Chapter 21 (21) Take orders in danger

This is an important mission of Zhuge Liang, and its success or failure is directly related to the life and death of the Liu Bei Group. This is also a big test of Zhuge Liang's diplomatic ability, and its success or failure is directly related to Zhuge Liang's status and value in the Liu Bei Group. How did Zhuge Liang persuade Sun Quan to unite Liu Bei against Cao Cao?How did he convince Sun Quan?Please pay attention to it - take orders in danger. In August of the thirteenth year of Jian'an, Cao Cao led his troops south to attack Jingzhou, and Liu Biao of Jingzhou died of illness at this time, and the situation in the world changed suddenly.Lu Su's design of Sun Quan, Liu Biao, and Cao Cao's three-divided world was no longer established. The politically sensitive Lu Su quickly realized this, so he asked Sun Quan to come to Jingzhou, calling it condolences, but actually spying on the situation.Liu Cong, Liu Biao's son, was powerless to resist and surrendered to Cao Cao.Seeing that the situation in Jingzhou was over, Lu Su found Liu Bei and said that Soochow could join him against Cao Cao.Liu Bei, who was at the time of defeat, had nowhere to go, and there was a person who could unite with him, just what he wished for, so he readily agreed.

At this time, Cao Cao took Jiangling after accepting the surrender of Jingzhou, and then went down the river, pointing the spearhead of the struggle at Liu Bei.For Liu Bei, the situation is already very urgent.Under such circumstances, Zhuge Liang stepped forward and asked to go to Chaisang with Lu Su to meet Sun Quan, in order to unite the two families.For the Liu Bei Group, this is a matter of life and death, and Zhuge Liang must complete this mission.But the problem is that this matter cannot be controlled by Liu Bei Group's wishful thinking. Sun Quan Group and Liu Bei Group have different political interests.So can Zhuge Liang complete this arduous mission?

Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest on "Hundreds of Lectures", telling you about Zhuge Liang's diplomatic skills when he was an envoy to Soochow. Our question is, is Zhuge Liang's mission easy to complete?Not easy to do, in fact it is a very difficult task.why?There are three reasons: First, Jingzhou Group and Jiangdong Group are feuds.Sun Ce and Sun Quan's father, Sun Jian, was killed by Liu Biao's general Huang Zu when they attacked the Jingzhou Group. , killing Huang Zu and slaughtering his city, this is called the hatred of seizing the general, so there is a deep gap between the Jingzhou Group and the Jiangdong Group.Of course, before that, Lu Su had already been sent to Jingzhou to ease the relationship, and Liu Bei was not Liu Biao, but after all, there was a gap between the two groups.

The second point is that Liu Bei is after the new defeat.You were beaten to the ground by Cao Cao in Dangyang just now, and the defeated general dared not speak up. What qualifications do you have to ask others to join you?At least on Jiangdong's side, he has concerns. He thinks about whether it is worthwhile to join forces with Liu Bei, who has just lost the battle. This is the second difficulty. The third is how old is Zhuge Liang himself at this time?Twenty-seven years old.Because Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain in the twelfth year of Jian'an, he was 26 years old when he came out of the mountain. Of course, we don't know his birthday very accurately, probably only 26 or 7 years old.And at this time, he was not very famous, unlike later on when he became famous, he had just come out of the mountains, or was a fledgling.Second, he doesn't have a formal position either. If we read "Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Zhuge Liang", we will find that Liu Bei formally appointed Zhuge Liang to the post after the Battle of Chibi, and his post was to be the general of military adviser Zhonglang.

Well, everyone is familiar with the word "military division". When it comes to Zhuge Liang, everyone knows that Zhuge Liang is a military division. The position of Zhonglang Jiang was invented by Liu Bei.Then after Liu Bei took Chengdu, Zhuge Liang was appointed as a military adviser general.So what is the difference between the military division offering wine, the military division Zhonglang general, and the military division general?The military division does not have military power, it is a staff officer, the military division Zhonglang general and the military division general have military power.So if we insist on comparing our current positions, then the military division offering wine is equivalent to a staff officer, and the military division Zhonglang general is the chief of staff, then the military division general is like the chief of staff.

