Chapter 52 (fifty-two) Eternal Merry

As folk images, Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang are treacherous and insidious villains, and the other is a pure and upright gentleman. As historical images, Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang have many similarities.For example, life is simple and law enforcement is strict, but in people's minds, Cao Cao has always been regarded as a villain with a bad face, and Zhuge Liang has always been the embodiment of justice and wisdom, so why are the folk and historical images of Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang so big? difference?Please pay attention to "Eternal Romance" by Yi Zhongtian Pin Three Kingdoms. Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang are the two most important figures in the Three Kingdoms period, and they are also the two most talked about figures in later generations.In the eyes of many people, Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang not only represent two different political groups, but they are not the same people at all. On the theater stage and in literary works, they are against each other, and the traitors are not at odds with each other.However, Mr. Yi Zhongtian put forward an amazing point of view in the last episode. He thought that Zhuge Liang was very similar to Cao Cao. So why did Mr. Yi Zhongtian say that?What are the similarities between Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang?Why is there such a big difference between the folk image and the historical image of Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang?Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University visited Baijia Forum to give you a wonderful taste of the finale of the Three Kingdoms "Eternal Romance".

In the last episode we talked about Zhuge Liang, and we talked about the similarities between Zhuge Liang and Cao Cao.It is easy to say this and cause different opinions, because in the minds of ordinary people, these two people are completely opposite.If we are reading "Three Kingdoms" instead, if we are talking about the historical images of these two people instead of his literary and folk images, if we put aside the standpoint of political groups, put aside the evaluation of moral qualities, and only look at it from the political line , the two men do have striking similarities.When Mr. Tian Yuqing talked about Cao Cao's legalist line and Cao Cao's rule of law, he said this sentence. He said that among the Three Kingdoms, only Zhuge Zhuge could be compared, that is, at least in terms of the legalist line of ruling the country by law, both of them Personally, I agree, and I even think that what Zhuge Liang implemented in Shu Han was a Cao Cao line without Cao Cao, or a Cao Cao line against Cao Wei.We know that what Cao Cao wants to establish is a legalist and Han regime, a regime that governs the country according to the law, rather than a regime monopolized by the gentry and landlord class. Zhuge Liang is exactly the same as him, and Cao Pi has changed in the north When his father followed his political line, Zhuge Liang was in the south, and he still insisted on such a line in Yizhou, which was one of the reasons why he died first. We have already talked about it in the previous program, and we will even find the two of them The official titles are very similar. Cao Cao is the prime minister, named Wupinghou, and ordered Jizhou Mu; Zhuge Liang is the prime minister, named Wuxianghou, and ordered Yizhou Mu.What is the difference?The difference is that Cao Cao later became the Duke of Wei, and later became the King of Wei, but Zhuge Liang did not become a Duke or King.But it is not without this motion. Li Yan once wrote to Zhuge Liang asking him to add nine tins, promote him to the title of prince, and let him be king. Of course, Li Yan may have written this letter with ill intentions and put him on the stove. After baking it, the question is how did Zhuge Liang answer it?Zhuge Liang first said that I was very grateful for the special encounter of the late emperor. I was an extremely human minister, and I was very grateful for the gift of tens of billions of money. But now the late emperor's kindness has not been repaid, and our business has not yet succeeded. , when Jin Wangjue asked this question, he said next (the words on the screen: If Wei Zhanrui is destroyed, the emperor will return to his former residence and be promoted with the princes, although ten lives can be accepted, but it is better than Jiuye.): "If Wei Zhanrui is destroyed" is If we destroy Cao Wei and kill Cao Rui, because the emperor of Cao Wei was already Cao Rui at that time, "returning the former residence of the emperor" our emperor can return to Luoyang, "promote with all the princes" and I will be promoted together with you, "although Ten lives are acceptable, let alone nine." At that time, you don't say you can add nine tins to me, but ten tins are fine, and I can accept it. Then this statement is often considered unreliable. In history, some people have considered it unreliable. Where did this word come from? "Zhuge Liang Collection" is in his own anthology, but there are still some people in history who don't believe it. They say that Zhuge Liang is very humble. How could he say such a thing?In my opinion, why can’t he say this? People in the Three Kingdoms period were bloody, including Liu Bei, including Lu Su. These people who are described in some works without blood are actually very bloody. Yes, Zhuge Liang can't be bloody?What's more, this remark is against Li Yanyi's army, but many people feel that this is detrimental to the image of the prime minister. This remark cannot be said. Why is my opinion detrimental? I think it is very glorious. I read this sentence I think the words are too enjoyable. It is what it is. If the world is really unified, there is nothing unacceptable. It’s just that some people in front of them usurped the throne after accepting these titles. I don’t need to usurp, so honestly That being said, there are a lot of similarities between the two.

