Chapter 51 (51) One Hundred Years of Solitude

This is an almost perfect image, yet this is the most fascinating character.He is a model of loyalty, the embodiment of wisdom, and a model of a minister, and there are many unsolved mysteries behind him. If there is no Liu Bei's three visits to the thatched cottage, would Zhuge Liang come out of the mountain?After Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, why did he still admit that Sun Quan was proclaiming emperor? After Liu Bei’s death, whether he monopolized power and emptied Liu Chan? The Three Kingdoms era was an era in which talents were born in large numbers, and it was also an era in which humanity was radiated with brilliance.Zhuge Liang is a good example. He came out of the mountain at the age of twenty-six to assist Liu Bei. When he made decisions in Longzhong, he had foreseen that Liu Bei would be able to do one of three things. Rejecting Cao Cao until he died of illness in the Wuzhangyuan Army, this is Zhuge Liang's legendary life. He really did his best and died.But there is no pure gold, and no one is perfect. Zhuge Liang also caused a lot of controversy in future generations.Visiting the thatched cottage three times is considered to be putting on airs and refusing to come out of the mountain, and acting as the monarch is considered to be imitating Cao Cao's empty emperor, so Zhuge Liang has left unsolved mysteries one by one. How does Mr. Yi Zhongtian comment?What kind of person is Zhuge Liang?Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University was a guest at the forum of hundreds of schools, and gave you a wonderful talk about the Three Kingdoms.

In the last episode, we talked about the relationship between Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang. From this relationship, we read the word "loneliness".Maybe some audience friends will suspect that Zhuge Liang is lonely?Lonely.All great figures are lonely, Cao Cao is lonely, Zhuge Liang is lonely, Cao Cao is so lonely that even his son does not understand him, yes, Zhuge Liang is highly respected in later generations, but we must know that the more a historical figure is respected in later generations, then he will be more lonely.For example, Confucius, Confucius was praised to such a status as the most holy teacher, but what is the judgment of Professor Li Ling of Peking University on Confucius?The three characters are "sorrowful dog".This is seen in "Historical Records • The Family of Confucius", and it was recognized by Confucius himself.So Zhuge Liang is the same, there are many mysteries in his life, these mysteries are covered by his brilliance, in this episode I will tell you about the four mysteries Zhuge Liang talked about.The first mystery out of the mountain.How did Zhuge Liang get out of the mountain?Is it true that the generally accepted saying is to look at the thatched cottage three times?yes.But at the same time, there is also a saying of door-to-door self-recommendation. I have already talked about it in the episode "Three Visits to Thatched Cottages", and I have come to a conclusion that door-to-door self-recommendation and three-visit thatched cottages coexist, one is in front and the other is in the back.Immediately, I was scolded by many people, saying how dare you belittle Zhuge Liang. My point of view is very clear. If it is a fact, we must tell this fact based on our conscience and conscience, regardless of whether you are exalting or belittling.The second is not to belittle, why?Now let's look at Sangu's statement. Is there any basis for Sangu's statement?yes, where? "Teacher List", so it must be a fact, but it is definitely not that Zhuge Liang refused to come out of the mountain with airs, and he had to ask Liu Bei three times to come out, and it is definitely not that he did not plan to go out at first, but only after three visits. He originally wanted to come out Yes, where is the evidence?Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms • The Biography of Zhuge Liang" "compared with Guan Zhongleyi every time".A person who compares himself to Guan Zhongleyi will never die of old age in Longzhong. That's what I asked on the show, what is he doing in Longzhong?He is definitely going to come out, so why does "The Watcher" have another statement that seems to be another?It seems that, let's look at what "The Master of the Biao" said: The minister is a commoner, and he works hard in Nanyang.The first emperor didn't think his ministers were despicable, and he was very self-defeating. He consulted his ministers three times in the thatched hut, and the counselors were grateful for the affairs of the world, so Xu Xiandi drove them away.So there is a problem here?One is that "Gou Quan lives in troubled times and does not seek to be known to the princes". It seems that this was the original