Chapter 47 (47) Upstream

Lu Xun, as one of the four heroes in Jiangdong, was famous for burning Liu Bei's 700-mile company camp. Sun Quan believed that Lu Xun had supernatural achievements and talents in civil and military affairs. When Lu Xun was at the most glorious time in his life, he was suddenly forced to death by Sun Quan. Why did Sun Quan force Lu Xun, who he had cultivated, to death?Please pay attention to "Against the Current" by Yi Zhongtian Pin Three Kingdoms. In Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms", in addition to the three kingdoms, the generals and ministers are generally composed of several characters, and only Zhuge Liang and Lu Xun each have an exclusive volume, which shows how important Lu Xun occupies in the history of the Three Kingdoms. .Lu Xun, as the representative of the "Jiangdongization" of the Sun Wu regime, is the only one among the many outstanding figures in Jiangdong. However, when his life journey reached its peak, he was forced to death by Sun Quan. There are different opinions about Lu Xun's death in history. Some people think that he died because he was involved in the dispute between the prince and Lu, but Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that there is a deeper reason for Lu Xun's death, and it is this reason that led to the situation of the Three Kingdoms. So what is this reason? ?What is the relationship between Lu Xun's death and the road to founding the country of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan?Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University will give you a wonderful talk about "Against the Current" of the Three Kingdoms on the forum of Hakka.

In the last episode, we talked about Lu Xun's death. Lu Xun's death is a mystery. Why did Sun Quan force him to death?It is generally believed that Lu Xun was involved in the party struggle between the prince and Sun and Lu Wang Sunba for the reserve position, and Lu Xun supported the prince, and kept writing to Sun Quan to explain the truth of protecting the prince, which upset Sun Quan, but this statement can be discussed , why can it be discussed?It is because after Lu Xun's death, many other people who were involved in the struggle of Prince Lu's party were promoted. This table lists people from the princeling and Lu's party. We saw that some people were punished, and some were punished. Some people were dismissed from office, some were executed or forced to death, some were promoted, and some were fine.But if we look at the resumes of these people, we will immediately see the problem, Lu Xun who was forced to death from Wu County, Wu County, Gu Tan who was exiled and dismissed from office, Wu Jie who was executed, Wu Jun from Wu County Cheng people, that is to say, those who have problems are all from Jiangdong.Who is it?Zhuge Ke was promoted, who is he?He is a Beishi in exile, the son of Zhuge Jin, Bu Wu, a native of Linhuai Huaiyin, a Beishi in exile, Lu Dai, a native of Guangling Hailing, and a Beishi who was promoted.It's okay to be Yi, a native of Yingling in Beihai, a northern scholar in exile, and Teng Yin, a native of Juxian in Beihai, a descendant of exiled northern scholars, and later became Sun Quan's Minister of Gu Ming with Zhuge Ke.

Then it is very clear what Sun Quan draws the line here, not to support the crown prince, but to support the king of Lu. All the people he wants to deal with are from Jiangdong, but there is another strange phenomenon here, that is, Zhu Ju, Zhu Ju is also from Wu County, Wu County, and both Zhu Ju and Lu Xun are one of the four major families in Wu County. The four major families in Wu County: Gu, Lu, Zhang, and Zhu. It was done, but that happened later, so we came to another conclusion, this time Sun Quan was going to punish Lu Xun, and when did Lu Xun get punished?It was one year after he became prime minister, and Lu Xun, as we know, has always been the commander-in-chief of the upper reaches of Soochow, the commander-in-chief of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, stationed in Wuchang, which is now Ezhou in Hubei Province, the commander-in-chief of the frontline, and the commander-in-chief of the frontline of Sun Quan is the fourth term : The first was Zhou Yu, the second was Lu Su, the third was Lu Meng, and the fourth was Lu Xun. Therefore, the status of Lu Xun, the four great heroes of the Eastern Wu Dynasty, is very high and very important.Then he became the prime minister, which is literally called a general and a prime minister. One person holds both civil and military positions. He has mastered both military power and political power. Why should such an important person punish him?Then I can only guess, then I guess there are several reasons for Lu Xun to be punished: first, he is a gentry, second, he is a Jiangdong gentry, and third, he is the largest gentry among the Jiangdong gentry, one of the four major families. Fourth, he is the most powerful official and the most powerful among the Jiangdong gentry in the Sun Quan regime.

