Chapter 10 chapter eight

Interpreting and recognizing cities is a systematic project. It is said that the urban phenomenon has a history of more than 6,000 years.In my country, the Yin Ruins, which have been excavated to reveal urban civilization, were born between 1280 and 1210 BC after carbon-14 measurements; while the Shangcheng in Erligang, Zhengzhou was born between 1590 and 1560 BC.According to American historian Saunders' judgment that cities are mainly based on architecture, Yin Ruins in Anyang is probably the earliest city in China that has been proved by academics.In the article "Historical Records Song Family", Sima Qian described the situation when Yin Zhou's uncle Jizi passed by the abandoned capital after the fall of Shang Dynasty: Later, Jizi went to Zhou Dynasty, passed the ruins of the old Yin, the sensory room was destroyed, and the millet and Jizi were born. Hurt it...

Jizi was dissatisfied with King Zhou's tyranny, and repeatedly remonstrated, but seeing that Zhou ignored him, he finally exiled himself in the mountains and wilds.Later he became the distinguished guest of the Zhou people.One day after the fall of Yin, Jizi passed by his hometown. It was evening and he saw the setting sun sinking among the ruined palaces.Thinking back to the year in the capital, and looking at the bright moon in his homeland, he couldn't help crying.His sad sigh was recorded by Sima Qian, like the night wind knocking on my desk, which made my mood suddenly heavy. For the interpretation and cognition of cities, Western countries, especially developed countries, have always had the authoritative right to speak.In contrast, agricultural China, where the background is mostly yellow mud huts and bamboo huts, is always silent and silent when facing the issue of urbanization.

However, since the reform and opening up, in just 20 years, China's urbanization level has risen from about 17.9% to 30%, the number of cities established as cities has increased from 193 in 1978 to 680 now, and the population of urban areas has reached 367 million. .In the development plan that is not far away, China's urban population may reach more than 50% in the future.That is to say, by then, 500 million farmers in China will enter the cities.All this shows that our country is currently in the historical stage of accelerating urbanization. Urbanization is a worldwide social and economic phenomenon and an important symbol of the development of human civilization.Cities are the center of political economy and people's spiritual life, and also the driving force of modern history.Any progressive country will inevitably go through the process of urbanization.

China has paid attention to urbanization only in the past 20 years.Although China's urban phenomenon did not come later than the West, it has always been in an immature stage.When we talk about development, we mainly refer to the characteristics of modern cities.Although the cities in written records and archaeological discoveries are quite large and have a large number of residents, the embryos and blood vessels of cities are developed on the matrix of agricultural civilization.Archaeologically excavated Shang Dynasty urban relics, such as bronzes, those tripods, Li, Dun, Dou, Gui, etc., as well as various jade wares representing royal power, wooden and bone artworks, etc., convey the urban atmosphere and The characteristics of modern cities are very different.

The model of our modern city was initially imposed on us by the imperialist powers with strong ships and cannons.This is a very deliberate cultural phenomenon.It has some ideas of martial arts attacking civil governance.After the British Empire bombarded our country with cannons, the invasion of Western culture followed with the howling of the shells.Just as Japanese scholars Setsu Murayama and Takashi Asai said, Europe at this time was in the second half of the cultural upsurge in the Western Hemisphere, and it was the time when European civilization was developing to its heyday, and it was the era of great civilization blooming.Asian civilization and European civilization form an intersecting pattern. The daytime of European civilization is the night of Asian and Far Eastern civilization; on the contrary, the daytime of Asian and Far Eastern civilization is the night of European civilization.Similarly, the dawn of European civilization is the evening of Asian and Far Eastern civilization; the evening of European civilization is the dawn of Asian and Far Eastern civilization.The European civilization mentioned here is actually industrial civilization.Calculated according to time, during the First Opium War, European industrial civilization was in a period of upward bulge, while the Qing Empire at this time was in the last night of declining agricultural civilization.The emerging industrial civilization has an overwhelming desire to expand. Compared with agricultural civilization, it has a strong potential difference. The weak light of agricultural civilization cannot reflect the giant beasts from the West, while the brilliance of industrial civilization can easily project to far east.As a powerful culture, they came to the East with the footsteps of war.It was spattered with the blood of the vanquished.

The author interviewed many coastal cities, such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Qingdao, Tianjin, Dalian, etc. From the growth of these cities, we can find that they all have roughly the same experience. Chinese feudal cities have survived for thousands of years.This silver-haired, thousand-year-old man walked all the way to the 20th century. However, in this century, it was attacked and sank, and finally died... The first fatal blow to it was the landing of Western cities in China. Western cities are like monsters. They floated from the sea, took root in the tidal flats on the shore, and then spread.Because of the strong ships and powerful guns, they forcibly leased Chinese land and obtained conditions for the development of the cities under their control.They control the growth of the city, infiltrate their own thoughts and qualities, and spread their own culture and concepts.The author has seen typical urban jungles left over from the colonial era in cities along the southeast coast, such as Xiamen in Fujian, Guangzhou in Guangdong, Shanghai, Qingdao in Shandong, Tianjin, and Dalian in Liaoning.There is no doubt that these architectural complexes lingering on the land of China but embodying the will of others have caused great harm to the Chinese people many years ago.It is a solidified flag planted by foreigners on Chinese land, and it is a lingering nightmare for Chinese people.However, when time flies, the country changes flags, and the colonists are extinct in the land of China, the shells of those abandoned cities and the buildings of various shapes, when we suddenly look back, make us look forward to calmly and rationally. It has found a proper arrangement for it, found a reason for its existence, and at least found a reference for our urbanization.

