Chapter 36 Chapter Thirty- Third

Wang Anshi's new method cannot be said to be successful, but Wang Anshi is indeed a man with great ambitions and lofty ideals.The opposition to his new law seems to contain a fundamental conflict between old and new ideas. The so-called conflict between old and new ideas can also be said to be a conflict between two attitudes.These two attitudes are vaguely expressed in the distinction between the North and the South. The new party has a large percentage of southerners, while the opposition has a large percentage of northerners. According to legend in the Song Dynasty, there was a teaching precept of "not meeting people from the south".However, the influence of the southerners gradually invaded and overwhelmed the northerners.Wang Qinruo during the reign of Zhenzong, and Yan Shu during the reign of Renzong, both broke the precedent that the southerners were not prime ministers.

Song History Wang Dan Biography: "Zhenzong wanted to meet Wang Qinruo, and Dan said: 'I saw that there was no southerner in the ancestor's dynasty. Although it is said that there is no way to establish a virtuous person, it is necessary to be a virtuous person. As a prime minister, I dare not discourage others. , but this is also a public opinion.' Zhenzong is the only one, once it is gone, Qinruo will be useful. The speaker said: 'For the prince, I will be the prime minister ten years later.'" Or Zhenzong asked Wang Dan: "When the ancestors had Mi (mi) Prophecy, people from Yunnan cannot be ministers, how can it be said that there is no righteousness in establishing a virtuous person" and so on.See Qu Wei (wei) old news.At the beginning of Zhenzong Jingde, Yan Shu was recommended by a child prodigy, and tried with Jinshi, and was granted the same background as Jinshi.Kou Zhun said: "Xi Shu is from outside Jiang." Emperor Gu said: "Zhang Jiuling is not from outside Jiang?" And Lu You said: "Tiansheng used to use northerners more, and Kou Zhun held his strength."

At that time, the southerners were obviously at the forefront of creating a new trend. Chao Yidao said: "The cultural relics of this dynasty flourished from the beginning of the country to Zhaoling. They came from the south of the Yangtze River. The two Xu brothers learned Confucianism, the two Yang uncles and nephews learned poems, and Diao Yan and Du Gao (Gao) learned allusions from Ming Dynasty. , while Yan Chengxiang and Ouyang Shaoshi are like the first generation of Longmen. Ji Gang's laws and orders are brilliant. Qingli's talents are all from the south of the river."

The advocacy of schools in the field, the invigoration of the Chaofeng Festival, the flourishing of articles, and the rise of cronies are all from Nanshi. Sima Guang and Ouyang Xiu had a dispute over the recruitment of scholars for the tribute academy, which clearly shows that the literary atmosphere in the south at that time was far superior to that in the north. Sima Guang said: "In ancient times, the selection of scholars was based on the number of household registrations in the county. Today, there is no one in the number of roads. Please ask the Gong Yuan to pick people one by one." Ouyang Xiu disagreed, saying: "The country selects scholars only for talent. It is a choice. The southeast is popular and good at literature, so there are many Jinshi; the people in the Northwest are high quality, so there are many Confucian classics. The southeast of the imperial examination field mostly takes Jinshi, and the northwest mostly takes Mingjing. The southeast state army Jinshi asks for explanations, and only two or three thousand people study. Thirty people, one out of a hundred people. The army of the Northwest Prefecture can only get one hundred people at most, but if it reaches more than ten people, it is one out of ten people. Compared with the southeast, it is ten times better. The primary selection has been refined. Scholars in the Northwest are less academic than those in the southeast, and they have ten times the benefits when they are released. Knowing that he has no skills, he will return as soon as he takes the provincial examination, hoping to be a procurator. The imperial court also allows him to do so because of the smog outside the mountains."

According to Sima and Ouyang, it can be seen that the style of writing in the north was far inferior to that in the south at that time.Not only can the number of people who read the scriptures be incomparable, but also the Mingjing scriptures are more frequently examined in the north, while the Jinshi examinations are more often performed in the south.Since the Tang Dynasty, Jinshi has been regarded as the most beautiful, and those who are not Jinshi and rank cannot be a beautiful official, and those who are not good at poetry and prose cannot be ranked as a scholar.Later generations said that literature, poetry and prose flourished in the south, but before the middle Tang Dynasty, it was different.

