(1) During the siege of soldiers in Peking, Mao Zedong and Wang Jiaxiang discussed the establishment of the capital, and Wu Xiuquan confiscated the radio station of the former U.S. Consulate in Shenyang. Mao Zedong himself formulated the foreign policy of the new China: "Start a new stove", "clean the house and treat guests" in the city entry ceremony, The steel torrent of tanks and cannons deliberately drove through Dongjiaomin Lane Mao Zedong and Wang Jiaxiang discuss where the capital is located There are low farmhouses, yellow-brown earth walls, stone mills in front of the houses, plows leaning against the corners of the yard, earth temples in front of the village, cypress trees on the roadside, and the clear Hutuo River flowing quietly from the south of the village. flow past.This is a small mountain village with less than a hundred households at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain.

You may not have thought that it was in this remote village that Mao Zedong and the Central Military Commission commanded the world-shocking three major battles of Liaoshen, Pingjin, and Huaihai, and defeated most of the main corps of the Kuomintang Jiang army equipped with American weapons; You would never have imagined that Mao Zedong and his comrades planned the blueprint for the upcoming People's Republic here. This village is Xibaipo. One day at the beginning of 1949, the warm sunshine of early spring shone on the village.Although Mao Zedong went to bed at dawn, this day he went against the practice of getting up at noon and got up very early, which means he didn't sleep much.His overactive mind prevented him from falling asleep.He was wearing the same cotton-padded jacket and trousers as the soldiers, with two patches on the elbows of the cotton-padded jacket.He went out of the house and stood beside the stone mill in the yard, smoking.

Mao Zedong really had trouble falling asleep. Last night, he drafted a reply telegram for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China to Lin Biao, instructing how to deal with the issues related to Fu Zuoyi's troops surrounded by our regiments in Beiping; at the same time, he thought excitedly that our army would not only liberate Tianjin and Beiping, Soon it will be close to Nanjing and Shanghai!Then, he drafted a reply telegram to Deng Xiaoping and Su Yu on the Huaihai front, instructing them to make several preparatory work for the cross-river operation after the victory of the Huaihai Campaign...

How could he not be excited, defeating Chiang Kai-shek was much earlier than originally estimated.With the victories on the battlefield, many major events of the founding of the country were immediately on his agenda! Mao Zedong just asked someone to invite Wang Jiaxiang. He wanted to discuss with Wang Jiaxiang, who is knowledgeable about history, where to choose the capital of New China. Wang Jiaxiang soon walked into the courtyard.After years of blood and fire in the revolutionary career, Wang Jiaxiang, who still maintains a gentle and bookish spirit, supported Mao Zedong's correct line in the Zunyi Conference.He has a good impression of Wang Jiaxiang, and appreciates Wang's talent.

Mao Zedong handed over the cigarette case on the stone millstone, and when Wang Jiaxiang lit the cigarette, he said, "I can't sleep because I'm thinking about something, and I have something to ask you for advice." Wang Jiaxiang said: "The chairman is too modest." Because Wang Jiaxiang was the director of the Urban Work Department of the Northeast Bureau of the Communist Party of China and the acting director of the Propaganda Department of the Northeast Bureau of the Communist Party of China, he started talking about urban work.He said: "Now we are capturing one city after another. I advocate peaceful liberation as much as possible. This is a big problem."

Wang Jiaxiang said: "The chairman is right in thinking. The peaceful liberation of big cities is of great significance. Not only can the Kuomintang regime be disintegrated quickly, but also a large number of industries and businesses can be protected, so as to prepare and lay the foundation for our economic construction after the founding of the country." In the thick smoke of two cigarettes, Mao Zedong said with a smile: "Let's not talk about this today, I want to hear your opinion on another issue. We will soon win national victory. Our Central People's Government has established Where? Where is the capital? I have been thinking for the past few nights, where is the most suitable place for our capital? Although the central government has a consideration, it has not yet finalized."

Wang Jiaxiang pondered for a moment, his glasses flashed in the sunlight, and said, "Is it scheduled to be in Beiping?" Mao Zedong was very interested and said, "Oh, let's talk about your reasons." Wang Jiaxiang made a detailed analysis of the capital and said: "Now the government of the Kuomintang is in Nanjing. Nanjing is also called Jinling. Governments are all short-lived. Saying this is fatalistic, and we Communists are atheists, so of course we don’t believe in it. But from another perspective, Nanjing is too close to the southeast coast. Judging from the current international situation, This is its great flaw. We set the capital, of course we cannot choose Nanjing.”

Mao Zedong listened with great interest and lit another cigarette. Wang Jiaxiang continued: "Looking at Xi'an again, its defect is that it is too westward. Now is not the farming era of Emperor Qin, Han and Wu. Today, China's economic center of gravity is on the eastern coast and south of the Yangtze River. From this point of view, the ancient city of Xi'an is also inappropriate. The ancient capitals along the Yellow River, such as Kaifeng and Luoyang, have lost their status as capitals due to economic backwardness in the Central Plains, and this situation cannot be changed in the short term, coupled with problems such as transportation and flooding of the Yellow River.”

Mao Zedong interjected and asked, "Why do you think Peiping is suitable?" Wang Jiaxiang said: "Why do I think that the most ideal capital is Beiping? Beiping is located in the coastal area, belongs to the economically developed circle, and guards the throat connecting the Northeast and the customs. Its strategic position is extremely important, and it can be called the center of gravity of China today. At the same time , it is close to Sumeng, so there is no fear of war. Although it is also close to the sea, the Bohai Sea is China's inland sea, guarded by the two peninsulas of Liaoning and Shandong, so it is very safe strategically. Once something happens in the world, the capital will not be shaken. In addition, Beiping It was the five-hundred-year imperial capital of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the people were willing to accept it psychologically. Considering these favorable conditions, my opinion is that Beiping should be chosen as the capital of our government.”

After Mao Zedong heard this, he laughed and said: "Jiaxiang, your analysis is exactly what I want. Even the British Reuters reporter judged that we may choose Peiping as our capital. From this point of view, our capital will be chosen in Peiping. The foundation of Chiang Kai-shek’s political power is bureaucratic capital, so they set their capital in Nanjing. The foundation of our political power is the masses of the people, and Beiping is surrounded by our old bases. Jinchaji, Jireliao are old bases, and it is easy to advance and retreat, so we set our capital in Beiping .” When Mao Zedong talked about his excitement, he suppressed his emotions and said, "However, the city of Beiping is still in the hands of Fu Zuoyi. If General Fu surrenders the city of Peiping peacefully, he will have made meritorious service!"