Another blow to the old feudal city came from the Westernization faction and reformers within the ruling class.This is the so-called misfortune.But such efforts are often limited, and only some changes will occur locally in the city.Such as Beijing, Xi'an, Chengdu, Taiyuan, Nanchang, Changsha, Lanzhou and so on. Urban phenomena caused by modern transportation such as Zhengzhou, Xuzhou, Shijiazhuang, Bengbu, Pukou, Baoji and so on. There are cities where the development of national industry and commerce converges, such as Nantong and Wuxi in Jiangsu, Neijiang and Zigong in Sichuan, and so on.

There are also cities along the river and coast, which are often turned into commercial ports or have concessions. They are often located on the left side of the old city, forming a deformed and prosperous commercial area, which is completely different from the pattern of the old city, such as Nanjing, Jinan, Shenyang, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Wuhu, Jiujiang, Chongqing, Wanxian, Yantai and so on. The new changes for many reasons have become the disease of the old city.Western powers destroy it with power, dismember it with surgical methods, subvert it with strong ideas, and deny it with advanced concepts.However, the pathological changes from within the country make it change its inner structure, make it beyond recognition, and fundamentally shake the foundation of the feudal city.This situation of cooperation from the inside to the outside made the phenomenon of the longest feudal city in the world no longer able to support it. It stumbled until 1949 AD, and finally collapsed with the roar of the People's Republic of China's founding salute...

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to the deviation of the understanding of the city and the emphasis on economic and rural issues, the city has been like a child who has not grown up, unable to grow up for a long time.In fact, as a human phenomenon, the growth of urbanization has its own unique development law, and it has common rules established by convention.The constituent elements of the city not only have political intentions, but also the compounding and convergence of various cultures, and the concentrated expression of human civilization.However, in the traditional concept, a city is a huge economic container. Whether it is a natural economic city or an industrial economic city, it is the result of economic inflation.In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to domestic and international political factors, the economic tension could not be relieved, so the urban problem has been shelved.At that time, people's attention was focused on large-scale agriculture. In order to solve the problem of food and clothing, the agricultural labor force and rural population were tightly bound on limited land, and the story of learning from Dazhai was repeated year after year.As for Daqing in industry, in the famous debate on whether to govern first or get rich first, the voice of replacing getting rich with revolutionary spirit has become the strongest voice of the times.Under the influence and control of the ultra-left trend of thought, desolation and dwellings became the most fashionable topics at that time.Therefore, the serious lag of urbanization was the main symptom in the period before the reform and opening up.After the reform and opening up, my country's rapid economic development in the past 20 years has provided a strong driving force for accelerating urbanization.As far as the level of urbanization is concerned, although it has improved, it still lags behind industrialization and economic development.According to experts' research, according to the degree of economic development and the corresponding level of urbanization, my country's current urbanization lags behind by at least 20 percentage points.Experts believe that when the urbanization level reaches 30%, the urbanization process will show a tendency to accelerate.

Urbanization, which can also be called urban modernization, is an important topic that has gradually attracted worldwide attention at the end of the 20th century.From the general law of world economic development, urbanization is not only the inevitable result of industrialization, but also a primary premise of modernization.Without urban modernization, a country and region cannot have a rapid modernization process, there will be no modernization of the national economy, and it is impossible to radiate and drive the modernization of the countryside. However, from a global perspective, the road of urbanization development is not smooth.Comrade Li Tieying once said in the article "Several Issues Concerning Accelerating my country's Urbanization":

The urbanization of the world is advancing in symbiosis with industrialization, and has gone through two centuries.Urbanization has played a major role in the development of the world economy, changes in the economic structure and changes in lifestyles, but many have taken a tortuous path.The main problems and lessons in the process of world urbanization are highlighted in the following points: (1) It violates the principle of sustainable development to varying degrees.As far as most countries and regions in the world are concerned, due to the promotion of industrialization, urbanization generally develops rapidly.Developed countries in Europe and the United States basically completed urbanization as early as the middle of this century.The advancement of urbanization and the unprecedented development of cities have provided necessary space