intention. Liu Bei invited him out. This is contradictory to Guan Zhongleyi, so is he contradicting himself?No, you have to understand the ancients, this is a humble speech.The following two words are also humble words: meanness and gratitude.Despicable is not the despicable in our current moral sense, humble means low status, despicable means living in a remote place, translated into modern Chinese despicable means small local people, translated into modern Chinese despicable means common people, this is humility. What is "Being grateful"?Feeling is excitement, excitement is encouragement, not the meaning of gratitude now. I was originally a small local person, and I have no status. The late emperor did not look down on me because of this, so he came to discuss world affairs with me. Those who came out of the mountain, this is a humble resignation.It is a memory of the late emperor, and it is attributed to the late emperor. In fact, what kind of person is Zhuge Liang?National scholars, unparalleled national scholars.What are the characteristics of a national scholar?Take the world as your responsibility.We have a song called, everyone is very familiar with it, students, get up and bear the rise and fall of the world.An ordinary college student has the ambition to be a pillar of the country and to take charge of the rise and fall of the world. Doesn't Zhuge Liang even have this ambition?To deny his ambition is to belittle Zhuge Liang!And if Zhuge Liang really intends to stick to Longzhong and refuse to come out, Liu Bei will not think highly of him. I mentioned a fact in the episode "Chunmei Cooking Wine", that is, there is a person called Scavenger. Deng, after Chen Deng met him, he slept in the big bed and let him sleep in the small bed. This broodingly told Liu Bei, who did Liu Bei say you are?You are a scholar, you are a national scholar, the national scholar is to take the world as his own responsibility, and now the world is in chaos, waiting for you to come out, serve the country, and save the people, you are not willing to go out, what are you doing?You are begging for land and homes, don't say that Chen Deng looks down on you, even I, Liu Bei, also look down on you, Chen Deng politely let you sleep in a small bed, and when you come to my house, I will let you sleep underground.Therefore, Liu Bei looks down on a person who refuses to stand up in the face of such a national crisis, but Zhuge Liang is not such a person. We went to read "Three Kingdoms", and Liu Bei was defeated. Dangyang and Lu Su came to Xiakou together. At this time, Cao Cao The army is chasing us, what should we do?What did Zhuge Liang say?Please be ordered to ask General Yu Sun for help, to stand up, so he is a person who stands up, a person who takes the world as his own responsibility.Therefore, when Cao Cao was about to attack Jingzhou, Zhuge Liang found that Jingzhou was dangerous. He would go out to find Liu Bei, and he would take the initiative to find Liu Bei. However, due to reasons we don’t know, no agreement was reached this time, or it may be After Zhuge Liang went to see Liu Bei, Liu Bei had to think about it or inspect it. Zhuge Liang went back to Longzhong, and then Liu Bei went to Longzhong to see Zhuge Liang. Many times, it doesn't mean that I went three times and only met once, maybe I saw each time, talked a lot, and the more we talked, the more we talked, and finally decided to go out to assist Liu Bei.So such an explanation not only does not belittle Zhuge Liang, but is highly affirmative on the contrary, because what have we seen from this case?I have seen Zhuge Liang's spirit, which is the spirit of a national scholar who cares about the world. This is the spirit we should affirm.Those who pretend to be lofty, threaten to be hermits, and refuse to serve the country. The so-called performance is the performance of sour literati, which is not advisable. This is the first mystery, the mystery of coming out of the mountain.

Zhuge Liang, who has the style of a national scholar, cares about the world and cares about the country and the people. His coming out of the mountain is not as lofty as the secular people see it, and later facts have proved this point. After leaving the mountain, Zhuge Liang is loyal and fulfills his duties. However, eight years after Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang, and sent envoys to Shu to show that the two emperors respected each other. Surprisingly, Zhuge Liang not only did not stop Sun Quan, but also sent people to congratulate him. Why do you admit that Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor and agree to the situation where the two emperors respect each other?Why did Zhuge Liang, who has orthodox thinking, accept this reality?This has become the second mystery Zhuge Liang left to future generations.