During the Xining period, Wang Anshi dismissed Ci Fu, Tie Jing, and Mo Yi, and put them under the category of Jinshi, while scholars from Qi, Lu, and Heshuo often followed the exegesis of Confucianism, and their quality could not be regarded as diction. Very few.After Zhezong, Xu Qi, Lu, and Heshuo five northerners were not tested, and then they were taken as equals from the north and the south.At that time, it was said that "people from the north are so rich that they cannot be dictionaries." In fact, before the middle Tang Dynasty, there were many people from the north who were good at diction.In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, Lu Dian (tian) had begging scholars from Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangnan and other roads to solve the name Zhazi, saying: "The five roads of Jingdong, Xi, Shaanxi, Hedong, and Hebei are mostly five or six. ; Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangnan often take one out of fifty or sixty people." In the opinion of the southerners, they still feel that the chances of southern scholars are not as good as those of northerners.However, the system of dividing the volumes between the north and the south could not be changed until the Ming Dynasty.It is true that even if there is an open election, the northerners will not be able to compete with the southerners, so they have to use this as an adjustment.

The comparison of the ups and downs of the writing style between the north and the south reflects the ups and downs of the economic conditions of the two sides. Sima Guang said: "Those who are not studying in the capital are not good at writing poems and essays. Every time the examination room and the first Jinshi are sent by the Kaifeng Mansion of the Imperial Academy, most of them are sent by the Kaifeng Mansion of the Imperial Academy." Literature and political affairs must be observed by teachers and friends. , the influence of social voice.Probably at that time, the economy in the northern society was drying up day by day, so scholars could not travel to study in the capital.The economy in the south is relatively good, so there are many scholars traveling abroad.At that time, people like Yan Shu, Fan Zhongyan, and Ouyang Xiu were all from the south who lived in Beijing, and they were the leaders of celebrities, and they were the leaders of the atmosphere.

Therefore, at that time, the southerners felt that the northerners were better treated politically, and the southerners had a heavier economic burden. Li Gou (gou) Changjiang Fu said: "The country pays more attention to the northwest than to the southeast. The other officials are also special, and the officials here are also rich in capital. If you collect here, you will not know its exhaustion. If you lose to the other, you will be afraid that you will not be able to support it. Officials use capital. The mediocre will advance side by side, and if they are exhausted, the people's careers will be multiplied. If you are greedy, you will be violent, if you are cold, you will be hungry. If you don't become a thief, your ministers will not know where they are." This is an extremely passionate grievance.

In the eyes of the northerners, the increasing political influence of the southerners seems to be a blessing for the future of the country. The notes of the Song people said: "In Zhiping, Shao Yong walked with the guests on the Tianjin Bridge. Hearing the sound of the cuckoo, he was miserable. He said: "In two years, the southern scholars were used as ministers, and the southerners were used more. The special duties changed. Since then There are many things in the world.’” This statement is not credible, but in this story, it fully shows that the northerners hate the southerners who use power.

Due to the vastness of China's territory, the differences in terrain, climate, and products between the north and the south affect the customs of the society and the temperament of the people; the sudden contact between the two sides inevitably leads to differences in ideological attitudes and speech styles. , prone to conflict. Chen Xu, Prime Minister of Shenzong, asked Sima Guang: "What is the outside discussion?" Guang said: "The people of Fujian are cunning, but the people of Chu are easy. Today, the two prime ministers are all from Fujian, and the two participating in politics are all from Chu. They must use the people of the township party to fill them up. Why are the customs more honest in the imperial court?" Sima Guang and Lu Huiqing were talking about the banquet, and because they were discussing reforms, they came forward to take (ru).The above said: "How can you talk about right and wrong?" After finishing speaking, the gentleman's real appearance became more and more gentle, but Jifu was so angry that he couldn't speak when he moved.People say: "How can a person from Shaanxi and a son from Fujian be born together!"