The CCP officially decided to establish its capital in Beiping at the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party.Mao Zedong said: "We hope to occupy Nanjing in April or May, and then convene a Political Consultative Conference in Beiping to form a coalition government and make Beiping the capital." Shortly after the closing of the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee, before Wang Jiaxiang left Xibaipo, Mao Zedong asked him to talk to him again. Mao Zedong said: "After the meeting, personnel arrangements will be made. You will leave the Northeast Bureau." Wang Jiaxiang asked, "What's the mission?" He looked at each other, he knew Wang Jiaxiang very well.Wang Jiaxiang is a gifted scholar from Anhui Province. Soon after joining the party, he worked as an officer in the Central Propaganda Department. He served as the editor-in-chief of the Central Party Newspaper and the director of the General Political Department of the Red Army. He was fully qualified to be the head of the Central Propaganda Department. During the chairmanship, Jiaxiang served as the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and later went to Moscow to serve as the CCP's representative to the Communist International. He could speak Russian... Mao Zedong said: "There are two jobs that the central government wants you to do. One is the head of the Central Propaganda Department, and the other is the first ambassador to the Soviet Union and the first deputy minister of foreign affairs. Both jobs are very important and are suitable for you to do. , which one do you want to do?" Wang Jiaxiang hesitated a little, and said, "This is the trust placed in me by the central government and the chairman. Give me a day to think about it." Mao Zedong smiled, and said: "Okay. Let me know after you think about it. The Central Committee will announce it after it enters Peiping." Before leaving Xibaipo, Wang Jiaxiang chose to be the first ambassador to the Soviet Union. Mao Zedong said: Nie Rongzhen has vision. That day, Wang Jiaxiang left after talking about his thoughts on Dingdu.Mao Zedong walked out of the yard and came to the cypress forest next to the village, walking and thinking.A guard followed him, keeping a distance. We are about to enter Peiping soon.On New Year's Day, Ye Jianying, who was scheduled to serve as the first people's mayor of Peiping, announced the establishment of the Beiping Military Control Committee somewhere in Hebei, and prepared a team of cadres to enter the city.Mao Zedong still thought that he had left Peiping for nearly 30 years.He has a lot of affection for Peiping, where he was baptized by the "May 4th" Movement in 1919.He thought of the Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square, the Summer Palace, Beihai... and No. 9 Tofu Chi Hutong, Gulou Back Street, and No. 7 Ji'an East Jiadao, Sanyanjing, Jingshan East Street, where he lived.Especially in the small private house in Ji'an East Jiadao, he lived together with seven or eight people including Cai Hesen and Luo Zhanglong, covered them with a big quilt, and joked about whose feet stink.He also thought of the sacrificed Li Dazhao, and it was with Li Dazhao's enthusiastic help that he became a Marxist-Leninist... It is best not to fight Peking, and it is best to liberate it peacefully.Can peaceful liberation be achieved?Fu Zuoyi has two tricks.In August last year, Fu Zuoyi, who served as the commander-in-chief of the Kuomintang's "suppression general" in North China, also organized an elite army to attack Xibaipo directly from Beiping and Baoding, acting swiftly and arrogantly.At that time our main force was not nearby, and the situation was very critical.He had no choice but to sing "Empty City Strategies" and wrote a commentary for Xinhua News Agency, which was broadcast in full by the radio station. He humorously named and warned Fu Zuoyi: You are so empty in Beiping, only guarded by the 28th Division of the Youth Army. don't want?A piece of paper frightened Fu Zuoyi away. He thought about it, subconsciously waved his hand.The guard who was not far behind thought he wanted to drink water, so he hurried up and handed him the water bottle.He didn't ask for water, but still took the water bottle with a smile and raised his neck to take a big sip. Returning to his residence from the woods, what awaited him was another batch of telegrams from all over the world.Among them was a telegram from Nie Rongzhen about the peaceful liberation of Peking.Nie Rongzhen believes that it is best not to hand over a battered city to the Party Central Committee, and strive for peaceful liberation as much as possible.Nie Rongzhen and Fu Zuoyi are old rivals on the battlefield. One is the commander of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region, and the other is the supreme commander of the Kuomintang army in Jinsui. They have fought each other for many years and know each other well.Nie Rongzhen believes that although Fu Zuoyi was pulled into the chariot of the civil war by Chiang Kai-shek, he is a "non-identical brand". When he was desperate, he might lay down his arms after fighting for him.Nie Rongzhen saw that General Fu Zuoyi had a patriotic side, he was upright and witty, and he understood righteousness.During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Fu Zuoyi fought actively and had a good relationship with the Eighth Route Army of the Communist Party.At that time, Lin Biao was still on the front line in Peiping.Lin Biao thought: Fu Zuoyi is very arrogant, he is unlikely to surrender without a fight, and to seek a peaceful settlement, otherwise it will weaken the fighting spirit of our army, and in the end we have to rely on fighting, which will waste time. After Mao Zedong read Nie’s telegram, he said to Zhou