Zhuge Liang was appointed as the military adviser Zhonglang after the Battle of Chibi. We can't find out whether he had a position before the Battle of Chibi, and it will not be high if he has a position.So at such an age, such a status, and such an identity, it is a question of whether it is worthwhile to go to Soochow as an envoy. Of course, Soochow probably knew him, and they would not know it at all, because Zhuge Liang was still a young man in Jingzhou at that time. Celebrities, many people in the Jingzhou Scholars Group admire him, Soochow is not ignorant, but if you want to say how much Soochow respects him, I'm afraid you can't talk about it.All in all, his mission to Jiangdong should be said to be very difficult, very difficult. It is precisely because of this difficulty that Zhuge Liang's extraordinary political wisdom and diplomatic genius are highlighted, so we must make this difficulty clear.

So in such a difficult situation, Zhuge Liang stepped forward, and he himself proposed, saying, "The matter is urgent, please be ordered to seek help from General Sun." Liu Bei approved him, so the two of them came from Xiakou together To Chaisang.So where is Xiakou?It is now Hankou in Wuhan City, Hubei Province.Where is Chaisang?It is now Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province.So Zhuge Liang and Lu Su came to Chaisang together, what happened after they came to Chaisang?Because we know that the book "Three Kingdoms" is not in the chronicle style, but in the biographical style. Everyone's affairs are written in everyone's biography, and it does not have a timetable.Then it is in chronological style, it has a timetable, according to the timetable, after Zhuge Liang and Lu Su came to Chaisang together, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan first, and it was not Lu Su who saw Sun Quan first, but Zhuge Liang, this timetable and time Tables are not the same.

Judging from Mr. Yi Zhongtian's analysis, before the Battle of Chibi, Zhuge Liang did not have any position, and he was not as famous as he was later, and there was a gap between the Jiangdong Group and the Jingzhou Group. It can be said that the pressure is quite high and there are many difficulties.In the novel, Zhuge Liang's tongue-in-cheek battle with Confucian scholars, Zhou Yu's wisdom, Zhe Chong's reverence, and swaying all over the world have fascinated many readers throughout the ages.The Zhuge Liang described by the novelist is unrestrained, but in history, what kind of performance will the fledgling Zhuge Liang face such a difficult task?

Then Zhuge Liang made an extraordinary appearance after seeing Sun Quan.We need to know that he is now asking for help as a representative of such a political and military group that has just lost a war, but what was the situation like at that time?Cao Cao is the strongest, Liu Bei is the weakest, and Sun Quan is the strongest, so it is not the combination of strong and weak we are talking about now, it is a combination of strong and weak.Well, this is very difficult to say, and it is not easy to persuade the other party. Now let’s use an analogy, if a small company wants to join forces with a large company, then usually the small boss will be short of breath when he meets the big boss. Stage fright, he can't stand up.But Zhuge Liang is very generous. After the meeting between the host and the guest, there will naturally be some greetings and politeness.He didn't say that I came to ask for help, and he didn't say the word "ask for help" from the beginning to the end. Where did he start?The general trend of the world.He said: "There was great chaos in the sea, the general raised troops in Jiangdong, Liu Yuzhou collected the people from Hannan, and fought for the world with Cao Cao." , and then put out two sentences in parallel, "The general raised troops from Jiangdong, Liu Yuzhou collected troops from Hannan", there is an article in this parallel sentence, what article?Do we know what the state will be like after the world is in chaos?It is the separatism of the princes and the rise of all the heroes, that is, if we write this period of history, I will use sixteen words, "The world is in chaos, the lords are divided, the heroes are rising together, and the Central Plains are competing for the deer", I have to say this.He didn't mention it, Dong Zhuo didn't mention it, Lu Bu didn't mention it, Yuan Shao didn't mention it, Yuan Shu didn't mention it, Zhang Xiu and Gongsun Zan didn't mention it, just said two things, "The general raised troops in Jiangdong, Liu Yuzhou collected troops from Hannan , and fight with Cao Cao for the world", which gives people the feeling that after the chaos of the world, there are only three, not so many.Well, some people may say that Yuan Shu, Yuan Shao, Lu Bu, and Zhang Xiu are all gone at this time, so I don’t need to mention it, okay, is there still any?Yes, right? There is also Liu Zhang in Shu, Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, and Han Sui and Ma Chao in the Northwest.Maybe you will say that now we are talking about the Jingzhou issue, so we don’t need to mention them. Yes, when talking about the Jingzhou issue, you should say that you are competing with Cao Cao for Jingzhou.Why do you say to compete with Cao Cao for the world?

