Chapter 5 1. Instructions from the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States to occupy all of Korea by armed forces

While protesting and condemning the U.S. aggression against Taiwan and North Korea and making necessary precautionary preparations, the Chinese government and people have repeatedly advocated a peaceful solution to the North Korean issue. In August, the Soviet Union held the rotating presidency of the UN Security Council, and Jacob Malik, the Soviet representative to the United Nations, returned to the United Nations. On August 4, Malik put forward two proposals for a peaceful solution to the North Korean issue at the UN Security Council: First, when discussing the North Korean issue, it is necessary to invite representatives of the People's Republic of China and listen to the opinions of the representatives of the Korean people; hostilities in North Korea and the simultaneous withdrawal of foreign troops from North Korea.

On August 7, China's "People's Daily" represented the wishes of the Chinese people and published an editorial titled "Supporting the Proposal for a Peaceful Solution to the Korean Issue" to support the proposition of the Soviet representative. On August 20, Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai sent a telegram to Malek, chairman of the UN Security Council for that month, and Trigev Lie, Secretary-General of the United Nations (former foreign minister of Norway), stating: "The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China fully supports Mr. Malek's speech on behalf of the Soviet government on August 4 The entire program on the peaceful mediation of the North Korean issue was proposed in the United Nations Security Council on the 1st. This proposal is in full compliance with the spirit of the UN Charter and the wishes of the people of Asia and the world." "The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China firmly maintains that the Security Council is discussing the North Korean issue At that time, representatives of the People's Republic of China with a population of 475 million must participate, representatives of the Korean people must be invited to present their opinions, and military operations in North Korea should be stopped, and foreign troops should be withdrawn from North Korea; otherwise, it is impossible to reasonably peaceful Solve the North Korean issue." The UN Security Council is required to take responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, and "immediately take measures to quickly stop the atrocities committed by the US military in violation of international law and human moral norms."

These have shown to the world that the Chinese people stand for a peaceful solution to the Korean issue. However, the United States ignored the repeated protests and condemnations of the Chinese people, as well as the suggestions and propositions of China and the Soviet Union on peacefully resolving the Korean issue, and continued to expand the war. Beginning on August 27, the aircraft of the U.S. air force that invaded North Korea burned the flames of war to Northeast China.On this day, 13 sorties of 5 batches of U.S. invasion planes invaded the Ji’an, Linjiang, and Andong regions in Northeast China and bombed and strafed, killing 3 Chinese residents, injuring 21, and damaging locomotives, buses, 5 guardian cars and 2 trucks.Then, on the 29th, another 4 planes invaded the sky over the Andong region of China, killing 4 Chinese residents and injuring 7 others.

In this regard, Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai called US Secretary of State Acheson on the 28th to lodge a serious protest. On the 28th and 30th, they also called the President of the UN Security Council Malik and the Secretary-General of the United Nations Lie, requesting sanctions for the serious crime of the United States invading North Korea's aircraft into China's airspace. On the Korean battlefield, the United States continued to increase its troop strength and expand the scale of the war.As of mid-August, the United States had deployed ground troops on the Korean battlefield, including the 24th Infantry Division, the 25th Division, the 2nd Division, the 1st Cavalry Division, and 1 Marine Brigade, a total of 4 divisions and 1 brigade. The total force reached more than 70,000 people.Under the unified command of the US 8th Army Command under the command of Lieutenant General Walton Walker.Troops from other countries that participated in the "United Nations Army" operations against North Korea also began to enter North Korea one after another. The first to arrive in North Korea was the British 27th Brigade.

Although the United States continues to increase its combat forces in North Korea, the U.S. military continues to suffer consecutive defeats.During the Battle of Daejeon in mid-July, Major General William Dean, commander of the US 24th Division, also became a prisoner of the Korean People's Army.By mid-August, the Korean People's Army had liberated 90% of the area south of the 38th parallel, and compressed the U.S. and South Korean troops into the so-called "Pusan ​​Defense Circle" of only 10,000 square kilometers east of the Nakdong River. In order to save the defeat on the battlefield, the United States used the Pusan ​​Port in the area under its control to continue to increase reinforcements and carry out stubborn resistance; on the other hand, it secretly planned to carry out a large-scale landing attack on the side of the Korean People's Army when the rear of the Korean People's Army was empty.

