Chapter 43 (43) Wind and Cloud Meeting

Sun Jian, Sun Ce and his son founded Jiangdong Foundation, but both died young, and Sun Quan, who succeeded him, was only 18 years old.Faced with internal and external difficulties, Sun Quan not only gained a firm foothold, but also developed the unfinished "hegemony" of his father and brother into an "imperial business", standing on a tripod with Cao Wei and Shu Han.So how did Sun Quan tide over the difficulties?Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University will give you a wonderful taste of the Three Kingdoms - The Meeting of Wind and Cloud. In the last episode, Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned that in 263 AD, Liu Chan and his subjects surrendered without a fight, and the Shu Han perished.From this episode, we will turn our attention to Soochow.Like the Shu Han regime founded by Liu Bei, Sun Jian and Sun Ce's father and son also established a foreign regime, and their foothold in Jiangdong was not stable, but both died young.Sun Quan was only 18 years old when he took over. What he took over was a local separatist regime that had begun to take shape. Whether he could keep those old officials and veterans in check, and whether he could develop the foundation of his father and brother were all question marks at the time.

However, Sun Quan not only gained a firm foothold quickly, but also developed the unfinished "hegemony" of his father Sun Jian and his elder brother Sun Ce into an "imperial business", and stood up against Cao Wei and Shu Han, and established the Soochow regime of "one-third of the world". .So how did Sun Quan tide over the difficulties?What is his path to success?Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University is a guest of "Hundreds of Lectures", and will give you a wonderful taste of the "Gathering of Winds and Clouds" of the Three Kingdoms. From this episode, we will talk about Sun Wu, whose master is Sun Quan.Sun Quan is not easy.Many people say that Sun Quan is a very lucky person. He took over the inheritance left by his father and brother at a young age, unlike Cao Cao and Liu Bei who started from scratch and fought their own way.In fact, it is not so. It is very difficult for Sun Quan to take over. Why is it so difficult?Eight characters: young, lonely, internal worries, and external difficulties.

Let me talk about my youth first.Sun Quan was only 18 years old when he took over, and according to the ancient saying that he was 20 and crowned, he was considered a minor.Of course, this minor is also unusual, because Sun Quan became the magistrate of Yangxian County when he was fifteen years old.The rule in the Han Dynasty was that the chief of a large county was called the county magistrate, and the chief of a small county was called the county magistrate.Yangxian County seems to be a small county, and Sun Quan became its magistrate at the age of fifteen.Of course, there is a background here, that is, he has a big backer, Sun Ce.No matter how much background you have, it is still very impressive for you to be a county magistrate at the age of fifteen, but you may not be able to be the county magistrate now at the age of thirty-five, right?But it's still young.

Second, the situation is lonely.The power is lonely, how do you say this? At the end of the biography of "Three Kingdoms • Sun Ce Biography", there is a sentence by Sun Sheng, which is called "karma is not the foundation of accumulated virtue, and a country has no solid foundation".It is said that the foundation created by Sun Ce is not a foundation of virtue, so his regime is not stable.Why?Because the Sun regime, like the Shuhan regime established by Liu Bei in Yizhou, is also a foreign regime.Some people say this is probably wrong. Liu Bei is from Zhuozhou, that is, from Zhuozhou in Hebei, he went south to Liu Biao, and then brought troops from Jingzhou to Yizhou to establish the Shuhan regime. Of course it is a foreign regime; Sun Jian , Sun Ce, and Sun Quan are from Wu. He is from Fuchun, Wu County. How can the regime established by the Wu people in Wu be a foreign regime?Three reasons.

First, the Sun family is not an aristocratic family in Jiangdong, but a Han family. "Three Kingdoms" said that Sun Jian "made a fortune alone", that is, his family was very poor.But there is a saying that the Sun family has served Wu for generations. This is not very reliable, because when later generations write the biography of the founding monarch, he always wants it, right? Whitewash it, and put it nicely.In fact, the Jiangdong gentry looked down on their Sun family.The second point is that Sun Jian did not make his fortune in Jiangdong.Sun Jian is Yuan Shu's subordinate, and Sun Jian is in Jiangxi.This place still needs to be explained again. Jiangdong in the Three Kingdoms era is what we now call Jiangnan, and Jiangxi in the Three Kingdoms era is what we now call Jiangbei, including northern Jiangsu and some places in Anhui. That is called Jiangxi, not our current Jiangxi Province. Jiangxi.He didn't make his fortune in Jiangdong. The soldiers he recruited were called Huaisi elite soldiers, that is, some elite soldiers recruited from the Huaihe and Sishui areas, and they were Sun Jian's team.Then Sun Ce succeeded Sun Jian, took this team into his hands, begged from Yuan Shu, and returned to Jiangdong to establish the Sun regime.And who is Yuan Shu?Yuan Shu is called the emperor, so in the eyes of the gentry and scholar-bureaucrats in Jiangdong, he is a traitor; Sun Jian is a subordinate of a traitor.Then Sun Ce is called the remnants of a rebellious minister.

