Chapter 3 A famous saying makes a history

Soviet Union.Zubalovo dacha on the outskirts of Moscow.The frost formed by the severe cold is written all over the glass windows, layer upon layer.Stalin, the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was sitting on a swivel chair behind the large desk, and had just finished reviewing a pile of official documents sent by the secretary.Everything has to be taken care of. He could not remember how many telegrams he had dictated today.Although, gradually, these tasks were done by assistants, secretaries and agencies.However, until the end of his life, he still liked to deal with trivial issues and decide the fate of some people by himself.

The greater Stalin's weight in party and state affairs, the more people tried to solve a large number of problems by relying on the general secretary's personal instructions.What, can't the People's Commissar decide for himself about the military service of tractor drivers?And what if a new building is to be built in the capital, and no secretary can ask about it? Not to mention Stalin, most senior leaders have formed this habit. In a few days, the Seventh Plenary Session of the Communist International will be held, at which a new outline on the China question will be adopted.Although officials of the Comintern have repeatedly stated that the CPSU is only a branch of the Comintern and has only one vote, the fact is that the only communist organization that has truly gained state power is the Soviet Union.Therefore, most of the Comintern's will came from the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union's will was decided by Stalin.

People of insight in the CCP and the CPSU have clearly seen that widespread peasant uprisings will occur in rural China.According to Cai Hesen, an early CCP activist, before the Northern Expedition, "we only fully trained the workers in Shanghai, Guangdong and Hunan".When Chiang Kai-shek's armies invaded new areas, millions of peasants were liberated from their old shackles, and by the spring of 1927, according to Cai Hesen's subsequent estimates, there were tens of thousands of organized peasants in Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and other provinces. No less than 15 million.

Faced with this rising storm, the decision-makers of the Comintern hesitated instead. In October, the Kremlin telegraphed CCP leaders to rein in the peasants so as not to provoke opposition from the Kuomintang generals, many of whom were apparently landlords, who commanded the Northern Expedition.Later, under Trotsky's attack, Stalin had to admit that issuing this instruction had been a mistake. Even so, in rural China, the victorious Kuomintang officers imposed more and more restrictions on the peasant associations and trade unions.Governments in liberated areas, especially in Jiangxi province, have also become increasingly conservative.Regarding the appointment of many Communist Party members in Jiangxi as local administrators, the CPC Central Committee’s view is: “These comrades will lose contact with the masses, and our party will no longer be trusted by the masses. Therefore, these Communist Party members must resign, or Quit the party." However, as soon as this instruction was issued, the Seventh Plenary Session in Moscow sent a new notice, instructing the Communists to join the government in order to separate power from the Kuomintang. Children on the road dare not let go of the "adults" around them, and they have to look into the eyes of the "adults" from time to time; while the "parents" who are not a few years older and not very mature, face the busy intersection. Unavoidably dizzy, the "parents" held the "child"'s hands naturally tighter and tighter.

Another situation is that when the seventh enlarged meeting of the Executive Committee of the Communist International was held, the differences in the Soviet party were becoming more and more acute.Shortly before the Seventh Plenum, the joint meeting of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the CPSU decided to give Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev and others a warning and to exonerate Trotsky. Membership of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.Discussion on the China issue was originally the main agenda of the Seventh Enlarged Plenary Session, but it also took on the color of sectarian struggle.

In early November, during the lull in the fighting on the North China Road, Chiang Kai-shek's forces pushed eastward, occupying Jiujiang on November 3 and Nanchang on November 9.At that time the Comintern had completed preparations for the Seventh Plenum of the Executive Committee in Moscow.Bubnov, Raskolnikov, and Vikingsky were commissioned to draft the "First Draft of the Outline on China Issues."After a short visit to China, Bubnov returned to Moscow to give a military briefing, and proposed that in order to use the Kuomintang and its land-owning military officers to gain control over the whole of China, the Communists must support the Northern Expedition.This means doing everything possible to prevent an agrarian revolution.

After reading the outline drafted by Bubnov and others, Stalin put it on the large writing desk, then turned the swivel chair to the window, and stared at the garden silently for a long time.The general secretary doesn't like dense forests. Every spring, he personally points out which trees should be sawed off. The general secretary's current posture means that he wants to "saw off" the "tree" of the first draft. Yes, Stalin rejected Bubnov's proposal.After discussing with Bukharin, Stalin and Bukharin drafted a diametrically opposite theses.The new theses focus on the need for an agrarian revolution.