Therefore, Wang Anshi's new policy seems to represent the innovative and radical atmosphere of the southern intellectuals at that time, while Sima Guang seems to represent the traditional and stable attitude of the northern intellectuals at that time.Apart from accidental aspects of personnel, it seems that the struggle between the old and the new party is actually a natural phenomenon in the economic and cultural transformation between the north and the south of China after the Anshi Rebellion in the middle Tang Dynasty. Some of Wang Anshi's new methods seem to be particularly beneficial to southerners, while they may be particularly harmful to northerners. According to Luo Congyan's Zunyao record, Sima Guang's reform of the law is not unreasonable, but his removal from service is a failure.Wang Anshi was exempted from military service, just like Yang Yan's equalization of taxes, and the southeast people benefited from it.Today's note: Luo Yinan is a native, and his words must be believed.If the government is prosperous, the service will be heavy. At that time, the battle in the southeast must be heavier than that in the north. In other words, if the method of equalization should also be beneficial to the south; while the policies of Baojia and Baoma are all implemented in the north of the Yellow River, the people feel their harassment, but the south does not know it. Field Fu was the most uneven in the Song Dynasty. During Jingyou's time, Wang Su and Ouyang Xiu, the admonishing officials, all advocated equalizing the Fu. In Jiayou's time, the repatriated officials' branches were all equal to the field, but none of them succeeded.At first Ouyang Xiu was in charge of equalizing the land, but later he said it was inconvenient.During the Yuanfeng period, there were 4,616,556 hectares of farmland under cultivation in the world. During the emperor's time, more than 19.4 million hectares of land were cultivated, and during the Tang Dynasty, Tianbao should receive more than 14.38 million hectares of land. Compared with the Song Dynasty, it may be more than double, or three or four times. Although In the land of the Song Dynasty, there was no Youji in the north, Lingxia in the west, and Jiaozhi in the south; however, the three directions and a half were border barriers, and the cultivated land may not be as good as Zhongzhou." Zhiping Accounting recorded: "The number of fields is specially calculated according to the tax and rent to know its hectares and acres, but those who do not increase the tax and rent, seven out of ten. Calculated according to the rate, the world can cultivate more than 30 million hectares without worry. The ancestors disturbed the people. , It’s not a bad press.” Shihuo Zhi said: "There are many barren fields in the world that have not been cultivated, especially in Beijing, Xiang, Tang, and Deng. To Zhiping and Xining, they have been reclaimed one after another. However, within a hundred mu, the tax will be reduced to four mu. If you want to increase it to Twenty mu, the speaker thinks that the folks are taxed heavily, so they don't increase." From this point of view, the number of land without tax is not limited to seven out of ten.How can the benefit of these escaped rent and tax fields really reach the poor?If the imperial court equalizes the land, the powerful must obstruct it in many ways, and the result is that the so-called equalizers are still uneven. It is said in history: "In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, Shenzong knew that the officials who practiced square fields caused more harassment, so they ordered them to stop." The difficulty of equalizing the fields can be imagined. At the beginning, Ouyang Xiu asked the four prefectures of Bo, Shou, Cai, and Ru to choose those who were uneven.Tian Jing knows Cangzhou, but there is no Ditian.Cai Ting knows Bozhou, both in Liaocheng and Gaotangtian. Wang Anshi's trip to Juntian starts from Jingdong Road.It is suspected that the land rent was uneven at that time, especially in the north.Those who oppose the equalization of land are afraid that there will be too many people from the north. As well as Yuanyou's New Deal, Wang Anshi's party denounced it all, and those who denounced it were the southerners. In the first year of Yuanyou, Wang Yansou entered the opposition and said: "The ancestral precepts cannot be used from southerners. For example, Cai Que, Zhang Dun (dun), and Zhang Yu (zao) are all southerners, and they are afraid of harming the country." Later, Cai Jing took power, and the southerners gained power again. Chen Guan (guan) played Cai Jingyun: "Emphasis on the south and despise the north, and there are sprouts in the division." Note: Chen Nai is from Jianzhou in the south, and his theory is based on the facts at that time.Also press: Li Qingchen, the first master of "Shao Shu" in the Yuanyou Dynasty, is a famous person and the son-in-law of Han Qi.At that time, he ridiculed him as "fashionable, addicted to power, and willing to