For these three reasons, when Sun Ce returned to Jiangdong with Sun Jian's old troops, Jiangdong's fathers and villagers, as well as the aristocratic families in Jiangdong, agreed that Sun Ce was not returning home, but an invasion.Don't regard him as one of your own. There is no such thing as Jiangdong's elders lining up to welcome this kind of thing, but it is an attitude of resistance.What is the result of resistance?As a result of the resistance, Sun Ce went on a killing spree, killing all heroes.In fact, let's look back when I talked about "Jiangdong Foundation" back then. I talked about Sun Ce's bloodthirsty, because I didn't talk about it at that time. I just said that he likes to kill people. In fact, he has his own reasons, that is, the Jiangdong gentry does not welcome him. them.So he relied on force, violence, and killing to establish a regime that is not very popular. This is called "karma is not the foundation of accumulated virtue."

Regarding this point, Sun Ce himself actually knows it well.We look at two things he did when he was dying.The first one is to choose a successor among his younger brothers. Everyone thinks that they want to choose someone like him, but he chooses a Sun Quan who is not like him.And I made it very clear to Sun Quan that you are not as good as my brother who is fighting in the south and north and galloping on the battlefield; if you want to win the hearts of the people and protect Jiangdong, this brother is not as good as you.Even Sun Ce knew he couldn't kill like this.The second is that Sun Ce asked Zhang Zhao to be alone, and said to Zhang Zhao: "If Zhongmou doesn't do anything, the king will take it himself." If my brother and the second child can't resist, please ask Mr. instead.There is another very important sentence in the back. How do you say it?In this case, even if you can't succeed, it doesn't matter if you "return to the west if you can't win the battle", it doesn't matter if you return west slowly.These four words are very important: Slowly return to the west.What's the meaning?That is to say, if Sun Quan can't gain a foothold in Jiangdong, please Mr. Zhang Zhao lead my army back to Jiangxi, and we won't stay in Jiangdong anymore. The word "return" in "slowly return to the west" is very important. Go back to Jiangxi, that is, I don't think it is Jiangdong, and Jiangxi is the base.So it is lonely.

Internal worries. "Three Kingdoms • Biography of Lord Wu" talked about the situation when Sun Quan took over. What was it?It is the people in the remote areas who did not surrender, which refers to Shanyue, which means that there were still some ethnic minorities in remote areas in Jiangdong who were not submissive.What about the Jiangdong family?Its original saying is "the heroes of the world are in the states and counties", which actually means that the aristocratic families in Jiangdong are not cooperative or supportive.However, some exiled scholars from the north took a wait-and-see attitude.In fact, even after Sun Quan took over, there was a Lujiang prefect named Li Shu who really rebelled. He immediately announced that he would not obey Sun Quan's leadership, and he specially recruited and accepted rebels. Anyone who disobeyed Sun Quan's leadership went to him and took him in.So this is an internal worry.

There is also external difficulties.What was the situation like?In the north, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao are fighting at Guandu. No matter who wins or loses this battle, it will not be a good thing for Sun Quan. No matter who wins, Sun Quan will be punished next.What's more, there is Liu Biao next door to Sun Quan. Liu Biao's general Jiangxia Taishou Huang Zu is next to Sun Quan's territory. Sun Jian was killed by Liu Biao's general Huang Zu.So when Sun Quan took over, what was his situation?There are powerful enemies far away, and feuds near, and there are worries in the heart, and there is no merit in the body.An eighteen-year-old young man has not made any achievements, so why should he be the master?There are so many veterans.So after Sun Ce passed away, Sun Quan cried endlessly, and he had no choice but to stop crying.Because what he actually took over was a hot potato, a bit like Zhuge Liang taking over the Shuhan regime.I said that when Zhuge Liang took over the regime of Shu Han, what was the situation of Shu Han like?The foundation of Liu Bei's founding of the country was not solid, and the defeat of Yiling was shaken and unstable.This statement is also applicable to Sun Quan. We can also say the following sixteen words: The Sun family entered Wu without a solid foundation;Can't hold back at all.