En, “Nie Rongzhen has vision.” On the same day, Mao Zedong called back, agreed with Nie Rongzhen’s opinion, and instructed the Pingjin Front Command: As long as Fu Zuoyi allows us to take over Pingjin peacefully, he is allowed to edit two An army can pardon his war crimes, his private property can be preserved, and the property and safety of his subordinates can also be guaranteed. He also told Zhou Enlai that after we entered a big city, in addition to accepting the old regime, public security, food supply, currency and finance, and other issues, there is also a very important issue of dealing with foreigners and foreign governments. We must have our own foreign policy.He also said: "After the liberation of Peking, we will hold the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee, and we will decide on foreign policy at that time." From this, the two also talked about a contest between Wu Xiuquan and the Americans when he went to seize the radio station of the old American consulate after the liberation of Shenyang more than a month ago. Wu Xiuquan confiscated the radio station of the former U.S. Consulate in Shenyang Before the battle was over, a military jeep rushed towards Shenyang city with gunpowder. On November 2, 1948, the Northeast People's Liberation Army launched a general offensive to Shenyang.When the fierce battle was still going on in the city, Wu Xiuquan and Tao Zhu had just met up, crossed our army's position in a jeep, and went straight to the city.At that time, Chen Yun was appointed as the director of the Shenyang Military Management Committee, Wu Xiuquan and Tao Zhu were the deputy directors, Wu Xiuquan was also the commander of the Shenyang garrison, and Tao Zhu was also the political commissar of the garrison.Wu Xiuquan had been to Shenyang when he was working in the Military Dispatch Department, and he knew the roads very well. The two drove through the streets and alleys in a jeep and rushed to the Taihe Hotel, which our army had occupied and served as a temporary headquarters.It was too dangerous. They were stopped by many Kuomintang troops on the way. Fortunately, they wanted to contact the uprising, so there was no accident.Wu Xiuquan discussed with Tao Zhu, only to disarm them and not to accept their uprising, so as not to be burdened and hinder the action.Afterwards, Zhou Enlai told them that Mao Zedong had lovingly criticized that, as a commander, how could he go directly to the front line to die? Because Wu Xiuquan had dealt with the Americans in the Military Dispatch Department during Marshall's mediation, he divided labor in the Military Control Commission and took care of foreign affairs.He quickly grasped the foreign-related situation in Shenyang and deployed corresponding measures. Shenyang is the largest and most important city in Northeast China, and the center of politics, economy and culture in Northeast China.Before the liberation of Shenyang, with the fierce competition between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party for the Northeast, and the complicated background involving the Soviet Union and Japan in the Northeast, relevant parties in the CCP noticed that the former US Consulate General in Shenyang was the largest foreign consulate in Shenyang. An important intelligence point in Northeast China has been conducting illegal intelligence activities in recent years.After investigation, most of them are agents of the CIA or the intelligence department of the US military wearing the cloak of "diplomats".For example, "Consul" Huber once served as a secret service instructor in Dai Li's Chongqing secret service agency "China-US Cooperation Institute".According to the international law at the time, consulates did not have the right to send radio reports, but these consulates owned many radio stations on the grounds that they needed to communicate with their own governments, and the Kuomintang government also recognized them.Quite a few of these stations are engaged in espionage activities that do not match their diplomatic status.With the frequent success of the People's Liberation Army in the Northeast battlefield, people's regimes have been established in various parts of the Northeast, and the espionage activities of Western imperialism have become more rampant. Many radio stations have been transferred underground to collect and transmit political and military intelligence in the Liberated Areas, directly threatening the people. regime security. In accordance with the policy set by the central government, the Shenyang Military Control Commission first announced that it would not recognize the status of "diplomats" of foreign consulates stationed in Shenyang. After consulting the central government, it began to take measures to cancel the various privileges that these consulates originally had, one of which was The consulates of various countries in Shenyang are required to hand over the radio stations they own. On November 16, the Shenyang Military Control Commission issued an order requiring all foreign consulates in Shenyang to hand over their radio stations within 36 hours after receiving the order. The former consulates of Britain, France and other countries replied that they did not have radio stations.The former U.S. consulate admitted to owning the radio station, but refused to hand it over. On the afternoon of November 18, Wu Xiuquan summoned Angus Ward, the former Consul General of the US Consulate in Shenyang, at the Military Control Commission and ordered him to hand over all the radio stations owned by the consulate. As soon as Ward heard Wu Xiuquan finish speaking, he said: "The radio station used by the consulate is the property of the U.S. government. I have no right to hand it over without the permission of the U.S. State