Sun Quan could not hand over such a great power to the Jiangdong gentry. It is certain that he has made great achievements and had too much influence, because at that time, whether it was the prince or other people, they all had a very good relationship with Lu Xun. Some scholars, such as Mr. Ma Zhijie, speculated that Sun Quan was afraid that his successor would not be able to control Lu Xun.But I think the important reason is the relationship and entanglement between Sun Quan and the Jiangdong gentry, because we see the Jiangdong gentry, as I said, there are four major families in Jiangdong: Yu, Wei, Gu, and Lu.Yu Fan, the representative of Yu, was almost killed by Sun Quan.Wei Teng, Wei's representative, was almost killed by Sun Ce.When we talked about the first episode of "Jiangdong Foundation", we said that Liao Sun Ce wanted to kill Wei Teng. Later, Sun Ce's mother, Mrs. Wu, stood in front of the well and said, "If you want to kill Wei Teng, I'll just jump down, because you want to kill Wei Teng." In the future, everyone will definitely oppose you, why?Just because Wei Teng was one of the four major families, this Jiangdong gentry was too powerful, and Sun Ce didn't dare to kill him.Then Gu, Gu Yong, Gu Yong died hospitable, but Gu Yong's grandson, I just said that Gu Tan was involved in Lu Xun's case, was dismissed from office and exiled, and Gu Tan's younger brother was also implicated, his sister was also implicated, There is indeed a contradiction between Sun Quan and the Jiangdong gentry.

Through the analysis of Mr. Yi Zhongtian, it can be seen that Lu Xun was not only forced to death because he was involved in the crown prince and grandson and competing with Lu Wang Sunba for the reserve position, but more importantly because he was a representative of the Jiangdong gentry. Although Sun Quan used the Jiangdong gentry He has established himself in Jiangdong, but he has always distrusted the Jiangdong Group, so he always wanted to have a chance to recruit Jiangdong people. Sun Quan finally took advantage of this battle for the reserve to recruit a group of Jiangdong people headed by Lu Xun. Before that, Sun Quan had taken over the Jiangdong gentry, so why did Sun Quan have a hard time with the Jiangdong people?

I mentioned Yu Fan just now. Yu Fan was almost killed by Sun Quan. What happened? One time Sun Quan invited everyone to drink. Sun Quan likes to drink very much. Hugh, when they were almost drunk, Sun Quan got up and poured wine for everyone, and poured wine one by one. When he reached Yu Fan, when he was almost in front of Yu Fan, Yu Fan pretended to be drunk and poured wine on the ground. Seeing that he was drunk, forget it, and go to someone else to pour wine. As soon as Sun Quan walked over, he got up and sat up. After sitting up, Sun Quan was furious. You are too disrespectful to me. Well, on purpose, I drew out my sword and wanted to kill Yu Fan, but Liu Ji, the chief minister, stepped forward and hugged me and said, lord, lord, Yu Fan can't be killed, Yu Fan is a celebrity in the world, please think about killing one What kind of bad influence is the celebrity? At this time, Sun Quan said a very important sentence. He said (picture text: Cao Mengde still killed Kong Wenju, why is it that Gu Yuyu turned over): "Cao Mengde can kill Kong Rong, why can't Gu kill Yu?" Fan?" If there was anything Yu Fan couldn't kill, Liu Ji hugged Sun Quan and said, "Yes, yes, yes, Cao Mengde killed Kong Rong, but isn't everyone scolding him?Isn't that a lot of scolding?Your Highness, if you want to learn, learn from Yao and Shun, don't learn from Cao Cao, how can Cao Cao learn, Sun Quan just woke up from the wine, um, yes, Cao Cao can't learn, well, don't kill Yu Fan, everyone remember me after the order Getting drunk and saying that killing someone doesn't count, don't execute it, but Yu Fan was sent to Jiaozhou in the end. Jiaozhou is now Guangdong, Guangxi and part of Vietnam. Why?Yu Fan uttered wild words. Once Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao were discussing the issue of immortals. There are no gods in the world, Sun Quan was furious, so he sent him to Jiaozhou. We see that Sun Quan treats Yu Fan as Kong Rong of Wu State, and he is very angry. What's interesting is that there is another person who said similar things, who is this person, Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Liang also treated several gentry and celebrities in Shu Kingdom like Cao Cao and Sun Quan, for example, Liao Li was deposed by Zhuge Liang, Lai Min was deposed If Zhuge Liang is abolished, he will be abolished as a commoner, and what did Zhuge Liang say when he abolished Laimin?He said: "Laimin's disorderly government is more than Kong Wenju."Sun Wenju is Kong Rong, and it is Lai Min who sabotages, spreads gossip, creates reactionary remarks, and undermines stability and unity. It is more serious than Kong Rong. This means it is very clear. Kong Rong destroyed the overall situation and was killed by Cao Cao. Your crimes in Lai Min are worse than Kong Rong. Rong is still serious, I will be lenient if I don't kill you.In other words, Yu Fan is Kong Rong from Wu, and Lai Min is Kong Rong from Shu. Whether it is Kong Rong from Shu, Kong Rong from Wu, or Kong Rong from Wei, they will not be judged by the three countries. The tolerance of the rulers, that is to say, the main leaders of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu have conflicts with these celebrities and these gentry, and it is these contradictions that make the history of our Three Kingdoms present what we see now. This way.