Mr. Yi Zhongtian's analysis let us understand that the 18-year-old Sun Quan took over the separatist regime left by his elder brother Sun Ce, and he actually sat on a powder keg.If you are not careful, this gunpowder keg may explode, and the "earth shaking and mountain shaking" brought about by Sun Ce's death may turn into a "landslide".So how did Sun Quan get out of the predicament, how to get through this crisis?Who will help him at the critical moment? So how did Sun Quan tide over the difficulties?This is due to two people, Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu.Just when Sun Quan was crying and unable to do anything, Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu were like two giant pillars, helping Sun Quan to lift up the sky.Zhang Zhao walked up to Sun Quan, and said to Sun Quan: Xiaolian,—Sun Quan praised Xiaolian at that time,—is it time to cry?Think about what kind of situation we are in now?There are wolves everywhere around us, if the little general cries all the time, he will open the door and steal.Besides, the most important thing for a successor is to inherit the careers of his father and brother and develop them stronger, instead of mother-in-law and mother crying endlessly, cheering up like a husband and wife!Then let Sun Quan change into his clothes, personally help Sun Quan mount the horse, set aside the guard of honor, let Sun Quan go out to inspect the three armies, and let everyone know that our group has a new master.Then Zhang Zhao "led a group of bureaucrats to support them", and led all his subordinates to make Sun Quan the main one.This is Zhang Zhao.What about Zhou Yu?Zhou Yu rushed back to Wu County from other places and stayed with Sun Quan to help him ever since.And because Sun Quan's position at that time was just a general, not a monarch, the etiquette that his subordinates and guests treated Sun Quan at that time was relatively simple, that is, the kind of etiquette that subordinates treat their superiors.And Zhou Yu took the lead in performing the courtier ceremony, so he took the lead in supporting Sun Quan by treating Sun Quan as a monarch and himself as a courtier.