conditions for the world's industrialization and economic and social development, and greatly promoted the world's economic growth and modernization process.However, in the past 100 years, human beings have focused on economic growth, neglected the contradictions of population, resources, and the environment to varying degrees, and underestimated many negative effects of industrialization and modernization on human beings, resulting in urbanization and urban development. To some extent, it deviates from the principle of sustainable development.The blind development of cities has caused the spatial scale to exceed the actual capacity of resources and the environment, and even exceed the actual needs of economic development, and is not conducive to the inheritance of human material civilization and cultural heritage. (2) Take the detour of concentrating first and then dispersing.Cities in economically developed countries focus on the development of large cities in the early and mid-term stages, and the phenomenon of large cities developing too much, too quickly, and too large appears.The population, labor force and various economic factors are rapidly and excessively concentrated in big cities.Of course, this was determined by the historical conditions at the time, and it was also the result of the capitalist mode of production. The concentration and monopoly of capital caused the excessive concentration of cities, and the negative effects continued to be exposed. The central areas of some large cities declined and tended to be empty shells. The so-called anti-urbanization and suburbanization of big cities have to move from concentration to decentralization. (3) The process of urbanization is unbalanced.After urbanization in developed countries, developing countries accelerated their urbanization process driven by industrialization. In this process, excessive urbanization and urbanization lag coexisted, and the spatial layout was irrational. Some countries and regions urbanized more than The process of industrialization and the level of economic development have been hindered, and a large number of people and labor force have entered a few large and medium-sized cities in an orderly manner, causing the urban population to expand infinitely and the population density to be too high.With an area of ​​more than 1,500 square kilometers and a population of nearly 20 million, Mexico City is the most populous city in the world and one of the most polluted cities in the world.The population of the first city in some countries accounts for more than 80% of the national urban population, resulting in the abnormal development of the city. (4) Urban diseases continue to breed.In the process of urbanization and urban development in some countries, the scale of the city is out of control, and the planning and construction cannot keep up, leading to the occurrence of various urban diseases, which cannot be cured for a long time, such as increased unemployment, housing shortage, traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and unsafe conditions. to security issues... The various problems of urbanization abstracted by Comrade Li Tieying in his article are rooted in industrialization.In fact, industrialization does not mean urbanization, let alone urban modernization and urban homesteading.Industrialization is both a blessing and a beast. It will bring both blessings and disasters to mankind. In essence, the age of great industry and the natural environment are a pair of serious contradictions.In front of the rolling industrial wheels, forests fell, grasslands were lost, oceans, rivers, and cities were polluted, and poisonous gases filled the air. In the so-called continuous progress, human beings have destroyed the The survival of the biosphere, the result can only harm itself.Dr. Albert St. Georges, Nobel laureate in medicine, said that living systems have an inherent mechanism designed to improve themselves, and this mechanism has been working for millions, even billions of years. During this long process, Human beings and nature have reached a high degree of harmony and perfection.Now, people only have a partial understanding of it, and some people are even destroying it without understanding it at all. This should arouse human vigilance. There is a place called Minamata City in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.It turned out to be a town, and more than 10,000 fishermen and farmers lived in the surrounding villages. The incident happened in 1953. At this time, Japan had regained its vitality, and there were many factory facilities in and outside the village.The Japanese are good at calculating. After their defeat, they developed their industry with a kind of calm madness, venting their dissatisfaction with reality in the roar of machines. On this day, a strange disease began to appear in the fishing village. Although the people who have gone through the war have become numb to everything and can calmly accept all the changes in the world, the disease in front of them still makes them terrified. The patient started with slurred speech, unsteady gait, facial dementia, deafness and blindness, and numbness all over the body, and then became mentally disturbed. . No one had ever seen the disease before, and no one knew exactly what it was, but the number of patients was growing. In 1955, there were more than 50 people, and by 1961 it had reached 87 people. The disease caused great panic among the people. The strong and stubborn Japanese felt the helplessness and fear of the doomsday.The living