From the above analysis of Mr. Yi Zhongtian, it is not difficult to see that Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang do have many similarities. Their political line is the same, and the nature of the regime they intend to establish is also the same. Even their simple life and strict law enforcement are very similar.Then why did Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang become two extremes in the later literary and folk images, and why their literary and folk images are so different? Please listen to Mr. Yi Zhongtian's four reasons for us. The first is self-distinction.After all, these are two different people, and they are different. In terms of politics, an important difference is that Cao Cao became the public and the king, but Zhuge Liang did not. Therefore, regardless of whether Cao Pi's proclaiming himself emperor was Cao Cao's wish or not, Cao Cao has such a crime that has not been cleaned up. I still insist on my point of view whether Cao Cao wants to be emperor or not. Word: resign to fate.That is, he neither said that Cao Pi must be the emperor, nor did he say that Cao Pi must not be the emperor. What he said was: If the destiny is my destiny, I will be King Wen of Zhou.If the fate is really in our Cao family, son, you can be the emperor, if the fate is not in our Cao family, you don't want to be.But he firmly grasped that the highest power must be held in the hands of our Cao family. We must monopolize the power, never let go of the power, and the status can be a little sloppy, but despite this, Cao Pi became the emperor, Cao Pi became the emperor, the usurper Cao Cao had no choice but to bear the accusation against him. He couldn't clean it up, but Zhuge Liang had no such suspicion.Then these people in the future generations are still very orthodox, and they must make a big fuss about it. This is the first point.The second point is that Cao Cao is treacherous, and Zhuge Liang is frank.This is also undeniable, have you seen Zhuge Liang engage in conspiracy?No, he is doing things in an upright manner, and because he is doing things in a dignified manner, he is tired, so he is very tired.Cao Cao still has a lot of time to play, we can't see that Zhuge Liang has time to play, it's too decent.Then this also made people of later generations separate the two people.But here I want to explain that Cao Cao’s treachery was exaggerated later. There is treachery, and there is also cruelty. Read books by historians.The third difference is that both Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang are real people.But if we want to make a distinction, Cao Cao is more true, and Zhuge Liang is more true.Cao Cao dared to tell the truth, but Zhuge Liang was very cautious in doing things. Zhuge was cautious all his life, and the only time he was considered imprudent was ten lives, so he was suspected.And Cao Cao didn't care, "If there is no orphan in the country, I don't know how many people will be the emperor and how many people will be the king." Such words are taboo and offend many people. He dares to say things that ordinary people dare not say. We Go read Cao Cao's "Shu Zhi Ling" and you will find that this person is a very real person, a person who dares to tell the truth. I am not a person with a bad background and a bad reputation, so I was ambitious at the beginning. Not very big, I just want to be a good sheriff, county magistrate, etc., so that everyone thinks that I am not capable, but gradually my ambitions have grown. Now I want to be Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, He just said it honestly, he really.Zhuge Liang is down-to-earth, doing things down-to-earth, and doing things well one by one. The culture of our nation prefers to be down-to-earth. There is a spirit in Chinese culture that is the practical spirit of unity of knowledge and action, so we will prefer A down-to-earth person like Zhuge Liang doesn't like people like Cao Cao who say some taboo words. The fourth point of difference is that Cao Cao is complicated and Zhuge Liang is pure.Zhuge Liang is a very pure person. He is wholeheartedly responsible for the rise and fall of the world, assisting Liu Bei wholeheartedly, governing the Kingdom of Shu wholeheartedly, and devoting himself to work. This kind of character is what our nation likes. When we talk about being a good person, there is one thing that is to be a pure person, a person who has escaped vulgar interests. According to such a standard, Zhuge Liang is certainly a person worthy of admiration.We don't like people as complicated as Cao Cao. I have said about Cao Cao's personality. He may be the most complicated person in Chinese history. Mr. Tian Yuqing summed up four sentences. Who is Cao Cao?The all-powerful hero, the rebel against the tradition, the talented scholar with literary talent, and the treacherous minister who is jealous of power and fraud.Powerful and jealous, this is a traitor, all-powerful