Chapter 20 Generalissimo Chiang opened a forum and asked the Communist Party to teach guerrilla warfare

Mao Zedong once said that publishing a newspaper and running a school is a good way to organize and increase the resistance against Japan. At present, there are not enough people who are enlightened, and there are not enough members of the Communist Party. To light the flames of the whole country, only the people of the whole country can be used as firewood Not enough, there must be fire and the wind that fuels the fire, and we need to create both the fire and the wind that fuels the fire.Running a newspaper is not as good as having people. It is better to spread people everywhere. Therefore, running a school is the most important thing to connect the whole country. It can produce new guerrillas, educate people, and expand.

In order to create the anti-Japanese fire and the wind that fueled the fire, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University in Yan'an.Between 1938 and 1939, Mao Zedong gave a total of 25 speeches at the Anti-Japanese War, which shows that he attached great importance to the Anti-Japanese War. Various ministries of the Eighth Route Army also set up guerrilla training classes in each base area to train cadres in rotation. For example, Liu Bocheng started a guerrilla training class in Liao County, the "roof of Taihang" at an altitude of 2,000 meters, in late November 1937. The students were divided into two parts according to the troops and places, and each focused on teaching.

Army cadres focus on learning how to disperse to the enemy's rear to carry out guerrilla warfare, do mass work and assist local government work; local cadres focus on learning how to organize self-defense forces, protect people's lives and property, cooperate with regular troops and guerrillas to fight against Japanese invaders, and organize support work and so on. At the opening ceremony of the first guerrilla training class, Master Liu Bocheng personally gave a mobilization report to publicize the party's guerrilla warfare ideology. He explained the important role and significance of guerrilla warfare with vivid and convincing examples based on the ideological situation of the commanders and fighters of the army.

He said: "Chairman Mao Zedong has clearly told us: In North China, guerrilla warfare with the Communist Party as the main body has entered the main position." Some of our comrades still don't quite understand this sentence.They just want to fight in one place, and they don't want to run away.someone said: 'Guerrilla warfare, feet out of the oil, sports warfare, millet rice. ’ Others said: ‘Every day we talk about beating devils, why did you take the team away after just one beating? 'These statements above are incorrect.I will tell you two stories from the enemy.A major general named Ito in the Japanese army said: "The Eighth Route Army's whereabouts are erratic and come and go. If I advance, they will flee, and if I stop, they will appear."Let's just think about it, if we don't "haunt and haunt", "run around", and make an "union under the city" with the devils, what kind of ending will it be?

"Another story: We found a letter from a Japanese soldier's home among the captured Japanese documents. He drew a circle on the letter, and drew a small figure standing in the center of the circle. The small figure represented himself, and The circle represents guerrilla warfare. He really wanted to go home, but he was surrounded by the guerrilla warfare of the Eighth Route Army. He couldn’t go back, so he had to suffer in the circle..." In Liu Bocheng's first class, the students understood the beauty of guerrilla warfare while talking and laughing happily. A wise military strategist is best at learning war in war.Combining the actual combat experience and lessons of the 129th Division's surprise attack on Yangmingbao Airport and the ambush in Qigen Village, Liu Bocheng summarized the principles and methods of guerrilla warfare, compiled them into teaching materials for the training class, and passed on the "wonderful recipe" for guerrilla warfare to the students.

The training class is summarized while running, and the more mature it is.Each training session lasts as long as one month and as little as half a month. Through intensive training, many trainees who were unwilling to fight guerrilla warfare became challengers to fight guerrilla warfare. After learning a group, send another group; train another group, and send it down again... Taihang Roof has become a distribution center for guerrilla backbones. This is what Mao Zedong called "scattering seeds" and "rolling snowballs".Through this formula, the seeds of guerrilla warfare were scattered all over the Taihang Mountains and North China, while the Communist guerrillas were like a rolling snowball, getting bigger and bigger!

Not only that, the Communist Party wanted to extend this practice to the Kuomintang, its anti-Japanese ally. As the main force of the Kuomintang army on the frontal battlefield of the Anti-Japanese War, its leaders also had some knowledge of guerrilla warfare under the influence of the Communist Party. In November 1937, Chiang Kai-shek said: "Maintaining combat power for a long-lasting war of resistance; compared with consuming combat power and maintaining a temporary dignity, the former should be the most important. At this time, guerrilla warfare should be launched in each theater to make the enemy exhausted in occupying various places. .”

However, at this time, Chiang Kai-shek's understanding of guerrilla warfare was not very deep, and regular warfare was more handy for the Kuomintang army, and there were no guerrilla cadres in each theater to launch guerrilla warfare.After the fall of Wuhan, the war entered a stalemate stage. They found that the CCP was vigorously launching guerrilla warfare behind the enemy lines, effectively attacking the arrogant Japanese army, and successively established the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei, Shanxi Northwest, Daqingshan, Shanxi-Hebei-Henan, Shanxi Southwest, and Hebei Provinces. The base areas of Lubian, Shandong, southern Jiangsu, central Anhui, and eastern Henan created a new world of resistance against Japan, and only then did they start to look at guerrilla warfare with new admiration.