The strategic success of MacArthur, commander-in-chief of the "United Nations Army" in World War II, mainly depended on his tactics of landing across the island to seize the enemy's rear.The successive defeats of the South Korean Army and the U.S. Army on the battlefield aroused his idea of ​​playing old tricks again. On the fifth day of the outbreak of the Korean War, he flew to South Korea and stood on the bridge of the Han River and witnessed the embarrassing retreat of the South Korean army. He wanted to try this trick again, but he did not determine the specific location of the landing attack. At the beginning of July, he appointed his staff to prepare a landing plan code-named "Operation Blue Heart".In this plan, which was completed on July 10, it is planned that on July 22, the 1st U.S. Cavalry Division and the 1st Marine Corps Brigade (the advance force of the 1st Marine Division to North Korea) will be dispatched at the port of Incheon, west of Seoul. , launch a landing attack.Since the 1st Cavalry Division has no experience in landing operations, its training preparations and the Navy's ship preparations for landing are too late, and the tide drop in Incheon is too large, the "Blue Heart Operation" plan has been met by the 1st Marine Corps Brigade and the Cavalry 1st Brigade. The unanimous opposition of the officers of the 1st Division. The "Blue Heart Action" plan had to be abandoned.

But MacArthur did not give up the idea of ​​landing an offensive. On July 23, his staff formulated another landing plan called "Operation Chromite". The landing site was still selected in Incheon, but the landing time was postponed to 9 In mid-January, the force used was 1 army composed of 2 divisions, and the Pentagon in Washington was notified of this intention. However, the chiefs of staff of the Pentagon were full of doubts and worries about MacArthur's plan.One was worried that MacArthur's use of too many troops in North Korea would weaken the reserve force used by the United States to deal with a full-scale war; on the other hand, they were more worried about the success of MacArthur's Incheon landing. meters), which is the largest difference in the world, and on September 15, when it is expected to land, due to the moon phase, the tide drop will reach 32 feet (about 9.5 meters). It is more than 2 miles (about 3 kilometers), the high tide is only 2 hours, and the next high tide is more than 10 hours away. Any ship sinking there will block the channel, and it happens to be the target of the People's Army's coastal artillery attack. .Even if the Incheon landing can be successful, will the 8th Army's defensive circle in Busan be able to carry out a counterattack?If the Eighth Army cannot counterattack, then not only will the landing troops be under tremendous pressure, but the meaning of landing will also be lost.

In view of this, the Joint Chiefs of Staff sent Collins, Chief of Staff of the Army, Sherman, Chief of Naval Operations, and Idwall Edwards, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Air Force, to Tokyo to hold a special demonstration meeting at MacArthur's headquarters on August 23.Participating in the demonstration were Admiral Arthur Radford, commander of the Pacific Fleet, Lieutenant General Turner Joey, commander of the Far East Navy, Admiral Doyle, commander of the Marine Corps, MacArthur and his chief of staff Edward?Almond, Deputy Chief of Staff Doyle Hickey and others.All but MacArthur and Almond questioned the likelihood of a successful Incheon landing.Collins and Sherman suggested that MacArthur change the landing site to the mountains 100 miles south of Incheon, where there are no unfavorable natural conditions like Incheon, and it is closer to the 8th Army, which has a greater chance of success.

But MacArthur didn't take these worries and suggestions seriously. He wanted to take a risky gamble and use his eloquence to dispel the doubts of the generals.MacArthur believes that the more difficult the landing is in a place like Incheon, the less prepared the People's Army is. Moreover, the main force of the People's Army is on the front line of Busan, while the rear is empty, which just provides an opportunity for the U.S. military to take advantage of it.If you land in Gunsan, although it is easy to succeed, it has little military strategic value, and a successful landing in Incheon can fundamentally change the unfavorable situation of the US military on the battlefield.He estimated the odds of success or failure of the Incheon landing at 5,000 to 1.He said, place a $5 bet and I'll win $50,000.MacArthur's statements, so much so that Sherman turned to him with equal confidence.At the same time, MacArthur's Incheon landing plan was approved by Truman.Although the Joint Chiefs of Staff still had reservations about the Incheon landing plan, on August 28, it was approved.

In order to implement the Incheon landing, the U.S. Army authorities approved MacArthur to form the U.S. 10th Army with the 1st Marine Corps Division and the 7th Infantry Division. MacArthur appointed his chief of staff Almond as the commander of the army.In order to solve the problem of insufficient U.S. troops, more than 8,600 recruits were recruited from South Korea to join the U.S. 7th Division. When the 10th Army assembled, it had about 70,000 troops, including more than 25,000 from the 1st Marine Division and 7th Infantry Division. More than 24,800 people.In addition, more than 230 warships and nearly 500 aircraft were deployed to support and cooperate.