Department." The bearded consul general thought for a while and said, "Besides, the radio station After handing over, we will not be able to communicate with the outside world." After Wu Xiuquan once again affirmed the people's government's policy on foreign personnel stationed in China, he refuted Ward's sophistry that "it must be approved by the State Council."Talking about the other party's external liaison, he said: "After your important telegram has been reviewed and approved by our side, Xinhua News Agency can send it on your behalf." "Mr. Deputy Director, we still cannot hand over the station," Ward said. Wu Xiuquan warned unceremoniously: "If you refuse to hand it over, we will send someone to fetch it." Ward said disapprovingly, "That's your business." Ward returned to the original consulate at No. 38 Sanjing Road, and immediately drafted a letter of protest from the "Consul General of the US Consulate in Shenyang".The letter of protest stated: "Although the US Consulate has no power to oppose the taking of the radio station by the Martial Control Commission, it must protest this matter. Because the radio station is the property of the US government, the Consul General is responsible for all custody and use rights." That night, after reading the seemingly tough protest letter from Ward, Wu Xiuquan couldn't help but smile lightly, and immediately saw through the little tricks of this American.The other party adopted a tough attitude, trying to scare the people's regime and prevent the military control committee from confiscating the radio station.If the military control committee forcibly enters the consulate to confiscate the radio station, the US will create public opinion in the international community and attack the regime in the Liberated Areas for "entering the consulate for inspection and forcibly taking away US property." In the face of Ward's protest, how will the Martial Control Commission act?Since this was the first time the People's Liberation Army had had such a contest with the former consulate of a major Western country after entering a big city, Wu Xiuquan asked the central government for instructions in the name of the Shenyang Military Control Commission late that night.At the same time, he also sent personnel to monitor the former US consulate to prevent it from transferring the radio station. On November 20, the Central Committee replied to the Military Control Commission of Shenyang City, giving instructions: The U.S. consulate refused to hand over the radio station to me. Its purpose was to force me into the embassy to take it by force. This resulted in two excuses for me to enter the consulate for inspection and forcibly seize the property of the U.S. government.Our countermeasures should be based on the initiative. First, we must declare to them that the government of our liberated areas has no diplomatic relations with the U.S. government, and we cannot recognize all the rights that the old consulate obtained from the Kuomintang government.The people's government of our country treats the personnel of the old American consulate in Shenyang only as foreigners, and protects their living safety, not official contacts.If the personnel of the old consulate do not abide by the decrees announced by the People's Liberation Army and the Military Control Commission, the Military Control Commission has the right to conduct personal and indoor inspections and prohibit the freedom of movement of the personnel of the old consulate.until deportation.Therefore, our military control committee has the right to order the old consulate to stop communication with the radio station, and hand over the radio station to me for safekeeping. When the two sides establish diplomatic relations in the future, or when the old consulate personnel return from Shenyang, they will be returned.The staff of the old consulate refused to accept this order, and our military control committee should send the public security organs into the room to receive it by themselves, and the two sides will count and sign and seal it.If the staff of the old consulate still refuses to hand it over, we will conduct a whole-consulate inspection. At 1:00 p.m. on the same day when the central telegram was received, the Shenyang Military Control Commission and the Public Security Bureau immediately deployed operations to enter the former US consulate and seize the radio station. After the Military Control Commission and public security personnel entered the former consulate, the inspectors first submitted the inspection notice from the Shenyang Military Control Commission to Ward himself.Its content is: Sir, the radio station of the former U.S. Consulate General refused the order of the No. 1 official letter of the association and handed it over within 36 hours. .In order to ensure the exact implementation of the No. 2 official letter order of this association, the special agent came to take over all the parts, all parts and the engine of the radio station.And because Mr. Contempt of the order of the Association, in the future, except with the permission of the city government, all personnel of the old US Consulate in Shenyang are prohibited from freely communicating with the outside world, and strictly abide by all orders of the Association related to this measure. Ward took the notice from the Military Control Commission and read it carefully several times. Although he tried his best to appear calm and composed in front of the inspectors, the nervousness on his face and the trembling of his sideburns still revealed the panic and timidity in his heart.The American, who was still very arrogant in front of Wu Xiuquan the day before yesterday, saw that the military control committee was not afraid of threats and was serious, so he had no choice