rule the prime minister".The distinction between the old and the new, the north and the south, especially in general terms, cannot be matched one by one. Therefore, in the biography of treacherous officials in Song Dynasty, almost all of them are from the south. Cai Que was born in Jinjiang, Quanzhou.Lu Huiqing, a native of Jinjiang, Quanzhou.Zhang Dun was born in Pucheng, Jianzhou.Father Yu moved to Suzhou.Zeng Bu, a native of Nanfeng, Jiangxi.An Dun, a soldier in Guang'an.Cai Jing, a native of Xianyou in Xinghua.Brother Bian, son-in-law of An Shi.It's all about the new law.Here are Huang Qianshan Shaowu, Wang Boyan Qimen, Qin Hui Jiangning, Ding Daquan Zhenjiang, and Jia Sidao Taizhou, all of whom are from the south.Therefore, Lu You said: "Among the trains, there are very few northerners." And Chen Liang said: "Gongqing, generals and ministers are mostly from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Shu, and talents are also coming down from the world day by day." The gentlemen of Yuanyou are mostly from the north.Among them, there are three schools of Luo, Shu and Shuo.Among these three factions, there is no Min and Chu Nan. The conflict between the old and new parties in Xining and Yuanyou was followed by regional relations between the North and the South, while in Yuanyou the northern gentlemen Luo, Shuo, and Shuo split, and behind them were differences in political opinions. Among them, the political views held by the Luo faction are generally quite similar to those of Wang Anshi.They all advocated a complete reform of the government at that time. Cheng Hao wrote ten things about Chen Zhifa, the emperor of Shenzong, that is, he urged Shenzong not to lose his spirit of reform because of temporary opposition.Among the ten important things, the emperor must establish masters, mine fields, schools, soldiers return to farmers, and officials and servants use scholars, etc., all of which are consistent with Wang Anshi's discussion. Their most important political theory is the famous so-called "discrimination between kings and hegemons". In general, the Tang, Yu, and Three Dynasties are the "kingly way", and the Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang are "hegemonic".They advocated that Tang, Yu, and the three dynasties should be replaced by Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang. In the first year of Xining, Wang Anshi was admitted as a Hanlin scholar.Shenzong asked what is the first to rule, saying: "First choose the technique." Shenzong said: "What about Tang Taizong?" He said: "Your Majesty is the law of Yao and Shun, why take Taizong as it is! The way of Yao and Shun is the simplest, the most important, and the most easy. But scholars of the last days can’t tell, thinking it’s too high.” In fact, the so-called Tang, Yu, and Three Dynasties are just the sustenance of their ideals.Their political views can be called "classical school" or "ideal school".They advocate that ideals should be used to completely transform reality, and ancient scriptures are the basis for defending their ideals. At the same time, Zhang Zai in Guanzhong echoed the second Cheng in Luoyang, and their political ideals were generally similar.It is said: "The rituals of Zhou must be practiced in later generations. Governing the world cannot be achieved by wells, and there is no way to achieve peace in the end. It is easy to do wells, but if the imperial court issues an order, it does not depend on one person." Well, in order to deduce the legacy of the former king, he died before it was completed.He also said: "The imperial court regards Taoism and political skills as two things. This is the one that has been worrying since ancient times." He was summoned by the recommendation of Lu Gong and asked about the way of governance. Joy.However, the Zhang family's restoration of feudalism, ministers, and patriarchal clan are all too deep in the past; if the political affairs are implemented, they should be more straightforward than Anshi. Its predecessor, Cheng Hao, originally helped An Shi. Because the courtiers opposed Anshi's begging to retire, Cheng Hao and others tried to persuade him to stay. In the end, Cheng Hao finally broke up with An Shi, because of An Shi's paranoia, he did not hesitate to break up with Ju Chao. Cheng Hao once said: "Governing the world does not suffer from the failure of laws and regulations, but the failure of talents. If talents fail to succeed, although there are good laws and good intentions, who should practice them?" This is the fundamental difference between Luo Xue and An Shi. As for insight, it is still said that An Shi is "higher than the world". Therefore, Yu Yuanyou of the Luo School rejected the New Deal and did not fully agree with it. Shangcai Quotations: "Wen Gong wants to change the law, Yichuan's emissary said: 'It must not be possible.'" And Yichuan said: "Today's disaster was also caused by Yuanyou. He also said, "It's like a green seedling, so why not let it go." At the age of