Chapter 48 (48) Different routes lead to the same goal

At the time of the chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty, on the historical stage where heroes emerged in large numbers, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan finally emerged as one army, and established their own political powers respectively, forming a tripartite confrontation.However, after the ups and downs, the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu belonged to the Jin Dynasty by chance, so how to unravel the historical fog of this period of long-term unity and long-term unity?Please pay attention to Yi Zhongtian Pin Three Kingdoms' "Same Return by Different Routes". In the last episode, it was mentioned that the underlying cause of Lu Xun’s death was the conflict between Sun Quan and the gentry. This situation also existed in Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang, because the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu were all established by people who were not from the gentry. Yes, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan have no intention of establishing a regime of the gentry and landlord class, which determines that their road to nation-building is all against the current.Then facing the resistance of the gentry class, is there any difference between Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan on the road to founding a country?Why did the Wei, Shu, and Wu families belong to Jin together in the end?Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University sat on the forum of hundreds of scholars and gave you a wonderful talk about "The Same Goal by Different Routes" of the Three Kingdoms.

What about Cao Wei's path?I call it a non-peaceful evolution, and it can also be called a non-palace coup.why?Because Cao Wei’s world was actually brought down by force, and he seized power by force, but the ceremony of the final handover was abdication. The abdication feels like a peaceful evolution or a palace coup, or a peaceful transition. Therefore, I call it "non-peaceful evolution", or non-peaceful transition, or non-palace coup.So what does this process look like? We can make an analogy, don’t we call the regime the superstructure?Then we can understand it as a house, so what about building a new regime?We can understand it as building a house.So what about Cao Cao?We can understand Cao Cao as a developer and architect. He wants to build a new house because he wants to establish a new regime, the Cao Wei regime of the Han family of the Fa family. Can he build it?Yes, if he welcomed the emperor, he acquired the land, and if he defeated Yuan Shao, he acquired the qualifications. Now he is a developer with land and a qualified architect, so he can build a house.But Cao Cao immediately discovered that he had a problem. What is the problem?It was he who had approved a house on this piece of land. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, this house could not be demolished. If he demolished the house, he would lose the land. The appearance of this old house is like an old housekeeper who takes good care of the house, but cannot act as a developer who forcibly demolishes the house. He cannot forcibly demolish the house, so what should he do?He figured out a way to do renovations, why don't you let me demolish the house?I can always decorate it, it’s broken, it’s collapsed, so what kind of house is this house?It is a frame structure house, you can knock on the wall when you are decorating, as long as it is not a load-bearing wall, you can also move the kitchen, you can also move the toilet, you can do it all, Cao Cao’s plan is to abduct this one, then move it After a while, after he finishes the decoration, everyone will find that the house has changed, and the house has been updated to be trendy. That's his plan.So is this a good idea?It is very good, but there is a premise that the house cannot be demolished, and you must not demolish the house. Then the superstructure of the Eastern Han Dynasty, what kind of structure is this house?Three pillars and one roof, the three pillars are "foreign relatives, eunuchs, and nobles", and one roof is the "son of heaven", that is, the emperor.

Cao Cao took the emperor into his own hands and his roof was ready. Then two of the three pillars fell down long ago, and the remaining one was too difficult to support. At this time, he was in trouble. Where is his trouble?He is not really doing decoration when he is doing decoration.Are you moving?If you can’t move it, then after you move the pillar, the house will collapse. This is his problem.At the same time, there is also a problem with the gentry as pillars, that is, we were originally pillars, but now the roof has gone to Cao Cao, should we go?If we don't follow Cao Cao, we become a bare commander, holding a pillar on the field, we follow Cao Cao, and in the end, will we become the pillars of Emperor Han Xian or Cao Mengde?They have to think about it too.So at this time Cao Cao and the gentry have problems, what is their solution in the end?Cao Cao's method is to "harass the gentry, use the gentry, rely on the gentry, and not trust the gentry."Because he used the method of decoration to do this thing, and he couldn’t do the decoration without the gentry, so he had to get all these people, and they all came, for example, Yang Biao, Kong Rong, Xun Rong Yu, Cui Yan, these are all gentry, all celebrities, they are all here.These people have come, what are these people thinking?

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and all the heroes rose together. Cao Cao managed to end the melee situation of the late Han heroes and unified the north. The most important step Cao Cao took was to welcome the Emperor of Han to Xudu, which was the foundation of Cao Wei. I found a roof, but two of the original three pillars of this roof fell down. The relatives and eunuchs had killed each other before Dong Zhuo came to Beijing, and both sides were hurt. So how should Cao Cao treat the remaining pillars of the gentry? Woolen cloth?Can the gentry cooperate well with Cao Cao?