In fact, here, Zhuge Liang passed on his longzhong's strategic thinking quietly and calmly.It not only conveyed such an idea, but also conveyed the second idea, that is, your Sun Quan group and our Liu Bei group are a united front. Why?We are fighting with Cao Cao, look at his words, "The general raises troops in Jiangdong, Liu Yuzhou collects the people in Hannan, and fights with Cao Cao", he made it clear that the two of us are one family, and he is another. One family, he is an enemy, and he draws the boundary between friend and foe again.What do we know about political struggles?Distinguish who is our friend and who is our enemy. This is the primary issue in political struggle. This issue must be discussed, but you can’t say it deliberately, you can’t say it very carefully, and you can’t say it very deliberately. Saying that way will arouse the suspicion of the other party, "What do you mean? Who will unite with you?" It will cause resentment, you unite with me, do you know how old I am?I have 100,000 people in the six counties of Jiangdong, how old are you?Aren’t you just a county, and you still belong to Liu Qi, don’t you have only 20,000 horses, and half of them also belong to Liu Qi, just you, unite with me?He wants to be disgusted.But what is he talking about now?Talk about history, talk about the situation, and the other party will accept it.

Then once the other party accepts it, well, first of all, using this paragraph to analyze the situation, Zhuge Liang has obtained an equal status with Sun Quan in negotiating. This is very important. If your negotiation is not equal, then the signing is unequal The treaty is equal.Second, Zhuge Liang calmly put Sun Quan in a hostile position with Cao Cao. The two of us are fighting for the world with Cao Cao. Originally, Sun Quan has not made up his mind to be hostile to Cao Cao at this time, but you analyze the situation. It seemed that he was naturally hostile, and he dragged Sun Quan into the water without making a fuss, so his opening remarks are very exciting. After Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan, it can be said that he fulfilled his mission and lived up to everyone's expectations. He was far-sighted and majestic, and he promoted his position with a few words, which really reflected Zhuge Liang's outstanding diplomatic skills.But let's not forget that Sun Quan is not an idler. He is not inferior to others in everything, and it is definitely not something that can be fooled by a few words. What's more, Liu Bei has just been defeated, and Sun Quan is actually ready to wait and see. .So what will Zhuge Liang say next?How would Sun Quan respond to Zhuge Liang? But there is a problem that cannot be avoided, that is, Liu Bei just lost the battle, you can't say that we have won a big victory, so how to say it?Hey, just to mention it briefly, didn't we just say that we will compete with Cao Cao for the world, so let's talk about how Cao Cao is, how is Cao Cao?It is said that Cao Cao is terrible, so what.So what's going on? In the future, our Liu Yuzhou heroes have nothing to use, so Liu Yuzhou has no place to use them. "Please general."He changed the subject, just after he said that our Liu Yuzhou heroes are useless, he changed the subject and passed it. Please take it according to your ability, please consider it!What are you thinking about?Consider what you do.Obviously he came to ask for help, obviously he has something to do, after the new defeat, the hero has nothing to do, don't say what to do with me, he said what to do with you, and kicked the ball over with one kick.Why do you say this?Because at this time, he has to stand on the other side's standpoint and put himself in the other side's shoes, that is, to tell you Sun Quan that the trouble is not with us now, but with you. Why are you bothering?Because although our Liu Yuzhou is a hero with no use for force, I have no place to use my force, but I have no scruples. I have been put to death and reborn. He actually passed this information on. Anyway, I didn’t Where it comes in handy, I'm a dead end anyway, I'm not afraid of wearing shoes when I'm barefoot now.And you, General Sun, are in trouble. You