people have to give up what they want to do, and study this phenomenon in depth.It took a lot of effort for the researchers to discover the secret of the disease from the dead, fish in the water and near the sewage pipe of a nearby factory. It happened to a nitrogen fertilizer company.The company was later expanded into a synthetic acetic acid plant, and in 1949 it began producing polychlorene.The acetic acid factory uses a low-cost mercury-catalyzed process in the production of these things, and discharges a large amount of wastewater containing methylmercury poison into the nearby sea area, where it accumulates in fish and shellfish. People are poisoned after eating the fish and shellfish caught locally. sick.The secret was revealed, and this never-before-seen disease was called Minamata disease. Later, the Japanese Environmental Agency made statistics, and a total of 283 patients were found in Minamata City and Aganogawa, Xinke County, but the actual number of victims far exceeded the published number.Post-war Japan has been leaning towards industrialization, and its industrial production has expanded rapidly in the post-war period.This one-sided pursuit of efficiency makes their economy grow rapidly, while the harsh environment also frequently appears.Just before and after the Minamata disease incident, similar pollution incidents occurred again and again. In 1913, Japan's Mitsui Metal Mining Company opened the Shengang Mining Office in the upper reaches of the Jinzugawa River, built a zinc smelter, and discharged a large amount of wastewater into the Jinzugawa River.In 1955, a strange disease also appeared in this area, which was later known as the bone pain incident in history.Patients with osteopathic pain initially experience pain in the waist, back, and knee joints, and then spread to nerves and bones in various parts of the body.The severe pain makes it impossible to walk and even difficult to breathe.In the advanced stage, the bone softens and shrinks, and breaks naturally until the patient fails to eat and dies in weakness and severe pain.Anatomy found that some patients had more than 70 fractures, their height was shortened by 30 cm, and their bones were severely deformed.The investigation of the bone pain incident was found to be related to the zinc smelter.The factory's industrial sewage contains a large amount of metal cadmium, which is absorbed by the rice through river irrigation. Residents will become sick and die after eating cadmium-containing rice or drinking river water. A wave of ups and downs followed another wave, following the bone pain disease and Minamata disease, the same incident reappeared in Japan. In March 1986, hundreds of thousands of chickens died suddenly in Kyushu, Shikoku and other places in Japan. After inspection, it was found that the feed was poisonous. This usual poisoning incident has not attracted people's attention. Soon, in Kitakyushu and Aichi prefecture, strange diseases suddenly appeared among the people.At first, the patient had sweaty palms, edema of eyelids, muscle pain all over the body, and persistent coughing.Some patients died due to ineffective treatment. This strange disease came on fiercely, and the number of patients soon reached more than 1,400, and it spread to 23 prefectures and counties in Kitakyushu.In July and August, the disease reached its peak, the number of patients increased to more than 5,000, and 16 died immediately.The Japanese had the previous two experiences, and the initial judgment was environmental pollution.The results of the investigation are indeed true, and the industrial enterprises are still directly responsible.This time, a family in Omuta City, Kyushu used polychlorinated biphenyls as a heat carrier, but due to poor management, this toxic substance was mixed into rice bran oil, resulting in disease and death. Japan's pollution incident is only part of the countless painful lessons in the world. In addition, a series of industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States have all been hit hard by pollution. Whether it was the Minamata disease incident, the osteopathic disease incident, or the rice bran oil incident, they all caused a stir in the Japanese government and the public.The Japanese are both the instigators and the direct victims.These public nuisance incidents are a warning to future generations regardless of nationality. The process of industrialization has produced a large amount of dust, and most of the demons of human death are hidden in it.Now, looking around, it is not difficult to see the changing color of the mountains and rivers described by the ancients, and the dimming of the sun and the moon.It's hard to say that if things go on like this, human beings still have a bright future. Among all pollutions, air pollution has the most direct damage to the human body, and it is even more frightening to say the least. An average adult needs dozens of catties of air every day, which is several times more than food and water. Once polluted air enters the human body, it can cause diseases in the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.In the case of unfavorable diffusion, air pollutants can accumulate to a high concentration in the atmosphere in a short period of time, causing many people, especially the elderly, the weak, the sick, and children to become ill or even die.In more cases, people are exposed to low-concentration pollutants for a long time, and their physical fitness declines or leads to certain chronic diseases.Harmful chemical substances such as sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, chlorine gas, ozone and soot are inhaled by the human body, first causing bronchial reflex constriction and spasm, coughing, sneezing and increased tracheal resistance.Under the chronic action of poisons, the resistance of the respiratory tract will gradually weaken, causing chronic respiratory diseases, and severe cases can also cause pulmonary edema and pulmonary heart disease.Non-irritating and harmful gases in the atmosphere are more harmful than irritating gases because they cannot be sensed by the human body.If carbon monoxide enters the blood, it can form carboxyhemoglobin, resulting in hypoxemia, which will cause tissue hypoxia, affect the central nervous system and enzyme activities, and cause symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and fatigue. Belgium is one of the smallest countries in Europe. The Maas River passes through the territory and then flows into the North Sea through the Netherlands.However, around such a river, the short 24-kilometer river valley is densely covered with large factories such as coking, steelmaking, electricity, glass, zinc, sulfuric acid, and chemical fertilizers. This 24-kilometer-long river valley is the cornucopia of Belgium.But no one thought that it was this cornucopia that was quietly spreading danger to people. At the beginning of December 1930, the climate in Belgium was suddenly abnormal, and a layer of clouds and fog wrapped around the city and lingered for a long time.Due to the temperature inversion layer in the Maas River Valley, the fog layer is getting thicker day by day, and the harmful gas emitted by the factory is condensed in the dense fog near the surface.From the third day onwards, thousands of people here began to suffer from respiratory problems. The patients had tears, sore throat, hoarseness, coughing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, nausea and vomiting.In less than a week, more than 60 people died, along with a large number of livestock. This is what is known as the Maas Valley event. This is a by-product of industrialization, while providing people with unprecedented wealth.It's just that the form of this by-product is slightly behind the wealth.Afterwards, it was found that the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere of the Maas Valley was as high as 25,100 mg cubic meters.In addition, there are many gases such as fluoride.Coupled with the comprehensive effect of dust on the human body, no one in this area can escape. The pace of industrialization was hasty, and 18 years later, the same tragedy happened again in the small industrial town of Donora in the United States.Donora is in a horseshoe-shaped bend of the Monnon Lahuishi River at the southern end of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At the end of October 1984, a gray fog mantle suddenly appeared in this bay.According to records, on the morning of October 26, the smoke covered Donora, the ground was in a state of dead wind, and the smoke was getting thicker and thicker, almost condensing into one piece.In the afternoon, the line of sight can only be seen across the street.All but the chimneys disappeared in smoke.The air began to make people sick, and even had a strange smell.The smog lasted for 4 days and did not gradually dissipate until the 31st. At this time, no matter how decent a person is, facing this kind of air, he has to breathe carefully.It didn't take long for some people to show discomfort. In mild cases, eye pain, sore throat, runny nose, dry cough, headache, and limb aches; in severe cases, phlegm cough, chest tightness, vomiting, diarrhea, and unspeakable pain.In 4 days, 17 people died and about 6000 people became sick. Some experts said that in the Donora incident, the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air was 0.52.0PPM, and there were obvious dust particles.The researchers believe that the ammonium sulfate produced by the reaction of sulfur dioxide with metal elements and metal element compounds is the main harmful substance, and the combination of sulfur dioxide and its oxidation products with dust particles in the atmosphere is also a harmful factor. People refer to poisonous gas as an invisible killer.Because they often come quietly and grab you by the throat. At the end of 1952, London, the capital of England, was immersed in the atmosphere of Christmas. On December 4th, a large mobile high-pressure ridge approached London, and the ground temperature in the urban area dropped suddenly, while the high-air flow still maintained a relatively high temperature, and the upper and lower air convection stopped, forming an inversion layer, like an airtight sky. , covering London tightly.London is a famous city of fog. Citizens have long been accustomed to dense fog. At that time, the dense fog did not attract their special attention. People rushed to buy holiday gifts and food in a happy mood. The surrounding factories also started working as usual. Thousands of people The chimney is still emitting billowing soot as before.A few days later, anomalies emerged. First, the pungent smell of soot became stronger, and then a group of award-winning cattle that were going to be exhibited in London fell ill due to breathing difficulties and were forced to be sent to the slaughterhouse. One of the serious ones died on the spot.Accompanied by the ominous situation, thousands of citizens felt chest tightness almost at the same time, and those old people who reacted the most were the ones who died in batches within a few days. From December 