In fact, we can see that the gentry or celebrities who came to Xudu at that time were actually of all kinds, and there were various situations.There are three types, one is to only recognize the big roof and not the decorator, then I came to the emperor, and you are not allowed to do the decoration. When he sees you moving the wall, he will come out to protest. Represented by Kong Rong, he was Cao Cao was killed, and I will kill you if you don't let me do the decoration.The second is to agree with Cao Cao’s renovation and help Cao Cao with the renovation, but hope that Cao Cao will return the house to the owner after the renovation is completed, and return it to the owner. It is the Han Dynasty. You can’t get it. If you want to finish the renovation, you can get it yourself. He wants to object, Xun Yu is the representative, Xun Yu has been helping Cao Cao, but when Cao Cao wants to call Wei Gong, Xun Yu does not agree, because he supports Han in his bones, Xun Yu is called a person who supports Cao on the surface, supports Han in his bones, and supports the Han in his heart. The out-and-out is "I am in Cao Ying and my heart is in Han." This is Xun Yu.So what is the third type?I also recognize you as a decorator, let you do the decoration, and also help you to do the decoration. After you finish the house decoration, you will say that the house should be decorated in this way, according to our plan, and finally found that the house is really according to their plan. If it is pretended, who will be the representative?

Chen Qun, Chen Qun seems to support the Cao faction on the surface, Xun Yu opposed Cao Cao Wei Gong, Cao Cao was a Wei Gong and Xun Yu disagreed, how about Chen Qun?Chen Qun said that you should be the emperor. After Cao Cao became the king of Wei, Chen Qun was the one who persuaded him to come in, but after Cao Cao died, Chen Qun came up with a plan to "Nine Ranks of Officials", also known as the Nine Ranks Zhongzheng System .What is this plan?Protect the special power of the gentry to monopolize official careers.We have no way to talk about the Ninth Rank Official Personnel Law in detail now. Its essence is to protect the privilege of the gentry and landlord class to monopolize the power of being an official. Give this plan to Cao Pi, and Cao Pi immediately understands it. The dynasty wants to revive the Han Dynasty and prevent our Cao family from usurping the throne. To put it bluntly, you want this.What is supporting the Han is to want the privileges of your gentry, okay, I will make a deal with you, and I agree to implement the law of the nine-rank official or the nine-rank Zhongzheng system.So these people immediately said that we all have been looking forward to it for a long time. I'm sorry, Your Highness, hurry up and become the emperor. Cao Pi said I'm sorry, how can I become the emperor, alas, if you don't want to be the emperor, King Wu can't sleep well in this tomb, Cao Pi When the emperor.Therefore, the gentry are different. Kong Rong, Xun Yu, and Chen Qun represent three different positions and attitudes. If we want to evaluate, I think Kong Rong is superior, Xun Yu is noble, and Chen Qun is superior.He still realized his ideal, realized the ideal of his class.

But there is a problem here, what is the problem?That is, Cao Pi’s idea is not equal to Cao Cao’s idea. Cao Cao did not say that he must be the emperor. The question of whether Cao Cao should be the emperor has always been a matter of endless debate. How do you understand this sentence?Mr. Lu Simian said that he did not want to be the emperor, and many historians said that it actually implied that his son was the emperor. In fact, my opinion was that Cao Cao was resigned to his fate at that time, because the characteristic of Cao Cao was that he had ideals but no blueprint. He knows how to walk his own way. His way is found out step by step by feeling the stones and crossing the river. Wherever you go, you will count. You can read his "Shu Zhi Ling" and he made it very clear. You just take it step by step. Walk here and there until the end until you die, just resign yourself to fate, do what you want, I don't care, that's what it means.However, after Cao Pi reached such a political transaction with the gentry and landlord class, the Cao Wei regime underwent an essential change, and its nature changed. It evolved from a legalist Han regime to a Confucian gentry regime. The title actually deviated from Cao Cao's original intention back then. It is Cao Pi's victory, Cao Cao's failure, Cao Pi's comedy, and Cao Cao's tragedy.Therefore, Cao Pi's Wei Dynasty is not Cao Cao's Wei State. When the imperial robe is added to Cao Pi, Cao Cao will inevitably be painted as a bad face. Therefore, the day Cao Pi becomes emperor is the time when Cao Wei perishes. Sima Daiwei just performed a formality, another coronation ceremony for the regime that had become the gentry and landlord class. This is Cao Wei.