In late November 1938, Chiang Kai-shek held a military conference in Hengshan, Nanyue, Hunan, to review the experience of the first phase of the War of Resistance, and proposed that the second phase of the War of Resistance must be "guerrilla warfare more important than regular warfare." Nanyue holds guerrilla cadre training courses.He called the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and asked to send cadres to Nanyue to help organize classes. The CCP has long had the idea of ​​cooperating with the Kuomintang and the Communist Party to hold training courses for guerrilla cadres, and hopes to spread the guerrilla strategy and expand the influence of the CCP through the training courses. On the eve of the fall of Wuhan in October 1938, Zhu Defei arrived in Wuhan to meet with Chiang Kai-shek, and formally proposed the KMT-CPC cooperation to run guerrilla cadre training courses. On November 8, Zhou Enlai waited until Nanyue to meet Chiang Kai-shek and raised this question again.Now, Chiang Kai-shek promised and invited the CCP to send cadres to teach guerrilla warfare. Mao Zedong immediately agreed, saying: "It is a good thing that Chairman Jiang gave us a forum." Go to Nanyue.

On February 15, 1939, the Nanyue guerrilla cadre training class officially started.The Military Commission of the Nationalist Government formally appointed Tang Enbo as the head teacher of You Gan, and Ye Jianying as the deputy director.Later, Chiang Kai-shek served as director, Bai Chongxi and Chen Cheng served as deputy directors, Tang Enbo served as dean of education, and Ye Jianying served as deputy dean of education. The guerrilla cadre training class lasts for three months, and the first class trainees are 1,046 officers who have graduated from military academies sent by various theaters and troops across the country.

This training course is the CCP's "first example of participating in the training of central military cadres."The instructors sent by the CCP to Nanyue were: Zhou Enlai was the lecturer on international issues for the class, Ye Jianying was in charge of the overall work, and taught "Guerrilla Principles"; Xue Zizheng gave lectures on "Guerrilla Strategy"; Lectured "Guerrilla Political Work" with Wu Xiru.Including staff and armed guards, there are more than 30 people who went to Nanyue. The Kuomintang invites people from the CCP to be teachers, but it is afraid that the students will be influenced by their thoughts and have many restrictions on their activities.For example, the travel class strictly restricts students' opportunities to contact CCP personnel, and even restricts students from finding CCP instructors, and does not allow CCP instructors to participate in student seminars. The Kuomintang has restrictions, but the CCP personnel also have countermeasures under the leadership of Ye Jianying. First of all, the CCP members formulated the "Six Notices": a firm stand, a hard-working style, a modest attitude, a simple life, an open-minded study, and serious discipline.Establish a good image of the Communists. Secondly, the instructors use the stage of the forum to teach each class well under the guidance of Mao Zedong's "On Protracted War", "Strategic Issues in Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War" and the political report "On the New Stage" of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China.At that time, each lecture was prepared by the instructor, and the handouts were written, followed by group discussion and research.The syllabus and handouts were reviewed and revised by Ye Jianying before giving lectures.There are many lessons that are taught to students after trial lectures. Because the instructors of the Communist Party of China carried out Yan'an's military thinking and had rich practical experience in guerrilla warfare carried out by the Eighth Route Army, they showed up to preach, so the lectures in each class were eye-opening for the students.In particular, Ye Jianying's lectures were popular, vivid, and fascinating. Every time the classroom was crowded with people, even some senior military officers and even monks from Nanyue temples came to listen to the lectures.His incisive insights, elegant demeanor, and eloquent eloquence captivated many audiences. This can be seen from a "newsletter" banned by the KMT's wartime news office to understand the popularity of Ye Jianying's lectures: "In the classroom, the introduction to guerrilla warfare taught by Ye Jianying, a guerrilla warfare strategist, is the most popular among students. This course is stipulated in the curriculum as 12 hours, accounting for 1/7 of the military discipline. During the hour, there are always requests from students to extend the time. Every time a class is held, the solemn atmosphere dominates the classroom. Every listener has crawled through their minds and in their notebooks. When the trumpet sounds for the end of get out of class, the audience is still unwilling to leave. The notebooks filled with handwriting written in hard pencils are in their minds. It’s too little. Can I talk for another five minutes? This question is often asked, and the words are full of urgent demands for knowledge and fighting.” Ye Jianying organized and directed a large-scale military exercise before the first batch of trainees graduated, which was also highly praised.Cheng Zhaoxiong, a commissioner of the Military Training Department of the Kuomintang Military Commission, wrote in the inspection report: "The trainees once told Yu Yan about the field exercises of the guerrilla tactics class. The Kuomintang and the Communist Party jointly organized the third tour class.After the completion of the third phase, due to the reversal of the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, all CCP personnel withdrew in March 1940.The KMT continued until the seventh term. The CCP helped the Kuomintang to organize the Nanyue tour cadre class, publicized the party’s strategic policy of guerrilla warfare, trained guerrilla cadres that were urgently needed in the War of Resistance, and allowed the students to increase their understanding of the CCP. , It has played a very good role in enhancing the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. However, although the Kuomintang army tried hard to carry out guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines according to the methods taught by the Communist Party during the stalemate of the Anti-Japanese War, the effect was still not as good as that of the teacher, and it failed to emerge from the blue.The reason may be that they only learned the tactics of guerrilla warfare and deviated from the basic principle of people's war.