have shoes, right? You have to think about it. You do the math. If your strength is not enough to fight Cao Cao, you should surrender as soon as possible. If your strength is enough to fight Cao Cao , you should turn your face immediately, you have to settle the score.As you are now, "outwardly entrusting the name of obedience, while internally harboring hesitant plans", then you will not please both sides, "there will never be a day of misfortune", and your unlucky days will come sooner or later.This statement is also very true, that is, what we are most afraid of when making a decision is hesitation. It is also attached, and the other side is also attached, so in the end neither side will be attached, so this saying is very correct. But Sun Quan was not so easy to fool, so Sun Quan retorted, so why didn't you Liu Yuzhou surrender?Zhuge Liang's answer is righteous, Liu Yuzhou certainly can't surrender, thinking that Tian Heng was just a common man back then, and he kept righteousness without humiliation, who is we Liu Yuzhou, "The royal family, the talents are peerless, the people admire, if the water returns to the sea "People all over the world yearn for Liu Yuzhou like rivers yearn for the sea. Such people are willing to surrender. We must fight to the end. If we fail, it is God's will. Surrender is absolutely impossible.Then this passage may be regarded as diplomatic rhetoric. Liu Bei is a hero, but he did not never surrender. There is a movie called "Nuns Are Crazy", and we can use a sentence called "Heroes Surrender". If you can't beat it, vote for it temporarily, and then turn it back after finding a chance, it is not a shameful thing, and there is no moral obstacle.You can see that when it talks about green plums cooking wine and talking about heroes, there is a poem called "Mian walked from the tiger's lair temporarily, telling the truth about heroes and shocking people. He cleverly used the news of thunder to cover up, and he believed like a god in response to the situation." From Liu Bei's character Said, adapting to changing circumstances is his character, and being righteous and not humiliating is not it. Of course, we should not underestimate Liu Bei because of this, so I still believe that Liu Bei is a hero. This man can bend and stretch, and a man can advance and retreat. This is nothing, but And don't think that he is really upright.But what Zhuge Liang said is correct, and it cannot be said that Zhuge Liang is lying here. Why?Because at such a time, the situation is very critical, Zhuge Liang's mission is to persuade Sun Quan to unite against Cao Cao, and it should be said in such a situation. Sure enough, Sun Quan came up against the case. Liu Yuzhou only has one county with 20,000 horses, and it is not disgraceful. My grandson has six counties with 100,000 horses. How can he be controlled by others?Sun Quan said the following: "I have made up my mind. No one but Liu Yuzhou can be Cao Cao." I am determined.Then there is a dialogue below, that is, Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang, he said, but after Liu Yuzhou was newly defeated, would he still have the ability to fight against Cao Cao? There is such a military account, and we will discuss this issue later.According to such a procedure, it should be said that Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan immediately after he arrived in Chaisang, and immediately persuaded Sun Quan. After that, Sun Quan talked with Lu Su, Sun Quan talked with Zhou Yu, and then the strategic deployment and so on. Here's the schedule.According to such a timetable, the Sun Liu Alliance's first contribution should be attributed to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang's righteous words made Sun Quan's blood boil, so he took the case and decided to join forces with Liu to fight against Cao.But let's not forget that this was a battle between Cao Cao and Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang was ordered to come to ask for help. It was not about Sun Quan's business. Why was Sun Quan so excited?What's more, Sun Quan also has his own judgment. Could it be possible that Zhuge Liang's few words can disregard his