Through the analysis of Mr. Yi Zhongtian, it can be seen that the contradiction between Sun Quan and the Jiangdong gentry has a deep social background.Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang also had irreconcilable contradictions with the gentry and celebrities. Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that it is this kind of contradiction that caused the Three Kingdoms to look like it is now.So why did these powerful factions have trouble with these celebrities during the Three Kingdoms period?What happened to the gentry at that time? In order to clarify this truth, we must tell everyone what is a gentry, and a gentry is a family that has been officials for generations.That is, a family has people who have been officials for generations. This is called a gentry. Then you may ask how a family can be an official for generations?Is it their family's business to be an official?Yes, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, being an official was indeed a special thing for some families.why?Because it was not easy to be an official at that time, he had three conditions: first, he must be a scholar, second, he must be proficient in Confucian classics, and third, he must be promoted as Xiaolian.Filial piety means filial piety and integrity, which means excellent moral character, which is the requirement of virtue. Knowing Confucian classics is not a classic, but Confucianism is familiar with Confucianism. ?A scholar is a scholar, and a scholar was the lowest level of nobility in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were four levels of nobility: emperor, prince, doctor, and scholar.So what about Qin and Han?Scholars are the highest level of civilians, and there are four levels of commoners: scholars, farmers, workers, and merchants.Scholars are scholars, farmers are peasants, workers are workers, and merchants are merchants.Merchants and people do business, workers and people work, farmers work in agriculture, and scholars and people study.Scholars are people who take reading as their occupation. In today's words, they are mental workers. In the words of the time, they are people who work with their minds. Those who work with their minds rule others, and those who work hard rule others.Therefore, the status of scholars, laborers and merchants is the highest. A person must be a scholar, that is, if you don’t work, do farming, or do business, you must do this. You must read well, and you must behave morally. There are too few such people with the qualifications of officials.

And once such a person comes out of a family and becomes an official through studying, then this person must train his son to study and let him be an official, right? In this way, going to school and becoming an official will become the occupation of this family , Such a family is called a gentry.What is so special about this class?Three aspects: First, they monopolize official careers, because they pass on their poems and books to families, they monopolize knowledge, and they monopolize official careers through monopolizing knowledge. At that time, there were private schools, and at that time, not everyone could study, and everyone could afford to read. Everyone can read books, everyone can read good books, only those who inherit poems and books can read them, so he is an official from generation to generation, so he can monopolize an official quota.Second, the official has the right to recommend. Who does he recommend?Be the first to recommend your own children, who else should you recommend?It is not easy for him to become an official, so it is not easy for him to be an official. This big gentry recommends him. A kind of non-blood family relationship has been formed between these people and these great noble families. In politics, it is a relationship between monarch and minister, and in emotion, it is a relationship between father and son. Then after these people become officials in the future, he has the right to recommend who he recommends. Woolen cloth?He should at least take part of the quota to repay his favor. This big gentry is rolling like a snowball, getting bigger and bigger.What else is there?