The second one is the mystery of juxtaposition.What is the so-called respect?It is to admit that Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor.We know that Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor relatively late, but he still proclaimed himself emperor later.The procedure for proclaiming emperor in the Three Kingdoms era is like this. First, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor. After Cao Cao died, he succeeded the king of Wei. Then he accepted Chen Qun's nine-rank official law and suggestion to reach a political deal with the gentry and landlord class, and then staged A so-called abdication person is such a political farce. If you become the emperor, then after becoming the emperor, the Han will disappear and become Wei. At this time, Liu Bei proclaims the emperor in the second year, and he is still called Han, because the emperor of Han No, the Han Dynasty can’t have no emperor, so I, Liu Bei, will be the emperor, but Sun Quan has not proclaimed the emperor for a long time, but he finally became the emperor. After Sun Quan became the emperor, he sent an envoy to the Shu Kingdom to inform the Shu Kingdom, saying that I would also be the emperor. The emperor is now, so can we have two emperors? This is a big deal, because since the imperial system, there is only one country, one emperor, and one government. How can there be two? Woolen cloth?What's more, there is another one in the north. Of course, what Sun Quan proposed is that you Shuhan also recognizes me, Soochow, and our Soochow also recognizes you, Shuhan. We don't recognize Cao Wei. Jun, (but) Zhuge Liang agreed, and this agreement was unthinkable before.Of course, in the relationship between the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang strongly advocated uniting Wu against Cao, which has never changed from beginning to end. Therefore, after the Battle of Yiling and Liu Bei's death, what Zhuge Liang must do immediately is to restore the alliance with Soochow Well, we sent Deng Zhi to envoy Wu, and Sun Quan agreed, and there has been no war between Wu and Shu since then.But Deng Zhi sent Wu many times. When he was sent to Wu for the second time, Sun Quan had not proclaimed himself emperor at that time. Sun Quan proposed the idea of ​​two emperors respecting each other. Sun Quan said that if the world is peaceful in the future, we will destroy Cao Wei , How about your two countries ruling the world together?What did Deng Zhi say?My lord, I'm afraid this won't work. After our two countries unite to destroy Cao Wei, I hope you can understand the current affairs, which means I hope you surrender. If you don't understand the current affairs, it will be difficult to handle. There are no two kings, so our two countries have no choice but to go back separately. Our respective monarchs practice virtue and government, and our respective civil servants and military generals practice kung fu. We all pick up the drumsticks and beat them. See you on the battlefield.This is what Deng Zhi said when he envoy Wu, but when Sun Quan really proclaimed himself emperor, Zhuge Liang decided to recognize the two emperors and respect them together. This step is very difficult, why do you do it?Show what?I think it shows Zhuge Liang’s pragmatic spirit. Zhuge Liang is a very pragmatic person. Let’s go back and read his "Longzhong Dui" now, and you can see that there is an empty talk, which is very real. Fate, the Lord is dusty.I don't measure my virtue and strength, I want to believe in the righteousness of the sky, but my wisdom is too short, so I use it rampantly, as of today.However, the ambition is still there, and the king said that the plan will be settled? Zhuge Liang didn’t discuss with you such issues as the lord’s dust and the ministers stealing his life. What he said was that you should quickly occupy a place. You have to have a basis for grabbing land, you are very real, you are a real person.So this honoring the two emperors together, I think, embodies Zhuge Liang's spirit worthy of our study, which is the pragmatic spirit of judging the situation.But there is a problem here, which is his Northern Expedition. I have already talked about this issue in the previous program. It is why he has to continue the Northern Expedition. It is not that he does not judge the situation. This will not expand, the second mystery.

In ancient Chinese history, it may be difficult to find a second prime minister like Zhuge Liang who "dedicated himself to death and then himself".His political strategy allowed him to get out of the hut and assist Liu Bei, and he took the overall situation into consideration to admit that Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor and abide by the rapprochement with Soochow.After Liu Bei's death, he assisted the young master Liu Chan to take "Northern Central Plains and Rejuvenate the Han Dynasty" as his own mission, implement the strategy of uniting Wu and resisting Wei, and personally led his division out of Qishan to attack Cao Wei.In terms of internal governance, he pays attention to everything, and he must do everything by himself, and then behind Zhuge Liang's attention to detail, he has left behind a statement that Liu Chan has monopolized power and emptied Liu Chan, so the relationship between the monarch and his ministers has become very delicate.So did Zhuge Liang really emptied the emperor?Is he really in charge?This has become the third mystery behind Zhuge Liang.