own status and act impulsively?Things are probably not that simple. But we know there is a problem here, what is the problem?It is that Lu Su and Zhuge Liang came from Xiakou to Chaisang to meet Sun Quan. Who will see it first?This "Three Kingdoms" did not explain it, so whoever saw it first is the first achievement. It is said that Zhuge Liang saw it first, and after seeing it, Sun Quan said "I have decided my plan", and then said Quan Dayue, and then Discuss with the officials, Zhang Zhao and others objected at this time, then Lu Su said what, and then Zhou Yu said what.But this process, this confession was made by Sima Guang, not by Chen Shou, so we have to ask a question, is it possible that Sun Quan has not met Lu Su, nor discussed it with his subordinates, just based on Did Zhuge Liang make a decision as soon as he spoke?Is there such a possibility?My conclusion is impossible.Impossible for four reasons: First, whose war is this?According to the records of "Three Kingdoms·Wu Di Ji", this war was originally a dispute between Cao and Liu, and Cao Cao's purpose of launching this war was to capture Jingzhou, cut down Liu Biao, and destroy Liu Bei. They are all "going to Jiangling to conquer Liu Bei" and "going to Chibi and preparing for war". According to the statement in "Three Kingdoms·Wu Di Ji", the purpose of Cao Cao's war was first to win Jingzhou. What happened to Liu Bei has nothing to do with Sun Quan, who was dragged into the water.Many historians are talking about this, and some historians, including Mr. Lu Simian, have raised it, saying that they can't figure out why Sun Quan went to this troubled water and why he was dragged into it.So if you don't care about Sun Quan's affairs, why would Sun Quan express his position immediately?Some people say that this is what Zhuge Liang said, how we in Liu Yuzhou keep righteousness and not humiliate, etc. This is too childish. We treat war as a joke and history as a novel. Yes, Sun Quan and Sun Wukong are both surnamed Sun. But Sun Quan is not Sun Wukong, and he will not jump up when he is excited. Although Sun Quan is only 27 years old at this time, he is already quite mature politically. You think that when Sun Quan was 18 or 19 years old, Lu Su wanted to persuade him to become emperor. How do you say it?Oh, it's beyond the reach, he will be hilarious and bureaucratic at that time, how could he fall into your aggressive trick?This is the first point. The second point is that there is a fierce struggle within the Jiangdong Group on the issue of surrendering to Cao Cao or fighting against Cao Cao.There are a lot of materials to prove this, that is to say, there is a very powerful faction in the Jiangdong Group. That’s okay, anyway, there is such a force, it’s impossible for this force to emerge after Zhuge Liang’s arrival, they have existed for a long time, and it’s impossible for the Jiangdong Group to pay attention to the situation in Jingzhou after Zhuge Liang’s arrival. He should have paid attention to it a long time ago, so Sun Quan sent Lu Su to Dangyang to meet Liu Bei, which shows that they have been paying attention to the development of this situation for a long time.Therefore, different opinions should have been formed a long time ago, so in the case of such differences of opinions, how could Sun Quan, a person who can be a leader, not discuss it with his family first, unify his thinking, unify his understanding, Just relying on such a generous statement from a stranger, who was originally from a hostile group and came to ask for help after he was defeated, he would express his position. This logic does not make sense. The third point, why did Sun Quan finally decide to join forces with Liu Bei to fight against Cao Cao, and to help Liu Bei?Could it be that he roared when he saw injustice and acted when it was time to act?That is Li Kui, that is Wu Song, that is Lu Zhishen, that is not Sun Quan, and Sun Quan is not a hero.Besides, Sun Quan and Liu Bei are not buddies. Why did he come to fight this injustice? He was motivated by political interests, and he was the result of a settlement. He settled the account clearly.And why did Sun Quan hesitate at this time?As