The first meeting of the Seventh Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International was opened by Bukharin on November 22, 1926.Delegates and guests packed the Kremlin conference hall to stormy applause for Bukharin's arrival.After the opening ceremony, he announced: We pay tribute to the great Chinese people who persist in the large-scale revolutionary liberation struggle, and we pledge in the name of the entire Communist International and the working class of the world that we will do everything possible to support this movement at any cost. A world-historic struggle. In addition to Bukharin, Tan Pingshan, Luo Yi and Stalin himself made reports at this meeting.

Tan Pingshan attended the meeting on behalf of the CCP.He took a boat to Vladivostok and then to Moscow.He differed from General Counselor Borodin in that he advocated the use of the Northern Expedition to achieve the main purpose of launching an agrarian revolution throughout China.But after arriving in Moscow, he found that most of the cadres supported Borodin's idea of ​​overthrowing Chiang Kai-shek and redistributing land on a large scale, and they all persuaded him, and his views changed somewhat (strangely, the two men were in the second Years have changed views again). As Zinoviev's successor, Bukharin became the chairman of the Communist International.In his speech, he said that the main mistake of the CCP at that time was that it did not pay enough attention to the peasant issue.He said that the main tendency of mistakes was excessive fear of the development of the peasant movement and insufficient insistence on the necessity of land reform in the Kuomintang-occupied areas.

Tan Pingshan, a member of the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, did not refute Bukharin's point of view in his subsequent speech, but only made some explanations: the Chinese Communist Party is weak in both numbers and organization.Her membership had quintupled in the past year, but she had not had time to organize tightly or form a leadership cohesion.Most of the comrades (especially those related to the peasant question) are inexperienced and lack theoretical training. He was telling the truth.At that time, the peasant movement had started spontaneously in many places, but most of them were unorganized or lacked experienced leadership.So far, there is no clear land program and unified slogan, and most of the peasants themselves are still suffering under the "prejudice and remnants of the feudal system".Therefore, the situation of farmers in China is very complicated.So Tan Pingshan said: "For this reason, we hope that the Communist International and its various departments will give us great help in terms of theory and practical experience. Only in this case can we solve the complicated Chinese problems regardless of all difficulties."