eighteen, Yichuan read Renzong's book, saying that he should publish it at the right time, and compare himself with Zhuge; when he was hired as a lecturer of Zhezong, he had nothing to say except reading.At that time, it was said: "There is no one sentence in Yichuan and Junshi's words all day long. If you understand the way and the language, you can follow the way." Gai Ercheng's theory of learning is different from Wen Gong's, but Mingdao's temperament is more gentle and easy to Wen Cui'er. The Shuo school is the orthodox northern school.They are different from the Central Plains faction in Luoyang.One is ideal, but one is experience.One is for radical reformation, while the other is for gradual improvement.Therefore, one is the "Confucianism School" and the other is the "Historical School". New scholars regard Tongjian as Yuanyou's academics.When the government is in harmony, the imperial edict does not have to study history, that is, to reprimand Yuanyou.Chen Liao Weng Zeyun: "Changes are impermanent, but only by studying the past, some people can respond to them by knowing the reasons. Wang wanted to abolish historiography, and chewed vain words, which is no different from Jin people." Weng Tan Cai Jing Yun: "The historiography of extinction is like Wang Yan." This is all based on Yuanyou's historiography.The New Party regards Wang Anshi as its Confucian classics, which is more similar to Luo Xue.After Nandu, Luoxue gradually flourished, and disputes arose with Xinxue.Qin Hui and Zhao Ding alternately, the tripod master Cheng Yi, the juniper master Wang Anshi.After the death of cypress, Emperor Gaozong ordered: "Don't stick to the theory of Cheng Yi and Wang Anshi's family, and strive for the most appropriate theory." In the fifth year of Emperor Xiaozong's Chunxi reign, Xie Kuoran, the official censor, said, "If you have a secretary, you should not use the theory of Cheng Yi and Wang Anshi to select scholars. ".Zhu Lu has a different opinion, and there is still a trace of one protecting Yichuan and one protecting Jinggong.Gai Xinxue and Luoxue are close to each other. Therefore, Luoxue and Xinxue both advocate the "distinction between king and hegemony", while Sima Guang does not believe in this theory, which is the most significant difference between them. Luo, Shuo, and Shuo divided the party, Sima Guang was dead, and Guang was not in the party.Most of the Weishuo sect are disciples of Sima Guang.Guang said: "When the world is united, the king is the king. When the world is divided, the ruler is the uncle. Fang Bo is duo. The emperor is the sea. Although small and big are different, the nature of water is different?" He also said: "Later scholars regard the emperor as Wang Ba is a difference in virtue and karma, and it is said that he walks in different ways, which is the last loss of Confucianism." But he does not believe in the distinction between kings and hegemons, so he does not believe that the way of the three dynasties is completely different from Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang.Therefore, they are unwilling to talk about the retro.Their political tactics seem to be based on the legal system of the Han and Tang Dynasties, and gradually improved in terms of actual interests. Wang Anshi went to Baojia, hoping to restore the ancient system of combining soldiers and farmers, which was approved by the Luo School.Sima Guang said: "The Taizu ruled the world, did you (he) try to use the militia?" Such arguments are quite close to the Shu school.Later Zhu Zi said: "Baojia in the capital city was completed after ten years of Duke Jing's administration. It is a pity that Duke Wen abolished it in Yuanyou." Zhu Zi inherited Luo Xue, and his political views were also close to those of Duke Jing. Both Luo Xue and Xin Xue respected Mencius, while Sima Guang believed in Mencius.Mencius's theory of politics is biased towards ideals, and the distinction between king and hegemony comes from Mencius.At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi wanted to restore the system of sitting lectures at banquets, and Cheng Yi also competed for sitting lectures during Yuanyou.Lu Dian said: "An Shi's nature is strong, he advances in discussing matters, and when he has an argument, his speech is harsh, and he changes his appearance to accept it." Gai has been acquainted with each other for three generations, righteous and mentors, obeying what he says, without a trace , Not as prosperous as Ruozi. Lu Xiangshan Jinggong's ancestral hall records show this meaning.In Cheng Hao's Shenzong book, he said that the emperor must establish a master. Both Xinxue and Luoxue wanted to use the dignity of a master to surpass the emperors and ministers of the Han and Tang Dynasties.This meaning is also based on Mencius.However, the Shuo and Shuo schools would rather say that their attitudes are partial to respecting the emperor.This is also the great debate between history and kings and tyrants. The advantage of this kind of attitude