but to honestly lead the public security personnel to the rooms where the radio stations were installed. The confiscation work started at 1 pm and ended at 11 pm that night. A total of 9 radio transceivers were seized, 7 of which were portable; in addition, there were several generators, hand motors and other auxiliary equipment.Even if a consulate needs to communicate with the outside world, it is far from needing such a large number of radio stations. Obviously, they are using these radio stations to engage in dishonorable activities.The espionage case uncovered later proved that this is a command point of the Northeast American spy network. Facing so many radio equipment, Ward knew he was wrong, his face turned blue, and his whole body looked listless. In front of Ward, the public security personnel counted the transceivers and other items one by one, and wrote two receipts to Ward, asking him to sign the receipt.At the same time, the public security officers asked him to write a document to ensure that there were no radio stations within the old consulate, which included the former consulate, the residence of the consul general, and a courtyard of the "Mobil Firm" next to the former consulate; and related equipment, there are no other items in the original consulate. Ward signed the receipt.When writing the guarantee materials, he stated that although there were consular staff living in the "Meifu Commercial House", the courtyard was private property and did not belong to the original consulate. Although Ward knows a little Chinese, it can be seen that he does not know the allusion of the famous Chinese idiom "There is no silver three hundred taels here".His statement immediately aroused the suspicion of the public security personnel.After going through the confiscation procedures and leaving the old consulate, the public security department immediately deployed a secret surveillance on the "Meifu Company". Before leaving, the inspectors announced Ward’s punishment for resisting the order of the Military Control Commission: Except for the handymen who can go to the streets to purchase daily necessities and vegetables under our supervision, the rest of the personnel are not allowed to leave their residences at will (Ward residence, the original consulate and the nearby Mobil firm), and the rest of the staff included Ward and his subordinates from the former consulate. According to the facts seized, the Shenyang Military Control Committee has every reason to deport Ward and others.Ward is very worried about this, even the US ambassador to China Leighton Stuart who was informed of this situation is also very worried.Thus, Ward did not protest the MCC's punishment. On the night of the second day after the radio station was confiscated, three American agents, Hiroki Sasaki, Bo Yancang, and Wu Renjie, were arrested.The public security personnel also seized 6 American transceivers, 3 generators, 16 codebooks, espionage work plans, instruction letters, information on the American "TS" spy organization and personnel resumes, and 28 intelligence papers and more than 40 various maps and charts.The Military Control Commission obtained evidence of espionage at the former U.S. Consulate from the confessions of Sasaki Hirosuke and other agents.Later, all foreign personnel of the former US Consulate in Shenyang were deported by the Shenyang People's Court. We're going to "reinvent the wheel" and "clean up the house before entertaining" A few days later, a Politburo meeting was held at Mao's residence in Xibaipo to analyze the current situation and the party's tasks in 1949.One day after dinner, Mao Zedong passed by the door of the Confidential Section and found two young soldiers of the Confidential Section sitting on a stone with a small wooden board on their knees, practicing calligraphy with pencils with their heads down.He had known the two brats not so long ago.One morning, he was woken up by noises nearby and a little annoyed, he got up and went out to see what was going on.It turned out that the two young recruits from the Confidentiality Division were playing around, but somehow they took it seriously, and there was a quarrel.The captain criticized them for waking up Chairman Mao, and one of them cried.Seeing that they were so young, they were new fighters, and they didn't know the rules, so his anger disappeared. He asked the crying little soldier's name.A soldier beside him said: "His nickname is 'rich peasant'." He said humorously: "Don't cry, I am also a 'rich peasant', I will partner with you, okay?" One sentence made everyone laugh, and the crying little soldier burst into laughter. Then, he asked about their names, places of origin, why they served in the army, whether they had read books, and how many years they had been studying.He said to the captain and the soldiers: "You are not well-educated. When you have time, don't play around and learn to read. Tell the confidential section chief to buy you a piece of paper and distribute it to everyone to learn to write." At this moment, seeing the two soldiers learning to write seriously, he was very satisfied, so he asked the crying soldier: "Mate 'rich peasant', what are you doing learning culture?" The little soldier replied: "Learn the culture well, and in the future, I will drive an iron ox and go back to my hometown to cultivate the land." "That's called a tractor." He smiled, and asked another little soldier, "What about you?" Another said: "My grandfather was a boxer in the Boxer Regiment. He was killed by the Eight-Power Allied Forces. I... want to avenge my grandfather." As soon as he heard about the Eight-Power Allied Forces, his expression turned serious. He stretched out his hand to read the crooked handwriting written by the little soldier, and