Recommend each other, and then my family is a noble family, and your family is also a noble family. I can recommend officials, and you can also recommend officials. I recommend your people, and you recommend mine.The second feature is to control public opinion. Why should we control public opinion?Because the gentry was originally an official because he could read, he was educated and knowledgeable, and he had the right to speak if he was educated and educated. Under the circumstances at that time, how could ordinary people have the right to speak, and he could not post on the Internet. Son, those who have the right to speak are those who are knowledgeable and cultured. He controls and he has knowledge and culture. He becomes a leader in the cultural, academic, theoretical and ideological circles. Once there is a leader, a large number of Tai students and celebrities will be united around him. What are Tai students?Tai students are students of the National Cadre Academy. In today's words, they are the third echelon, reserve cadres.What is a celebrity?Celebrities are famous people in society who have the right to speak and have many fans, famous scholars.The third characteristic is a powerful, because he has power and power, his family has developed in the local area, and he has become a powerful. Such a powerful is called a powerful family, a well-dressed family, or a famous family. The famous family is also called the powerful family, the powerful family is also called the noble family, and the world's world, these all refer to this kind of family, and those families that have no power, no reputation, and no status are called the Shu family, also known as the Han family. , also known as poor family.When the gentry monopolized official careers, controlled public opinion, and became powerful, it became a generally very powerful political force in society. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it became one of the three pillars supporting the Empire State Building. Which three pillars?Foreign relatives, eunuchs, gentry.

When the gentry monopolized the official career, they occupied the superstructure, and when they controlled public opinion, they mastered the ideology. The gentry became powerful and powerful, and they also controlled the economic foundation of the empire. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the economic foundation, superstructure, and ideology of the empire Everything is in the hands of the gentry, and these gentry should naturally become the ruling class of the empire, but these gentry have to face the rivalry of emerging forces, so what do these emerging forces rely on to rise? In fact, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties after the Three Kingdoms was the era of the gentry landlord class, but why did the gentry landlord class not immediately become the ruling class of the empire after the Eastern Han Dynasty?Because the gatekeepers met the warlords.The nobles are the nobles, and the nobles are also called the nobles and the nobles. The system that protects the nobles is called both the nobles and the nobles. This is the system of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.So what is a door valve?The family is the family, the door, and the family.Family status refers to the social status of the family.Because at that time people were divided into different classes, first class, second class, third class, and fourth class. They had high and low ranks. This rank was called family rank, and rank was the order.What is the door look?reputation.What is valve reading?Meritorious experience refers to what credits a family has had and what experiences it has had. This thing was posted at the door of the official family’s house at that time. Those who posted it at the door to commend their own merits were called valves, and those who praised their own experience were called Reading, we know that reading and calendar can be combined. Experience, one person is one person, the left is the person, the right is the person, combined together is called the person, and the combination of the person and the family name is called the person. So later the word clan was used to refer to the gentry, so the clan was a big family with special social status, social prestige, and generations of officials.