is a hero, add up to a traitor, rebel against tradition, literary talent, plus what I said before like to tell the truth, show your own personality and your own emotions This is called cute, and together they are cute villains.Many people don't understand these words, how can a traitor be cute?I can’t help if I don’t understand, but we actually have a lot of these seemingly contradictory words in our history. For example, if you are a Confucian general, you will not fight if you are elegant, and you will be rude when you fight. How can you be elegant?How could there be Confucian generals?Let’s also take the righteous thief as an example. Being a thief is not righteous. How could it be a righteous thief?Let's think about whether there are righteous robbers and Confucian generals. If there are righteous robbers and Confucian generals, why can't there be cute villains?So Cao Cao is a lovely traitor.Zhuge Liang is a highly respected, lonely person who is not really understood. This is their own difference, and it is also the first reason why their literary image and historical image are completely different.

Although Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang have their own differences, in Mr. Yi Zhongtian's view, they both showed their true selves and revealed their true temperament, so they should be affirmed.For example, Cao Cao's truth and Zhuge Liang's truth can coexist, but why are these two people so different in folk images? The second reason is literary rendering.Due to the differences in the historical images of these two people, this difference has been magnified in the literary and artistic works of later generations.For example, Cao Cao said: I would rather blame others than others.The eight words are not official historical records, but when they get to the book, they become: I would rather teach me to be inferior to the people of the world than to teach the world to be inferior to others.Enlarged, people’s words have a target, I’d rather I be sorry for him than he be sorry for me, it’s one-on-one, plus one person from all over the world, it becomes universal, how many times is it magnified?Therefore, his treachery and cruelty are magnified in literary and artistic works.On the other hand, Zhuge Liang's wisdom has also been magnified in literary and artistic works. How many stories have been made up, such as borrowing arrows from straw boats, borrowing east wind, and empty city plans, because this paragraph is actually blank in the historical records. , then such an approach, as a literary and artistic work, is in line with the laws of literary and artistic creation. The words must be made clear, what should a literary and artistic work do?Shape the typical.There are two kinds of typical, one is called scientific typical, and the other is called artistic typical. What is the thing chosen by scientific typical?It is called a specimen, and the specimen must be the most common one among the species, without any particularity, it is the standard, the standard one, the specimen, for example, if you want to make a bedbug specimen, you must find the most common one Bedbugs are called specimens, scientific models.An artistic model is just the opposite. An artistic model must highlight a certain character in a person. For example, if you want to describe a person who is very stingy, why should you be so stingy?Only when he is stingy enough to steal things from his own home can he become a model of art, and he creates a model of literary and artistic works. Then he must make him a model of these two people, and he must exaggerate and highlight certain characteristics of them, so that he has artistic value .Therefore, from the perspective of the law of literary and artistic creation, it is right for writers and artists to do so, but our audience must clearly understand that this is a literary image, not a historical image. These are two concepts, and these two images can They coexist, but we have to distinguish them clearly, otherwise it will be a mess, and then you will not be able to discuss the issue when you come to discuss it.Is there any other need for this kind of rendering of literature and art besides the need for typicalization?Yes, politically necessary.This is the third reason why these two humanistic images and artistic images are so different, political needs.What political needs?The ruling class needs a loyal minister, the masses need an upright official, and the literati and scholar-bureaucrats need a representative. The three people unanimously chose Zhuge Liang.Because I said earlier that Zhuge Liang was indeed a character in the Shu Han: an extremely powerful minister, and monopolized power.According to his ability, status, and prestige, he can be the second Cao Cao. He can also be named a prince and king, and finally drive out Liu Chan, who is not mentally handicapped, but he is definitely no match for him. This is absolutely possible. But he didn't do