said emotionally, "We will send you to study when we enter Beiping!" As soon as the Eight-Power Allied Forces are mentioned, he will think of the burning, killing and looting of foreign devils, the massacre of Boxers and Chinese people by foreign guns, the looting of the Forbidden City in Beijing, and the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. The envoys of 11 countries signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" that humiliated the country and put the Dongjiaominxiang area on the east side of Tiananmen Square under the jurisdiction of each country.Since then, various countries have built barracks, bunkers, banks, and police stations here, and Dongjiaominxiang has become a country within a country and a lair of imperialist reactionary forces in Beijing. During the "May 4th" Movement, patriotic youths chanted the slogan "Down with the Great Powers" and marched and demonstrated in Dongjiaomin Lane.When he was in Beijing, he also went to Dongjiaomin Lane with Deng Zhongxia, Luo Zonghan, Peng Huang and other passionate young people. Looking at the foreign military flags, bunkers, gun holes, foreign soldiers and policemen, their blood rushed to their foreheads... After that, The Beiyang warlord government and Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing National Government also pursued a foreign policy of surrendering to imperialism, allowing the imperialist reactionary forces represented by Dongjiaominxiang to do whatever they wanted in China. New China wants to end the history of humiliation of the Chinese people, and its diplomacy needs to start anew, sweeping away the privileges of imperialism in China! As early as September 1, 1944, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an "Instruction on Foreign Policy to the United States" in Yan'an, which was directed at President Roosevelt's order for the US military observation team to come to Yan'an and consider assisting the CCP in the war of resistance. It is the first diplomatic work instruction issued by the Communist Party of China.The document stated: "This kind of diplomacy is still semi-independent diplomacy, because on the one hand, the Chongqing National Government is still the central government recognized by the Chinese (including us) and the allied countries, and many diplomatic exchanges must be recognized by it. But on the other hand The Kuomintang does not want us to conduct diplomatic activities alone, and we and our allies can only facilitate our diplomatic exchanges and obtain direct international assistance if we break through the various prohibitions and constraints of the Kuomintang. However, the foreign policy to be formulated when Beiping was about to be liberated was a completely independent diplomatic strategy. If the task of formulating foreign policy before 1949 was not very realistic and urgent for the CCP, by the eve of the liberation of Beiping in early 1949, the reality that the Chinese Communist Party was about to enter the city to take power made this task urgent.In fact, in 1948, the People’s Liberation Army occupied some cities during the counter-offensive, especially after liberating Shenyang, a large northeastern city, at the end of the year. Schools, hospitals, factories, mines, shops run by foreign capital, and even foreign consulates and foreign banks, this began to raise the requirement to formulate some specific foreign policies.At that time, the central government issued the "Instructions on Policies for Treating Foreigners in China", but those were only temporary measures and regulations. Therefore, from January 6th to 8th, just after the new year in 1949, in this small mountain village at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, Mao Zedong presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee to discuss the situation and tasks, and passed the "Current Situation and The Party's Tasks in 1949".At this meeting, Mao Zedong also talked about his foreign policy ideas to his comrades in the Politburo, that is, to "start anew" and "clean the house before entertaining guests."He said to everyone: "Senior cadres should understand that when the whole country is opened up, things will start. At that time, it will feel more difficult than fighting." , Calculated in the battle plan, so as not to be in a situation of being at a loss when something happens.He pointed out that the U.S. policy toward China is changing. When the People’s Liberation Army is close to national victory, they will even resort to the method of recognizing the People’s Republic in order to gain legal status and implement a policy of “internal sabotage.” Cannot fail to draw attention. On the 19th of this month, Mao Zedong, who personally controlled the foreign policy of the CCP, reviewed and revised the draft of the "Instructions on Diplomatic Work" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In the "Specific Policies" section, the following two items were added: (1) Diplomatic relations.We will not recognize any embassies, legations, consulates and their affiliated diplomatic agencies and diplomatic personnel in capitalist countries recognized by the Kuomintang government before the People's Republic of China establishes formal diplomatic relations with these countries. Treated as foreign nationals, subject to effective protection.Military attaches from these countries should be treated the same as diplomats.But for American military attaches, because they directly aided the Kuomintang in fighting the civil war, troops should be sent to monitor them, and they should not be given freedom.As for the consulates of the Soviet Union and new democratic countries and their diplomatic agencies and personnel, because their foreign policy is fundamentally different from that of capitalist countries, our