On September 15, MacArthur took command of the flagship and began the Incheon landing.MacArthur's Incheon gamble succeeded.This is regarded by the Americans as a "military miracle" and an "immortal military victory" in American history. MacArthur is also known as a "military genius".After occupying Incheon, MacArthur's troops were divided into two groups, attacking Seoul with the 1st Marine Division, and cutting off the rear of the People's Army with the 7th Infantry Division to the south.The U.S. and South Korean troops in the Pusan ​​defense circle also started a counter-offensive on the 16th. By September 23, they broke through the People's Army's defense line across the board and attacked northward.The situation in the Korean War reversed, and the People's Army was forced to implement a strategic retreat under the circumstances of the enemy. On September 28, the 1st US Marine Division occupied Seoul. On September 27, the 7th Regiment of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Division marching northward from the Pusan ​​Defense Circle joined forces with the 31st Regiment of the 7th U.S. Division near Suwon. All North Korean troops have reached the 38th parallel. On the 30th, Truman sent a congratulatory message to MacArthur. At this time, the total number of "United Nations Army" ground troops in North Korea exceeded 330,000. In addition, the strength of the US Far East Air Force reached more than 36,000, and the Far East Navy reached more than 59,000. As early as when MacArthur planned the Incheon landing, the White House and the Pentagon began to consider whether the US ground forces had crossed the 38th parallel.Secretary of State Acheson, Assistant Secretary of State Dean?Rusk and the chiefs of staff of the Pentagon all advocated that in order to eliminate the North Korean People's Army, MacArthur should be authorized to conduct military operations north of the 38th parallel.Acheson said, "The troops cannot be expected to...advance to a line drawn by inspectors and then stop...an arbitrary injunction not to cross the 38th Parallel should not be imposed. As a dividing line, it has no political legitimacy ".The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that MacArthur should not be limited to the south of the 38th parallel, but strongly demanded the occupation of North Korea.MacArthur actively advocated the occupation of North Korea.Although the State Department's policy and planning department is under the leadership of Soviet expert George?Influenced by Kennan's views, he opposed crossing the 38th parallel, because crossing the 38th parallel would greatly increase the risk of conflict with the Soviet or Chinese troops.But this objection is considered negative and not practical. On September 7, the National Security Council of the United States adopted Document 81/1.The document determined: In order to defeat the North Korean army, MacArthur should be authorized to carry out various military operations north of the 38th parallel, and to unify the entire North Korea politically through free elections. On the 11th, Truman officially approved the document.Bradley later said: "The President, Acheson, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and MacArthur are in complete agreement" on the basic policy in this document.And commented: "National Security Council Document No. 81 reflects a major change in our views on the Korean War. At first, we intervened to 'save' South Korea, and now our purpose of war has been expanded to completely destroy the North Korean army and politics to unify the country." However, at that time, the Incheon landing had not yet begun, and the U.S. Eighth Army was still within the defense circle of Pusan, so the situation of the battle was still unpredictable.Therefore, this document was not sent to MacArthur in time.After landing in Incheon, when the U.S. Eighth Army advanced across the board to the 38th parallel, with Truman's approval, the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued an order to MacArthur authorizing him to fight across the 38th parallel on September 27.pointed out: Your military objective is to smash North Korea's armed forces.In order to achieve this objective, you are authorized to conduct military operations in North Korea north of the 38th parallel, including amphibious and airborne or ground operations, provided that no major Soviet and Chinese Communist forces enter North Korea and are not prepared to enter when such operations are undertaken statement, and no threat to counter our actions militarily in North Korea.However, under no circumstances will your troops cross into "Manchuria" or the Soviet Union's border with Korea, and for the sake of policy you must not use Non-Korean ground troops.Furthermore, support for your north-south operations on the 38th parallel will not include air or naval operations against "Manchuria" or against Soviet territory. If the Soviet Union uses large forces, openly or secretly, south of the 38th parallel, you should adopt a defensive posture, refrain from any action to escalate the situation, and report to Washington.You should do the same if your troops are fighting north of the 38th parallel and the Soviets use a lot of troops.You cannot stop air and naval operations north of the 38th parallel just because there are Soviet or Chinese communist forces in the target area.However, if the Soviet Union or the Communist Party of China state in advance their intention to reoccupy North Korea, and publicly or implicitly warn that their forces should not be attacked, you should immediately refer to Washington for instructions. When the organized armed resistance of the North Korean Army is effectively crushed, you should command the South Korean Army to take charge of disarming the remaining North Korean Army and implementing the terms of surrender.The nature of the occupation of North Korea will depend on the circumstances at the time.Your plans for occupation and your plans for military operations north of the 38th Parallel are to be submitted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff for approval. The directive also told MacArthur that the State Department was drafting for him an ultimatum to be issued on October 1 calling for North Korea to surrender.After receiving this instruction, MacArthur reported his brief plan to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the 28th: If the North Korean armed forces do not surrender in accordance with my ultimatum to be issued on October 1, I will enter North Korea to take military action to accomplish the military objective of eliminating it. 1. The 8th Army has crossed the 38th parallel with its current strength, and its main attack direction is the Kaesong-Sariwon-Pyongyang axis, with the goal of capturing Pyongyang. 