is that it is stable, not extreme, and focused on things.But its disadvantages are that there is no clear ideal, and the response to the facts is not thorough, and the result is empty and slack. When Shenzong first discussed the merger, Wen Yanbo, Su Shi, and others had been arrogated to soldiers for a long time, and a sudden merger would lead to chaos. The emperor followed Wang Anshi's proposal.At that time, it was also discussed to select and eliminate guards who were over forty years old and who were not in the mid-range. Sima Guang, Lu Gongbi, Chen Jian, and Li Chang successively discussed and thought it was inappropriate.The old military system was removed until the 61st, and it was still not allowed, so it was a large province with redundant troops.In these places, we can see the vigor and courage of the new party.The old party is better than the new party when it comes to saving money and spending.However, the one who saves the most money and spends money is better than getting rid of redundant soldiers, and the old party has followed the rules and prudence. This is to expose the weakness of the old party. Yuan You tried his best to oppose Xining, and most of them were presided over by the Shuo faction, and they acted too aggressively. At the beginning of Yuanyou, Anshi heard that the imperial court had changed its law, but he didn't take it seriously.When he heard that he had stopped the assistant service and resumed the service, he lost his voice in astonishment and said, "Is this all?"The emperor said: "The first time the Yuanfeng method is implemented, and the remaining money is deducted, why is it inconvenient for the people?" It can be seen that Shaosheng's government can also be stimulated by Yuanyou and the elders.Cai's demotion to Xinzhou created the end of a cycle of revenge, and this is all too much. Apart from dismissing Xi and Feng facilities, they have made no positive achievements themselves. Later generations said: "Gentlemen of Yuanyou, if they live in a world of benevolence and virtuousness, they will say nothing and do nothing, and they will be at the age of death." This is the right way to describe Yuanyou's illness.After supporting Zai Gao, it is even more wrong to say that it is a mistake to use the mother to hide the son, and to use the power of the mother to face the court and ignore Zhezong.Regardless of whether the theory is not perfect, but the young master is getting older, and the high queen collapses, and the reaction will start, and the officials of Yiyuanyou will call it. There is no way to finance it, let alone close the mouth of those who preside over the New Deal. In April of Yuanyou year, Wang Anshi died.In August, Fan Chunren thought that the country's needs were insufficient, so please establish the method of collecting and distributing Changping money and grains to make a profit, which is "green crops".Let's fight with Taiwan's admonition.However, it can be seen that Yuanyou will not last long.Zeng Bu said: "During the time of Shenzong, the government's inventory was full, Yuanyou was irrationally dissipated, and there was no access, so the warehouse was empty; it was thought that the minister's plan for 30 years was broken, and I was afraid that it would not be done." Bi Zhongyou and Sima Guang The book said: "When the emperor knows clearly that the rest of the world is wealth, then the theory of inadequacy should not be put forward, and then the new law will never be dismissed." Live without money.Yuanyou can abolish the new law, but can't spend enough money, it is suitable for the new law to be revived eventually. Dacheng seemed to see that Sima Guang was not enough to bear the difficulties at that time. Quotations from Ercheng: "Bo Chundao Jun said that he is like ginseng and licorice. It can be used when the disease is not serious, but it cannot be reached when the disease is serious." However, Duke Wen was also dissatisfied with his speech at Yichuan Jingyan. Liu Yuancheng said: "Zhe Zong tried to break a willow in spring, and Cheng Yi, as a storyteller, suddenly remonstrated, saying: 'Everything is flourishing today, and it must not be broken for no reason. Said: 'It is precisely this kind of people who make people unhappy to be close to Confucian scholars.'" The two factions were not similar in their political views, but they joined forces to oppose Wang Anshi's pursuit of the law, regardless of his character. Sima Guang once said: "The opportunity to control chaos lies in the employment of people. If there is a difference between evil and good, the trend of growth and decline will be determined by itself." Every discussion must put the characters first.During the reign of Emperor Renzong, Guangshang talked about the three matters of financial management, and begged for the appointment of a general envoy. He said: "Being sympathetic to the people's strength lies in selecting people, not in making laws." It is to maintain its originality and take it slowly, and it is to reduce the