5th to 8th, in just four days, tens of thousands of people died in London, and the number of people suffering from respiratory diseases and heart diseases was 29 times higher than usual.Over the next two months, more than 8,000 people received news of the death of their relatives.There is an old song that sang the truth. It said that fish cannot be separated from water, melons cannot be separated from seedlings, and people cannot be separated from air.Without air, within a few minutes, human beings will show the ridiculous appearance of material waste.According to the news media, in recent years, acid rain, known as the god of death in the sky, has come frequently in vast areas of the world.Acid rain is rain, snow or other atmospheric precipitation with a pH value less than 5.6.When pure rain and snow fall, carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in it to form carbonic acid, which is weakly acidic. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is generally about 316PPM. At this time, the pH value of precipitation is usually 5.6. In any case, acid rain is proof that human beings demand from nature.The acidity of ancient rain and snow is not known because there are no records. However, the measurement of the ice accumulation in Greenland about 180 years ago shows that the pH value of the snowfall at that time was 67.6 (the lower the pH value, the greater the acidity?). Before the 1950s, the world The pH value of precipitation is generally greater than 5, and acid rain has occasionally fallen in a few industrial areas. Since the 1960s, with the increase of industrial development and mineral burning consumption, the pH value of precipitation has dropped to 5 in some parts of the world, such as northern Europe and eastern North America. the following. It was Dr. Audan, a Swedish soil scientist, who first discovered acid rain.When he discovered this strange rain, in 1967, he said worriedly in an article: acid rain will seriously endanger water quality, soil, forests and various buildings in the future.For humans, this may be a chemical warfare. Dr. Odan's assertion has been proved to be absolutely true.In the Netherlands, 54% of the country's forests suffer from acid rain. In the former Federal Republic of Germany, 4 million hectares of trees were weakened and withered. In Sweden, 85,000 lakes across the country were affected, and almost all fish in 18,000 lakes were dead.In Norway, acid rain fell on an area of ​​up to 3.3 million hectares, and 175 of the 266 lakes in the Tobdal River Basin, which suffered the most, have been acidified. Especially since the 1980s, serious victimization has also occurred in Eastern Europe.The Ertu Mountains, famous for its beautiful fir trees and virgin forests, is known as the Alps of Eastern Europe.But now, the leaves are withered and the branches are broken, the bark is peeling off, and the forest with bare white trunks continues for dozens of kilometers.The scene was bleak. In North America on the other side of the ocean, since the 1960s, the area harmed by acid rain has been quietly expanding. In the early 1970s, a large number of perch floated up in Ontario, Canada after the rain.Now 4,000 lakes in the province have been acidified and almost no fish are seen anymore.According to the survey of the Canadian Ministry of Environment, the impact of acid rain has reached 1201.5 million square kilometers, and by the end of the 20th century, 48,000 lakes will be on the verge of death. Most of the acid rain that pollutes Canada comes from pollutants from industrial areas around the five Great Lakes of the United States.Canada pointed out that carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted by thermal power plants and smelters are the main culprits in the formation of acid rain. The harm of acid rain has thus become the best proof of transnational pollution. Just as the disasters in northern Europe are mainly the result of the large amount of pollutants discharged by coal-fired power plants and industrial areas such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the air pollutants produced by the victim countries usually only account for 20% of them. %30%.In fact, the continental United States is not without victims. For example, the acid rain pollution in the Northeast is becoming more and more obvious. In 1984, the U.S. government pointed out in an official report titled "Transfer of Acid Rain and Air Pollution" that if some measures to prevent air pollution were not taken, lakes and rivers in polluted areas would die completely.The U.S. government's report has a broad survey base, and its survey targets include 27 regions in nine states in the northeast, including New York State.Which of the 17,059 lakes in the survey?In Belarus, 9,423 are affected and 2,993 are seriously compromised.In addition, of the 187,877 kilometers of rivers, 78,488 kilometers are already in crisis, and 35,501 kilometers have suffered significantly. The facts are shocking, but what is even more astonishing is the harm of acid rain to the health of the human body itself.According to the calculation of the US government in 1980, the number of deaths caused by acid rain and sulfur oxide pollution in that year accounted for 2% of the national death toll, which is equivalent to 51,000 people died of air pollution in the United States every year.All kinds of acids formed by different acidic substances in the atmosphere play a role in promoting the formation of acid rain. Most of them are sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and sulfuric acid is the