2. The 10th Army carried out an amphibious landing in Wonsan with its current strength, and then joined the 8th Army. 3. The 3rd Division, which was transported from the mainland to North Korea, stayed in Japan as a reserve force of the General Headquarters in the early days. 4. Use only South Korean troops to fight in the area north of the Dingju-Ningwon-Hamhung line. 5. The offensive date of the Eighth Army is tentatively set as October 5 at the earliest and October 30 at the latest. The Joint Chiefs of Staff felt that it was inappropriate for MacArthur to separate the 8th Army and the 10th Army. However, due to the "magical" success of MacArthur's Incheon landing operation, the Joint Chiefs of Staff felt ashamed: they were "skeptical" about MacArthur's Incheon landing plan. The attitude is just like a group of timid and timid young ladies."Therefore, I felt that this worry may be unnecessary, so I approved the plan on the 29th. At this time, the American news media was saying that after Walker's 8th Army reached the 38th parallel, it would stop and wait for the United Nations to approve the order to march north.This caused tension in the Pentagon, lest the implementation of the northward march order on September 27 would be affected due to the obstruction of the United Nations. On the 29th, the new Secretary of Defense George?After Marshall (replacing James Johnson in mid-September) and Bradley had urgent consultations, Marshall sent a telegram to MacArthur.This telegram asked MacArthur to first create the fait accompli of crossing the 38th parallel and marching northward, so as to put pressure on the United Nations.Telegram says: There are reports that the Eighth Army has announced that divisions in South Korea will stop at the 38th Parallel for regrouping.On this point, we want you to realize that you are not limited either tactically or strategically in advancing north of the 38th Parallel.The above-mentioned statement risks embarrassing the United Nations, where there is a clear reluctance to have to vote across the 38th parallel.Instead, people want to see that you have a military proven need to do so. When the U.S. military reached the 38th parallel and was about to cross the 38th parallel and continue northward, on September 30, Premier Zhou Enlai, in the report of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference celebrating the first anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, represented the Chinese government and people A warning was issued to the U.S. authorities: "The Chinese people are closely concerned about the situation in North Korea after being invaded by the United States. The Chinese people love peace, but in order to defend peace, they have never and will never be afraid to resist a war of aggression. The Chinese people will never tolerate foreign aggression nor allow the imperialists to aggress against their neighbours." On October 1, the South Korean Army crossed the 38th Parallel along the east coast and marched northward.On the same day, MacArthur issued an ultimatum demanding North Korea's surrender. On October 2, an order was issued to fight across the 38th parallel. After the Chinese government learned of this situation, Zhou Enlai immediately had an urgent meeting with the Indian ambassador to China, Panikha, in the early morning of the 3rd. War. If the U.S. military does this, we can’t just sit idly by and take care of it.” “We advocate that the North Korean incident should be resolved peacefully,” “The Korean war should stop immediately, and foreign troops should retreat.” However, the U.S. authorities believed that Zhou Enlai's warning was nothing more than an intimidation to the United Nations. China would not intervene in the settlement of the North Korean issue, and did not dare to compete with the well-organized U.S. armed forces.Therefore, determined to go his own way. In order to provide a legal basis for the U.S. military to cross the 38th parallel, the U.S. drafted the plan, and in order to avoid the Soviet Union’s veto power in the Security Council, the U.S. manipulated the United Nations General Assembly to pass the so-called "unification of Korea" resolution on October 7.The resolution determined "to take all appropriate steps to ensure the stability of the situation throughout North Korea" and "to take all actions to organize the government, including elections under the auspices of the United Nations, in order to establish a unified, independent and democratic government in the sovereign state of North Korea" , in order to achieve the above two purposes, the "United Nations Army" can stay anywhere in North Korea. On the same day that the United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution on October 7, the U.S. military began to cross the 38th parallel and march northward. The 1st U.S. Cavalry Division, the 24th Infantry Division under the command of the 1st U.S. Army, the 27th British Brigade and the 1st South Korean Division followed The west crossed the 38th parallel.The 1st Marine Division and the 7th Infantry Division under the command of the US 10th Army boarded ships from the ports of Incheon and Busan on October 9 and 10 respectively, preparing for another landing operation in Wonsan. The situation in North Korea deteriorated further, and the security of mainland China was seriously threatened.