redundancy and use it sparingly." Zeguang is not in charge of financial management, but his opinion is quite different from that of An Shi. The other is the Shu school.The views and attitudes of the Shu school are different from those of the Luo and Shuo schools.Their discussion can be represented by the Su brothers.The upper level is Huang Lao, and the lower level is Zongheng.Adhering to power and tactics, the host changes, and its opinions are often in flux, elusive.They also talk more about literature, and they are not as serious as the Luo and Shuo schools. Wang Anshi's abolition of imperial examinations and revitalization of schools was extremely approved by the Luo faction, while the Shu faction thought it was "troublesome". Wang Anshi also advocated the reformation of poems and prose into classics and meanings, which was approved by Luo Xue, and Shuo School did not object. In the first year of Zhiping, Wang's harbinger had been made by Guangyou's decision not to use poems and prose in the examination hall of the Gongyuan.In the second year of Zhiping, he begged for the selection of candidates to test the scriptures, and Zeguang's opinion on this matter was consistent with Anshi's.Therefore, it is said: "Emperor Shenzong gave up poetry and Fu and Confucian classics, and only used the classics and theories to test Jinshi. This is a method that has never been easy. But Wang Anshi should not use a private school to cover up the Confucianism." But Su Shi still had objections. It is said: "Prosperity lies in self-cultivation and investigation of things. Setting up a department and establishing a name is to teach the world to be false. Policy theory, poetry and prose, from political affairs, are useless. From the Tang Dynasty to the present, there are countless ministers who use poetry and prose as their names. "Bi Zhongyou said: "Confucians in the Han and Tang Dynasties mostly hold the classics and white heads, and then they are famous. In modern times, such as Sun Fuzhi in the Spring and Autumn Period, who lived in Mount Tai for forty years, he was able to run through his own theory. Jinshi of Xining and Yuanfeng, who ruled this year The scriptures should be admitted next year, but the scriptures are a tool for profit and wealth, and the scriptures are respected and despised. When Wang Anshi is in power, the scriptures want to match Wang Anshi; when Sima Guang is in power, the scriptures want to match Sima Guang. Customs hurt and defeat, and morality is not unavoidable. Although poetry and fu want to be combined, there is no reason. To learn poetry and fu, one must dabble in the Nine Classics and observe the history of Zi. Among the policies and theories, there are also scriptures and meanings. If you dabble in general observation, you must have a rough understanding Forewords and actions, gains and losses in order to control chaos. And wise and special people, so they see themselves as great. As for the scriptures and meanings, those who are books are not poems, and those who are poems are not easy. Knowing one classic but not four. Poems and rhymes It is easy to see that it is difficult to test the prose of the classics and meanings. Poems have infinite questions, and the meanings of the scriptures are exhaustive. Poems must be self-made, and the meanings of the scriptures can be used by others. For the truth. Wang Anshi said: "When you were young and strong, you should pay attention to the righteousness of the world, but you studied poetry and fu behind closed doors; when you entered an official position, you were not familiar with worldly affairs. This is because science and law corrupt talents, so that they are not as good as they used to be." It is self-righteous.Su's idea of ​​innovation is light, but it is meaningless.When Bi and Liu fought, the truth was revealed after the fact, and Wang Anshi also regretted it.Said: "I want to change a scholar into a scholar, but I don't mean to change a scholar into a scholar." This is also a key to the transformation of talents in Tang and Song Dynasties. Another example is exemption from military service, and the Su brothers also opposed it at the beginning.Afterwards, Sima Guang returned to serve as an officer, but the Su family did not agree. Because their academics are first covered with a very strong color of explaining the old, they don't think that there is a positive and ideal standard that surpasses all things in the world.They are quite sophisticated when it comes to world affairs, and they deal with them randomly with their cleverness.Nor do they believe that one system is necessarily better than another.But on the other hand, they like to write words, so when they argue, they often exaggerate, and they say as much as possible.It is close to the strategist of ancient vertical and horizontal. Later generations said that they were "courageous in Jiayou's system and policy, and focused on Xining's memorial, and the two argued after changing hands." But as far as their opposition to