Since the emperor of Han was welcomed to Xudu by Cao Cao, the Han court was emptied step by step by Cao Cao. In 21 AD, Cao Cao was canonized as Wei Gong, and his Wei Wang government became the de facto new court, but Cao Cao was not the emperor. On this question, Kong Rong, Xun Yu and other gentry objected to Kong Rong, Xun Yu and other gentry's explicit or covert opposition, which is bound to be very contradictory. In fact, Cao Cao did not become emperor in the end, but Sun Quan, who dominated Jiangdong, became emperor in 229 AD. Could it be that Sun Quan didn't Do you know how powerful the gentry are?What was Sun Quan's road to founding the country like?

If it is said that Cao Cao used the houses of the Eastern Han Dynasty to decorate, what about Sun Quan?Sun Quan had a suite in the Empire State Building. Jiangdong, in name, still belonged to the Eastern Han Empire, and Sun Quan did not have a property right certificate.Where is Liu Bei?Sorry, there are no suites either, and they live in someone else's house, so how did they succeed?There is a car in front and a rut in the back, look at Cao Cao.Cao Cao provided them with both positive and negative experiences. The positive experience Cao Cao provided was that the gentry class was unstoppable and could be defeated. The negative experience provided by Cao Cao was that the gentry class was very powerful and could not be forced.So Cao Cao said that he was going against the current, Sun Quan was following the trend, and Liu Bei was taking a detour. How do you say that?Sun Quan followed the trend, what does it mean to follow the trend?It is Jiangdonghua. Since the world belongs to the gentry, I will let it forget this place first. So I call Sun Quan's path "localized survival". It is what Sun Quan's brother Sun Ce relied on when he returned to Jiangdong. The power is mainly the four generals of Huaisi and the exiled northern scholars, even if they are not from Jiangdong, he relied on those who were not from Jiangdong, and some people who were not from the Jiangdong gentry established the regime. In the early days, he mainly relied on Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, and Zhou Yu. He is the representative of General Huaisi.

Zhang Zhao is the representative of the Northern Scholars in exile, so these people have no foundation and power in Jiangdong, so they can be used with confidence. So in the early days of Sun Quan, you can see that the relationship between his monarch and his ministers was relatively harmonious, because these people can rest assured, but The problem is that these people are foreigners and they have no roots. If Sun Wu wants to take root in Jiangdong, you must rely on the local gentry, that is, you must be transformed into Jiangdong. So Sun Quan gradually handed over power to the Jiangdong gentry in the middle and late stages, such as Gu Yong was the shaman and Lu Xun was the commander in chief. Gu and Lu of the four major families divided the civil and military power, and thousands of children of the Jiangdong gentry entered Sun Quan's shogunate and government. We can summarize this situation into four The word "Wu people govern Wu", Wu people governing Wu means Jiangdong's transformation and localization. In this way, the Jiangdong gentry and the Sun Wu regime have become a community of interests.Therefore, when foreign military forces came to deal with Dongjiang, the Jiangdong gentry stepped forward. It was not only defending Sun Quan, but also defending itself. You must know that Chinese people have a strong sense of family and place. concepts into one concept.But any plan is a double-edged sword, and everything has both pros and cons. Sun Quan's Jiangdong, localization, and localization guarantee the existence of his regime, but it also caused another problem, which is Sun Quan's inner division , because he himself does not represent the Jiangdong gentry, he is helplessly dependent on the Jiangdong gentry, he does not believe it.So in his later years, he was suspicious, self-willed, perverted, and split in heart. What did he end up with?As a result, he used severe punishments, and the upper and lower levels of the Wu Kingdom could not understand each other. No one could speak, raise opinions, or tell the truth. How can such a country survive, not to mention that the Jiangdong gentry are not the opponents of the Central Plains gentry? After most of the world returned to Jin, how could it resist, so the state of Wu would also perish.

