enough to cultivate the foundation of the country without broadening the strength of the people.Without cultivating the country's roots, it is not enough to hope for martial arts.Anshi's New Deal, on the one hand, ignored basic human problems, and on the other hand, he had the mentality of quick results.On the day when the domestic new policy measures had no clue, it caused border riots at the same time, and it wanted to open up borders and use force abroad.Therefore, it is even more intentional to accumulate, while ignoring the century-old plan for the country. In the first year of Xining, when Fu Bi entered Jin, Shenzong asked about border affairs, and Bi said, "May your Majesty keep silent for twenty years." silent.An Shixiang, began to expand the territory.Shenzong asked Wang Shao about the border fee, and Anshi Yushao didn't have to be absolutely right.However, since Wang Shao opened Xihe, Zhonger opened Suizhou, and Xu Xizu had the defeat of Yongle.It happened in Yuanfeng five years.It is said in history: "The dead of 600,000 officers and soldiers, cooked Qiang, and Yibao, and the tens of thousands of money, millet, silver, and silk are invincible. The emperor mourned in court, and the Xia people also suffered from disadvantages." The Liao Dynasty was ceded Seven hundred miles east of the river.It happened in Xining for eight years.But first of all, he was interested in frontier merits, and then he was eager to gather ears unexpectedly. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Liang commented on Anshi's New Deal, and argued from the foundation of the founding of the Song Dynasty, which can be described as the crux of it. Liang said: "Since the Su Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, the upper hand has been lost. The feudal towns have grown up with each other, and they have become kings and weak ministers. Reaching the capital, the soldiers are all the soldiers of the emperor, and the wealth is the wealth of the emperor. The counties and counties are not allowed to specialize in one thing. The foundation of peace for two hundred years has been established since then. However, Khitan has been able to fight wildly and contend with China. The ministers of Qingli, I also feel angry that the situation in China is not strong, and its great importance will make the officials contend for it. The power of establishing a country is helpless, and thus cut it down (juan xue). The Emperor Shenzong was very angry when he died, and Wang Anshi said that the law was correct, which was first in line with the holy will. In fact, if you want to use the soldiers of the world to return to the court, don’t do it. Teach and read to think that it is strong. The benefits of counties and counties should be included in the imperial court. Don't seal the stakes as wealth. He doesn't know the power of the imperial court to build a country. If you are subordinate, you will not be able to rely on trivial matters; military and financial resources are too important for you, and it will be too late to raise the burden, but An Shi will spare no effort, not knowing the fundamentals of building a country, and it is really not enough to seek a country." However, although the Anshi New Deal was a failure, after all, behind its political system, there was a set of lofty ideals. In short, there are about three items.Such as the Baojia system, etc., it is intended to create a society where soldiers and peasants are integrated and armed for self-defense.Fangtian, Qingmiao, Junshu, and Shiyi systems, etc., intend to create a society that suppresses mergers and achieves success.Promoting schools, reforming the imperial examination system, etc., don't try to create an enlightened and reasonable society with popular education.An Shi said that "the classics are the reason for governing the affairs of the world", and he advised Shenzong to "choose the technique for the leader of the government, and follow the example of Yao and Shun, why bother Tang Taizong". This kind of ideal has its own far-reaching origins, and it cannot be produced only under the concept of dealing with reality and establishing fame. Therefore, behind Wang Anshi's new policies, there is no so-called "new learning". So there is the so-called promulgation of the new meaning of the Three Classics.Liu Jingchun said: "Wang Jiefu did not rely on commentaries, but wanted to study the scriptures of sages; he did not rely on today's laws and regulations, but wanted to renew the laws of the world. He can be said to be knowledgeable. The gentlemen of the future will not be satisfied with the study of commentaries, and will not be confined to the text of laws and regulations. When these two are correct, talents will come out, and governance will be self-improved." Note: The learning of the Song Dynasty is based on Liu Zhi's second language. Although An Shi's New Deal failed, the New Learning continued to have successors. Although An Shi's new law is opposed at the same time, its new scriptures are respected even though it is also a political opponent.Sima Guang only said that he "did not conform to the school of one family, and covered up the Confucianism".Liu Zhi also said: "Wang Anshi's classics and teachings, depending on the righteousness of Confucianism, most of the meanings of sages and sages." Lu Tao also said: "The annotations of the ancient Confucians may not be all true, and Wang's interpretations may not be all wrong." Shi Guozi Siye Huang Yin wanted to cater to the time, and wanted to abolish Wang's classics, which was greatly criticized by Confucians.Generally speaking, those who opposed the New Deal at that time, Gu Zi and An Shi were still in the same position. Until Zhu Xi came out, his four book collections became the standard for selecting scholars for seven hundred years in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties.In fact, it is still following the path of Wang Anshi's new classics. The ambitions of Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi to revolutionize politics have failed one after another, but their spirit and spirit of being human and learning are still imitated by future generations, until the most recent China.