What about warlords?A warlord is a local tycoon with an independent armed force. Then everyone will understand that a powerful family and a warlord are both powerful, but one is not the other. A powerful is based on prestige and status, or to put it more simply, it depends on It's the handle of the seal. Is there an official seal in hand? What does the warlord rely on for the lord?Relying on armed forces, to put it more simply, has guns, then if the world is peaceful and the central government has the ability to control local governments and prohibit them, what is the use of everyone obeying this time?The seal works. I send a red-headed document and stamp it with an official seal. If the world is in chaos, the central government can’t control the place, and even the emperor turns from a son of heaven to a wanderer. What is it that works at this time? Woolen cloth?The barrel of a gun, at this time, you can only speak with your fists, so the clan can't defeat the warlords, they can't fight the warlords.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yeye was in such a state, the world was in chaos, the princes divided their regimes, wars broke out everywhere, occupations were frequent, no one paid attention to others, and no one listened to others. Each was in charge of his own affairs. It was up to the warlords to be the first to kill. Who is the warlord on the stage of history?Dong Zhuo, Dong Zhuo is a local tyrant with his own independent armed forces, of course he is a warlord. I just said that the empire is supported by three forces: foreign relatives, eunuchs, and gentry.Before Dong Zhuo entered the capital, the gentry represented by Yuan Shao joined forces with his relatives represented by He Jin and the eunuch represented by Zhang Rang to fight, but both sides were defeated. He Jin was killed by the eunuch, and the eunuch was killed by Yuan Shao. The two pillars were gone, fell down, and there was only one gentry left. After Dong Zhuo entered Beijing, he still wanted to cooperate with the gentry. He even kidnapped some gentry and came to the court to serve as officials, but the problem is that Dong Zhuo will not cooperate. He didn't know how to cooperate with the gentry, and the gentry was unwilling to cooperate with him. In the end, Dong Zhuo and the gentry fell out. Dong Zhuo became a loner and burned Luoyang, hijacked the emperor, and ran to Xi'an. up. Dong Zhuo stepped onto the stage of history and gave the gentry a head-on first. The gentry knew that their good days were coming to an end. Of course they would not let it go, so they elected Yuan Shao, the spokesperson of the gentry, to regain the dominance of the gentry. Is this important task?What kind of peach war will their gentry class encounter?Will their desire to regain dominance finally come true? At this time, history has reached a crossroad or a fork in the road. Where is China going? Everyone is thinking about this question. The two most thoughtful people are Yuan Shao and Cao Cao.Yuan Shao's idea is very simple, follow the old path of the Eastern Han Dynasty, restore the order of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and even no longer have the two political forces of foreign relatives and eunuchs. So many people supported Yuan Shao at that time. Why do you think that when the various princes formed the Kwantung Allied Army, they chose Yuan Shao as the leader? Yuan Shao’s official position was not high at that time. The first is Han Fu, Jizhou Mu, and Yuan Shao are the mayor of a prefecture-level city. There is also a governor on top of it. Why was he chosen as the leader?It is the gentry and landlord class who are optimistic about Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao's family has four generations and three princes. Yuan Shao himself is actually very talented. Therefore, when history entered the era of warlords, the clans pinned their hopes on Yuan Shao. This was the battle between Yuan Shao and Cao Cao at Guandu. Let’s look back at the battle of Guandu now that Cao Cao’s victory was very dangerous. We are all optimistic about Yuan Shao, Liu Bei’s defection, and Dong Sun’s coup. This Liu Biao is biased towards Yuan Shao in his heart. All the prefectures and counties betrayed Cao Cao and voted for Yuan Shao. Kong Rong even uttered nonsense in Xudu, spreading the myth that Yuan Shao was invincible, which was refuted by Xun Yu. He didn't dare to pursue those letters written by Yuan Shao and burned them. In fact, he didn't dare to pursue them, but what happened? The result is that Cao Cao won the battle of Guandu, and Yuan Shao failed. The last hope of such a gentry and landlord class was shattered, but what route did Cao Cao take?What kind of regime is he going to build?What Mr. Chen Yinke said was "the Cao Wei regime of the Legalist Han clan", and Cao Cao's line was implemented in northern China, and a regime of the Legalist Han clan began to be established, but Cao Cao finally failed to realize his ideal. Why?The south confronted the north, and he couldn't cross the Yangtze River. At that time, the three states along the Yangtze River, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yizhou, and Zhou Mu were all surnamed Liu. They are all clans, and Liu Biao himself is still a celebrity. Because of the barrier of the Yangtze River and the confrontation between the south and the north, Sun Quan and Liu Bei rose up. After Sun Quan and Liu Bei got up, there was a third important war. The battle of Yiling, the battle of Yiling What is the result?It is Sun Quan who can't eat Liu Bei, and Liu Bei can't eat Sun Quan. The Liu Bei Group and the Sun Quan Group are actually Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan. The agreement was reached, the two emperors respected each other, and the world was divided, and the situation of the three kingdoms was formed.So when we look back now, we can clearly see that the entire history of the Three Kingdoms is the history of the gentry and landlord class planning to become the ruling class but was blocked by other forces. Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan were all forces that blocked the trend, so I call it Going against the current is against the trend, but the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu all belonged to Jin in the end, and Jin was an out-and-out class regime dominated by the gentry. The roads to founding the country are different, and their reasons for returning to Jin are also different, so what are their roads to founding and their reasons for returning to Jin?Please see the next episode "The Same Goal by Different Routes".