And this is of great significance.Why is this significant?Let's take a look at Sun Quan's political map.The Soochow regime, like the Shuhan regime, was also composed of three forces.The Shu Han regime has said that the three political forces, the first is the Jingzhou Group represented by Liu Bei or Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, the second is the Dongzhou Group represented by Li Yan, and the third is represented by Qiao Zhou and others Yizhou Group.Its three forces are three levels like a cocktail. The Jingzhou Group is the highest level, the Dongzhou Group is the middle level, and the Yizhou Group is the bottom level. This is the case of the Shuhan regime.So what about the Soochow regime?Soochow regime is also composed of three political forces. Of these three political forces, the first is the people left behind by Sun Jian and Sun Ce. They were developed by Sun Jian and Sun Ce in Jiangxi, and then brought to Jiangdong. We call it the Huaisi Military Group, or "Huaisi Generals" for short.Then this part of people includes two parts, one part is Sun Jian's former department, including Cheng Pu, Huang Gai, and Han Dang;None of them are from Jiangdong, who is their representative?Zhou Yu.This is the first political force. As for the second group, the "Three Kingdoms" said that it is called "a person who travels and stays with guests". Who is it?It was when the society was in turmoil at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, they took refuge or escaped from the north to Jiangdong.Because the battlefield was mainly in the north at that time, and the north was such a war-torn area, so the scholars from the north ran to the south, some went to Jiangdong, and some went to Jingzhou. These people are called "Northern Scholars in Exile".Who are there?Zhang Zhao, Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhang Hong, Yan Jian, and Shi Yi.Let's take a look, these people are not from Jiangdong, but they are scholars.The scholars did not form a group, that is, they did not form a group when Sun Quan took over. They were dispersed in various places, but they were a political force. What about the third political force?Jiangdong aristocratic family, referred to as "Jiangdong gentry".These noble families have four major families in the Jiangdong area. The four major families are Yu, Wei, Gu, and Lu in order, called the Four Great Jiangdong Families. That is to say, Sun Quan's political map is like this, three political forces: Huaisi military group, or generals of Huaisi, we count it as red; Yellow; Jiangdong aristocratic family, or Jiangdong gentry, we count it as blue.What does red represent?gun barrel.What does the yellow exiled soldier represent?pen.What does the blue Jiangdong gentry represent?Money bag.If a political power is to be consolidated, you must have these three "tricks" in your hands, guns, pens, and money bags, you can't do without one of them.And Sun Quan himself was an eighteen-year-old child. At this time, Zhou Yu stood up to support him, as the leader of the Huaisi military group, stood up to support him, and the gun fell into Sun Quan's hands, and the matter was half settled.Then Zhang Zhao, he is a representative of the Northern Scholars in exile, and he stood up to support Sun Quan, which means that the Northern Scholars in exile may support Sun Quan.But we have to make it clear that at this time it was mainly Zhang Zhao and Zhang Hong, and no one else came, but Zhang Zhao set an example, played a model role, and played a leading role in doing so, so later he was like Zhuge People like Jin, Bu Zhi, Shi Yi, and Yan Yan also came to Sun Quan's general shogunate one after another, so the pen was in their hands.Then the rest is the blue money bag, can the money bag be caught? And we also need to know that the Sun regime was established in Jiangdong after all. If the regime established in Jiangdong does not get the support of the local people, you cannot last long.A very important reason for the demise of the Shu Han regime was that it did not get the support of the local gentry, that is, the Yizhou gentry always held a suspicious, resistant, and uncooperative attitude.Sun Quan wants to gain a foothold in Jiangdong and continue to strive for the cooperation of the Jiangdong gentry. In other words, in the words of Mr. Tian Yuqing, a professor at Peking University, Sun Quan must realize the Jiangdongization of the Sun regime.When we look back at Sun Quan Jianguo, everyone will know that in the end, he has a civil and a military, and who are his prime ministers and commanders?The prime minister is Gu Yong, and the commander is Lu Xun, all replaced by Jiangdong gentry. In my words, the Sun regime is finally "pan-blue".So "pan-blue" is Jiangdonghua. The "Jiangdongization" of Sun's regime shows that Sun Quan finally gained a firm foothold in Jiangdong, which laid the foundation for him to establish the Soochow regime that "has one third of the world".The strong support of Zhou Yu and Zhang Zhao when Sun Quan first took over has played a great role in Sun Quan's control of the situation.Among them, Zhou Yu also introduced an important person to Sun Quan, who is also very important to Sun Quan.Who is this guy?What is the significance of his coming to Sun Quan's side? Then after we understand such a background, we will know the meaning of another person, and this person is Lu Su.Lu Su was recommended by Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu went to tell Lu Su that in today's world, if we want to choose a good boss, we should choose Sun Quan. Whatever happened, Lu Su followed Zhou Yu to Sun Quan's place.This matter is of great significance, why?We can analyze the significance of Lu Su from four aspects. The first is identity.Lu Su is from Jiangxi, and he and the Huaisi Military Group have a common language in this regard, neither of which is from Jiangdong.Second, Lu Su is also a "guest traveler", that is, he is also a scholar who is in exile and relies on the powerful, and he relies on Zhou Yu.Therefore, at this point, he and people like Zhang Zhao have a common language.The third point is that Lu Su doesn't like Yuan Shu.Yuan Shu originally wanted to appoint Lu Su as the magistrate of Dongcheng County, but Lu Su refused, so he ran to attach himself to Zhou Yu.Therefore, in terms of his political stance, he drew a clear line with Yuan Shu, and he had a common language with the Jiangdong gentry on this point.That is, Lu Su is a person who can talk to all three political forces and has a common language. This is his identity. The second is the timing of his defection to Sun Quan.We know that it is very difficult for Sun Quan to take over, and Lu Su has