main one in most cases. Sulfuric acid is a frightening liquid. Its unique properties can discolor all kinds of metals. If a metal with a strong appearance meets it, the face will first be distorted and deformed, and then disappear without a trace with a sigh. The formation of sulfuric acid speaks volumes for its fiery character.Typically, coal and oil burn to form sulfur dioxide, a deadly gas that undergoes a chemical reaction to produce the chilling sulfuric acid.Sulfuric acid emits a special smell that can make people sick. After high-temperature combustion, the generated nitric oxide is discharged into the atmosphere and most of it is converted into nitrogen dioxide. When it meets water, it generates nitric acid or nitrous acid. These unique substances float in the atmosphere, and they can never change their arrogant nature. No matter what objects are attached to them, they must always change their way of existence.Weakly acidic precipitation can dissolve minerals in the earth's crust for absorption by animals and plants.But if the acidity is too high, when the pH value reaches below 5, they will reveal their true nature and wreak havoc on everything in the human and natural world. In rocky areas with low soil base saturation or thin soil layers, acidic rainwater cannot be neutralized after falling on the ground, which can acidify soil, lakes, rivers, etc.When the pH value of river and lake water reaches below 5, the reproduction and development of fish will be seriously affected.The metals in the watershed soil and bottom mud can be dissolved into the water to poison fish when the acidity is serious; the acidification of the water body will also lead to changes in the biological composition structure, acid-resistant algae and fungi increase, and rooted plants, bacteria and invertebrates Animals are reduced and the decomposition rate of organic matter is reduced.Therefore, acidified lakes and rivers have fewer fish, and even become dead lakes in severe cases. Not only that, acid rain inhibits the decomposition of organic matter and the fixation of nitrogen in the soil, and leaches the nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium combined with soil particles, making the soil barren.Acid rain damages the new leaves of the troughs and thus affects the impact on the piles of static animals. Although acid rain is a kind of rain, it has the property of dilute sulfuric acid. Therefore, it falls on building materials, metal structures, and paints with the rain. It gets ugly very quickly.Especially when it falls on some precious ancient buildings and sculptures, it is easier for people to remember their nature.Of course, no matter how good your memory is, it won't help if it gets into the water you drink. Similar to the world's industrial pollution situation, China's industrial pollution situation is becoming more and more serious. According to a statistical survey in China from March to October in 1983, acid rain has been found in 20 provinces and municipalities across the country.Among the 2,400 observation points set up, more than 1,000 recorded acid rain.At the same time, the harm of acid rain not only occurs in cities, but also extends to rural areas.In the south, the harm of acid rain is particularly serious.Cities such as Suzhou, Nanchang, Chongqing, and Liuzhou have all observed acid rain with strong acidity.It has been asserted that these observed figures are comparable to the world record for acid rain with a pH of 34.In Suzhou, acid rain with a pH value of 4.7 once occurred, which caused a large number of watermelons to be destroyed; in Chongqing, acid rain with a pH value of 3.9, which is equivalent to lemon juice, killed a large area of ​​rice.China is suffering from the erosion of acid rain. According to the results of precipitation testing in 73 cities in China, acid rain accounted for 49.3% of the cities. The trees in the streets of Chongqing have been replaced by three crops and three species since the 1960s, but they still cannot resist the premature aging and death caused by pollution. The frequency of acid rain in Yibin City, Sichuan Province is as high as 100%, which means that every rain, every drop of rain in this city will cause a terrible disaster.Acid rain has made people reform the traditional planting phenomenon. Once it rains, the first thing the common people do is to water the vegetables to drive the acid rain off the leaves of the vegetables.A 7th Five-Year study showed that the annual economic loss caused by acid rain in Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and Guizhou alone was as high as 16 billion yuan.According to Xinhua News Agency, in recent years, almost every second rain in Guangdong Province is acid rain, causing immeasurable losses to the province's agriculture and forests.For this reason, Guangdong Province had to propose a series of measures at the provincial environmental protection meeting, determined to reverse the situation of intensified acid rain pollution. Guangdong is a region with a relatively fast pace of economic development since the reform and opening up.With the rapid economic growth, the province's electric power industry and building materials industry have developed rapidly.At the same time, the province's industrial waste gas and dust emissions are also increasing rapidly.According to statistics in the past five years, the average annual growth rates of the two are 12.5% ​​and 9% respectively.A large amount of waste gas and dust are mostly soot and sulfur dioxide.It is these factors that cause the frequency of atmospheric acid rain to reach about 50%, and in some cities it is as high as 80%. Coincidentally, in 1995, the newspapers revealed that the acid rain triangle area was formed in Shaanxi, and the biological treasure house in Qinling Mountains suffered greatly from it.