the new learning is concerned, the Shu and Shuo schools have long been Like-minded. The Shuo faction tried to reform the New Deal, but the Shu faction seemed to have some points of view closer to the Luo faction.But in terms of academics, the gap between the Zeluo and Shu factions is the most difficult to bridge. Although the pre-Qin philosophers contended with different theories, none of them actually grasped the political power. Therefore, the more academically they deduced, the deeper, the more extensive, and each school completed its own spiritual outlook.Unfortunately, the Confucian scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty were all in the court at the same time. Their academic opinions were not well developed to the deep and broad, but in actual politics, conflicts occurred.Since he was taken advantage of by the gangsters, the gentleman saw the hoe, his academics were not prosperous, and the fate of the country was cut off. The self-conscious movement of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty had a serious moral concept close to religion from the beginning, so it often used the difference in academic thinking and attitude to reject dissidents as treacherous.This is enough to contribute to the passion of their partisanship. Wen Gong regarded Zhang Fangping as treacherous and evil, but Su's father and son regarded Zhang Fangping as a giant with great virtue.Cheng Yi and Luo Xue are regarded as saints, while Su Shi said: "The minister is sick and evil of Cheng." Bi Zhongyou called everyone the "Five Ghosts".It is said: "The gentry share the same disease, and the Qing discussion is despised." Liu Yi and Cheng Hao are obviously gentlemen, but they also agree with the new law. Wang Anshi presided over the New Deal, at most he can only be said to be poor in academics, and he cannot be said to be treacherous. Everyone in the Xining New Party is treacherous and evil, which was opposed by the Luo Xue School at that time. Duke Wen was in the court, and he wanted to go to Yuanfeng.Yi Chuan said: "It is difficult to be a new talent, but it is easy to change a talent. Today all talents are available, and how can people be willing to be villains? If the prime minister uses them as gentlemen, who is not a gentleman? Teaching them to do these things by themselves may not be invincible." Just like my Cao." Hou Zhongliang said: "If so, there is no such thing as Shao Sheng." Fan Chunren also advocates the combination of parties and uses them both. It's a pity that the people of the Shuo School at that time "more than loyal and upright, but more sick and evil, which caused the misfortune of the gentry in the future." And too much emphasis on morality, forgetting the original intention of emphasizing morality, and following the officialdom all pay attention to small details, ignoring the general, but seeking no faults, not meritorious service. Li Qingchen's Ming Responsibility article said: "In ancient times, when employing people, they regarded the success without regard to the beginning, and the responsibility was big but not the details. Today, minor crimes do not pay attention to the big ones. Compassionate rhetoric does not pay attention to practicality, but sticks to oneself and avoids troubles at any time. The people of the world can live in peace without condemnation. Therefore, the mediocre will advance in peace, and the loyal and indignant will be frustrated halfway. The affairs of the world are becoming more and more decadent. It is not necessary to ask for a person to be cautious if one minister is added to the top of a hundred officials. There is no fault, and the responsibility of the world will be taken. Today, the resignation of the prime minister is to attack his flaws. It is not a crime to point out that the world is not governed. Correction and observance of orders are all based on small laws, and it is not a crime to point out the injustice of counties and towns. .The relocation of the generals, the cooking and banquets, and the details of the details are not the crime of barbarian arrogance. Great plans, life and people benefits, death without a job. The world is so big, ten thousand officials are rich, often as if there is no one. Heroes are great, but they have been silent for more than ten years. Those who are ambitious and ambitious, but old and dead. It's not a pity to look at each other!" The vigorous and radical spirit in the south was temporarily overwhelmed by the conservative and conservative in the north.But soon there was a reaction, so there was the so-called "Shao Shu".All the gentlemen in Yuanyou saw that they were deposed and expelled, so the so-called "Jianzhong Jingguo" came into being.Cai Jing's use of things, the result of the struggle between the old and the new, finally created opportunities for the opportunistic bureaucrats and politicians.Exciting and swinging each other, pushing further and further away.The poor and weak Song Dynasty died in repeated shocks of political tides.