Through the analysis of Mr. Yi Zhongtian, it can be seen that in order to build a country, Sun Quan had to learn the lesson of the conflict between Cao Cao and the gentry class. At the same time, Sun Quan won a place among the heroes of the late Han Dynasty. If Sun Quan still had a house in the Han Empire Building based on the foundation laid by his father and brother, then Liu Bei didn't even have a house, and he borrowed others to live. What is Liu Bei's road to founding the country like? What about Shu?I talked about the peaceful evolution of Cao Wei from right to wrong or the peaceful transition of Cao Wei from right to wrong, and Sun Wu's localized survival, so I call the Shu Han "unplanned early arrangement".Because history originally had no plans for it. I mentioned earlier that there are three prefectures in the Yangtze River Basin. All three prefectures are clan clans. Liu Bei is also the clan state shepherd and Yuzhou shepherd, but his Yuzhou shepherd is empty, and Yuzhou does not belong to him.So when Lu Su made plans for Sun Quan, he said that there is no Liu Bei in the three-point world, but Sun Quan, Liu Biao, and Cao Cao. Liu Bei came out, so Liu Bei also has advantages, what advantages?After Cao Cao eunuchs, the eunuch's family, Cao Cao called it dirty, Sun Quan called it lonely, I thought about Liu Bei's background for a long time, I invented a word, because Liu Bei is neither rich nor poor, He is noble, from the clan, but poor, so I invented a word called poor and noble, poor and noble at the same time. So he is very interesting, both sides like him, at least both sides can accept him, he can deal with both sides, but in fact, you can see that no one in his team comes from a famous family, Liu, Guan, and Zhang are not from a famous family, Especially Guan Yu, Guan Yu looked down on the gentry the most, Zhang Fei was the opposite, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were the opposite on this issue, Zhang Fei was very polite to the gentry, but not good to the soldiers, Guan Yu was very good to his soldiers, but looked down on those He doesn't pay attention to scholar-bureaucrats, what kind of cultural people, so I think there may be one reason Cao Cao likes Guan Yu so much that he didn't say.Well, he came from such a background, and he met a historical opportunity. It should be said, because if Cao Cao had not attacked Jingzhou at that time, it would be difficult for us to say how to develop in the future. Just when Cao Cao attacked Jingzhou, Liu Biao died again, and Sun Quan allied with him again. We defeated Cao Cao again in the Battle of Chibi , he took the opportunity to seize the four southern counties of Jingzhou, and then slowly developed, and it happened that Liu Zhang was useless, so he gave Yizhou to him, and he developed, so he planned early, there was no such thing, and You can see that he basically followed Cao Cao in the whole process of founding the country, so Liu Bei is the smartest here. He is staring at Cao Cao. Isn't Cao Cao going ahead? Cao Cao is the first person who came out to fight against the gentry and landlord class , so he was scolded to death, he stared at Cao Cao, he had a passage, he said to Pang Tong, he said that every time I fight with Cao, I always go against Cao Cao, Cao Cao is like this, I am like that, Cao Cao is like that That’s how I am. I’ll be the opposite of him anyway, and I’ll be successful. Be smart.So don't follow the trend, it is the most stupid, but he has a way to build a country to follow, Cao Cao called Wei Wang, I will be the king of Hanzhong, Cao Pi said that I am the emperor of Wei, then I will be the emperor of Han, so Mr. Tian Yuqing said Shuhan The way to build a country is to plagiarize history, steal the country, and have no creativity. This does not mean to deny Liu Bei. Liu Bei himself is still a hero, and I think Liu Bei’s background gives him a good condition that he has more people’s suffering than other people. I think the career of weaving mats and selling straw sandals since childhood is very important. It is not good to be pampered and pampered. Why did Yuan Shao fail?A very important reason is that the sons and daughters are pampered and pampered, and they don't understand the sufferings of the people, so they don't understand the people and the hearts of the people. Cao Cao understands him better than him, and Liu Bei understands it better.But Liu Bei passed away two years after becoming emperor. It was Zhuge Liang, not Liu Bei, who really ruled the Kingdom of Shu. So when we talked about the main leaders of the Three Kingdoms, I mentioned four people, namely Cao Cao, Sun Quan, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang. Although Zhuge Liang is not a king or an emperor, he is actually the core of leadership, so how about Zhuge Liang governing Shu?It is very exciting, the state of Shu is the best governed, and the situation of the state of Shu during the leadership of Zhuge Liang is quite good, and the reason why the state of Shu will perish is also here. Liu Bei knew that he was not qualified to build a country. Although he had the status of a clan and the title of a general, it was all empty promises and it didn't work. So Liu Bei stared at Cao Cao on the road to founding a country, learning from the experience and lessons of Cao Cao's development , For example, he also tried to avoid confrontation with the gentry, and Liu Bei understood the sufferings of the people very well, and finally proclaimed himself emperor in 221 AD and established the Shu Han regime, so how did Zhuge Liang govern the Shu Kingdom after Liu Bei?Why