already arrived in Jiangdong at this moment.We need to know who did Lu Su come to Jiangdong with?He came with Zhou Yu, but after he arrived in Jiangdong, he did not attach himself to Sun Ce, which is very important.It is said that you belong to Zhou Yu, so you should follow Zhou Yu to help Sun Ce, but he won't.There is a piece of historical data that Lu Su and Sun Ce met, but this historical data is unreliable and has been verified by historians, so it should be that they did not meet.After Sun Ce's death, Lu Su didn't plan to defect to Sun Quan, who did he plan to defect to?He intends to defect to a man named Zheng Bao, who is this Zheng Bao?I don't know, it hasn't been passed on, so it can be seen that he is not very good, he is not a person.That Lu Su would rather go to Zheng Bao than to go to Sun Quan, which shows that at that time, the exiled northerners or the "guests who stayed in the country" were not optimistic about Sun Quan. The gentry are anti-Sun Quan like that, and they are an intermediate force.But at this time, Lu Su suddenly came to Sun Quan's side. This is a signal.As the saying goes, it is better to come early than to come at a good time, and Lu Su called it a good time.And what will you talk about with Sun Quan after you come here? "Building the title of emperor to map the world", and talking about being an emperor with Sun Quan, this support is quite considerable.This is timing. The third is the way.Generally speaking, it is also through the introduction and recommendation of "guests and lodging scholars" that they entered the Sun Quan regime. For example, Yan Yan was introduced by Zhang Zhao.And Lu Su, the yellow figure of the second political force, was recommended by the red figure, which is also special.And what was Lu Su's position after entering the Sun Quan shogunate?military post.At the beginning, I was still a guest, and I was a guest for a while, and then I took up a military post.We know that the Sun regime generally means that Wu is headed by Zhou Yu and the Huaisi generals are the main ones; Wen is headed by Zhang Zhao and the exiled northern scholars are the main ones.Lu Su is an intermediate figure.This broke the structure of the Sun regime and showed a tendency for the former two political forces to merge, so this is of great significance. Through the analysis of Mr. Yi Zhongtian, we know that Lu Su defected to Sun Quan and finally took up the military post, which not only showed the confluence of the two political forces, the Huaisi generals and the exiled northern soldiers; A military system dominated by General Si, then, wouldn't the Jiangdong gentry also be able to do it in the future?This made the three political forces of the Sun regime—the Huaisi generals, the northern scholars in exile, and the Jiangdong gentry—converge.Therefore, Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that the fact that Lu Su defected to Sun Quan and eventually became a military officer is of great significance.Then after Lu Su, it was Lu Meng who succeeded Lu Su in the army. Who was Lu Meng?What is the significance of his appointment to this position? After we know the meaning of Lu Su, we will know the meaning of Lu Meng.We know that among the military generals of the Sun regime, the most important is the commander of the upper reaches. The so-called commander of the upper reaches is the one who guards the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.So who are the upstream commanders of the Sun regime?The first one is Zhou Yu, the first, after Zhou Yu's death is Lu Su, after Lu Su's death is Lu Meng, after Lu Meng's death is Lu Xun, known as the Four Great Generals of Eastern Wu, the Four Great Generals, and the four commanders.So what is the meaning of this third Lu Meng?We also look at his identity.First, Lu Meng is not from Jiangdong, he is from Fupi, Runan, not from Jiangdong.This is different from the Jiangdong gentry.Second, this person has no culture, called "younger and does not study books", and he did not study since he was a child, so he is not a scholar, he is not a scholar in exile.This is different from Zhang Zhao and the others.The third point is that although he joined Sun Ce's army very early, his position was very low. He was probably an orderly at the beginning, which is called "Yin Zhi Zuo Zuo", and the one who followed him was an orderly; Bu Sima became the little leader of a motley army.This is different from General Huaisi and the others.So if it is said that Lu Su can talk to all three political forces, then Lu Meng can't get along with any of the three political forces. Therefore, if we say that the three political forces are red, yellow, and blue, then Lu Su and Lu Meng are gray, or they have gray tones.Because one is related, and the other is irrelevant.Sun Quan needs such a gray.why?In the early stage, he needs to blend the red, yellow, and blue colors on his political map from gray.Because gray can be matched with any color, everyone who knows how to wear clothes knows that gray is easy to match.In the later stage, he needed a color to realize the "pan blue" of his political map, so Lu Su and Lu Meng just played such a role.Therefore, if we take a look at the appointment order of the four commanders in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River under the Sun regime, we can prove that Mr. Tian Yuqing's point of view is correct, that is, the road of Sun's founding the country is the road of Jiangdong.From a regime established by foreign forces relying on military power, gradually transitioning to a regime established by relying on the power of local aristocratic families, this is the road of Sun Quan's founding of the country. Of course, this is only our analysis after the fact. Looking back at this period of history, we think it is like this; but at that time?At that time, it might have been nothing more than a chance meeting, or a two-way choice.Let's take a look at what Zhou Yu said when he persuaded Lu Su: Zhou Yu said that now the world is in chaos and all heroes are rising together.In other words, such a troubled world is the best time for us men to make contributions and do something. What should we do at this time?Zhou Yu quoted Ma Yuan's answer to Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, which is called: "In today's world, not only the emperor chooses his ministers, but also the ministers choose the emperor." Talent, as ministers, we can also choose a boss for ourselves, there are so many bosses.In Zhou Yu's view, Sun Quan is worth choosing. Zhou Yu believes that he and Lu Su can achieve great things by following Sun Quan.So why is Sun Quan worth choosing?Please see the next episode - Sitting on the southeast.