attitude towards them should also be fundamentally different from that of capitalist countries. nation.But because the people's country has not formally established diplomatic relations with them like other foreign countries, we now only have informal diplomatic exchanges with their diplomatic agencies in China, and their military attaches are the same. (2) Finally, and most importantly, no foreign country or the United Nations is allowed to interfere in China's internal affairs.Because China is an independent country, matters within China should be resolved by the Chinese people and the people's government themselves.If a foreigner mentions foreign governments mediating China's civil war, etc., they should be completely rejected. On January 20th, the third day after Tianjin was liberated, and Peiping was about to be peacefully liberated, Mao Zedong drafted a telegram for the CPC Central Committee to the Tianjin Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and informed Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, Nie Rongzhen and the CPC Beiping Municipal Committee, pointing out: "Everything you treat foreigners For any specific step, opinions should be submitted to the central government in advance, and action can only be taken with the approval of the central government.” Shortly after nightfall on January 22, Mao Zedong received a telegram from the Pingjin frontline headquarters, reporting that Fu Zuoyi had finally announced his acceptance of our plan on the peaceful liberation of Peiping, and made a "Regarding the Defense of the Whole City" to the Beiping defenders to which he belonged. The troops left the city to wait for the announcement of the adaptation", and more than 200,000 defenders in the city moved out of the city one after another.Mao Zedong approved the request from the front-line headquarters for our army to hold a grand entrance ceremony and pass through Dongjiaomin Lane.Afterwards, according to Wang Bingnan's recollection, Mao Zedong instructed that American tanks and cannons should be drawn out and pass in front of the American consulate. Teams of tanks and artillery drove through Dongjiaomin Lane deliberately On January 31, the fourth day of the Lunar New Year, Mo Wenhua, the political commissar of the 41st Army, received a telegram from the Pingjin Front Command, and led the 121st Division as the first troops to enter the city from Xizhimen. Fu Zuoyi's troops took over the defense.As soon as the troops entering the city entered Xizhimen, they were immediately warmly welcomed by the citizens and students of Peiping who came out from all over the city.Some citizens of Beiping said that although it is the fourth day of the Lunar New Year, today is the real Chinese New Year! Su Jin, the first deputy commander and chief of staff of the Northeast Field Army's special forces, who accepted a special mission from the frontline headquarters, entered the city through Yongding Gate quietly on this day. His task is to go into the city to investigate the route of the grand entrance ceremony scheduled to be held on February 3.A few days ago, he had conducted careful and careful research on the map with relevant personnel, and selected a parade route into the city.Before the defense troops entered the city, he had sent a commander of the artillery regiment and an armored regiment to the city in advance, and focused on investigating the road conditions in Dongjiaomin Lane. On January 31st, Su Jin led five people in a jeep and a truck to survey the entire line of the parade route into the city to see if vehicles, guns and tanks could pass along the way.They entered the city from Yongdingmen, passed Tianqiao, Qianmen Street, passed the Qianmen Archery Tower where the head of the frontline headquarters and the leaders of Peiping City were scheduled to review the rostrum, did not go through Tiananmen Square, and passed through Dongjiaomin Lane to Dongdan, Dongsi, Xisi, Xidan, Xuanwumen, finally leave the city from Guang'anmen, and return to Nanyuan station. Prior to this, the city-entry military inspection and formation training at Nanyuan Airport were also completed.Beginning on January 22, the armored regiments, motorized artillery regiments, tank regiments, and anti-aircraft artillery regiments of the Northeast Field Army and the North China Field Army were ordered to go to Nanyuan Airport for intensive training for more than ten days, except for the mission-performing teams.The vehicles, guns and tanks that had just come out of the front line were covered in black mud. After washing overnight, all the equipment looked brand new.The cotton coats worn by the soldiers have been soaked in blood, sweat, and mud many times after more than a dozen days and nights of bloody fighting on the front line in Tianjin. Some are black and shiny, and some are in dilapidated condition. An essential task during training.部队白天紧张地训练队形，夜间检修擦拭车辆大炮，或是生火洗烤棉衣、补衣服，官兵们完全沉浸在胜利的喜悦中，嘴里讲的，心里想的，都是参加入城式，一定要把人民军队的雄姿展现在北平市民面前，一定要让驻扎在东交民巷的帝国主义分子看一看人民军队的威风。 2月3日，北风劲吹，天气很冷，但北平人民的热情很高，一大早，从永定门直到前门大街上，人山人海。10时整，4颗照明弹升上天空，入城式开始了。在红旗下前导的军乐队不断高奏着雄壮的《中国人民解放军进行曲》，接着就是坦克、装甲部队，再接着是炮兵、骑兵、步兵。美国造的坦克、美国造的大道奇车拖着美国造的大炮，战士们都武装着缴获过来的美式装备，在当时可算得上是现代化的装备了。 在前门大街上，坦克、装甲车被欢迎的群众围了起来。学生们爬上坦克车去贴标语。标语用完了，就用笔在炮筒、装甲车板上写。最后，连战士们刚洗干净的棉军衣上也写了标语：“庆祝北平解放！”“欢迎解放军！”“解放全中国！”学生们争着往车上挤，争先恐后地与战士们握手，挤不上的就围着坦克、大炮扭秧歌。 后来，苏进在《回忆北平入城式》一文中，对当时穿过东交民巷的情景作了如下记述—— 钢铁洪流般的坦克、装甲车和大炮，浩浩荡荡地通过了东交民巷。这个自1900年《辛丑条约》签订以来一直为帝国主义盘踞的使馆区，今天，中国的军队和人民第一次在这里扬眉吐气，昂首挺胸，自由出入。我们的游行队伍见到，美、英等国领事馆门窗紧闭，里面的人躲在玻璃窗后偷偷向外看，有的还偷偷地拍照。看到帝国主义者们的丑态，我们认识到总指挥部决定游行队伍从东交民巷穿越而过的行动实在太英明了，它真正起到了向帝国主义分子们示威的作用。钢铁的队伍隆隆驶过使馆区，大煞帝国主义的威风，大长中国人民的志气！这使帝国主义者们看到，他们送给蒋介石军队用来屠杀中国人民的先进武器，已经交到人民解放军的手中。我军用这些武器，解放了东北，解放了天津、北平，还要解放全中国！ （2）三大战役后，美国总统杜鲁门批准了重新调整美国对华政策，司徒雷登对蒋介石从积极支持，变为坚决抛弃，司徒雷登拒绝了国民党要美国调停国共内战的要求，也不愿将使馆随国民党政府南迁广州，英、法等国纷纷效仿 深夜北平传来的信息触动了司徒雷登大使复杂的心绪 已经是半夜了，南京西康路甲1号，美国驻华大使馆院子看上去十分寂静。