did Mr. Yi Zhongtian say that Shu was the first to perish because it was governed best? Because Zhuge Liang is a person with political ideals, Cao Cao has ideals but no blueprint, Zhuge Liang has ideals and blueprints, and he has a plan for everything he does. You can see his "Longzhong Dui", which made a very good job for Liu Bei Planning, and then when he governed the Kingdom of Shu, he was orderly, well-organized, and methodical, and there was no opinion from top to bottom, which shows that he did things meticulously and carefully, but the problem is that he has ideals, and it is a bit troublesome to have ideals. Why? ?Let's see what his ideals are: first, governing the country by law. To be open, fair, and fair is not very good in our eyes today. Today we want to rule the country according to the law, but you have to know what era it was, and what does the law mean? Don't depend on people, because the rule of law and the rule of people are relative, and what the gentry and landlord class want is to depend on people, not only on people, but also on people's families, not only on people's families, but also on family status, family status, and status. Read, as long as I have a good background, even if I am a pig, I am as stupid as a pig and I still have to be a high-ranking official, right? This is a matter for the nobles, so Zhuge Liang’s openness, justice, and fairness are contradictory to this. In fact, Zhuge Liang’s political ideal is to build an efficient, clean government, and a fair and clear society. It is all worthy of recognition, but we need to know that if you want to be efficient, you can’t see your background; if you want to be fair, you can’t favor the nobles; The things Zhuge Liang did that are worthy of recognition today were dissatisfied by the gentry at that time, and were dissatisfied by the gentry and landlord class, so he offended the gentry. This is the first point. Second, Zhuge Liang ruled Shu independently. The so-called independence includes two aspects. One is to be independent to Cao Wei, and the second is to adhere to the principle of being the first in Jingzhou Group. Look at his designated successors, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Jiang Weidu is not from Yizhou, that is to say, he is determined not to rule Shu people like Sun Quan did when Wu people ruled Wu. We can see that the difference between Wu and Shu is that Wu people rule Wu and Shu people It was not the people of Shu who ruled Shu, not only the people of Shu did not rule Shu, Zhuge Liang also excluded the local natives, the tyrants and nobles politically, exploited them economically, and suppressed them legally. What are you paying for?Northern Expedition, where do you think the military expenditure will come from, a large sum, and Zhuge Liang's law enforcement is fair, he is fair, you can imagine who paid the most money in the end?It must be who has more money, who pays more, fair apportionment, so these local tyrants restrict him to death, and will not cooperate after restricting him, not to mention the third problem is Xingfu Han Dynasty, this Xingfu Han The Han Dynasty has always been Zhuge Liang's banner and slogan, but this is an outdated slogan. You said that when Zhuge Liang was in power, no one in the world wanted to revive the Han Dynasty. , Why does the Han Dynasty still need it, and on Cao Wei’s side, Cao Pi has accepted Chen Qun’s suggestion to implement the Ninth Rank Official Personnel Law. The gentry think it is better than the Eastern Han Dynasty at the moment. , eunuch, us, now Cao Wei's cake is eaten by our gentry family, why should I revive the Han Dynasty, I am sick.The native gentry of the Shu Han think about it, you see Zhuge Liang ruled the country according to the law and made us suffer so much, look at the place of Cao Pi, right, we people are so happy, come and liberate us, we welcome Cao Wei to liberate us so Under the leadership of Zhuge Liang, the Shu Han governed best and perished first. From this we can see that the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu were all non-gentry regimes. From this perspective, they all went against the current, but the result was that Cao Wei gave up. Sun Wu compromised and Shu Han persisted. It was because of his persistence that it perished first. It was precisely because Cao Wei gave up that he also perished. It is precisely because Sun Wu compromised that of course he would also perish, so the three kingdoms perished.In 263 A.D. Wei destroyed Shu, in 265 A.D. Jin replaced Wei, and in A.D. 20, Jin destroyed Wu. The three families all belonged to the Western Jin Dynasty, and the world was unified again. Chinese history entered the era of the gentry and landlord class throughout the country. Mr. Yi Zhongtian spent a year and a half taking the three major battles of the Three Kingdoms period: the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Chibi, and the Battle of Yiling as the main line, to comment on the characters and fates of various characters in the history of the Three Kingdoms in detail. Mr. Yi Zhongtian He believed that the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty marked that the gentry landlord class regained control of the ruling area, and that the Three Kingdoms were just an episode in history, so why did Mr. Yi Zhongtian think that the Three Kingdoms were just an episode in history?What basis does he have?What method and value standard should we use to view this period of history and the characters in this period of history? Please continue to watch Yi Zhongtian Pin Three Kingdoms "The General Trend of the World".