As for what line the Chinese Communist Party should take on the peasant issue?Tan Pingshan obeyed the authority of the Communist International. He said: On this issue, we fully agree with Comrade Bukharin's point of view: in the anti-imperialist national revolutionary movement, develop China's peasant movement and maintain the united front of all strata. This argument of Bukharin also set the tone of Tan Pingshan's report on "The Situation in China". Stalin sat on the sidelines without saying a word, silently smoking his famous pipe that was with him. In those days, if someone suggested to Stalin something he didn't know, he always listened carefully, and when he thought the opinion was reasonable, he immediately adopted it without any doubt.However, just as he was contemplating a solution, Tan Pingshan's words put him in a dilemma again. "We still have bigger problems." Tan Pingshan said, "Since the establishment of the Guangzhou Nationalist Government in July last year, it has been a leftist government in name, but in fact it is a rightist government." He said in a somewhat contradictory tone: But the power of the party (that is, the power of the Kuomintang) is in the hands of leftist groups, which together with the Communists control nine tenths of the local Kuomintang organizations.The task of the Communist Party is to strengthen the left, attack the right, isolate the middle (referring to Chiang Kai-shek) and push it to the left.All of this is of extreme importance, because the Chinese revolution urgently needs a national revolutionary united front, a united front that includes all revolutionary strata of the people who oppose the imperialists and the remnants of feudalism.Here, the Chinese communists are basically faced with a dilemma.We must safeguard the interests of the peasants, but on the other hand, we must maintain and consolidate the united front of the national revolutionary movement.Under such contradictory circumstances, it is not easy to stick to a correct strategy.The withdrawal of the Communist Party from the united front means its split.Therefore, the Communists must do their best to further develop the Kuomintang and use the Kuomintang to continue the national revolution... Interestingly, Tan Pingshan differed from Bukharin in describing the two prospects for the Chinese revolution.He believed that either the Chinese proletariat succeeded in carrying the national revolution to the end with the support of the world proletariat; or the Chinese new bourgeoisie took the leadership of the Chinese revolution into its own hands and developed Chinese capitalism with the aid of imperialism. , and slowly wipe out the Chinese revolution by means of compromise.Here Tan also mentioned the "Dai Jitao Doctrine" and the March 20 incident that Zhou Enlai had always considered the most dangerous guy.He said these two events were an attempt by the bourgeoisie to wrest the leadership of the revolution from the proletariat. Tan Pingshan's predictions all came true later.However, the Seventh Plenary Session did not attract attention to this.When discussing Tan Pingshan's report, no one considered the possibility that the bourgeoisie in the Kuomintang, especially Chiang Kai-shek, would be blinded by the "brilliance" of the Northern Expedition.The congress only focused on the mistakes of the Chinese Communist Party on the peasant issue and the land issue, and especially on the issue of the Chinese Communist Party's withdrawal from the Kuomintang. Petrov was impassioned: "Comrades, it is a pity that this completely wrong proposal (referring to withdrawing from the Kuomintang) has also received sympathy and repercussions in our Communist Party of the Soviet Union. We believe that this is a very harmful capitulationist view. , a defeatist ideology that must be eliminated! The right wing, which is trying to seize the leadership of the Chinese bourgeoisie, is trying to reach an understanding with imperialism and openly break with the Communist Party. If the CCP follows the advice of the Russian opposition party and withdraws from the Kuomintang, it will make the The right wing of the Kuomintang has nothing to fear. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to maintain the national revolutionary united front in the historical development stage of the Chinese revolution at that time.” Thälmann's tone was much calmer: "We have a part of the China issue that is fresh and interesting, but the whole issue is very complicated, so we must be particularly cautious when acting there." Speaking of this, Thälmann cited a Not very clear example.That means that if we cannot make full use of the Kuomintang, it means that we doubt or do not believe in the strength of the Communist Party itself. Shao Lizi, a representative of the Kuomintang, also attended the meeting. After he stated that the Kuomintang "under the leadership of the Communist Party and the Communist International will definitely complete its historical mission", this "dwarf" who will be called the "Peaceful Old Man" in the future said something shocking Important words from great people. "We firmly believe that without arms there is no victory for the revolution, and the situation in China is a particularly proof of this experience." Stalin emptied his pipe and filled it with a pinch of tobacco.Then a louder voice shook him. Roy spoke.Unusually, he first targeted the United States: "The United States seeks to invade China secretly under the label of liberal, humane imperialism, to replace the cruel and greedy old imperialism. That is to say, the United States wants to use 'benevolent 'to strangle China, not with bombs and machine guns. We know that we must be more careful with such 'friends'! The Chinese revolution at this stage should first and foremost be a peasant revolution. To confiscate the property of the big landlords, this problem cannot be avoided .It must be clearly stated and answered in the affirmative or in the negative." To Stalin, Roy seemed like an angry poet writing poetry.Stalin also wrote poetry when he was a student, but he abandoned poetry when he joined the revolution.But his little poem "Morning" 20 years ago was included in the textbooks of Georgian elementary school students.He always felt that poetry made people gentle.Revolution needs philosophy, political economy, and especially military science.Therefore, he especially appreciated Shao Lizi's words.After Roy's speech, Stalin made a report to the plenary meeting, and put forward a conclusion that will become familiar to people in the future: "In China, it is the armed revolution against the armed counter-revolution." Stalin explained: "In the struggle of Chinese workers and peasants for liberation, the revolutionary army is an extremely important factor. The underestimation of these troops is an unacceptable shortcoming of the first draft of these outlines. It can be seen that the Chinese Communists should pay special attention to Army work, transforming the army into a true and exemplary embodiment of Chinese revolutionary thought. Furthermore, Chinese revolutionaries, including Communists, should embark on an in-depth study of the military." No matter how many mistakes Stalin made later, and how many instructions unrealistic in China he issued at that time, just talking about Stalin's famous saying, it can still be regarded as the far-sighted vision of a great political man.No one of the high-ranking leaders of the CCP who had the honor to hear Stalin's instruction would not have a flame in their hearts! The subsequent Nanchang Uprising, and the later Autumn Harvest Uprising, Guangzhou Uprising, etc., cannot but be said to be related to this famous quote by Stalin.Every uprising, every cluster of fire, is a declaration of guns!