The third one is the mystery of dictatorship.We have already said before that the first brilliant thing in Zhuge Liang's life was that after he came out of the mountains, he contributed to the Sun-Liu alliance, but after the Battle of Chibi and until the Battle of Yiling, we basically couldn't hear his voice. The grand plan was after Liu Bei's death, and Zhuge Liang took over the Shu Han regime in an all-round way after Liu Bei's death.According to "Three Kingdoms", "Political affairs are not big or small, and the salt is determined by the light."That is, all military and political matters, no matter whether they are major or minor, must be decided by Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang has the final say.This was also a very taboo thing in ancient China, so historians find it very difficult to give their own explanations for this. There are two kinds of explanations: one is that Liu Chan is mentally handicapped, but he has seen the episode "Extraordinary Monarchs and Ministers" Friends of the audience should agree with me that Liu Chan is not mentally handicapped.Another point of view is that Zhuge Liang is greedy for power, but it turns out that he is not greedy for power. He did not pass his phase to his son like Cao Cao. How to explain it?It can only be explained that he is too responsible, he is not at ease, he is not at ease entrusting such a big matter to others, this is the mentality that a person with strong ability often has, when a person with too much ability, he will He didn't trust others, so he got to the point where he had to do everything himself. When he was fighting Sima Yi in the Northern Expedition, Sima Yi asked the people of Shu, how is your prime minister doing recently?People in Shu said that our prime minister eats very little every day, but does a lot of work, but anyone with more than 20 army sticks must personally preside over it.Sima Yi said that he was about to die. This matter is also controversial. First of all, some people disagreed, saying that it was impossible. A person who is the prime minister and the commander-in-chief will be beaten with twenty sticks and he will count it. Does the manager go to the finance department to count banknotes when paying wages?Is that possible?There is another way of saying that if it is possible, it means that his management ability is not good, and it does not conform to the law of management at all. If you manage like this, it is no wonder that you have no successors. You have done everything by yourself. Others can’t get exercise, can’t they grow? Well, this is how I look at this issue. I think it’s possible, but it’s not like counting every 20 army sticks. Every 20 army sticks hit Count, that is impossible to count, what is it?Go by chance, why go by chance?Only in this way can his legal system be truly established, because a very important link in the construction of the legal system is law enforcement. If you make laws, you cannot enforce the law, or the law enforcement is unfair, or the law enforcement is not strict. Your legal system will be aborted. You know what he said How to beat with 20 army sticks, the person who beats people all the time, if he wants to hate this person, he can be killed with two sticks, if he wants to cover up this person, he will not hurt him if he hits with two hundred sticks, of course we have no proof of this kind of thing now , but taking it for granted in today’s past, it may be a little bit taken for granted at that time. It’s like visiting privately by chance, and as the prime minister, I set an example for the following. If a leader handles work in this way, the following generally Work will be better.So I think this matter shows his dedicated and responsible spirit.The eight characters of devotion, death and self are found in "Hou Chu Shi Biao", whether "Hou Chu Shi Biao" was written by Zhuge Liang is controversial in the academic circles, and I will not participate in this discussion, but my point of view is that even if "Hou Chu Shi Biao" was not written by Zhuge Liang, The words "devotion to death and self after death" are still enough to represent his spirit. He was indeed a person who devoted himself to death and self after death, and he was a very responsible person. This is also one of the reasons for his untimely death. To be honest, it was exhausting.So I hope we don't add more burdens to him, and make the old man exhausted for a second time.

Among the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, Shu is the country with the best governance. This is of course attributed to Zhuge Liang. In internal affairs, Zhuge Liang strictly enforced the rule of law, making the officials clean and clean.Economically, Zhuge Liang cared about agricultural production, paid attention to handicrafts, and promoted the development of the four basic industries of salt, iron, and brocade. The order of Shu was orderly and well-organized in Zhuge Liang's hands.However, among the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, the Shu Kingdom is the shortest-lived. In just forty years, the Shu Han regime was handed over to the Sima family. This is somewhat sorry for Zhuge Liang under Jiuquan, but the question is why Zhuge Liang governed it single-handedly. Will the Shu Han be so short-lived?What are the problems behind the orderly environment of Shu?