this. This is a rare example of a loyal minister. Where can I find such a loyal person?And it's a troubled world, think about it, heroes in troubled times are everywhere, monks can't touch me, anyone can grab it, it's so rare, so worthy of affirmation, and so worthy of special mention.So the ruling class takes a fancy to this and needs a loyal official, and the people need an upright official. We Chinese or Chinese in our traditional society have three dreams: the first dream is called Mingjun Dream, which is to hope that there will be a Good emperor, the true son of destiny has come out, the world is peaceful, if the emperor can't count on it, he hopes to have an upright official, that is, the second dream is called the upright official dream, the emperor is a little confused, the parent official above my head is an upright official, and my life is too Fortunately, if the honest officials can't be counted on, he still has a third dream of being a knight. At this time, I hope that a knight will come out and take the head of the corrupt official in the middle of the night to avenge us and vindicate our injustice. If the knight Can't count on it?We have to rely on martial arts novels, which is why Chinese people like martial arts novels so much.Well, three dreams: Mingjun Dream, Honest Official Dream, and Knightly Dream. In this honest official dream, everyone chose Zhuge Liang again, because Zhuge Liang was honest and upright in his duties, and enforced the law fairly. Because he was honest and upright in his duties, he passed away Afterwards, the common people of the Shu Kingdom took the initiative to worship him, and they worship him to this day, entrusting the social ideal of our people, which is the people's need for an upright official.The third literati and scholar-bureaucrats need a representative. The "scholar" class is very special. It was the lowest class of nobles during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the highest class of commoners after the Qin and Han Dynasties. What are their characteristics?Basically, there is no real estate, and some are capable. Those with martial arts are called warriors, and those with literary talents are called literati. Warriors can be bodyguards or assassins for others, and scribes can be advisers or secretaries for others. Therefore, the characteristics of the literati class are that they are a There are only a very few who want to participate in politics, and those who are really unwilling to participate are called hermits. Whether it is other scribes or warriors, they must participate in real social politics.But what is another characteristic of the class of scholars?He is independent, he has no real estate, he can flow, it is the so-called talent flow, he can flow, so what is he?He is fur, and the hair will only be effective if it is attached to a piece of skin. If the skin does not exist, the hair will not be attached to it. Attached to a piece of skin I have no self-respect, no dignity, so what is the best?It’s best to come to Mao and tell Mao that you come and attach to me, and I say I won’t go, you come, I won’t go, you come, okay, I will reluctantly go, Sangu, why do those people in later generations want to Praise San Gu like that?It just expresses his political needs, and I hope that all the monarchs in the world will invite me three times like Liu Bei. Sorry, this is the only time in history, and the emperors of later generations will not only not invite you, but also tell you, you Want to attach?Take the exam first, do you know what it looks like in the examination room?When you enter the door, you have to take off your clothes and search your body. I’m afraid you’ll bring something cheating, so go in naked. In the Three Kingdoms era, there was a scholar who only came out after three invitations. He’s so envious. The three forces are concentrated together. This created Zhuge Liang's literary image and folk image.So he changed from a man to a god, so someone asked Cao Cao?Why did Cao Cao change from a human to a ghost?The reason is also very simple, you need a model, a positive model also needs a negative model, the positive and negative models can educate future generations, since Zhuge Liang has made a positive model, then of course Cao Cao has become a negative model, you deserve it, who wants to Are you running ahead?Who wants you to have so many problems?Who let you be caught so many handles?Political needs.Which emperor does not want his prime minister to learn from Cao Cao, which emperor likes it?right?Which subordinate doesn't like his superiors killing people when they are unhappy?Who likes it?As for literati and scholar-bureaucrats, of course they would not praise Cao Cao, because Cao Cao came from a family of eunuchs. You have to know that eunuchs and gentry had great conflicts. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, they were called Qingliu and Zhuoliu. Political needs, the third reason.