we said before, as soon as Cao Cao sent troops to the south, Sun Quan immediately sent Lu Su to find Liu Bei. At that time, he decided to unite Liu Bei to fight against Cao Cao, so why did he hesitate at this time?Because he has some accounts that are not clear, which accounts are not clear?Let's help him figure it out. First, in terms of closeness, Sun Quan is close to Cao Cao and close to Liu Bei.Sun Quan and Cao Cao are related by marriage, they are in-laws. Cao Cao’s niece married Sun Quan’s younger brother Sun Kuang, and Cao Cao’s son Cao Zhang married Sun Quan’s niece. This generation is a bit messy, but they are indeed children’s relatives; Can't hit, neither relative nor reason.Second, don't talk about strength or weakness, it's obvious who is strong and who is weak.In terms of emotion, Sun Quan was afraid and hated Cao Cao but did not dare to offend him; as for Liu Bei, it had nothing to do with his life and death, and he had no emotion.But Cao Cao extended his hand to Jingzhou, and Sun Quan was not happy, because Jingzhou was what Sun Quan wanted, and if Liu Bei was wiped out by Cao Cao, Sun Quan would feel threatened, that's for sure.But if you help Liu Bei rashly, it is tantamount to turning against Cao Cao. Cao Cao can't afford to offend him, and he will cause trouble for himself. So what kind of account is it now?Help Liu Bei get burned, don't help Liu Bei help the tyrant, and vice versa, don't help Liu Bei die, help Liu Bei raise the tiger's legacy, because Liu Bei is not a fuel-efficient lamp, if you help him this time, won't he think of you in the future , after he has full wings, do you think he is so fun?So Sun Quan hesitated, he did not know how to calculate the past, so the best way is to stay neutral.No way, do you think that when Cao Cao fought Yuan Shao, Liu Biao was neutral, what happened in the end?After Cao Cao destroyed the Yuan family, he destroyed Liu Biao.So it is not to help Liu Bei, it is not to not help Liu Bei, and it is not to be neutral. This is why he hesitated, and this is why he was not sure. If Sun Quan was sure and settled the account, Zhuge Liang would send Lu Su to find Liu Bei if he didn't say anything.Then why did he take this board when Zhuge Liang said it?There is only one inference, that is, someone has helped Sun Quan settle the accounts before that, and he made a decision to Zhuge Liang when he had the bottom line: "I have made up my mind. No one but Liu Yuzhou can be Cao Cao." Then someone will ask another question. Couldn’t the person you mentioned who settled the accounts be Zhuge Liang?cant.Why not?This is not a question of level or ability. Zhuge Liang's ability and level are indeed very high, but not at this moment.What is the problem?It's a question of position, a question of identity.What is Zhuge Liang's status now?He is the envoy of Liu Bei Group.what position?Liu Bei's position is not Sun Quan's position. Of course, in order to maintain Liu Bei's position, he can put himself in Sun Quan's position and make a plan for Sun Quan, but it is impossible to be very in place, and it is impossible for Sun Quan to fully believe it.Because there is another account in the account that Sun Quan wants to settle. This is the fourth reason why I said it is impossible. What?That is, Sun Quan's decision-making must not only consider the group interests of the Jiangdong Group, but also consider his Sun Quan's personal interests.And planning for Sun Quan personally, it is absolutely impossible to be Zhuge Liang, because he is an envoy sent by another group.If Zhuge Liang did not come out of the mountain at this time, he is not from Liu Bei, and he is still living in seclusion in Longzhong. At this time, he floats to Jiangdong to say something, that may work, and he can work as an outsider. But he is already a player in the game, and this identity cannot be changed.And the person who put himself in Sun Quan's place and thoughtfully planned for Sun Quan could only be Sun Quan's own person, and this person must also be very clear about Sun Quan's thoughts, and be able to reach a tacit understanding with Sun Quan, so who is this person?Check out the next episode - Turning the Tide.