The fourth mystery is the mystery of governing Shu.I have already talked about Zhuge Liang’s governance of Shu in the previous program. In general, it is four words governing the country according to the law. Therefore, under his governance, the situation of Shu is the best.Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" described it like this, saying that under Zhuge Liang's governance, "officials are not tolerated, people are self-reliant, the way does not pick up what is lost, the strong does not invade the weak, and the weather is awe-inspiring." This is a description, and Chen Shou as Liangshi, I think this description is reliable, and he has indeed achieved this. This is why many people in future generations commemorate him, because we all hope to have such a good social environment and security environment, and no one wants society to be chaotic. .The so-called "officials are not tolerated*" mainly means that there are no corrupt officials among the officials, "people are self-reliant" means that everyone strives to make progress, "the way does not pick up what is left behind" does not need to be explained, public order is good, and "the strong do not invade the weak" does not matter Explain that no one bullies the weak by relying on their own power. It is estimated that there is no underworld under his governance. , In the process of ruling the country by law, we have achieved openness, justice, and fairness. These spirits are worthy of our affirmation. This is the fourth spirit I want to talk about: the spirit of the rule of law that is fair and honest.But there is a problem here, that is, the Shu Kingdom under the leadership of Zhuge Liang was the best governed, but it was the first to perish among the Three Kingdoms. I have already mentioned this reason in the previous program and I will not repeat it here. What is it?That said, I still want to ponder how such a social order and social environment were established?Is there a problem behind it?My conclusion is that there is something wrong.Under what conditions did this situation arise?It is not a peaceful environment, but a war environment. Zhuge Liang’s government is actually a military government. In addition to ruling the country according to law, his management of Shu has also kept Shu in a state of war for a long time. This can be related to his successive Northern Expeditions. There was no successful Northern Expedition, and it was impossible for that Northern Expedition to succeed.On the one hand, his Northern Expedition was to realize his own political ideals and revive the Han Dynasty. On the other hand, it was to suppress the domestic opposition, that is, the Yizhou native group. Therefore, his country has been in a state of war for a long time, with good public security and taxation. It is very important, because your war costs money. Where does the money come from? It cannot fall from the sky or be dug out of the ground. It can only be obtained from the people. In the end, what does the economy of Shu rely on?Relying on the export of Shu brocade to maintain, so under the leadership of the military government in a state of war, the weather is awe-inspiring, and the "officials are not tolerated, people are self-reliant, the way does not pick up what is lost, and the strong do not invade the weak". Good or not?You can discuss it, at least I personally don’t yearn for it, I still like a peaceful environment, but it doesn’t mean I don’t respect this great statesman, my opinion is that we should have historical sympathy for these historical figures on the one hand, think of him At that time, he had to do these things for some reasons. To fully understand him, on the other hand, we should look at and judge from a modern standpoint, from a higher perspective, instead of blindly worshiping or Blind criticism.In fact, Zhuge Liang’s rule of law cannot be equated with the rule of law we advocate today, so I can only inherit his spirit in the abstract, that is, inherit what?Open, fair, fair, clean, and lead by example, because he takes the lead in being clean.But the result is that he took the lead in living a hard life, and the people of the whole country are also living a hard life. I think about it, it is better for the people of the whole country to live a good life. Waiting number, why?The "law" of ancient Chinese legalists is the king's law, which is top-down, and is the law of the ruling class ruling the people. Although it is fair, open, and just, it is also ruling, while the law of our modern country is a law. , is the people's agreement, it is to protect the people, to ensure the happiness of the people, to let the people live a good life, so these two laws are different, although the spirit of this law enforcement is the same, but the specific laws are different That is to say, Zhuge Liang's rule of law follows the legalist line of ancient China. This line can be traced back to Shang Yang, and Zhuge Liang admired Shang Yang. What is the state of Qin after Shang Yang's reform?It means that the people of the whole country live a hard life with strict discipline and no personal freedom, so this kind of rule of law must be treated in two parts, and because Zhuge Liang strictly enforces the rule of law and the legalist line, he is very politically similar to another alone, who?Cao Cao, as soon as you say this, someone will jump up, Zhuge Liang is like Cao Cao, do you dare to say that?Please see the next episode "Eternal Romance".