Based on Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis above, due to literary exaggeration and political needs, Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang played two magnified roles in the folk image and literary image, one representing evil and the other representing good. The hero became a villain, and Zhuge Liang stepped onto the altar, so why are people in later generations willing to accept such an adaptation that is not entirely true?What is the reason that contributed to the final image of the two? The fourth reason is social psychology.What is the social psychology of Chinese people?Saint complex.Because China has a religious awareness, that is, our nation is a nation with a weak religious awareness. In the social life of our traditional society, there is actually no religion. We do not have a native religion, and all religions are foreign. It is not produced by ourselves. We do not worship gods, we worship people. This is the difference between Chinese and Western cultures. Westerners worship gods, and the gods of Christianity are invisible. The God of Christianity has no shape. An invisible and intangible existence, so it transcends all people, so it is possible to realize everyone's equality before God, and only then can there be confession to God. He is actually a kind of inner monologue.And what about China?It does not have this concept, the Chinese tradition does not have this concept, it worships people, starting from Fuxi, then Zhou Gong, Confucius, all real people, and real people are worshiped, so once this real person becomes an object of worship, he must be perfected , just make him a myth, and make him perfect. For example, Confucius was revered as the most holy teacher in later generations. There was even a saying later that a person, as long as you learn three things from Confucius, you are a gentleman. Confucius is too tall and perfect. You can only look up at the mountain. You can’t learn it. You can learn the three things. A dude and playboy said it. I learned the three things of Confucius. People say that it is impossible, but you can still learn the three things of Confucius. Of course I learned the three things: never tire of fine food, never tire of fine meat, and limitless wine.From this, we can know how ridiculous this worship of real people is. Humans have weaknesses, human beings have shortcomings, and human beings make mistakes. How can there be no weaknesses, flaws, or mistakes in the world? What about people?Even the gods are inevitable. The God in the Bible didn’t know there was a snake in the field of Eden. Where did the snake come from? Did he create it or not?It was created by him and he is not perfect, he is not omnipotent when he comes in from outside, he does not know that he does not know everything when a snake comes in from outside, even gods will inevitably make mistakes, let alone human beings?Well, because we have such a worship, we have to say that this object is perfect, and in my opinion, once a person becomes perfect, I don’t believe it, I can’t believe it, and I can’t be cute, lovely people There must be shortcomings and mistakes, even if you snore while sleeping, you must have some shortcomings.

Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that the four major reasons for the formation of Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang's literary and folk images are self-distinction, literary rendering, political needs and social psychology.Among them, saint worship and complex are very important. Because of such a complex, we have to describe the object of worship perfectly.Similarly, because of such a complex, when we turn one person into a god, we must also turn another person into a ghost, so what is behind this complex? In fact, looking back now, Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang, a god and a ghost in our literary and folk images, are just the two sides of our human nature. People are complicated and contradictory. There is a struggle between good and evil. When our human nature is reflected in literary and artistic works and in our folklore, two images are formed. Therefore, we say that they are the positive and negative sides of a coin. It is human nature.They are also the back wave and the front wave of the Yangtze River, Cao Cao is the front wave, Zhuge Liang is the back wave, and they are all committed to promoting a Legalist line belonging to the common landlord class.The back waves of the Yangtze River pushed the front waves, and the front waves died on the beach. After Zhuge Liang became the back wave, Cao Cao inevitably died on the beach. When we look back at this history today, we should look higher and farther , Read more deeply, this is the 52-episode large-scale series "Pin Three Kingdoms" that I hope you all have finished, thank you for watching, goodbye.