陕西省环保局经过10余年监测，发现陕西省不仅出现了酸雨，而且形成了以西安市为中心的较为严重的酸雨区，即洛阳、商州和铜川三县市所构成的三角形。 酸雨浇在脸上，愁绪结在心头。面对酸雨，无数勤劳的人无计可施。 陕西有酸雨三角区，世界上也有三大酸雨区。这三大酸雨区里就有我国的重庆市。还是在1993年，重庆市的环境监测结果表明，这里的酸雨频率已高达80%，全年酸雨的pH值平均为2.8。在重庆，不仅雨水受到酸化，雾水、露水和雪水也受到严重污染。1994年，重庆连续四次出现黑雨现象，降雨面积达800平方公里。在酸雨的危害下，整个城市建筑灰暗肮脏，汽车等公共设施锈迹斑斑，土壤酸化，农作物减产，病虫害加剧，树木成片死亡。 关于酸雨的危害，有关部门调查后说，重庆市每年因酸雨造成的经济损失高达5亿6亿元。单纯的经济损失并不可怕，如果是山川清秀，不出数年，一切皆可恢复，然而，依我们现在逐渐恶劣的环境，这样的气候，对人的身心的重创是无法弥补的。一项15年的跟踪研究显示，重庆市中心肺癌死亡率呈上升趋势，位居全国12个城市之首。尤其以老年人和儿童受害最大。 谁都知道酸雨的厉害，但谁都无法改变自己单纯追求经济的步伐。在物欲极度膨胀的今天，你可以让个人下岗，但无法让一个排着三废的工厂停止生产城市垃圾。所以，也就出现了这样一种上升趋势： 六五期间原本以城区为中心，郊区较轻的酸雨，到了七五期间，酸雨污染蔓延到远郊的广大农村及背景区。到了1993年，无论是酸雨频率还是pH值，郊区的污染均已重于城区。 素有雾都之称的重庆，原本湿度就大，酸雨的蔓延和加剧，无疑给重庆带来了劫难性的灾难。有关方面做过一次比较，由于受酸雨的侵蚀，重庆嘉陵江大桥金属结构的维修周期，只及南京长江大桥的五分之一。而另一项调查的数据更有意味，重庆市南山上的马尾松死亡率高达46%。 号称天无三日晴的贵州省会亦是如此。 有人夸张地说，贵阳就如一个装满了酸液的大试管，人则成了浸泡其中的试验品。细想想，这并不是真正的夸张。 据（1995年贵州省环境状况公报》称，整个黔中地区酸雨频率高、强度大，酸雨污染由中部地区向西北地区扩展，形成了黔中地区为中心的连片分布局势。这种表达的实际情况是，贵州省17万平方公里的土地已有10万平方公里正遭受着程度不等的酸雨危害。 从整体上看，贵州的酸雨污染以贵阳及其附近地区为中心，形成了一个强酸雨的中心圈子，其外围是一个弱酸雨圈，最外层则是非酸雨圈。在这样一个三环套的酸雨污染区中，贵阳等城市受害大矣。 有歌唱得好，贵阳是个好地方，独具一格的喀斯特地貌风光无限诱人，然而现在的外地人来到这里，印象最深的却是饱尝高二氧化硫的微酸空气。贵阳市有一景，各色小吃一条街遍布市区。小吃固然满足了市民的烧烤嗜好，但也给城市环境加重了污染。明火炉灶的青烟，弥漫着整条街道，呛得人涕泪双流。1995年8月中国科协、团中央、国家教委等单位，联合举办了第八届全国青少年科技发明和科学论文比赛活动，有一个叫高铂的小学生算了这样一笔账，他是以一个儿童的独特视角看污染的。高铂看到的便是街上的炸油条的小摊。他说，一锅油是15千克，一小时炸面25千克，炸完后，锅里的油还有6千克，也就是说跑走了9千克，油跑到哪里去了？高铂说，一部分在油条上，另一部分肯定是散失在空中了。 高铂在一本专业书上查出了菜子油的挥发系数，系数是2.5%，于是他算了算，9千克跑走的油，按2.5%计算，则有0.225千克在一个小时内排放到空中。运用这种方法，高铂计算出了各种摊点油的排放量。烤肉串摊，一个小时挥发量约40克。炸肉串摊，一个小时的挥发量大约1千克。他对街头上烧烤摊点抽样统计，结果是早上67点钟，三条主要街道平均有16个炸油条摊，而中午1112点则分别平均有21个炸肉串点和11个烤肉点。高铂家在太原，他继而进行了如下演算。他说太原市共有995个街道，如果每条街道上有炸油条摊点16个，每个摊点在1小时内向空间排放0.225千克的油烟气，那么一天按8小时计算，全太原市的炸肉摊点每天向天空排放28656千克，烤肉串摊点排放3520.4千克的油烟。 生活在都市中的上班族，最难忘记的也许就是交通拥挤的状况吧，但是谁也没有心情去算一算这笔账。据监测，汽车尾气中含有较高的一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化物，以及颗粒物质等有害物质。而每千辆汽车尾气的每天排放量分别是一氧化碳300公斤，碳氢化合物200400公斤，氮氧化物50150公斤。 汽车尾气通常在启动、加油、变速时排放更为严重。白烟黑烟一冒，然后就散失在马路两旁。医生或稍通医学的人都知道，汽车尾气能引起咽炎、鼻炎、支气管炎、肺炎、胸膜炎等多种疾病。汽车尾气的排放口很低，这些有害物质几乎全部进入人体内部，形成以上那些疾病。一些长年站在十字路口和马路中央的交警，常常会出现恶心、头晕、易流泪和食欲下降等症状。哈尔滨、兰州等地的交警体检结果表明，交警血压高、神经衰弱、慢性结膜炎、慢性咽炎等病高于一般人群；而铅的储蓄、尿铅、发铅比对照人群也要高；并普遍出现免疫功能大幅下降、肺功能减弱、气道阻力增加等现象。据报道，1997年我们一些大城市的交警不得不戴上空气过滤器上岗。交警因其特有的工作性质而受汽车尾气毒害，除了他们，一般市民其实也无不受到这一杀手的涂炭。据报道，随着城市汽车数量的急剧膨胀，我国成都、重庆和北京等地已存在光化学烟雾的潜在危险。 目前全国已拥有1100多万辆汽车，这个数字看起来不多，以北京市为例，汽车的保有量是150万辆，此数字仅是东京或洛杉矶的八分之一，但因单车排污量比国外同类汽车高几倍，导致北京的汽车污染与东京和洛杉矶大体相当。 种种迹象表明，酸雨的成因与工业化的进度有很大关联，并且，酸雨的面积也随着汽车、石油、化工等工业的发展而逐年扩大。 看到人类的工业文明如此发达下去，酸雨完全可以充满自信地说，不出数年，它将覆盖全人类。 数年前，联合国搞了一次全球空气污染程度的排序，入选监测网前十名的城市就有五个在中国，它们是沈阳、西安、北京、上海和广州。而另一项对54个城市二氧化硫污染程度排名表上，以上五城市再次出现。 西安是我国古代历史上的一方圣土，前后共有12个王朝在此地建都。秦岭巍峨，北山逶迤，景色秀丽，气候湿润，其优越的自然条件和此环境下孕育出的悠久历史和丰富灿烂的文化，都曾经是西安人的骄傲。 然而进入80年代后，这种骄傲不在了。1995年，该城市空气中总悬浮量年日均值为370微克立方米，与国家二级标准的200微克立方米相比，超出了几乎一倍。 一位小伙子天天骑车上班，他说自己每天早晨到单位必先做三件事，洗去满脸的尘土，清洗鼻孔里的黑东西，使劲咳出气管中发黑的痰。另一位市民面对不得不呼吸的空气，无可奈何地说：我每天生活在这样的环境中，沉闷压抑，真想逃走，可有什么办法？反正命不值钱，就这样了。 对这种奇怪的现象，西安人说，如果不戴口罩，不多久嘴里就好像含着土一样。 大气污染着城市的天空，同样也污染着城市的文明进程。西安市一位副市长说，西安的大气污染很严重，这与西安开放步伐极不协调。西安应该有比其他城市更好的环境。大气污染治理的严重滞后，已经成为拖累城市经济发展的沉重包袱。 西安安泰药业有限公司的一位经理坦言，在他们生产药品过程中，由于对空气的洁净度要求很高，空气中的粉尘侵入给他们造成了一些不必要的损失。 类似安泰药业公司的企业并非独此一家，然而不管是城市形象，抑或经济发展，这些东西都离市民的距离不远，空气污染却给居民带来了最直接也无法逃脱的灾难。 污染不仅严重侵害了人类的生活，对于大自然也会形成一种无法弥补的伤痕。 还有别样的污染。 联合国列出的世界十大严重污染的城市中，广州位居第六。每天，广州市排入珠江的污水为300万吨，年排放污水量超过10亿吨。每天，广州市民还要向珠江倾倒40吨生活垃圾。有专家统计说，1994年排人珠江的生活污水正好是1984年的125%，现仍以每年10%的速度递增着。 1993年底，广州珠江河段发生黑臭病，广州城区通向珠江的14条河流条条发臭，人称为露天下水道。广东珠江污染面积已达60%。 北京市建国初期仅有2000多辆汽车；1979年增至10万辆；1989年上升至45万辆；从1989年至今，达到月增1.7万辆的高速度。据新闻媒体透露，目前北京的汽车拥有量大约在150万辆左右。这些汽车多数为质量差、排气严重超标的类型。加上北京城区原本以煤为主的燃料结构，使北京的空气污染转为复合型。随着北京市生产总值由1986年的280亿增加到1998年的2009亿，城区面积扩大了28.4%，年耗煤量增加了1.9%，常住人口增加11.8%，城市基础投资10年1000亿元，因之更加重了大气的承受负担。1998年与1997年比，空气污染指数四级的周数增长了42%。从环境浓度看，氮氧化物、一氧化碳、臭氧明显增加。由于机动车辆增长迅速，交通环境汽车尾气污染日趋加重，二环路内的氮氧化物由1986年的每立方米99微克增加到138微克，增加3%。北京现在已经成为全国三种污染物同时超标的惟一城市。武汉市曾于1997年11月、1998年3月两次对一所报社办公楼的电脑网络中心做市内空气质量及人员流行病调查。结果显示，有9种与室内空气质量相关的症状，其发生率变动在82.1%28.6%之间。他们发现，在电脑使用数量多的空间，空气正负离子总数明显高于使用数量少的房间。而空调与建筑材料一样也是构成室内空气污染的罪魁祸首。按照世界卫生组织的划分，空调的使用会引起三类病症：1.空调引起的急性传染病，类似军团病；2.由空调系统内存在的霉菌等引发的过敏性疾病；3.由于空调换气次数低，造成新风进量不足，大量污染物淤积，有40%左右的污染都是由空调系统引起的。在封闭极好的空间，往往加上不合格的建筑涂料，就会雪上加霜，致使人患上莫名其妙的诸如头疼、恶心、咽喉肿胀、呼吸困难等怪病。专家们称之为不良建筑综合征。中国向都市化进军，城市呈裂变形态扩展，然而，谁也没有想到过一个崭新的灾害向人类的无序和盲目索要代价，这就是地质环境灾害。大连是个美丽的城市，然而，它的美丽却是建筑在70%的岩体活动频繁的边坡、稳定恶性循环极差的山体之上。这种山体属第四系上更新地质年代构造，其棕黄色和褐色的亚粘土的孔隙大，在雨水侵蚀及外部应力作用下极易发生滑塌。目前已发现的危险区已有26处，并且近年来急剧上升，其速度与市政建设成正比。到2000年，大连市区已有40%的工矿企业、居民房舍和公共设施面临掩埋、滑塌的危险，预计造成的经济损失将占全市经济收入的20%左右。这是笔者的朋友何建明在一篇文章中对城市过度发展提出的警告，但愿人们能听到这一声沉痛的长啸。因为发现塌陷下沉的城市越来越多，它们是上海、天津、沈阳、哈尔滨、重庆、南京、贵阳、昆明、武汉、桂林、苏州、无锡、常州、太原、大同、青岛、攀枝花等等，它们将等待科学去拯救陷落的趋势。 被大工业污染和残害的城市还有许多许多…… 因此，我们必须正视一个事实，大工业并不等于大文明。工业的大发展并不等于文明的大跨越，工业的高速度并不等于文明的现代化。对于那些偏执狂般只重抓工业生产，不注意抓精神文明的人，一些国外的学者早就提出了严肃的批评。他们说，人类这样匆忙是为了什么？现代化的生产速度已足够人类去享用，人类还要怎样发展？大工业越高速发展，我们失去自然的机会就越大。他们呼吁：放弃那些无谓的探索和所谓的高速度发展吧，诸如热核武器的研究，地球极地的考察，铺天盖地的钢铁水泥丛林……人类还是珍惜脚下的家园吧，给我们自己留下一些草地、河流、森林和明媚的阳光吧…… 国外学者们的呼吁应该引起我们的警醒。我们应该重新梳理一下以往纷乱的思绪。这就是应该举起城市现代化的旗帜。 可以说，城市现代化有着自己独立的意志和完整的人性特征，它对过往的依附于大工业或成为经济衍生物那样的城市是一个独立宣言，它是物质文明和精神文明的结合体。 第一次把中国的城市建设放在战略高度的是党的十四届六中全会。 十三届四中全会以后，以江泽民同志为核心的党中央认真纠正过去一个时期内曾经出现的一手硬、一手软的失误，把精神文明建设摆上了全党工作的重要位置。特别是党的十四届六中全会做出的《关于社会主义精神文明建设若干重要问题的决议》，更是极大地调动了人民群众在精神文明建设活动中的主动性和积极性。党和人民群众的目光开始在城市问题上聚焦和审视，人们开始精细地解读城市，品味城市，尤其是广大人民群众，他们以前所未有的热情投人到讲文明、树新风、送温暖、献爱心，保护生态环境、共建美好家园、创建文明行业、文明窗口、文明社区、文明小区、十星级文明户，以及希望工程、青年志愿者、百城万店无假货、文化科技卫生三下乡等创建活动中，使我们的城市开始充满一种久违的活力和新鲜的动感。城市开始变得充满生机，那些文明元素开始在它们的身体内发生作用，于是，那些我们曾久久期盼的美丽开始出现……