路灯映照着使馆那铜铸的大门。门口的美国海军陆战队士兵刚刚换岗，在月夜树影中的这栋雅致洋楼里，好几个房间的窗户都还透着灯光。在有要紧事的时候，美国使馆也需晚上工作，因为在南京是晚上的时辰，而大洋彼岸的首都华盛顿正好是上班的时候。目前这些日子，中国的形势发展得很快，对美国驻华大使来说，要紧事非常多。 一个年轻的美国人迈着急促的步子，走进了当中那间最大的办公室。一个鬓发雪白、慈眉善目的老人正在伏案写东西。他放下笔，接过年轻人递过来的电报。年轻人告诉他一份是上海来的，一份是北平来的。老人匆匆看过上海总领事齐艾思的电报，见没有重要事，就放下了。但在看过北平总领事柯乐布的电报后，他的神态骤然变得很严峻了。 这个老人就是美国驻华大使司徒雷登。 他在皮靠椅上坐不住了，拿着电报走到沙发前坐下。从他已经佝偻了的身子与缓步行走的姿态，可看出他至少是70岁出头的年纪了。年轻人帮他拧亮了沙发旁的灯。他又展开电报看了一遍。 北平和平解放，解放军于元月31日开进北平接防以来，他天天都惴惴不安地关注着北平总领事馆方面的消息。去年在共军占领的沈阳，驻沈阳总领事安格斯·沃德就报告说，解放区中共政府已声明，他们不承认原总领事馆从国民党政府手中获取的一切权利，对领事馆人员只当外侨看待，可以保护其居住安全。紧接着，沈阳军管会又收缴了总领事馆馆内的多部电台，引起了一场收缴电台风波…… 中共进驻北平已经四天了，处在市中心天安门附近东交民巷的美国驻北平总领事馆还算平静地度过了这几天。驻北平的总领事柯乐布发来的报告说，中共军队进城后，也来到东交民巷，接管了日本原领事馆和德国原领事馆作为军管会的有关机关，只见穿军装的官员与接管城市的地方干部在那里进进出出。柯乐布报告说，美国驻北平总领事馆暂时还没有发生什么太大的意外，只是解放军刚进城那天，有人在领事馆的围墙外贴了几张关于“欢迎人民子弟兵进城”、“解放全中国”之类的标语。 司徒雷登在北平生活多年，东交民巷是他常去的地方，极为熟悉。读了柯乐布的报告后，他觉得，中共接管东交民巷的日、德领事馆也算是正常之事，这两个“二战”战败国的领事馆早就给蒋介石政权接管了，他们只是从傅作义的手里接过来而已。 但是，2月3日这天晚上，柯乐布发来的电报报告了两则重要的情况： 其一，北京市市长兼军管会主任叶剑英签署发布的《布告》中有这样的条款：原驻北平的各国领事馆及其中人员不能再享受外交人员待遇，而只是作为居住在北平的普通侨民。这个《布告》在大街上张贴，在电台里反复广播。 其二，今日上午，北平举行了隆重的中共部队入城式，入城游行的部队没有经过北平例行集会的天安门，而是专门从外国领事馆区东交民巷穿过。美方人员在窗内可以很清楚地看到中共入城游行部队都经过了美国总领事馆的大门口，队伍中的坦克、装甲车、大炮几乎全是崭新的美式装备。据说入城的官兵们常爱说的俏皮话称这些美国装备都是蒋介石“运输大队长”特别供给的。 他反复揣摩柯乐布这封电报传达的信息。第一条，说明了中共领导人不买美国人的账，共军占领沈阳时也是这么宣布的。他初次获知时感到很惊愕，觉得难以接受，曾想到要提抗议，后来细一想人家不承认国民党政府的政策，美国方面也无可奈何；因为至今美国政府与中共还没有任何外交关系，中共与国民党政权是死对头，人家当然不把原来的美国外交官当作外交人员；可是这次还没有听说中共在北平采取类似在沈阳拘捕美国外交人员的行动，使他在茫然与遗憾中稍许有一点安慰。第二条，中共军队已经用几乎全部美国武器装备起来，并挖苦说这是运输大队长蒋介石给的，这就大大地触动了他内心的痛楚。 他还想起1月16日晚美国驻天津总领事给他发来的电报，电报里说：在天津的美国人不幸地看到，几乎全部用美国武器和军事装备武装起来的共产党部队攻占了天津。据悉，那些武器和装备都是共军在东北从国民党军队手中缴获的。这些武器和装备进一步加强了共产党的力量…… 近一段时期，随着中共从东北至长江以北的节节胜利，使他忧心忡忡的事情就越来越多了。几天前，他见到相识已久的中国著名的女教育家、金陵女子大学校长吴贻芳——这个吴贻芳是中国巾帼精英，是中国第一个女子大学校长，早年在美国留学，几年前曾作为中国代表团成员去纽约参加联合国大会——他们喝咖啡聊天时，她就直言不讳地问他两个问题：一个是，你好端端地当着大学校长，为什么要来当这个吃力不讨好的驻华大使？另一个问题是，你当初为什么要如此积极地支持这个臭名远扬的蒋介石呢？ 马歇尔突然要司徒雷登出任驻华大使，使他大吃一惊 司徒雷登这个美国人，有着独特的经历与独特的性格。 他出生在杭州一个美国传教士的家庭里，能讲一口纯正的杭州话。他熟读中国经史百家的国粹，在美国人当中，算是一个罕见的中国通了。他经常在嘴边挂着三句关于中国的话： “我爱美国，也爱中国。” “与其说我是一个美国人，还不如说我是一个中国人。” “我生在中国，也愿意死在中国。” 他11岁离开中国返回美国，受家庭的宗教氛围影响，进了纽约协和神学院攻读神学。1902年，他在神学院毕业后，被封为牧师，奉派在华盛顿的第一长老会堂。两年后，在与其表妹艾琳女士结婚后，受南长老会派遣来中国做传教士，这年他26岁。辛亥革命后，孙中山就任中华民国临时大总统，司徒雷登应美利坚合众国际通讯社的邀请，担任驻南京的特约记者，开始留意和收集有关南京政府的情况，每日发出电讯，报告中国政局的发展，并且由此结识孙中山、蔡孑民、王儒堂等政界人物。1915年因家事留美期间，他曾应威尔逊总统邀请到白宫汇报中国的情况。由此开始，他与美国政府有了接触。1918年底，他受教会的派遣到北京筹办燕京大学，1919年1月31日被任命为燕京大学校长。 客观地说，他是一个杰出的教育家，因在中国倾注了大量心血创办燕京大学而蜚声海内外。办校的经费，是他亲自奔波在中美两国，向政要、军阀、富豪、金融家、企业巨头等人物募集来的。他看中了北京西郊海淀的一片土地做校址，就亲自跑到西安去找这块地的业主陕西督军陈树藩，经过讨价还价，只花了6万块光洋就买下了这200多亩土地。有一次，他去找军阀孙传芳。孙传芳不知这个洋人的来意，只给了他100块钱，后来得知他是要办学校，就派人送去两万块。他还设法从美国铝业大王霍尔的教育基金、石油大王洛克菲勒的教育津贴中搞到了办校的资金。为提高教学质量，他请来执教的都是海内外有名的教授，而且给他们以很高的待遇。他把学校环境办得很中国化：宫殿式的教学大楼，庙宇式的大学校门，宝塔式的校用水塔，校园内还有亭阁、古钟、石碑等园林建筑。他还要求学生们熟读孔孟之学。 他对师生总是一副笑眯眯的样子，十分关心。每聘到一位新教师，他总是先请到家里款待一番，体贴入微，使新教师一入校就感到校长的亲切和温暖。他吩咐学校的注册处，对各班比较突出的学生以及学生会领袖的名单和他们的情况，都要向他汇报，并在百忙中总要抽空去找他们或请他们到家里谈心，使得学生“觉得他是兼有了严父的沉静和慈母的温存”。刊物《燕大友声》曾这样描述过他：“这团体上上下下、前前后后，总有上千上万人，这上千上万人的生、婚、病、死四件大事里，都短不了他。为婴孩施洗的是他，证婚的是他，丧礼主仪的也是他。你添了一个孩子，害了一场病，过一次生日，死一个亲人，第一封短简是他寄的，第一盆鲜花是他送的，第一个欢迎微笑，第一句真挚的慰语，都是从他而来的……” “九一八”事变时，他不但在学生举行的反日爱国大会上慷慨陈词，谴责日本帝国主义对中国的侵略行径，还亲自带领学生上街游行，和学生们一起高呼“打倒日本帝国主义”的口号。日本人占领北平后，他也蹲过日本人的监狱。 由于他的声誉日渐升高，罗斯福就任新总统后曾召见他，咨询中国问题，想了解除了战争之外，美国怎样才能阻止日本人侵占中国。 在当时，中国人并不简单地将他看做是美国长老会派来的传教士，而是将他作为一个对中国教育事业作出了贡献的教育家来看待。在素有尊师传统的中国，人们对他献身教育的敬业精神，就更多了一分尊敬。而美国政府又把他当作熟悉中国社会并与中国社会各阶层有着广泛联系的“中国通”来看待。 抗战胜利以后，在国共两党的纷争中，声望很高的马歇尔将军奉杜鲁门总统派遣来中国调停。马歇尔的调停政策在本质上仍没有脱开“扶蒋反共”的窠臼，决定了其调停工作屡屡碰钉子。1946年7月间，马歇尔在无计可施的情况下，向杜鲁门总统提名司徒雷登为美国驻华大使。马歇尔希望利用他在中国的良好声誉以及与中国各方的交往关系，使国共政治谈判不至于陷入死胡同。 当马歇尔突然派人送来一封信、问他是否愿意出任美国驻华大使时，他真是大吃一惊！ 尽管他舍不得苦心经营的燕京大学，但他本人是一个富于牺牲精神的人，他觉得自己是美国人，理该服从美国政府政策的需要，加上提名人又是在美国普遍受人尊敬的马歇尔将军，他还是表示愿意接受这一职务，帮助马歇尔一起促进国共的政治谈判。 司徒雷登辞去校长职务出任美国驻华大使，走上政治舞台，在美国充满矛盾陷入泥潭的对华政策中，充当了一个悲剧角色。 司徒雷登对蒋介石从积极支持，变为坚决抛弃 司徒雷登因创办燕京大学，与当时好些中国官员交朋友打交道。他在早期结识了北洋政府的外交总长颜惠庆、陕西督军陈树藩、山西军阀阎锡山，后来又与孙传芳、韩复榘、宋哲元、张作霖父子以及其他在华北地区的党政要人相识。他还与“基督将军”冯玉祥过从甚密，也和桂系领袖李宗仁、白崇禧常有来往。 但给他留下印象最深、来往最多的大概便是蒋介石了。 他是通过孔祥熙的关系结识蒋介石的。在政治倾向上，他是偏向于蒋介石的。他说他很崇敬“委员长和那位能干的夫人”，并公开宣称自己是“一个彻底的蒋的人”。他也为蒋介石所赏识，成了蒋介石的义务顾问。每次回美国期间，他都呼吁美国政府给蒋政权以尽可能多的支持。因而他一出任美国驻华大使，就两次上庐山与蒋介石见面商谈。 他曾以大使的身份明确地说：“目前世界上发生的一些事件表明，中国的共产主义化已经给我们造成了危险，也给日本和东南亚各国带来影响。这些年来，我们已经深深地陷入了中国的内部事务，我们只好继续给予支持（蒋政权），以便帮助中国解决内乱问题。” 这就表明他在解决国共纷争时一屁股坐在蒋介石国民党一边。有时，他虽然也说几句督促国民党实行改革的话，但更多的是不断地帮蒋介石说情，呼吁美国给予蒋介石更多的援助。当时，经过多年与蒋介石打交道的美国政府已经深知国民党自身的腐败，因而在援助时也强调，只有国民政府实行富有成效的改革，清除国民党内根深蒂固的弊病，才能使美国的援助具有意义。但蒋介石在乞求美援时，只是口头上承诺“要改革，国民政府一定要改革”而已。于是，美援不断来，改革却总未见踪影，实在不得已，就搞一点小修小补的表面文章，以作应付，久而久之，就形成了一个使美国当权者痛苦的“黑圈”：美国需要扶持蒋介石政府以维护其在华的利益，而扶持一个不得人心的蒋介石政府又使美国威信丧失、遭受谴责；美国意欲对蒋政权大声棒喝，施加压力，使其实施改革，但又担心共产党与民主进步力量借此推波助澜，反而加速蒋政权的崩溃。美国这种进退两难的政策，使司徒雷登执行起来就感到尴尬与无奈。 但是，局势发展得太快了！解放军从1947年夏天发动战略反攻，至如今的辽沈、平津、淮海三大战役，尽管美援源源不断，但国共力量对比已经发生了急剧变化，国民党赖以进行内战的精锐部队基本被消灭。美国人援助蒋军的这些现代化装备，很顺利地就“转运”到了中共部队那里。中共的军队如虎添翼，这就更加速了国民党政权的崩溃。美军有的高级将领甚至埋怨说：依现在的情况看，我们与其说是援助与装备蒋介石的部队，还不如说是援助与装备中共的部队！ 司徒雷登终于明白，美国援助蒋介石已经不起什么积极作用了！对于他曾经崇敬的蒋介石，对于国民党政府，他感到了深深的失望。他感到此时的国民党领导再也不能充当美国努力阻止中国共产主义扩展的有效工具了。 1948年10月16日，司徒雷登在给马歇尔国务卿的报告中断言：“除去蒋委员长的直属亲信人员和某些高级军官以外，没有多少中国人继续心悦诚服地支持他了；这个政府，特别是蒋委员长，较之过去更加有负众望，并且愈来愈众叛亲离了。” 10月23日，司徒雷登直截了当地向马歇尔国务卿提出了逐蒋下台的主张：“我们可以劝告蒋委员长退休，让位给李宗仁或者国民党内其他较有前途的政治领袖，以便组成一个没有共产党参加的共和政府。” 在此前后，他还公开地在南京进行倒蒋活动。 11月下旬，蒋介石派宋美龄飞去美国面见杜鲁门总统恳求援助，杜鲁门摆出一副冷面孔说：“美国不能保证无限期地支持一个无法支持的中国。” 当时，国民党内的反对势力也步步进逼要蒋介石下台。12月中旬，蒋介石抱着一丝幻想派张群前往美国使馆探询美国人对其去留的态度，司徒雷登明确地答复说：“我所接触的大多数美国人都认为，绝大多数中国人都觉得委员长作为停止战争的一个重大障碍，应当从他现在的权威地位引退。而中国人民所想的和所要的是形成我们政策的因素。” 蒋介石已经内外交困、心劳力瘁，无法撑持这个分崩离析、濒临覆灭的局势了。于是，蒋介石找李宗仁商榷，打算自己下野，让李宗仁代理总统。 司徒雷登的美国驻华使馆为何没有随国民党政府南迁广州 1月18日，南京的天空阴云低垂，刮着北风，天气特别冷。 司徒雷登一早就离开使馆外出办事，并有意识在大街上兜了一圈。这天，南京的报纸已经详加报道平津战场“本月16日国军在天津狠歼共'匪'军队后进行战略转移”、“华北国军固守北平、重创自东北流窜入关之林彪'匪'部”之类的消息。据司徒雷登了解，南京市民已经看懂了这些报道的含义，就是说：东北的解放军主力已经入关进入华北，天津失守、北平将告失守。随着华北两个最大的城市被共军占领，再加上一个多星期前刚刚结束的淮海战役中，蒋介石的嫡系主力杜聿明集团在淮河流域已被全歼，那么，长江以北以及南京很快就是共产党的天下了。 他在街头感觉到一般市民情绪很平静，在沉默中蕴含着期望，而南京政府的官员却面露仓皇之色，熟人之间见面问起的已经是怎么安排后事了。他的消息是很灵通的，这几天他已经了解到南京政府正在考虑迁往广州，